Water supply system

analysis: case study Sumel

district, Duhok

Prepared by:
Binak J. Muhammed
Zhiyar M. Saleh
Zakariya N. Abdulazeez

Supervisor:
Mr. Qaidar Namo
Ms. Beshang Jotiar

1
Water supply system analysis: case study Sumel district, Duhok

Water provision & Sanitation course

Spatial planning college

Universities of Duhok & TU Dortmund

Prepared by:

Binak J. Muhammed

Zhiyar M. Saleh

Zakariya N. Abdulazeez

Supervisor:
Mr. Qaidar Namo
Ms. Beshang Jotiar

2020-2021

2
Table of contents

Chapter one ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Literature review .................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Water supply system ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Water sources .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.2 Treatment process ..................................................................................................................... 10

2.1.3 Water distribution ..................................................................................................................... 10

o Single main & two main system ................................................................................................. 12

o Water pumping system ............................................................................................................... 13
Specification of the discharge flow rate required .............................................................................. 13

o Pressure Requirements in Water Distribution System ................................................................ 14

o Reservoirs for distribution .......................................................................................................... 14
o Leakage from water distribution system ..................................................................................... 15
o The distribution system and water quality & maintenance ......................................................... 15
Chapter Three .................................................................................................................................. 16

Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 16

3.1 preface .......................................................................................................................................... 16

3.2 Data collection method ................................................................................................................ 16

3.3 research structure ......................................................................................................................... 16

Chapter Four .................................................................................................................................... 17

Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 17

4.1 Case study .................................................................................................................................... 17

Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 26

References ........................................................................................................................................ 28

3
List of figures

Figure 1: Water supply system............................................................................................................. 6

Figure 2: surface water sources ........................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Underground water source ................................................................................................... 8
Figure 4: Typical water treatment process .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Water distribution system ................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Research structure .............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 7: Kurdistan region provinces................................................................................................. 16
Figure 8: Duhok governorate and it`s districts .................................................................................. 16
Figure 9: Semmel district location .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 10: Semmel district ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 11: Khirabdeem treatment plant location .............................................................................. 19
Figure 12: Khirabdeem treatment plant ............................................................................................ 20
Figure13: Khrabdeem Pumping station (1) ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 14: Khrabdeem Pumping station (2) ....................................................................................... 21
Figure 15: Primary underground feeders ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 16: Semmel surface reservoirs ................................................................................................ 22
Figure 17: Semmel distribution system pumps .................................................................................. 22
Figure 18: Semmel elevated reservoirs ............................................................................................. 23
Figure 19: Pipe bursts in Semmel ...................................................................................................... 23
Figure 20: Leakage in pipes, Semmel ............................................................................................... 24
Figure 21: Khrabdeem treatment plant during rainstorms ................................................................. 24
Figure 22: Water sources & distrbution system in Semmel............................................................... 25
Figure 23: Water destribution system Germany, Vienna ................................................................... 26

List of tables

Table 1: classes of treatment .............................................................................................................. 10

Table 2: parameters requirements for treatment process ................................................................... 10
Table 3: Semel district population 2010 ............................................................................................ 18
Table 4: Semel district population 2020 ............................................................................................ 18
Table 5: Semmel Distrbution system components ............................................................................. 25

4
 Chapter one
Introduction

1.1 Background

Water supply system, infrastructure for collecting, transmitting, treating, storing, and
distributing water for households, businesses, industry, and irrigation, as well as public necessities
like firefighting and street flushing. The provision of drinkable water is possibly the most important
of all municipal services.
The history of public water delivery systems is strongly linked to the creation of cities. Water
was an essential element in the placement of the earliest inhabited towns. The drilling of shallow
wells was perhaps the first invention in the exploitation of water resources beyond their natural state
in rivers, lakes, and springs. The necessity to route water supplies from far away sources arose as a
result of the expansion of metropolitan areas (Nathanson, 2020).
A water supply system transports water from sources to consumers and offers essential services
for the functioning of an industrialized society, as well as emergency response and disaster recovery
(e.g., earthquakes). Water supply systems are deeply linked with the economic well-being, security,
and social fabric of communities, whether taken individually or in combination with other lifeline
systems (e.g., electric power, natural gas and liquid fuels, telecommunications, transportation, and
waste disposal) (Wang, 2013).

5
 Chapter Two
Literature review

2.1 Water supply system

The goal of municipal water delivery systems is to convey potable water from a water treatment
plant to residential customers for use as drinking water, cooking water, sanitary water, and other
domestic water needs. In a municipal setting, water supply is also necessary for business and industry
to operate. Water must be delivered to appropriately situated fire hydrants in order to offer an
appropriate level of fire protection to the public. Municipal water systems may also be required to
offer water for specialized services such as street cleaning and the sale of water to contractors for
building construction. There are two fundamental needs for a water system: First and foremost, it
must supply sufficient amounts of water to fulfill both consumer and fire flow requirements. Second,
the water system must be dependable; sufficient water must be accessible 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year.
The water system's functioning components are tracked from the sources that feed the municipal
water system to the water tap. A connection or tap is built to feed a lateral pipe to a home connection,
a business connection, or a lateral line to a fire hydrant at a tap on the water distribution system. For
the city to be supplied, every municipal water system must have a water supply source that is both
adequate and reliable (Hickey, 2008).

Treatment plant Water

tank

Reservoir

Reservoir

Water
main Service
line

Figure 1: Water supply system

The figure above shows the forward approach to the water system. Two holding reservoirs
provide water to a treatment facility, which filters the water and adds chemicals to make it safe for
drinking and commercial cooking. Purified water is then pumped to various storage tanks across the
area, where it is released into the distribution system piping network on demand for customer usage
or in the event of a working fire. Additional pumping stations can be added to maintain enough

6
pressure in the water system during varied periods of consumer usage or emergency water supply
demand requirements, depending on the varied elevations points across the area (Hickey, 2008).
2.1.1 Water sources
Fresh water with less than 3 grams of salts per liter isn't always accessible when and where it's
required, and it's not evenly distributed over the world, which can lead to water shortage for
vulnerable people. Because to urban development, industrial growth, and pollution, the supply of
good-quality water is decreasing in many places. Both surface water and groundwater are major
sources of water for community requirements. For single residences and small towns, groundwater is
a typical supply, whereas rivers and lakes are the most prevalent supplies for major cities. Although
groundwater contains around 98 percent of liquid fresh water, much of it is found at great depths.
Pumping becomes prohibitively expensive as a result, impeding the full development and utilization
of all groundwater resources (Nathanson, 2020).

o Surface water sources

A watershed, drainage basin, or catchment area is the entire land area that produces surface
runoff to a river or lake. The amount of water available for municipal use is mostly determined by
rainfall. The size of the watershed, the ground slope, the type of soil and vegetation, and the kind of
land use all have a role. A river's flow rate or discharge fluctuates throughout time. Flow rates are
usually higher in the spring and lower in the winter. When a river's average discharge is insufficient
to provide a reliable supply of water, a conservation reservoir may be constructed. A dam prevents
the flow of water, allowing an artificial lake to form.
Conservation reservoirs collect rainwater and store it for use during droughts and low stream
flows. Within the reservoir, a water intake structure with inlet ports and valves at various depths is
constructed. A multilevel intake allows water of the highest quality to be extracted since the quality
of water in a reservoir varies seasonally with depth.
It is sometimes necessary to create a multifunctional reservoir for economic reasons. A
multifunctional reservoir is one that is designed to meet a variety of community water demands. The
reservoir might provide flood control, hydroelectric electricity, and recreation in addition to drinking
water.

7
 Figure 2: surface water sources

o Ground water sources

The porosity of the geologic stratum, or layer, from which an aquifer is produced determines
its importance as a source of groundwater. Water is pumped out of an aquifer using a well or an
infiltration gallery. Several horizontal perforated pipes radiate outward from the bottom of a large-
diameter vertical shaft to form an infiltration gallery. Depending on the depth and type of the aquifer,
wells are built in a variety of methods. Wells used for public water supply must penetrate huge
aquifers that can supply consistent yields of good-quality water, which are normally more than 30
meters (100 feet) deep and 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) in diameter.
They are normally lined with a metal pipe or casing to avoid contamination and are drilled using
impact or rotary methods. To give further protection, the annular gap surrounding the exterior of the
upper section of the casing is filled with cement grout, and a specific sanitary seal is fitted at the top.
A slotted screen is added to the bottom of the casing to strain silt and sand out of the groundwater.
To bring the water to the surface, an electric motor-driven submersible pump can be employed. A
deep well can sometimes penetrate a constrained artesian aquifer, causing natural hydrostatic pressure
to raise the water to the surface (Nathanson, 2020).

Figure 3: Underground water source

8
2.1.2 Treatment process

Figure 4: Typical water treatment process

Step 1: Screening - Water is filtered via a succession of screens to eliminate detritus like twigs, leaves,
paper, stones, and other foreign objects. To avoid clogging, screens are periodically removed for
cleaning or back rinsed by high-pressure pumps.
Step 2: Pre-sedimentation - Much of the sand and silt falls to the bottom of each reservoir as the
water passes slowly through it. Periodically, during periods of low residential usage, treatment lines
and basins are shut down for cleaning.
Step 3: Coagulation - As the water travels to the sedimentation basins, a coagulant, aluminum sulfate,
is injected. Coagulants help remove suspended particles from water by inducing them to settle and
compact.
Step 4: Flocculation - To disseminate the coagulant, the water is gently agitated with broad paddles.
Step 5: Sedimentation - Water is pumped into sedimentation basins, where particles settle at the
bottom. Approximately 85 percent of the suspended material settles out after 4 hours.

9
Step 6: Filtration - Water from the basins' tops flows to massive gravity filters, where it passes
through layers of tiny hard coal, sand, and gravel. Smaller particles are removed from the water by
the filters.
Step 7: Disinfection - This can be done in a variety of ways, including: Chlorine and ammonia are
both used to destroy germs and viruses. Chloramines are formed when chlorine and ammonia interact.
Step 8: Additions - Depending on the quality of the water at this stage, one or more of the following
additives may be injected into the water stream to achieve the desired results: Fluoride is used to help
prevent tooth decay. And Calcium hydroxide is used to prevent corrosion in the distribution system's
pipes and equipment.

After being processed, the water is deemed potable, or fit for drinking, Colorless and odorless,
Pathogenic organisms are not present, Non-corrosive – does not harm persons or equipment then is
distributed to houses and businesses around the city via pipes (Adlan, n.d.).

Classes Treatment Water source

A No-treatment Spring water found in hilly areas and used individually

B Disinfection Spring water found in hilly areas and used by public.

Normal treatment River and inbounded reservoir (upstream and downstream of the
C
process river).
Need to remove pollutants such as color. Algae, organic and
D Special treatment inorganic matters from the river or lake water. Water for special
industrial use.
Table 1: classes of treatment

Parameters Treatment process

Suspended solids Course screen and fine screen
Dissolved solids Micro screen
Micro-screening, pre-chlorination, copper sulphate, carbon
Algae
adsorption, rapid filter.
Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, or dissolved air
Turbidity
flotation.
Color Coagulation, flocculation, filtration, carbon adsorption.
Taste and smell Carbon adsorption, chlorination.
Hardness Coagulation, filtration, Lime softening.
Table 2: parameters requirements for treatment process

10
2.1.3 Water distribution
Water distribution systems are influenced by the type of water source, geography, and amount
of supply service given. Water distribution systems are made up of a set of interrelated components:
Pipes, storage facilities, and components that transport drinking water are among them. Cities,
residences, schools, hospitals, enterprises, factories, and other facilities all require water distribution
systems for fire safety. To ensure an uninterrupted supply of pressurized, safe drinking water to all
customers, public water systems rely on distribution networks. Water is transported from the
treatment facility to the customer, or from the source to the consumer if treatment is not available
(Drinking Water Distribution Systems, n.d.)

Figure 5: Water distribution system

o Single main & two main system

Water may grow stagnant at the system's extremes, making a tree-like water distribution system
with multiple dead ends unsatisfactory. Furthermore, if repairs are required, a major district must be
disconnected from the water supply. Finally, unless the pipes are extremely large, the head loss under
locally high demand or during a fire may be significant. A system with a single main service both
sides of a street is known as a single-main system. There is a main on each side of the street in a
double-main system. On its side of the street, one pipe feeds fire hydrants and household service. On
the other side, the other (and smaller) pipe serves only domestic purposes. The principal benefit of
the two-main system is that it allows for repairs to be conducted without disrupting traffic or causing
damage to the pavement (Water Distribution System, n.d.).

11
o Water pumping system

Gravity distribution is employed when topography circumstances are ideal. This necessitates
the construction of a reservoir high enough above the city to allow water to reach any area of the
distribution system with sufficient pressure without the need of pumps. Surface water that has been
treated is usually delivered through a piped system. A suitable topography frequently allows for the
installation of a gravity system, which improves supply reliability and continuity. Pumped water
delivery systems are extremely vulnerable to minor outages since they rely on a consistent supply of
energy and spare parts. Finally, water demand is highly influenced by the level of service provided
by the water supply. As the service improves, the amount of water used grows dramatically: public
stand post, yard connection, multiple-tap house connection. This increase in consumption is
accompanied with an increase in convenience, according to the article "Saving and Reusing Water."
(Hazelnite, 2003).

When the site characteristics do not allow for the use of gravity supply, water pumping is
required. It's possible that this will happen in irrigation or water delivery projects. Gravity systems,
in either instance, have high capital expenditures but low operational costs. Pumping systems, on the
other hand, have lower initial expenditures but higher running costs. As a result, the decision between
gravity and pump-fed supply is purely economic. When the economic case isn't clear, the feasibility
of each option must be determined, and the economically superior option must be picked.

Specification of the discharge flow rate required

The required discharge flow rate is expressed in liters per second (l/s) or cubic meters per
second (cm/s) (m s 3). A study of water demand determines it. Irrigation demand, domestic demand,
industrial demand, commercial demand, and institutional demand are all categories that are used to
determine water demand. The water demand for irrigation is calculated using the total area to be
irrigated and the amount of water required per unit of irrigated area. The amount of water required
per unit of irrigated land is determined by the crop, meteorological circumstances, and soil
characteristics. Except for irrigation, the population to be serviced and its per capita water
consumption are assessed, and the aggregated water demand is calculated using this information.
Water quality for non-irrigation demand categories will generally meet human health standards.
Because the place where it occurs and the water quality requested are typically variable, irrigation
demand is usually segregated and designed for separately (Niyangasi, n.d.).

12
o Pressure Requirements in Water Distribution System:

Pressure needs for everyday use and firefighting must be considered when building water
distribution systems. Tire pressures of 60 psi at the hydrant are suggested in residential areas. A
minimum pressure of 75 psi is acceptable in commercial districts, while higher pressures are required
in districts with tall structures. Many communities rely on fire department motor pumpers to generate
the required tire pressure, allowing normal operating pressures to be lower than those listed above.
Mains pressure maintenance entails higher pumping costs and, in most cases, increased leakage.
In certain large cities' business districts, a low-pressure system for everyday usage and a high-
pressure system (150 to 300 psi) for firefighting only have been constructed. When a fire occurs in
another city, backup pumps are used to raise the pressure in the entire system. For most residential
requirements, a faucet pressure of 5 psi is sufficient. For residential districts with one and two-story
houses, a total pressure of around 35 psi in the main is adequate, assuming a maximum pressure loss
of 5 psi in the meter, about 20 psi in the house service pipe and plumbing, and the main about 5 ft
below ground level (Water Distribution System, n.d.).
Allowing for an additional 5 psi for each additional story, a pressure of 75 psi be suffice for
structures up to 10 stories tall. Many cities compel tall building owners to install booster pumps to
eliminate the requirement for extremely high mains pressures. Leakage loss in the mains and from
leaky plumbing fixtures will be enhanced, so excessively high pressures should be avoided.
o Reservoirs for distribution.

Distribution reservoirs are used to store water to satisfy demand changes, to store fire water,
and to keep pressures in the water distribution system stable. The reservoir should be as close as
feasible to the point of use. The reservoir's water level must be high enough to allow gravity flow at
acceptable pressures to the system it feeds. Several distribution reservoirs may be located throughout
a large metropolis at opportune locations. When demand is low, water is pumped into a distribution
reservoir, and when demand is high, gravity flow is used to remove it.

For pressure stabilization, elevated storage may be useful. Different types of distribution
reservoirs are developed to accommodate different topography and structural requirements. A surface
reservoir, either below ground level or cut-and-fill, is usually the best choice if hills of sufficient
elevation exist in or near the town. Simple excavations lined with gunite, asphalt, and an asphalt
membrane can be used to create small reservoirs (Water Distribution System, n.d.).

13
o Leakage from water distribution system

The amount of leakage from distribution systems depends on the level of care taken during
construction as well as the system's age and condition. In most cases, building contracts stipulate a
leakage allowance of 50 to 250 gallons per day per inch of pipe diameter per mile of pipe. Close off
a length of pipe between valves, as well as all service connections to the pipe, to perform the test.
While leakage is measured, water is fed through a specific intake and normal operating pressure is
maintained for at least 12 hours. The overall loss in an operating system is calculated by dividing the
measured input to the system by the metered delivery to consumers (Water Distribution System, n.d.).

o The distribution system and water quality & maintenance:

Pipes for water distribution systems must meet two basic requirements: appropriate strength
and maximum corrosion resistance. In the smaller sizes, cast iron, cement-lined steel, plastic, and
asbestos-cement compete, while steel and reinforced concrete compete in the bigger sizes. Pipes in
cold climates should be buried far enough below ground to avoid freezing in the winter. In hot areas,
the pipes only need to be buried deep enough to avoid damage from traffic.
New pipes are added to distribution systems as development occurs. Within local distribution
systems and across the country, the expansions result in a vast range of pipe sizes, materials,
construction methods, and age. Corrosion, material erosion, and external stresses can all cause
damage as these systems age. Breaches in pipelines and storage facilities, intrusion due to water
pressure fluctuations, and main breaks are all possible outcomes of deteriorating water distribution
systems (Drinking Water Distribution Systems, n.d.).

14
 Chapter three

Methodology
3.1 Preface

The current chapter describes the process of establishing the research techniques required to
finish the current study's experimental component. The different steps of creating the technique for
the current study will be discussed in depth in this chapter. This involves a thorough examination of
the theoretical approach of the selected research technique. The chapter also discusses the data
collecting approach, which includes the selection of research instruments and sampling. The chapter
comes to a close with a description of the data analysis tools that will be utilized.

3.2 Data collecting methods

In this study, a mixed approach data collecting strategy was applied to obtain data (qualitative
and quantitative). Secondary and primary data are the types of data that must be obtained. As a result,
semi-structured interviews, government records, and non-participant observation were used to collect
data for this study. Experts in will be interviewed in semi-structured interviews. Fieldwork in Sumel
will use the unstructured observation approach to collect essential data and information on Sumel's
existing water supply infrastructure.

3.3 Research structure

Figure 6: Research structure

15
 Chapter Four
Analysis
4.1 Case Study

Semmel is a district in Iraq's Kurdistan Region's western Dohuk Governorate. The city of
Simele serves as the administrative center. It has a population of 216,748 people, the most of whom
are Kurds, with a sizable Assyrian community. The district is situated at 36°51′30′′N 42°51′0′′E.

Figure 7: Kurdistan region provinces (Source: By researchers using Arcgis)

Figure 8: Duhok governorate and it`s districts (Source: By researchers using Arcgis)

16
Figure 9: Semmel district location (Source: By researchers using Arcgis)

Figure 10: Semmel district

17
 Semmel population 2010
Urban Rural Urban & Rural
District
Population Population Population
Center 60,874 13,866 74,740
Semmel Batel 1,879 18,278 20,157
Faida 59,634 4,864 64,498
Total 122,387 37,008 159,395
Table 3: Semel district population 2010

Semmel population 2020

Urban Rural Urban & Rural
District
Population Population Population
Center 82,778 18,855 101,632
Semmel Batel 2,555 24,855 27,410
Faida 81,091 6,614 87,706
Total 166,424 50,324 216,748
Table 4: Semel district population 2020

In the recent decade, the population of Semmel district has expanded dramatically, from
159,395 in 2010 to 216,748 in 2020. The majority of Semmel's citizens live in urban areas, which
have been more exposed by population growth than rural areas.

18
 A well is a private water supply that is pumped directly from the ground. The water is
subsequently carried up using a pump mechanism. There are 17 wells in Semmel that provide 50
square meters of water every hour. Each is operational for 8 hours per day. After that, this massive
amount of water is transported to the Khrabdeem water treatment plant in the Semmel district's west.

Figure 11: Khirabdeem treatment plant location

19
 Figure 12: Khirabdeem treatment plant

After treatment process this water is being taken into pumping stations to be delivered to
reservoirs before the distribution process starts. The main pumping stations that supply water to the
distribution system will be near a water treatment facility or a potable water storage facility, and will
pump directly into the piping system. These pump stations could be part of a larger construction.

Figure13: Khrabdeem Pumping station (1)

20
 Figure 14: Khrabdeem Pumping station (2)
High pressure pump delivers water 1800 meter per hour, and low-pressure pump deliver water
for a bout 1850 cubic meter per hour. Then with primary feeders, which are large diameter water
mains, are used to connect water treatment plants and service areas. (See figure).

Figure 15: Primary underground feeders

In the Semmel distribution system, distribution or service reservoirs are used to provide storage
to meet changes in water demand, to offer storage for emergencies such as breakdowns, repairs, and
so on, and to stabilize pressures in the system. The shape of Semmel surface reservoirs is rectangular.
Each of Semmel's reservoirs can store about 600 Cubic meters of water. Because these reservoirs are
built at or below ground level, they are known non-elevated reservoirs. However, if these surface
reservoirs are positioned at high points in the distribution system, water can be delivered directly to
customers by gravity. If not as shown in figure 17 pumps are being used to deliver water to consumers.
Also Elevated reservoirs are those that were previously built at higher than ground level and were
existed exist in Semmel distribution system before the surface reservoirs construction, these
reservoirs have a round form to them. And they are constructed about 400 meters above the sea level.
(See figure).

21
 Figure 16: Semmel surface reservoirs

Below are pumps in the distrbution system which delivers water to consumers in low elevated areas.

Figure 17: Semmel distribution system pumps

22
 Figure 18: Semmel elevated reservoirs

Semmel community's water system is sized to meet or surpass the expected maximum peak day
(24 hours) of water use. The peak hour demand starts in the morning 8AM to 10AM and then this
period starts again from 3PM and continues until 7PM. Continuous operation boosts the peak day
each summer and the demand of water doubles in this season, and so generates new infrastructure
expenses.
o Semmel water supply challenges

Unaccounted of water, which are all water leakages in the system. Some of the distribution
pipes has been constructed about 20 years ago from and they are exposed to bursts, these issues
increase the maintenance costs as well as decreases the efficiency of the supply system in Semmel
area. (See figure).

Figure 19: Pipe bursts in Semmel

23
 Figure 20: Leakage in pipes, Semmel

Increased amounts of road salt in stormwater runoff have an impact on source water quality.
The local water plants may be unable to handle the volume of contamination that is pouring in since
these toxin and contaminant spikes can be so large. Storm runoff causes larger problems that are
beyond the control of the khrabdeem plants. Chemicals, poisons, and debris can make their way into
the public water supply and bypass water treatment plants after severe storms. Contamination of the
water mains and lines in individual homes is a real possibility in this situation. Long after the apparent
symptoms of a rainstorm have passed, these flood water-related concerns might put you at risk. (See
figure).

Figure 21: Khrabdeem treatment plant during rainstorms

24
 Figure 22: Water sources & distrbution system in Semmel

Shape Diameter Description

provide 50 square As shown in the map above the the underground water sources (17
meters of water wells) are located in the center of the district and they are defined
every hour by yellow circules.
Can store up to
600 Cubic meters The exsisitng water tanks (surface resevoirs)
of water
Ductile iron pipes are the pipes made from ductile cast iron, they
90mm-50ml are commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution
of Semmel district
Ductile iron pipes are the pipes made from ductile cast iron, they
125mm-100 m.l are commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution
of Semmel district
75mm-100 m.l grooved steel water pipes (high pressure pipes)
Table 5: Semmel Distrbution system components

25
 Conclusion
Comparison of Semmel water supply with a developed country
(Germany)
o water supply in Germany
Public water supply in Germany is of good quality. Some salient features of the sector
compared to other developed countries are its very low per capita water use, the high share of
advanced wastewater treatment and very low distribution losses. Responsibility for water supply and
sanitation provision lies with municipalities, as it is the situation In Semmel. For water sources
Semmel uses the fresh water from several different undergound sources, while Germany has sources
of public water supply are 65% from groundwater, 9% from springs,5% from bank filtration, i.e. from
wells close to rivers and lakes, drawing essentially surface water, and finally 20% from surface water.
Germany's water supply is reliable and consistent, with good pressure and great drinking water quality.
While the Semmel district confronts numerous issues with regard to water availability, particularly
during rainstorms in the winter. During these times, water is not properly delivered to the consumers.
Germany is a country where Low water consumption has had a negative influence on operations,
health, and even the environment. On the operational side, sewers must be flushed with injected
drinking water on a regular basis to prevent raw sewage stagnation. Low flows have raised health
worries about the pollution of drinkable water. On the environmental front, water tables are rising in
several places, such as Berlin, causing damage to building foundations due to reduced groundwater
pumping by utilities.
o Water destribution system Germany, Vienna

Figure 23: Water destribution system Germany, Vienna

26
 One of the main responsibilities of Vienna Water is to balance natural resources with varying
water demand in the city. It does it by operating 30 reservoirs with a combined capacity of 1.6 million
cubic metres (28 of which are in Vienna). The main pipeline system of Vienna Water and the pressure
zones of Vienna's water supply are depicted in the diagram above. The pipeline network is divided
into many pressure zones as a result of the various altitude levels of the locations served.

The First Vienna Spring Water Main serves the city's lower-lying areas (blue, violet), while the
Second Vienna Spring Water Main serves the western section of Vienna's higher-lying areas (red,
green, orange, brown, and yellow). Pumping stations are used to provide water to locations where
natural water pressure is insufficient (yellow). All pressure zones have a constant water pressure of
three to five bar. The water reservoirs hold the mountain spring water that is fed into the system and
maintain it fresh by allowing it to flow through continuously (Water Distribution of Vienna, n.d.).

27
References

Adlan, M. (n.d.). Water supply and treatment engineering [e-book]. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Nipeal/Downloads/water%20treatment%20eap215_3%20water%20supply%20and
%20treatment%20engineering%20(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf

Drinking Water Distribution Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.epa.gov/dwsixyearreview/drinking-water-distribution-systems

Hazelnite, B. (2003). Water Supply [e-book]. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123351852500528

Hickey, H. (2008). Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods [e-book]. Retrieved from
https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/Water_Supply_Systems_Volume_I.pdf

Nathanson, J. A. (2020, March 31). Water supply system. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/water-supply-system

Niyangasi. (n.d.). Water pumping system design [e-book]. Retrieved from

file:///C:/Users/Nipeal/Desktop/WATER%20PROVISION/3-
water%20pumping%20systems%20design-overview2.pdf

Wang, Y. (2013). Seismic risk assessment of water supply systems [e-book]. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857092687500244

Water Distribution of Vienna. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/watersupply/supply/distribution.html

Water Distribution System – Its Design, Types, & Requirements. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://civilseek.com/water-distribution-system/

28