EEE213 Power Electronics and Electromechanism

Uncontrolled rectifier
(Three-phase)

Dr. Suneel Kommuri

Email: Suneel.Kommuri@xjtlu.edu.cn

Dept. Electrical & Electronic Engineering

1
Outline

• Why 3-phase rectifiers?

• Half-bridge rectifiers

• Full-bridge rectifiers
– With R load
– With RL load
– Harmonic analysis
– An example

2
 1. Why three-phase rectifier?
• Single phase rectifiers are extensively used in low-power
applications particularly for power supplies to electronic circuits.
• Single phase rectifiers have several disadvantages:
– Large output voltage and current form factor;
– Large low frequency harmonic ripple current causing harmonic power
loss and reduced efficiency;
– Very large filter capacitor for obtaining smooth output dc voltage;
– Low frequency harmonic current is injected in the input ac line which is
difficult to filter. The situation becomes worse with capacitive loads.

• Many of these disadvantages are mitigated/attenuated to a large

extent using three-phase rectifiers.
3
 2. Half-bridge rectifier (Common-Cathode)
Source is star-connected with a D1
Va, Vb, Vc (whose
magnitudes & frequencies are
Compare va vb and vc, the highest
same with 120 degree phase
difference). one will support its corresponding
N b D2 O diode to conduct, and stops
others from conduction.
Negative ends of the
sources are connected
together to ground (GND) c D3

• Questions:
– What is the waveform for output vo? PIV is defined as the
maximum voltage that
– What is the PIV (peak inverse voltage) on the diodes? appears across the diode
during non-conduction mode.
– When does each diode conduct? How to determine that?

Phase voltage (voltage between a and N), 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑎𝑁 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡

where, 𝑉𝑚 is the maximum value of phase voltage. 4
2.1 Operation Principle Analyses
a D1
C/O

D1 D2

N b D2 O Equivalent circuit
Aa Bb vc vo
From 0 to π/6
c va vb
D3
N

va vb vc From 0 to 30 degree, π/6:

• Blue line (vc) is the highest one;
• So point ‘c’ has the highest potential
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π
𝜔𝑡 (compared with ‘a’ and ‘b’);
• So D3 conducts, D1 and D2 are
blocked;
Time-dependent signals of va, vb and vc.
5
2.1 Operation Principle Analyses
C/O
• The potential at point O equals to vc, so higher
D1 D2 than va and vb, so D1 and D2 are reverse-biased
and do not conduct.
Aa Bb vc vo • During this period, output voltage, vo equals to vc.

va vb • Because D3 is conducting, so ideally it can be

treated as a wire, i.e,. VD3 is 0;
N

va vb vc
Analysis:
• vo = vc (phase voltage);
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π • Voltage on D3 (VD3) is 0;
• Voltage on D1 (VD1) is 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐 ;
• Voltage on D2 (VD2) is 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑏𝑐 ;

6
2.1 Operation Principle Analyses
a D1 From 30 to 150 degree, π/6 to 5π/6 :
• Red line (va) is the highest one;
N b D2 O • So point ‘a’ has the highest potential
(compared with ‘b’ and ‘c’);
c D3 • So D1 conducts, D2 and D3 are blocked;

Therefore:
va vb vc
• vo = va (phase voltage);
• Voltage on D1 (VD1) is 0;

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
• Voltage on D2 (VD2) is 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 = −𝑉𝑎𝑏 ;
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

• Voltage on D3 (VD3) is 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑎 = −𝑉𝑎𝑐 ;

7
2.1 Operation Principle Analyses
a From 150 to 270 degree, 5π/6 to 3π/2 :
• Green line (vb) is the highest one;
N b O • So point ‘b’ has the highest potential
(compared with ‘a’ and ‘c’);
c • So D2 conducts, D1 and D3 are blocked;

Therefore:
va vb vc
• vo = vb (phase voltage);
• Voltage on D2 (VD2) is 0;

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
• Voltage on D1 (VD1) is 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 ;
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

• Voltage on D3 (VD3) is 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏 = −𝑉𝑏𝑐 ;

8
Compare va vb and vc during the whole period: The output voltage vo:
• From 0 to π/6, blue line (vc) is
the highest one, so D3 conducts,
va vb vc D1 and D2 are stopped.
– vo = vc (phase voltage);
• From π/6 to 5π/6, red line (va) is
the highest one, so D1 conducts,
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π D2 and D3 are stopped.
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– v o = v a;
• From 5π/6 to 3π/2, green line
(vb) is the highest one, so D2
conducts, D1 and D3 are
D3 D1 D2 D3 stopped.
– vo = vb;
Conduction sequence
• From 3π/2 to 2π, blue line (vc) is
• Summary the highest one again, so D3
conducts again, D1 and D2 are
– Each diode conducts 120o in one period. stopped.
– vo = vc
9
Vm
va vb vc

vD2

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

Voltage on diode has 2 possibilities: 1)

D3 D1 D2 D3
Diode conducts (𝑉𝑑 = 0) & 2) Not
conducting (𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑐 ) − line voltage
v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣v𝑐𝑎
CA
3Vm Example − the voltage on diode D2
• From 0 to π/6, D3 conducts, D1 and D2
are stopped.
– vD2 = vb - vc = vbc (line voltage);
• From π/6 to 5π/6, D1 conducts, D2
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
6 3 2 3 6
π
6 3 2 3 6
2π and D3 are stopped.
– vD2 = vb - va = vba= -vab;
• From 5π/6 to 3π/2, D2 conducts.
– vD2 = 0;
vD2 • PIV is peak value of line voltage 3𝑉10
𝑚
2.2 Calculation of the vo
key parameters va

• 1. Average output voltage 30 150 270 360

1 𝑇 1 5𝜋/6
𝑉0 = න 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ×න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 0.83𝑉𝑚
𝑇 0 2𝜋/3 𝜋/6
Length of signal
• 2. RMS of the output voltage repeated in equal
intervals of time

1 𝑇 2 3 5𝜋/6
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 0.84𝑉𝑚
𝑇 0 𝑜 2𝜋 𝜋/6
• 3. Rectification efficiency
𝑃0 𝑉02 Phase voltage,
𝜂= = 2 ≈ 96.7%
𝑃𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
• 4. Ripple factors
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑐
𝑓𝐹 = = 1.01 𝑓𝑅 = = 𝑓𝐹2 − 1 = 0.18
𝑉0 𝑉0

11
2.2 Calculation of the key parameters
io
• 5. The average diode current
𝐼0 𝑉0
𝐼𝐷0 = =
3 3𝑅 30 150 270 360

iD1
• 6. The rms output current
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
𝑅 30 150 270 360

• 7. The rms diode current (line current)

– The current flowing through single diode
– also equals to the input current for each phase
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝑆 = = = 0.48
3 3𝑅 𝑅
12
2.2 Calculation of the key parameters
• 8. Transformer utilisation factor (TUF)
𝑃0 𝑉02 /𝑅 𝑉02 /𝑅
𝑓𝑇 = = = = 0.66
𝑃𝑆 3𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 3 𝑉𝑚 / 2 0.48𝑉𝑚 /𝑅

𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠1
• 9. Power factor 𝑓𝑃 =
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙

2 2
𝑃𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 /𝑅 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 /𝑅
𝑓𝑃 = = = = 0.68
𝑃𝑆 3𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 3 𝑉𝑚 / 2 0.48𝑉𝑚 /𝑅
• 10. Peak inverse voltage of each diode is equal to the peak
value of the line voltage, which is
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 3𝑉𝑚

13
Comparison to Single-phase rectifiers
Single Phase Single Phase Three Phase
Half-wave Full-wave Half-wave
𝑉0 0.318𝑉𝑚 0.637𝑉𝑚 0.83𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 0.5𝑉𝑚 0.707𝑉𝑚 0.84𝑉𝑚
𝜂 40.5% 81% 96.7%
𝑓𝐹 1.57 1.11 1.01
𝑓𝑅 1.21 0.482 0.18
𝑓𝐶 2 1.414 1.19
𝑓𝑃 0.707 1 0.68
𝑓𝑇 28.7% 81% 66%
PIV 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 3𝑉𝑚

14
3.1 Full bridge rectifier
• For full-wave circuit, 6 diodes are used
Top/positive group
and arranged in three legs – each leg has
two series-connected diodes.

• Top group: Diodes D1, D3, and D4.

• Bottom group: Diodes D4, D6, and D2.

• Note that diodes are not in the sequence.

• To form a conduction loop, there always

are two diodes conducting, one from top
group and one from bottom group:

Bottom/negative group • Top group: the one has the highest

anode voltage will conduct;
• Bottom group: the one has the lowest
cathode voltage will conduct;
15
 3.1.1 Operation Analyses
Vm
va vb vc

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

• From π/6 to π/2, va is more positive

and vb is more negative.
TOP D1
– So the top-group diode connected to va
BOT D6
(D1) and the bottom-group diode
connected to vb (D6) are conducting;

Conduction sequence table

Any crossing point means the exchange
of highest or lowest voltage.

16
 Vm
va vb vc Va

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

D1
D6 Vb
vCB
𝑣𝑐𝑏 v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑎𝑐
AC 𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣vBA
𝑏𝑎 𝑣
vCA
𝑐𝑎
3Vm

• From π/6 to π/2, va is more

positive and vb is more negative.
– So the top-group diode connected to va
(D1) and the bottom-group diode
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π connected to vb (D6) are conducting;
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– The output voltage 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 =
𝑣𝑎𝑏 , the line voltage;

17
 Vm
va vb vc

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

D1 D1
D6 D2

3Vm
vCB
𝑣𝑐𝑏 v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑎𝑐
AC 𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣vBA
𝑏𝑎 𝑣
vCA
𝑐𝑎 • From π/2 to 5π/6, va is still
more positive and vc is the
more negative now.
– So the top-group diode connected to
va (D1) and the bottom-group diode
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π connected to vc (D2) are conducting;
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– The output voltage 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑐 =
𝑣𝑎𝑐 , the line voltage;

18
 Vm
va vb vc

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

D5 D1 D1 D3 D3 D5 D5
D6 D6 D2 D2 D4 D4 D6

vCB
𝑣𝑐𝑏 v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑎𝑐
AC 𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣vBA
𝑏𝑎 𝑣
vCA
𝑐𝑎 Keep moving the window:
3Vm
• 5π/6 to 7π/6
– D3 and D2 conduct, 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑏𝑐
• 7π/6 to 3π/2
– D3 and D4 conduct, 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑏𝑎
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π • 3π/2 to 11π/6
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– D5 and D4 conduct, 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑐𝑎
• 11π/6 to 13π/6
– D5 and D6 conduct, 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑐𝑏

19
 Vm
va vb vc

• Conduction sequence
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
(Sequence of commutation)
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 60°
D5 D1 D1 D3 D3 D5 D5
D6 D6 D2 D2 D4 D4 D6

120°
D5 D1 D3 D5 D5 D1 D3 D5
D6 D2 D4 D6 D6 D2 D4 D6

vCB
𝑣𝑐𝑏 v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑎𝑐
AC 𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣vBA
𝑏𝑎 𝑣
vCA
𝑐𝑎
3Vm
56 16 12 23 34 45 56

• Each diode conducts 120o, but

in two slots.
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π • Output voltage: 6-pulse ripple.

20
3.1.2 Terminal/line current
Top group • Terminal ‘a’ as an example:
– D1 and D4 are connected to va;
io
– When both D1 and D4 are blocked, ia
is zero;
– When D1 conducts, ia is the same as io;
– When D4 conducts, ia equals to –io.
D5 D1 D3 D5
D6 D2 D4 D6

Bottom group
𝑖i𝑎A

π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

21
3.1.3 Diode voltage
Va
• (π/6, π/2), D1 and D6 are conducting;
– VD1 = 0 (since D1 is conducting);
– VD3 = vb – va = vba;
Vb – VD5 = vc – va = vca;
Vc
– VD6 = 0 (since D6 is conducting);
– VD2 = vb – vc = vbc;
– VD4 = vb – va = vba;
Vb

22
 3.1.3 Diode voltage
• Take diode 1 as an example
D5 D1 D3 D5
D6 D2 D4 D6 • VD1 on the whole period (0, 2π):
– (π/6, 5π/6), VD1 = 0 (since D1 is
𝑣𝑐𝑏
vCB v𝑣AB
𝑎𝑏 𝑣v𝑎𝑐
AC
𝑣v𝑏𝑐
BC 𝑣v𝑏𝑎
BA
𝑣v𝑐𝑎
CA
3Vm conducting);
– (5π/6, 3π/2), D3 conducts, D1 stops. So
VD1 = va - vb = vab;
– (3π/2, 2π) and (0, π/6), D5 conducts, D1
stops. So VD1 = va - vc = vac;
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– The peak inverse voltage is the peak value
of line voltage, so it is √3Vm
𝑉𝐷1

23
 56 16 12 23 34 45 56

vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA

3Vm

𝒗𝒐
Important Waveforms
π π π 2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA

3Vm

𝒗𝑫𝟏 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

𝟑𝑽𝒎
𝑹
𝒊𝑖𝑨𝑎 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

𝒊𝑫𝟏 π π π 2π 5π
π
7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

24
Calculation of the key parameters I
• 1. Phase A voltage, 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
𝜋
• 2. Line voltage, 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
6
• 3. The average voltage Maximum value
𝜋/2 of line voltage =
1 3 𝜋/2 𝜋
𝑉0 = න 𝑣𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = න
𝜋/3 𝜋/6 𝜋 𝜋/6
3𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
6
3 × maximum
value of phase
3 3𝑉𝑚 𝜋 2𝜋 voltage
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜋 3 3
3 3𝑉𝑚
=
𝜋
3 3× 2×𝑉𝑆
= ≈ 1.654𝑉𝑚 ≈ 2.34𝑉𝑆
𝜋
where Vs is the rms value of per-phase supply voltage;
25
 Calculation of the key parameters I
Note: The average voltage can also be obtained as
(i) Take any sinusoidal wave and integrate it from 𝜋/3 to 2𝜋/3. It is
because the voltage pulse area required extends from ω𝑡 = 𝜋/3 to 2𝜋/3 for
the sin 𝜔𝑡 function.
2𝜋/3
1 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉0 = න 3𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =
𝜋/3 𝜋/3 𝜋

(ii) For a cosine function cos 𝜔𝑡, voltage pulse of 600 duration extends 𝜋/6
to the left of its peak and 𝜋/6 to the right of its peak.
𝜋/6
1 3 3𝑉𝑚
𝑉0 = න 3𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =
𝜋/3 −𝜋/6 𝜋

26
Calculation of the key parameters II
• 4. The RMS voltage
3 𝜋/2 2 1 𝜋/2 𝜋
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = න 𝑣𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 3𝑉𝑚 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝜋/6 𝜋 𝜋/6 6

1 𝜋 3
= 3𝑉𝑚 + ≈ 1.655𝑉𝑚
𝜋 6 4

≈ 1.0009𝑉0

– This is almost the same as V0.

– Hence, the efficiency is high.
• 5. The rectification efficiency
𝑉02 /𝑅𝐿 𝑉02
𝜂= 2 = 2 ≈ 99.8%
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 /𝑅𝐿 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆

27
Calculation of the key parameters III
This current has two pulses, each of
𝑖𝑎 600 duration, for each periodicity of 𝜋.

periodicity

• 6. The rms value of the terminal/line current (R load) is

𝜋 2
2 𝜋/2 3𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑉𝑚 2 𝜋/2 𝜋
𝐼𝐿,𝑅𝑀𝑆 = න 6 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 2
න 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝜋/6 𝑅 𝑅 𝜋 𝜋/6 6

3𝑉𝑚 2 𝜋 3 1.35𝑉𝑚
= + = ≈ 0.78𝐼𝑚𝑙
𝑅 𝜋 6 4 𝑅

where 𝐼𝑚𝑙 = 3𝑉𝑚 /𝑅 is the peak line current (the same as the peak
current through a diode).
28
Calculation of the key parameters IV

How?

• 7. The average value of the diode current is

2 2𝜋/3 3𝑉𝑚 3𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝐷,0 = න sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =
2𝜋 𝜋/3 𝑅 𝜋𝑅

• 8. The RMS value of the diode current is

2𝜋/3 2
2 3𝑉𝑚 1.008𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝐷,𝑅𝑀𝑆 = න sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 =
2𝜋 𝜋/3 𝑅 𝑅

29
Comparison
Single Phase Single Phase Three Phase Three Phase
Half-wave Full-wave Half-wave Full-wave
𝑉0 0.318𝑉𝑚 0.637𝑉𝑚 0.83𝑉𝑚 1.65𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 0.5𝑉𝑚 0.707𝑉𝑚 0.84𝑉𝑚 1.66𝑉𝑚
𝜂 40.5% 81% 96.7% 99.9%
𝑓𝐹 1.57 1.11 1.01 1.002
𝑓𝑅 1.21 0.482 0.18 0.06
𝑓𝐶 2 1.414 1.19 1.04
𝑓𝑃 0.707 1 0.68 0.96
𝑓𝑇 28.7% 81% 66% 94.7%
PIV 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 3𝑉𝑚 3𝑉𝑚

30
3.2 Full bridge rectifier with RL load

• Sequence of commutation

c
• An inductor is often used
to smooth the load current.
• When the inductor is large
enough, the current is a
straight line.
31
 Small L Large L
vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA
3Vm 3Vm

𝒗𝒐 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA vCB vAB vAC vBC vBA vCA
3Vm 3Vm

𝒗𝑫𝟏 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

𝒊𝒐 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

𝒊𝑨 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

𝒊𝑫𝟏 π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π
π
6
π
3
π
2
2π
3
5π
6
π
7π
6
4π
3
3π
2
5π
3
11π
6
2π

32
 3.2.1 Harmonic analysis I
• Line current 𝐼0
−𝐼0

• When the inductor is large enough, the ripple in the input current is negligible. The
line/source current (phase A) can be described by
𝜋 5𝜋
𝐼0 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤
6 6
𝑖𝑎 𝑡 = 7𝜋 11𝜋
−𝐼0 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤
6 6
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

• The source/input current can be expressed in a Fourier series as

∞
𝐼𝑠,𝑎𝑣𝑔 is zero as positive &
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑠,𝑎𝑣𝑔 + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡
negative half cycles are identical
𝑛=1,3,5

2 5𝜋/6 2 5𝜋/6 2 3
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝐼 (𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑏𝑛 = න 𝐼 (𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑎1 = 0, 𝑏1 = 𝐼
𝜋 𝜋/6 0 𝜋 𝜋/6 0 𝜋 0

𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) =
33
 3.2.1 Harmonic analysis II
2 3 𝐼0 6
• The rms value of the fundamental component, 𝐼𝑠1 = × = 𝐼
𝜋 2 𝜋 0
2 3
Fundamental component of source current, 𝑖𝑠1 = 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋 0

2 5𝜋/6 2 2
• The rms source current, 𝐼𝑠 = ‫׬‬ 𝐼0 𝑑𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼
2𝜋 𝜋/6 3 0

𝐼𝑠 2
• The total harmonic distortion, THD = − 1 = 0.3106
𝐼𝑠1
• Since the fundamental component is in phase with the phase voltage, the
displacement factor (DF) cos 𝜑1 is 1 and the power factor is
𝐼𝑠1
PF= cos 𝜑1 = 0.955 × 1 = 0.9555
𝐼𝑠

34
See you in the next class (March 19th)

35