Transportation Management

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite, Philippines
☏ (046) 4150-013 loc 221
www.cvsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Home Economic, Vocational and Technical Education Department
(HEVTED)

MODULE
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MODULE6
What is Water - based
Transportation?
Learning Outcomes
After the completion of this module, students will be able to:
discuss the historical development of water – based transportation;
classify the water -based transport;
analyze the institutional framework, passenger rights and issues of ownership and
accountability; and
enumerate the international associations of water - based transportation.

INTRODUCTION
Historically, societies have always located near water, due partly to the fact that
water enables more efficient travel compared to going over land. Waterways are critically
important to the transportation of people and goods throughout the world. The complex
network of connections between coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air, and truck routes forms a
foundation of material economic wealth worldwide.
Within the United States, waterways have been developed and integrated into a world-class
transportation system that has been instrumental in the country's economic development.
Today, there are more than 17,700 kilometers of commercially important navigation
channels in the lower 48 states.

Two (2) Kinds of Water - based Transportation

1. Marine / Maritime Transportation

- Maritime transport refers to a means of

transport where goods (or people) are
transported via sea routes.

2. Fresh Water / Water Transportation

- Water transportation is the intentional movement of

water over large distances.

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TYPES OF WATER - BASED TRANSPORTATION

CRUISE SHIP - a large ship that stops at different ports and carries passengers who are
traveling for pleasure.

Cruise or Cruising

A cruise is a vacation spent on a ship that sails the ocean, periodically

stopping in ports for sightseeing. Cruise can also be a verb that describes
sailing around aimlessly for fun. Gibson (2006) presents one of the simplest
definitions: ‘a vacation involving a voyage by sea, on a lake, or on a r iver’
The USA based Cruise Industry News defines cruising as ‘ocean travel
for the purpose of leisure on a ship that typically holds 100 or more
passengers and lasts a minimum of three days, during which passengers live
on the ship’

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

❑ 18TH CENTURY
Passenger transportation on merchant vessels was an expensive, uncomfortable,
and often risky endeavor reserved for the rich and those on special missions.

❑ 19TH CENTURY
Transatlantic voyages on ocean liners between Europe and America represent the
first luxurious form of commercial marine passenger transportation.

❑ 1838
The steamship Sirius crossed the Atlantic in only 18 days and 10 h, compared to
early transatlantic crossings by sail, which could take anywhere from 70 to 100 days or more
(Schüssler, 2005)

❑ BETWEEN 1 8 8 0 ' S AND 1 9 2 0 'S

The transition from wooden sailing ships to steel steam ships enabled much larger
and more luxurious vessels to be built; coupled with the mass migration of people from
Europe to America.

❑ GROSS, 2 0 1 1 AND SOURCES THEREIN

Many feel that the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) were
the true pioneers of modern cruising.

❑ 1835
One of the co-founders, a Scotsman named Arthur Anderson, had the vision to offer
cruises around the Shetland Isles, to the Faroes and Iceland, and back again, placing a
newspaper advertisement for such a trip. While it was a dummy advertisement in the first
edition of his Shetland Journal publication and never actually took place, an idea was born
(P&O Cruises, 2012).

❑ 1844
It was not until 1844 that the P&O liner Ceylon was converted into a cruise ship for
the purpose of pleasure trips. Around this time, other shipping companies also began to
undertake pleasure trips to the Norwegianfords or the Mediterranean; the German Hamburg
- Amerikanische - Packetfahrt - Actien - Gesellschaft (HAPAG).

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❑ 1867
According to Dickinson and Vladimir (2008), the first American cruise probably took
place in 1867 on a paddle-wheel steamer named Quaker City. The six-month voyage started
in New York and included destinations such as Bermuda, Gibraltar, France, Spain, Italy,
Greece, Turkey, Lebanon and Israel (Rasmussen, 2007). Interestingly, the trip is rather well-
documented, as Mark Twain was one of the passengers (Rasmussen, 2007; Dickinson and
Vladimir, 2008).

❑ 1900-1922
These early examples of pleasure cruises were carried out on vessels that were not
designated purely for such trips; rather they exemplify early forms of product diversification
within maritime transportation. The first ship specifically designed and built for cruising was
the Prinzess in Victoria Luise which was taken into service in 1900 by the German Hamburg-
Amerika Line according to Schüssler (2005) while Morgan and Power (2011) document the
first official cruise taking place on a luxurious ship specifically built for leisurely travel
between various ports as taking place in 1922.

❑ 20TH CENTURY
While the First and Second World Wars had a detrimental impact on the cruising
industry, the period between the turn of the 20th century and the Second World War is often
viewed as the golden age of cruising (Gross,2011). During this era, there was great
competition between the shipping companies to attract immigrants and tourists alike.

❑ 1838
The first ship to be awarded the Blue Riband was the British vessel Great Western.

❑ 1907
Mauretania held the trophy for almost 23 years, foran Atlantic crossing in 1907 that
took only 4 days and 22 h (Schüssler, 2005).

❑ 1957-1958
According to Hobson (1993), over a million people under took the atlantic voyage on
an ocean liner in 1957; however, with the advent of commercial jet services, more people
crossed the Atlantic by plane than by ship in 1958.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Maritime governance is a difficult subject as activities are subject to jurisdictions at

inter- national, national, regional and local levels. Due to the international nature of marine
environments, delineations of responsibility are not always clear-cut, which also makes
enforcement of regulations a difficult issue. From the 17 th century until the mid-20th century,
the principle of the freedom of the seas’ governed unrestricted access to the high seas and
to waters outside of national territories, defined as a three-mile zone.

However, the principle was challenged by several nations that tried to extend their
national territory beyond the three-mile zone in order to protect lucrative fish stock or exploit
natural resources.

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

- is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for measures to

improve the safety and security of international shipping and to prevent marine pollution from
ships. The IMO sets standards for the safety and security of international shipping.

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Regional America

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), controversial trade pact signed
in 1992 that gradually eliminated most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and
services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The pact effectively
created a free- trade bloc among the three largest countries of North America. NAFTA
went into effect in 1994 and remained in force until it was replaced in 2020.

Regional Europe

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea coordinates maritime affairs at
the global level, while there are also regional sea conventions within Europe as follows:

1. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (1992,
further to earlier versions of 1972 and 1974) (OSPAR).

2. Convention on the Protection of Marine Environment in the Baltic Sea Area (1992, further
to the earlier version of 1974), the Helsinki Convention (HELCOM)
3. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the
Mediterranean (1995, further to the earlier version of 1976), the Barcelona Convention.

4. Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea (1992), the Bucharest Convention.

According to the Maritime Facts and Figures published by the European

Commission’s Mari- t ime Affairs (European Commission, 2010 a), there are six
siaaxg e n c i e s at the European level dealing ith
wm atters related to the seas.

1. FRONTEX (the European agency for the management of operational

cooperation att h e external borders of the member states)
2. European Defense Agency
3. European Space Agency
4. European Maritime Safety Agency
5. Community Fisheries Control Agency
6. European Environment Agency

PASSENGERS RIGHTS

The purpose of regulations is to:

1. Offer free assistance to disabled persons when notification has been made at least 48
hours before boarding and hence prevent refusal of boarding;

2. Provide passengers rights in case of cancellation or delay. If delays mean a passenger

has to spend the night in a hotel, the ferry operator will have to pay for hotel and meals In
case of cancellation, the new law gives passengers the right to be re - routed at the earliest
opportunity and at no extra cost, or receive a full refund;

3. Ensure minimum rules regarding the provision of information for

passengers before and during their journey, as well as general information about their rights
in terminals, in ports and on the carrier ships (European Union,2010).

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ISSUES OF OWNERSHIP AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Shipping governance is complicated by issues of vessel registration and

nationality, as there is no true link between vessel ownership and the flag a vessel fly
(International Transport Workers’ Federation, 2012). The registration of a ship
allocates the ship to a specific state, granting the right to fly that state’s national flag
(Gibson,2006). Moreover, the vessels are then subject to the laws of their flag
nation, and enforcement of international regulations relies primarily on the exercise
of their jurisdiction, irrespective of where the ship is sailing.

ASSOCIATIONS

1. Cruise Line International Association (CLIA)

F o u nd e d in 1 9 7 5 , CLIA is a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n and is N o r t h A m e
r i c a ’ s l a r g e s t cruise i n d u s t r y o r g a n i z a t i o n in t e r m s of cruise l ine, i
ndustry supplier n a t r a v e l agency m e m b e r - s h i p a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r w e b
d
site.

2. Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA)

The FCCA was created as a non-profit trade organization in 1972 and is currently
composed of 14 cruise operators active in Floridian, Caribbean and Latin American waters
(FCCA,2010).

3. North West and Canada Cruise Ship Association (NWCCA)

The NWCCA is a non-profit organization founded in 1986 and represents major

cruise lines operating in the Pacific Northwest – British Columbia, Washington State, Alaska
and Hawaii – as well as in Atlantic Canada and Quebec (NWCCA, 2011)

4. European Cruise Council (ECC)

The ECC is a non-profit association representing cruise operators in Europe and has
30 cruise members and 34 associate members. Similarly, to their North American counter
parts, their main mission is to expand the European cruise market while promoting.

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

On the demand side, cruise passengers have been profiled and segmented based on demo
- graphics, socio-graphics and psychographics. For example, LIA identified six main cruise
typologies based on socio-demographic profiles of cruise passengers that were profiled in
the UNWTO’s Current Situation and Trends report for Cruise Tourism (UNWTO,2010a).

1. ’Restless baby boomers’ - This group includes individuals looking for new travel
experiences.

2. ‘Enthusiastic baby boomers’ - Individuals in this segment are already convinced.

They are attracted by cruise travel and the variety of activities that go with it

3. ’Lovers of luxury’ - This group is prepared to spend money on high quality products,
which is what most of the specialized cruise lines offer.

4. ‘Demanding consumers’ - Individuals in this group are in search of the best price–
quality ratio. This segment is the most faithful to holiday cruises. They are very
sensitive to promotions and special discounts.

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5. ‘Explorers’ - This group consists of well-informed individuals widely experienced in

travel. They are particularly interested in destinations and the areas visited by the
cruise.

6. ‘Ship aficionados’ - This is the segment most advanced in years. Individuals in this
group have already been on several cruises and enjoy the cruise ship life, which they
consider agreeable and very comfortable.

On the supply side, cruise ships are generally classified by size (gross tonnage) and
passenger capacity (Schüssler, 2005; Ward, 2011), the average cruise ship size has
dramatically increased over the last ten years in terms of both gross tonnage and passenger
capacity.

Costa Mediterranean, Alicante, Spain

The s i z e of the ship and c r u i s e - s h i p capac ity ratios impact the type o f cruise
experience, w i t h m e g a - s h i p s typica l l y fea turing m u l t ip le pools, Jacuzzis,
fitness areas, spas, several dining o p t i o ns and lots of enterta inment f a c i li t i es i n
c lu d i ng casinos, theatres, a variety of nightclubs, etc., w h i l e small s h i p s t
typically y do n ot offer such an abundance of ac t iv it ies and instead focus on a
different type of expe r ience ( Gibson, 2006 ) . W h i l e s h i p s w i t h a capacity of
up to 1 0 0 0 p a s s e n g e r s dominated.

PASSENGERS LINES AND FERRIES

The main purpo se of p as se n ge r l i n e s and ferries is the transportation

of people and good s from one point to another w i t h both tourist and non -
t ou ris t use.

1. Passenger Line / Passenger Ship

Passenger ferries and ro-pax

(roll on/roll off passenger) ferries
rank among the conventional type.
Generally, passenger ferries’
main purpose is the transportation
of passengers and their cars.
However, freight and trucks are
handled as well. Several car
decks accommodate between
500 and 3 0 0 0 passengers and
have a capacity for up to 900
passenger cars.

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2. Ferries

A boat or ship for conveying passengers and goods, especially over a relatively short
distance and as a regular service. Fast ferries, also high - speed craft, are commercial
vessels capable of a service speed in excess of 30 knots (approximately 56 km/h) and with
the ability to carry a minimum of 35 passengers and/or commercial cargo.

There three (3) Main Categories in the high - speed craft sector

❑ Catamaran, a twin- hulled boat with usually a deck connecting the hulls
and a service speed of 35 knots (65 km/h). It usually has a capacity for
400 to 70 0 passengers and up to 150 cars.

❑ Monohull, a boat on which the line of intersection of the water surface

and the b o a t at any operating draft forms a single c l o s e d curve with
a service speed of 3 5 k n o t s and a capacity of 650 passengers and
150 cars.

❑ Hydrofoil, a boat with two foil supports on which the boat rises to
reduce water drag and travel at a speed of 37 knots to transport
200 passengers

Catamaran Monohull

Hydrofoil

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

❑ 1850 ' s and 1892 ' s

Hence in the early days it was often railway companies that operated ferry lines; for
example, the Leviathan trans- ported railway wagons across the Scottish Firth of Forth in
1850, while the first international railway-ferry-line connected Helsingborg, Sweden and
Helsingör, Denmark in 1892 (Schulz, 2009)

❑ 1920 ' s and 1930 ' s

Private ferry lines began to establish themselves in the 1920's and 1930's although it wasn’t
until the 1950's that the market truly developed due to the increasing use of automobiles and
the subsequent development of roll-on roll-off ferries (ro-ro)

❑ 1930’s
Initially, automobiles were loaded on railway wagons and then loaded onto ships for
transport, or a crane was utilized to load the cars on and off the vessels; the first vessels to
enable drivers to drive on to ships themselves were built in the 1930s.
OTHER FORMS OF WATER - BASED TRANSPORTATION

1. YACHT CHARTERING - it ranges from the

‘share a yacht’ concept (in which the yacht is
shared with other guests and an experienced
crew), bare boat charters (yacht only for a do-
it-yourself skipper), bare boat with skipper
and/or crew (depending on size of yacht).

2. HOUSEBOAT CHARTER- Houseboat charters are somewhat similar to a holiday

home for two to 12 passengers and intended for travelling along rivers at a maximum speed
of 12 km/h.

According to Schulz (2009) houseboats may be classified into the following

categories:

1. Traditional house boats - All cabins are at the same level and an
additional steering wheel may be installed on the rear deck.

2. Sedan boats - The living area and the open rear deck are at the same
level.

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3. Boats with central bridges - The bridge is integrated in the elevated

living area and there- fore the area is separated into two living areas.

4. Boats with sliding roofs - Somewhat similar to boats with central

bridges where upon the roof above the living area/bridge can be opened.

5. Boats with elevated rear helm stand - The living area is in the front of
the boat, helm stand

6. Flying bridge boats -Two helm stands can be found in the living area
as well as on the deck in the middle of the boat.

3. KAYAK AND CANOE

A k a y a k is a small light boat that w a s used b y the E s k i m os for seal

hunting. The oar h a s a paddle on each side and is used in an a l t e r n a t i n g
mannerto stroke through the water.
A canoe is similar to a kayak, the difference being that it is open, can
accommodate s e v e r a l people if so desired and the oar h a s only one paddle
and the stroke is executed on one side of the vessel (Bhatia,2006).

TOURISM MEGA TRENDS

1 . G L O B A L I Z A T I O N – L O C A L I Z A T I O N: THE T O U R I S M M A R K E T IS
C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY A T R E N D TO G L O B A L I Z A T I O N .
S I M U L T A N E O U S L Y T H E R E IS AN O P P O S I T E T R E N D T O W A R D S
L O C A L I Z A T I O N W I T H A U T H E N T I C I T Y A N D ‘D I F F E R E N T I A T I O N ’
OF THE OFFER.

2 . P O L A R I Z A T I O N OF T O U R I S T T A S T E S : B ET W EEN C O M FO R T
B A S ES A N D A D V EN T U R E O R ED U C A T I O N - O R I EN T ED D EM A N D .

3. THE T O U R I S T’ S ‘SH RINKING W ORLD’: S YS T EM A T I C

R ED U C T I O N OF B O U N D A R I E S A N D R E S T R I C T I O N S

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4. E L E C T R O N I C T E C H N O L O G Y B E C O M I N G A L L P O W E R F U L :
INFLUENCINGDISTRIBUTION, D E S T I N A T I ON CHOICE AND
BOOKING B E H A VIO U R.

5. F A S T T R A C K T R A V E L : N E W T E C H N O L O G I E S A N D BORDER
C O N T R O L S A C C E L E R A T E THE T R A V E L PROCESS.

8 . C U S T O M E R S W I L L ‘C A L L T H E S H O T S ’ : T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
TO A BUYERS M A R K E T – THE C U S T O M E R M A Y I N C R E A S I N G L Y
DE T E R M I N E THE T O U R I S M OFFER W I T H THE H E L P OF N E W
TECHNOLOGIE.

9. DESTINATION AS‘ FASHION ACCESSORY’ : DESTINATIONS HAVE A LIFE CYCLE

TARGETED PRODUCT MARKET DEVELOPMENT ( THREE ES- ORIENTED) : ACTIVE
TOURISM MARKETING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IS INDISPENSABLE. FOCUS
ON ONE OR A
COMBINATION OF ENTERTAINMENT, EXCITEMENT AND EDUCATION.

10. MORE DESTINATIONS FOCUS ON ‘ IMAGE’ : CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS WILL

PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT ROLE.

11. EVERYONE CHASING THE ASIAN TOURIST: IMMENSE

IMPORTANCE OF THE ASIAN MARKET ( AS OUT- GOING AND INCOMING MARKET).

12. CONSUMER- LED CAMPAIGNS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:

CONSUMERS HAVE BECOME MORE CONSCIOUS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

13. GROWING CONFLICT BETWEEN YEARNING FOR TRAVEL CONSUMPTION AND

THE INCREASED SUSTAIN- ABLE CONSCIOUSNESS: MANIFESTED IN MORE
STRINGENT EXAMINATION OF DESTINATIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBLE
DEVELOPMENT BY TRAVELLERS.

FUTURE INNOVATIONS AND VISIONS

❑ The future of tourism mobility will be influenced by innovations w i t h in the

transport sector. Innovations may include improvements in vehicle types, fuel
usage or infrastructure; changes in transport services and policy; or even the
introduction of new transport systems. Inter- modal transport is a topic
which has received much interest recently, and we are sure to see concrete
developments here w i t h in the next f e w years.

❑ The Dutch company PAL- V Europe NV has developed and tested a

‘personal air and land vehicle’, a combination of a carand a gyrocopter. The
vehicle already complies w i t h existing regulations in all major markets
( allowing it to operate both in road and air traffic) and requires no new
infrastructure as i t uses existing roads and airstrips

❑ The billionaire entrepeneur Elon Musk (co-founder of PayPal and founder of

Tesla Motors and SpaceX) has recently revived the vision regarding a super
fast (speed of sound), self-propelling, solar- powered intercity mode of
transportation he calls the ‘Hyperloop’ (see Fig. 10.3).

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❑ Capsules supported by a cushion of air would be transported at both l o w and

high speeds through a l o w pressure tube. The Hyperloop is designed to
connect cities less than 1000 miles ( 1610 km) apart. The tubes would be
constructed above ground w i t h the solar panels mounted on top

As a brief example of such innovations, a future vision of how customer

desires and new safety requirements are being addressed by Finnair.

Finnair A 6 0 0 – 850 M

o Wide-bodied, zero-emission
supersonic aircraft for long-haul
routes (flying range 6
2km) and for 600 to 850 passengers.
,0
o Aircraft is partly on t w o levels: entertainment and wellness services are
situated under the cabin.
o Length 126. 30 m, wing span 60.70 m, height 36.80 m, cruising speed 4.5
mach

Finnair A600–850

o Zero-emission aircraft for short-haul routes (flying range 9,600 km) and for
600 to 850 passengers.
o Length 81.70 m, wing span 77. 90 m, height 31. 60 m, cruising speed 890
km/h
o Cabins have either real windows or are equipped w i t h audio-visual
windows that offer views of the surrounding sky or downwards to the
ground.

Finnair A 1 7 0 0 – 24 00 Cruise

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o Aircraft for long-haul routes (flying range 21, 600 km) and for
1700 to 2400 passengers.
o All passenger places are in one- to four-person cabins, which
have their own toilet and shower.
o The vessel has e.g. hologram theatres, restaurants, bars, shops,
meeting rooms, a beauty parlor, a f i rst- aid station, gymnasiums
and a quiet room.
In 2010 , the engineers of the European aircraft manufacturer Airbus f i rst
unveiled their vision of h ow an aircraft cabin may look by 2 0 5 0 and have kept
on developing this vision. Inspired by nature, bionic structures w i l l be utilized
for the airplane, oriented along the bone structure of birds.

A n o t h e r f u t ur i s t i c i d e a c o m e s from the c r u i s i n g i n d u s t r y : the

F r e e d o m S h i p project. P r e s e n t l y it m e r e l y e x i s t s as a d e s i g n on
p a p e r , a n d w h i l e m a n y q u e s t i o n h o w r e a l i s t i c it m a y be, m u c h h a s
b e e n s p e c u l a t e d a b o u t the p r o p o s e d f l o a t i n g city.

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REFERENCE

E -Books
Gross, S., Klemmer, L., (2014). Introduction to Tourism Transport. University of Applied
Sciences, Germany. pages cm. (CABI tourism texts) Includes bibliographical references and
index. ISBN 978-1-78064-214-7
Rodrigue, J., Et. Al. (2013). The Geography of Transport System. 3RD Edition by Routledge 2
Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RB
Page, J., (2009). Transport and Tourism Global Perspective, 3 rd Edition. Pearson Education
Limited. Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England

Supplementary Readings
Dileep, M.R. (2019). Tourism, Transport and Travel Management 1st Edition, Routledge; 1
edition, India.
Lim, R. D. 2011). Understanding Travel and Tours Essentials, Mindshapers Co., Inc.,
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines.

Internet links
https://www.careemergencytoolkit.org/programme-support/18-
administration/8-vehicle-management/
https://www.idrivesafely.com/defensive-driving/trending/routine-vehicle-
maintenance-101-what-you-should-know
https://www.detourista.com/promo/new/philippine-airlines/

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