Module 4

Titrimetric Analysis Definition of Terms

PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
•Determination of the volume of a •Analyte–Chemical substance being
REDOX RAECTIONS
solution of known concentration analyzed
Types of titration required to complete a chemical
I. Neutralization II. Precipitation Titration and reaction with a substance being •Titrant–Solution added to react with the
 Direct and Residual Complexation Methods of Analysis analyzed substance being analyzed
 Aqueous and Non-aqueous .•Also known as Volumetric analysis.
IV. Gravimetric Analysis •Indicator–Organic compounds used to
 Acidimetry and alkalimetry
•End point–A sudden change in the determine the hydrogen-ion
III. Reduction-Oxidation property of the reaction mixture concentration and indicate a change in
 Permanganometry pH
 Iodimetry •Primary standard–A substance of
 Iodometry known purity •Standardization–Determination of the
 Cerimetry concentration of a solution
•Secondary standard–May be used in
Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX) •Titration–Act of measuring the volume
the standardization of a solution
Oxidation-Reduction Methods Oxidizing agent – Reducing agent – of the titrant used in the assay
- reaction in which oxidation the substance in an the substance in an •Equivalent–Defined such that one
numbers change as electrons oxidation-reduction reaction oxidation-reduction reaction equivalent of one material will react •Equivalence point–Theoretical point
are lost by one atom and that gains electrons and that (losses) gives up exactly with one equivalent of another at which equivalent amounts of each
gained by another. whose oxidation number is electrons and whose oxidation have reacted
reduced. number is increased. .•Standard solution–Also known as
volumetric solution or titrant •Molarity–Defined as the number of moles
The simplest type of oxidation-reduction reaction is the direct combination of elements. - Solution of known of solute per liter of solution
concentration
•Normality–Number of equivalents of solute
Example: per liter of solution

O2 + 2H2 2H2O •Titer–Weight of a substance chemically

equivalent to 1mL of a standard solution
“Oxidation-Reduction Reactions”
LEO says GER :
- Losing electrons is oxidation, and the
substance that loses the electrons is called
the reducing agent.
- Gaining electrons is reduction, and the ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
substance that gains the electrons is called
the oxidizing agent.

Area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both

qualitatively and quantitatively (Classical definition)

Science of inventing and applying concepts, principles and strategies for measuring the
characteristics of chemical systems and species (Modern definition)

: It is something to do with measuring chemical compounds or measuring something

that is made of chemical.
 OXIDIZING AGENT REDUCING AGENT
DIAZOTIZATION ASSAY –not strictly iodometric methods; however endpoint is
determined by the liberation of iodine from iodide
- assay for SULFA drugs and other compounds containing Arylamines.

STANDARD SOLUTIONS
OXIDIZING AGENTS REDUCING AGENTS
Bromide Sodium thiosulfate
Iodine Titanium chloride
Ceric sulfate Potassium arsenite
Potassium ferricyanide Oxalic acid
Potassium iodate Ferrous ammonium sulfate
Potassium bromate
Potassium dichromate
Potassium permanganate
Ferric ammonium sulfate

Iodimetry and Iodometry

Indicators:
1. starch
iodometry: blue to colorless
iodimetry: colorless to blue
2. Chloroform, CCl4

* DIAZOTIZATION ASSAY
 MAJOR DIVISIONS

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

 WHAT is present  HOW MUCH is present
 Identification of components in  Determination of amount
a given Sample of components in a given
 Reveals the chemical identity sample
of species in the sample

CLASSISFICATION OF ANALYSIS

BASED ON EXTENT OF DETERMINATION

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

- Total amount of a group or - Total amount of a specific
class of compounds compound
Ex

BASE ON SAMPLE SIZE

Ultra micro: < 1 mg
Micro: 1-10 mg
Semi micro: 10-100 mg
Macro: 100 – 1000 mg
BASED ON MATERIAL USED
CHEMICAL Use reagents
BIOLOGICAL Use living systems
PHYSICAL Use instrument or apparatus
BASED ON NATURE METHOD
CLASSICAL Stoichiometric
Based on chemical reactions
Analyte and another substance which
would yield a product
Titrimetry, gravimetry
INSTRUMENTAL Based on physical, chemical properties of
analyte
Spectrophotometry, polarimetry,
chromatography,
refractometry
MISCELLANEOUS/SPECIAL Deals with crude drugs or natural products
Ash content, acid value, water content