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Lecture 06

The document provides an overview of Water Supply Engineering, detailing its importance in civil engineering for the development, transmission, and treatment of water. It discusses historical advancements in water supply systems, purification methods, and the significance of public water supply schemes in preventing waterborne diseases. Key elements of water supply include sources, collection, treatment, and distribution systems, along with planning and design considerations to ensure quality and sustainability.

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12 views13 pages

Lecture 06

The document provides an overview of Water Supply Engineering, detailing its importance in civil engineering for the development, transmission, and treatment of water. It discusses historical advancements in water supply systems, purification methods, and the significance of public water supply schemes in preventing waterborne diseases. Key elements of water supply include sources, collection, treatment, and distribution systems, along with planning and design considerations to ensure quality and sustainability.

Uploaded by

zahidkhaliqmemon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/17/2021

Lecture 05

Water Supply Engineering

Subject: Environmental Engineering I


Section: Water Supply Engineering

 Introduction to Water Supply Engineering

Disclaimer: The content in this presentation does not belong solely to the
author. It includes stuff taken from a number of internet resources. For that
citation the author acknowledges the actual authors.

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2/17/2021

After completion of this class discussion


the students will be able to:
Describe Water supply engineering and its
constituents
Enlist various Treatment stages

What is Water Supply


Engineering

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What is Water Supply


Engineering

A branch of civil engineering concerned with the


development of sources of supply, transmission,
distribution, and treatment of water. The term is
used most frequently in regard to municipal water
works, but applies also to water systems for industry,
irrigation, and other purposes.

History and Developmentof Water Supply

• Waterworks structures – excavations


• large tanks excavated on minor drainage lines
• structures of water supply, drainage , sewerage and
swimming pools of Mohenjodaro civilianization in the
Indus Valley. Also Egypt, Babilonia and Assyria-flat
countries used open canals with large storage basins
• Wells were also used in many countries in ancient times to
utilize underground water
• Italy, Greece , India and Egyptian used wells in 2100 BC.
Artesian wells were sunk in China in early times.

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History and Developmentof Water Supply

• Lake Mories in Egypt – built in 2000 BC – Supplied water for


20,000,000 people
• Numerous conduits – water supply in ancient Jerusalem – 600
to 900 BC
• Water supply in Rome – Surrounding aqueducts and hills – 616
km
• London – at end of 16th century- first modern city to use lead
pipe for conveyance of water
• European countries - Wood pipes bored out of logs

Purification attempts of the supplied


water
• John Gibb -first water filter at Paisley in Scotland, UK in
1804.
• James P. Kirkwood -also designed the first sizeable water filter
( New York, in 1871).
• In 1849 Dr. John Snow, a medical researcher in England
demonstrated the role of faecal pollution of drinking water in
the epidermicity of cholera.
• From 1857 onward Dr. William Budd investigated the water-
borne diseases.

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Public Water Supply Schemes

• Water borne diseases - warranted treatment – sedimentation


• Theory of water filtration – early 19th century
• Inadequate and contaminated water – cholera, diarrhoea,
dysentry, typhoid

Purification of water in house,


industries and public places

 To supply safe and wholesome water to


consume
 To supply water in adequate quantity
 To make water easily available to consumers
so as to encourage personal and household
cleanliness

An wholesome water is usually one which is


unpolluted, free from toxic substances as well
as excessive amounts of mineral and organic
matter that may impair the quality of water.

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 Whenever there is no water in our taps we


become helpless. Whenever no water in our
surroundings our survival become questionable.
Therefore, it is necessary that to have a water
supply scheme with sufficient quantity.
 From public health point view, the water should
be good in appearance, safe and clean. It means
that the water should be free from contaminants.
Therefore, the provision of such a scheme should
supply water with good quality.

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 Such a scheme shall not only help in supply


of wholesome water for drinking, cooking,
bathing, washing, etc.
 Also, to keep the diseases away, and there by
promoting better health.

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Such a scheme will also help in

• development of industrialization
• pollution control
• maintenance of parks, gardens and fountains
• beautification of surroundings
• better sanitation maintenance
• economic development of the particular
community
• promoting welfare of the entire community

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The water borne diseases are diseases


which spread primarily through the
contaminated water.
When water contains harmful and diseases
producing matter, it lead to water borne
diseases on being consumed by healthy
persons.

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The water borne diseases are may be caused


by the following factors:
 Presence of micro organism

 Presence of inorganic matter

 Presence of organic matter

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Diseases caused by bacterial infections:


 Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever (caused
by salmonella typhi bacteria)
 Cholera (caused by vibrio-cholera bacteria)
 Bacillary dysentery(caused by shiga bacillus
or flexner-bacillus, or sonne bacilus)
Diseases caused by viral infections:
 Infectious hepatitis or infectious jaundice
(caused by hepatitis virus)
 Poliomyelitis (caused by polio virus)
Diseases caused by protozoal infections:
 Amoebic dysentery (caused by entamoeba
hystolytic germ)

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 Excess fluorides concentration causes


fluorosis
 Excessive amounts of sulphates causes
Diarrhea
 Less amounts of Iodide causes Goiter
 Excess of nitrates cause blue babies in
infants
 Excess of nitrates cause
methemoglobinemia

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An excess of vegetable matter in water or the


entrance of sewage effluents into bodies of water
may lead to diarrhoea and other gastic
disturbances in the human body.

The complete control of water borne diseases involves


instituting an environmental health programme that
incorporates personnel and household hygiene practices,
control of fly species and other insects, scientific waste
disposal and water treatment to remove harmful
constituents.

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Elements of Water Supply

• Source of supply
• Collection system
• Treatment and
• Distribution system.

Intake
Pump

Collection System
Treatme
nt
Source of supply Distribution
System

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Source of Supply

• Surface water
• Ground water
• Rainwater

Selection of source depends on –


• Quantity
• Quality
• Cost

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Collection system

• Surface water – Intake with


pumping facility required

• Ground water – Dugwells or


tube wells are common devices

• Rainwater – A permanent roof


or uncontaminated ground
surface

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Treatment
• Surface water
• Turbidity
Methods:
• Color
• Taste • Screening
• Odour • Sedimentation
• Pathogens • Aeration
• Chemical treatment
• filtration
• Ground water • demineralization
• Mineral substances • Disinfection
• Iron
• Arsenic
• Fluoride
• hardness

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Distribution System

• Urban - Piped Water supply


• Storage reservoirs
• Pumping devices
• Standposts
• Valves
• Other appurtenances
• Rural - Unpiped Water supply – manually operated tubewells
• Location
• Accessibility
• Serving distance and extent

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Planning and Design Considerations


• Quality of water should not deteriorate below WHO standard
• Water in adequate quantity in convenient location
• Traditional sources should be selected for water supply
development
• Construction, operation, maintenance and repair should be
within reach of the available skills
• The equipment should be robust, reliable and locally available
• Construction and operation cost should be minimum
• Use of pumping and chemicals should be minimum
• System should be planned together with the community
• Women should be involved and consulted to address their
needs

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Planning and Design Considerations


• In built system for monitoring of performance
• Provision for preventing deterioration of water quality
• Sustainability should be preferred in planning, designing and
pricing the water supply

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