ESA’S TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

Version 1.2, September 2022

ESA’S TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY:
Developing the Technology
which will enable the next major
technological and commercial
disruptions
This update of the technology strategy guides the
planning, development and implementation of
all technology development activities prepared,
conducted and coordinated by ESA.

It has been developed involving all internal

technology development stakeholders and
shareholders, including consultations of ESA
Member States and Cooperating States as well as
space industry. The strategy has been issued by
the ESA Director General following a consultation
of the ESA Executive Board in August 2022.
| TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY | MISSION NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A CALL FOR ACTION 4 TECHNOLOGY PORTFOLIO
STRATEGY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4.1 European Space Technology R&D...............................31
Challenges, Opportunities and Targets................................ 7 4.2 Technology Non-Dependence......................................31
4.3 Esa Technology Portfolio Management.....................32
4.4 Enabling Core Technology for Space Mission
TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY Needs.............................................................................33
4.5 Enhancing Technology..................................................33
4.6 Game-Changing Technology........................................33
1 THE CONTEXT FOR
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTS MISSION NEEDS
1.1 Objective........................................................................10 AND TECHNOLOGY
1.2 Agenda 2025 and Accelerating Space.......................10
1.3 Methodology..................................................................11 INNOVATION
1.4 Space Economy.............................................................11
1.5 Related Mega Trends...................................................15 5 MISSION NEEDS
5.1 Science and Exploration Technology Needs..............36
2 FROM MISSION NEEDS AND 5.1.1 Science........................................................ 36
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION 5.1.2 Exploration.................................................. 37

TO TECHNOLOGY THEMES 5.2 Space Safety Technology Needs.................................41

5.3 Applications Technology Needs..................................43
2.1 Mission Needs and Technology Innovation..............17 5.3.1 Telecom....................................................... 43
2.2 Cots and EEE components...........................................19 5.3.2 Earth Observation....................................... 45
2.3 Advanced manufacturing.............................................20 5.3.3 Navigation................................................... 48
2.4 Digital design-to-produce, digitalisation...................21 5.4 Enabling and Support Technology Needs..................49
2.5 Clean space/sustainability...........................................23 5.4.1 Space Transportation.................................. 49
2.6 Cybersecurity Technology............................................24 5.4.2 Operations................................................... 52
2.7 Quantum technologies.................................................25 5.4.3 Space-based solar power............................ 52

2.8 In orbit servicing & construction...............................26 5.5 European Space Industry Technology Needs...........53
2.9 Innovative Propulsion..................................................27
6 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 6.1 Electric, Electronic, (Micro-) Electro-Mechanical
TARGETS and Photonic Systems.................................................55
6.2 Structures, Mechanisms, Materials, Thermal...........58
3.1 30% Improvement of Spacecraft development
6.3 Avionics Systems .........................................................59
time................................................................................28
6.4 Electric Architecture, Power and Energy,
3.2 One order of magnitude improvement of cost
Electro-Magnetic Compatibility...................................62
Efficiency with every generation................................28
6.5 Radiofrequency & Optical Systems............................65
3.3 30% Faster development and adoption of
innovative technology..................................................29 6.6 Life & Physical Science Payloads, Life Support,
Robotics & Automation................................................69
3.4 Inverting Europe’s contribution to space debris
by 2030..........................................................................29 6.7 Propulsion, Space Transportation and Re-entry
Vehicles..........................................................................72
6.8 Ground Systems and Mission Operations.................74
6.9 Digital Engineering.......................................................75
6.10 Astrodynamics, Space Debris and Space
Environment..................................................................77
| TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY | MISSION NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

A CALL FOR ACTION

EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY

CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND TARGETS

The successful implementation of this strategy is essential to achieving the goals of ESA’s
Agenda 2025, and implementing its technology development ambitions.

The space sector is in the midst of rapid, fundamental change. This change is triggered
by a mature, increasingly diverse and vibrant industrial base and sustained high market
growth driven by new commercial opportunities and the full-scale integration of space
into modern economies. The result is a profound shift in the underlying requirements and
drivers of space system design from performance (for one-off missions and prototypes) to
cost and schedule.

In parallel, the digital revolution is transforming industries and markets. To best serve the
interest and needs of its stakeholders and shareholders – while continuing to undertake
cutting-edge technology activities for science-driven missions – ESA needs to invest now
and focus its technology development and engineering efforts to seize these opportunities.

By spinning-in, investing in and embracing digital engineering throughout all the design,
development and exploitation phases, ESA will drive the technological base of the European
space sector to draw full benefit from this technology: For the reduction of cost; to reach
shorter, more agile development cycles; and to enable innovative technology to be adopted
into space systems much faster.

This will allow the achievement of the four concrete and measurable ambitious targets related
to development time, cost efficiency, and sustainability, while shifting the implementation
focus in line with Agenda 2025 on the 30% faster development and adoption of innovative
technologies.

The implementation of this strategy requires substantial investment in skills and tools for
technology R&D at ESA. It extends beyond the engineering community with impacts on
procurement and processes, addressed via the ESA transformation process.
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TECHNOLOGY
STRATEGY
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1 THE CONTEXT | 2 MISSION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS | 4 PORTFOLIO STRATEGY

1 THE CONTEXT FOR

SPACE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTS
1.1 OBJECTIVE
ESA develops the technologies needed for Europe’s space activities. The development of the most
suitable technology, on time and according to the right specifications, enables Europe to achieve its
ambitions in space, in particular the objectives outlined in Agenda 2025.

This strategy implements the directions provided by the ESA Director General for technology
developments prepared, conducted and coordinated by ESA.

1.2 AGENDA 2025 AND ACCELERATING SPACE

The Agenda 2025 defines ESA’s priorities and goals. Its implementation plan outlines the actions
being taken by ESA to achieve these goals and increase Europe’s relevance in the fast-growing
space sector.

With Agenda 2025, ESA’s Director General calls for “a new mission statement that focuses its
space excellence to propel society out of the current health, economic and climate crisis into a
more sustainable, fairer and more resilient society”. Space contributes much more than just data,
navigation signals, or connectivity. It connects the dots to provide information and intelligence. It
creates an uplifting spirit, engaging young generations in new and visionary projects, and unites
Europe through common dreams and ambitions. It makes the case that “investing in space is
investing in the future of Europe through smart answers to complex cross-disciplinary questions
and challenges. Investing in space is investing in people and in the science and technology
required to be a global actor”. This ambition has been underlined by the mandate given to the ESA
Director General by Council at its meeting in Matosinhos on 19 November 2021, to take forward the
development of three accelerators: Space For a Green Future, Rapid and Resilient Crisis Response
and Protection of Space Assets.

Agenda 2025 underlines the importance of space technology developments to achieve Europe’s
strategic goals. It specifies that ESA will update its “overall procurement approach and technology
strategy to serve commercialisation and innovation targets”, and “shift the implementation focus of its
Technology Strategy to achieve 30% faster development and adoption of innovative technologies.”
It furthermore specifies that by “adopting an open innovation approach, ESA will double its spending
on game-changing technologies and enhance in-orbit demonstration and validation opportunities,
together with the European Commision” and that “ESA will increase the industry-driven technology
development share of its technology portfolio”.

Agenda 2025 specifies that “technology is the key enabler of all major technological and commercial
disruptions. Reusability and on-board intelligence have disrupted the launcher sector, [while]
miniaturisation and standardisation have disrupted telecommunications and Earth observation. It is
now time to shape and grow the disruptive technologies of tomorrow.” The document also initiates
the launch of “three new technology R&D initiatives on innovative propulsion, in-orbit servicing
and construction, and quantum technologies.” This 2022 update of the ESA Technology Strategy
implements this strategic shift and direction.

The Technology Strategy provides the guiding elements, the technical topics and the direction for
ESA’s technology development activities. It will allow ESA to provide the expertise needed by the
European public sector and private sectors.

10 ESA Technology Strategy

1.3 METHODOLOGY
This update of the ESA Technology Strategy takes into account the substantial evolution of the
global and European space sector (Section 1.4), the already identified general megatrends shaping
modern economies (Section 1.5) and the changes in mission and user needs reflected in the short-
to mid- term plans for ESA programmes and projects (Chapter 5). It also reflects the technical
progress needed in all key technical domains via the updated mid- to long- term technology
innovation (Chapter 6). This update provides a new emphasis for the technology development targets
(Chapter 3) according to Agenda 2025 and reflects the progress towards achieving these targets.

In preparing this update, ESA has reassessed which technology themes take priority according to
mission needs and technology advances. This involved grouping technologies into 93 action lines,
which were reviewed with application domain experts and assessed with respect to: their relevance,
the needs of future missions, Agenda 2025, and the technology strategy targets.

This prioritisation and a subsequent clustering according to common technology areas is reflected
in the present strategy in Chapter 2.

The first release of ESA’s Technology Strategy identified COTS electronic components and
digitalisation as critical to achieving the strategy’s targets. Their importance has been underlined
by this assessment. Concerning electronic components, the assessment resulted in the need to
extend the focus from COTS electronics components to EEE components.

In line with Agenda 2025, a new emphasis on quantum technologies has been added, with an
increasing number of mission concepts considering the use of quantum devices e.g., for measuring
gravity (Section 2.7). Innovative propulsion and in orbit servicing and construction are emphasised
in the updated advanced manufacturing cross cutting initiative (Section 2.3) and in the new versions
of the competence domain strategies contained in sections 6.6 and 6.7.

The document represents a consolidated strategy with the understanding that the continuous
adaptation to changing user needs and integration of new technological capabilities needs to be an
integral part of any successful technology strategy implementation process.

1.4 SPACE ECONOMY

1.4.1 Trends
The space sector is at a crossroads of massive changes while also breaking all-time records, with
more than 1800 satellites launched in 2021.

The institutional demand from increasingly ambitious governmental programmes continues to

dominate the space market (in value) and governments remain the largest funding source of most
space technology developments.

In parallel the fast commercialisation of space, supported by U.S. commercial-supply oriented

policies, is leading to record levels of private investments into mainly U.S. commercial space
businesses. Notably benefitting from governmental technology developments and from a fast
adoption of technologies, practices, and business cultures from the ICT sector, new entrants into
the commercial arena are disrupting part of the space ecosystem, challenging traditional actors of
the global space markets with new space approaches. In this context, well-funded, growth-oriented
U.S. commercial space companies identify state-of-the-art European space technology businesses
as attractive take-over candidates, putting European technology sovereignty at risk.

While the commercialisation of space took off in the U.S., the New Space revolution has been
mirrored in other space powers, such as China and Japan, and accompanied the entrance of new
space actors, such as the United Arab Emirates.

At the same time, the world faces critical challenges, with an unprecedent need for a more
sustainable, greener and digital global economy. ESA’s Agenda 2025 emphasises the benefits of
using space to support the recovery of European economy and society towards more resilience

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and sustainability. It calls for a strong European space ambition using Europe’s expertise, technical
and scientific excellence as well as industrial capacity, to counter the threats and fully seize the
opportunities brought by this new societal and economic context, as expressed in the form of
accelerators by ESA Member States in the 2021 Matosinhos manifesto1.

Private Investment versus Institutional Space Budgets 2021

NASA

Private

ESA

B€ 0 5 10 15 20 25

Figure 1 - Private Investments have become a significant contributor to space2.

1.4.2 Space Economy in Key Figures

The OECD defines the space economy as the full range of activities and the use of resources that
create value and benefits to human beings in the course of exploring, researching, understanding,
managing, and utilising space.

Space activities are usually structured along two main segments: upstream manufacturing, launch and
ground segment activities; and downstream operations and services. The space industry operates
upstream of the value chain that flows downstream to the end-users of space-based capabilities.

Current drivers of the global space economy include:

• Ambitious exploration programmes by leading space-faring nations that support high-level

institutional investment and state-of-the-art technology developments, using new procurement
schemes and funding instruments;
• Continuously growing expectations of cost-effective solutions supported by the new space ecosystem,
with more responsibility on the private sector, more agile business models and faster innovation;
• Booming private investment in space companies leading to new entrants in the sector, with
increasing commercialisation expectations and attractiveness in taking a share of new space
markets (e.g., ISRU, in-orbit servicing, micro-launchers); and
• A clear vision of space as a critical solution for economic recovery and towards the building of a
more resilient and more technology-independent European society.
In 2021, 1819 spacecraft were put into orbit, another all-time record with an increase of 44 per cent
compared to 20203. This increase is largely due to the launch of more than 989 satellites by SpaceX
and to the more than 280 satellites deployed for OneWeb.

In 2021, institutional space budgets (civil and military) reached €78.2 billion, representing a 4 per
cent increase compared to 2020 and continuing their growth path with a 6 per cent CAGR over the
past five years4. While the top five spending countries still account for 83 per cent of the worldwide
public investment in space, a growing number of new nations are investing in space capabilities.

1. J. Aschbacher. The Matosinhos Manifesto: Accelerating the Use of Space in Europe; 19.11.2021, available at https://vision.esa.int/
the-matosinhos-manifesto-accelerating-the-use-of-space-in-europe/
2. ESPI, Report 83 - Space Venture Europe 2021, June 2022. https://space-economy.esa.int/article/134/espi-space-venture-2021-
entrepreneurship-and-investment-in-the-european-space-sector
3. Euroconsult Market Monitoring Reports, 2021.
4. Euroconsult, Government Space Programs, Digital Platform, 2022. The European private investment numbers cannot be compared
directly, or in absolute terms, with the private investment figures at the global level due to the slightly different way of accounting used.

12 ESA Technology Strategy

 Private investment in space continued its surge in 2021. Investors provided a new record of €12.2
billion to private space ventures, a step increase of 86 per cent compared to 2020. This amount is
largely driven by massive funding rounds from OneWeb, SpaceX, Sierra Space, and Relativity Space.

Space Activity

145
launches
+27% 95%
Share of snallsats
1,819 (<500kg)
satellites launched
+44% step increase

Figure 2 - Global Space Activity 2021.

Private investment in the European space industry5 reached €611 million in 2021, posting a
continuation of last year’s growth yet at a slower rate (14 per cent)6. In 2021, 44 per cent of the
overall private investment was concentrated in the top five deals.

700 100

611 M€ 90
600
80

500 70
€ million

# deals

60
400

50

300
40

30
200

20
100
10

0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Value of deals Number of deals

Figure 3 - Number and value of annual deals in European space start-ups 2017-20216.

5. (counted as investment in European space start-ups younger than 10 years, whose business tends to feature innovative concepts
and models and which has not yet reached business maturity)
6. ESPI, Report 83 - Space Venture Europe 2021, June 2022. https://space-economy.esa.int/article/134/espi-space-venture-2021-
entrepreneurship-and-investment-in-the-european-space-sector.

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The global upstream market value is generated by revenues from satellite manufacturing, launch
services and the ground segment. Estimated at €29.6 billion in 2021, it represents a 6 per cent
increase compared with 2020. In 2021, continuing the industry trend of the past years, 95 per
cent of all satellites launched were smallsats (<500kg). The development of recurring and low-cost
systems reduces the average costs for both manufacturing and launch. The lowering entry barriers
lead to rising competition in the field without a guaranteed demand increase. The European space
upstream industry generated revenues of €7.5 billion in 2021, capturing 25 per cent of the global
market7. Manufacturing and launch revenues appear to recover well from the covid-19 crisis.

Space Upstream Space Downstream

Market Value Market Value

World World

29.6b€ +9% 250b€ +1%

Manufacturing Satcom
Launch Navigation
Ground Segment Earth Observation

Europe Europe

7.5b€ +19% 60b€ -1%

25% 24%
Europe’s share Europe’s share of
of global upstream global sownstream
market market

Figure 4 - Space upstream and downstream market value in 20218.

Overall, the downstream market saw a minor growth of 1 per cent compared to 2020 with a recovery
of the GNSS market, continued decrease of satcom and sustained growth of EO. Overall, global
revenues on the downstream market are estimated at €250 billion in 2021, accounting only for
commercial revenues. Similarly, in 2021, European commercial downstream revenues posted a
small increase, with a 2.4 per cent rise over 2020, generating €60 billion total in revenues.

7. European upstream sales will be updated in the final October publication of the Space Economy Report, after Eurospace Facts and
Figures publication in June 2022. The current figure is provisionally based on Euroconsult data.
8. Euroconsult, The Space Economy Report 8th Edition, 2021.

14 ESA Technology Strategy

1.4.4 European Reliance on Commercial Markets
New Space has led to smaller, narrow-focused satellites and reduced launch costs, which has
lowered the entrance barrier to space and increased the pace of innovation9. Supported by new,
commercial-supply oriented U.S. policies, this has multiplied the number of actors ready to take
risks to profitably serve the growing public and private markets. The U.S. boom in commercial space
– strongly supported by the U.S. government – has not only triggered similar policies in Japan and
China, but has also compelled some European companies to establish business in the U.S..

Commercial and export sales of the European space upstream industry have been declining since
2017, primarily due to the slowdown of the geostationary orbit satcom market segment. While
expectations are high regarding the trend towards constellation systems, the associated potential
revenue remains to be demonstrated. The downturn was amplified in 2020 with the closure of the
European space port in French Guyana, which, according to Eurospace, resulted in an overall €400
million loss in terms of commercial and export business10.

These markets are very important for the European upstream industry, which enjoys only a relatively
low institutional demand compared to other leading space nations (U.S., Russia, China, Japan
and India). Commercial and export customers have been making up for more than 75 per cent
of European launch and manufacturing activity (in tons, on average over the period 2016-2020).
This is underlined as well by the net positive European space systems trade balance, with exports
estimated at €20.3 billion by Eurospace over the past decade (2011-2020).

The dramatic increase in international competition and reduced profit margins require the European
space industry to reduce the cost of its commercial space systems. The update of the ESA
Technology Strategy addresses this need, supporting industry with specifically pushing technology
developments that help reduce production costs and increase production rates, while fostering
state-of-the-art innovation and technology development that generate both unique capabilities and
contribute to increasing European sovereignty.

1.4.5 Competitiveness of European Space Industry

The priority technology development needs of the European space industry are described by
Eurospace, the main European space industry trade association, with a particular attention to the
competitiveness of the European space industry. These needs and priorities have been taken into
account in the development of this strategy (Section 5.5).

1.5 RELATED MEGA TRENDS

A wave of new technologies is emerging that is shaping economies worldwide. These technological
megatrends have an effect on progress on a global scale and will fundamentally affect the
performance of space missions as well as the way space missions are designed and operated.

1.5.1 Big Data

The exponential increase in affordable computing power and ubiquitous sensors have led to
extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal trends, patterns and
associations that are not otherwise obvious. Big data enables new analytical applications based on
machine learning. Earth observation satellite data sets are large by their very nature. The European
Copernicus programme is one of the largest open data providers, already enabling entirely new
business applications as well as insight into the Earth’s land, water and climate systems. Increasingly,
the data generated by spacecraft are being combined with data gathered through terrestrial sensors
to provide richer, previously un-available insight, knowledge and services. Data are becoming the
core of businesses and growth offering space manufacturing industry new opportunities to improve
their competitiveness in existing markets and to open up new ones.

9. ESA Agenda 2025, 2021.

10. Eurospace facts & figures, Key 2020 facts, Press Release, July 2021.

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1.5.2 Digitalisation and ‘Industry 4.0’

Advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing and the various aspects of
digital engineering are revolutionising the way products are conceived, manufactured and qualified.
They are at the heart of Industry 4.0 and the smart factory approach to faster product cycles and
small batches, with an economy of scale similar to mass production.

These technologies represent an opportunity for more efficient space mission design and
implementation, capable of transforming the industry, adapting and rebuilding industrial supply
chains and, in the process, regaining manufacturing capabilities that have previously been lost
in Europe. They allow the transitioning from the traditional ‘design, build and then test’ approach
based on the intensive and expensive use of documentation to the more agile ‘analyse then build’
approach with incremental developments.

1.5.3 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is at the core of most current digital disruptions, accelerating competition
and speeding up digital transformations. Worldwide, public and private sector investment in AI is still
growing fast, with the primary investors being the digital giants. The largest share goes to machine
learning, characterised by its multiuse and nonspecific applications, followed by computer vision,
natural languages, autonomous vehicles and smart robotics (retail and manufacturing) and virtual
agents (services).

ESA has been at the leading edge of academic AI research related to space. Φ-sat-1 included
the first AI to be carried on a European Earth observation mission. To avoid downlinking less than
perfect images, the Φ-sat-1 artificial intelligence chip filters them out.

1.5.4 Cybersecurity
Global annual cybercrime costs are estimated at one trillion dollars and are expected to substantially
increase over the coming years. These include damage and destruction of data, financial theft,
theft of intellectual property, theft of personal and financial data, embezzlement, fraud, post-attack
disruption to the normal course of business, forensic investigation, restoration and deletion of
hacked data and systems, lost productivity, and reputational harm. Cyberattacks are considered
the fastest growing crime in the U.S. and are increasing in size, sophistication and cost. To prevent
damages, both private and public enterprises are increasing their information technology security
spending.

Space systems, interwoven with critical terrestrial infrastructure, are not immune to cyberattacks.
Cybersecurity therefore has become a critical requirement for space systems. ESA has engaged in
a number of technology activities in support to cybersecurity, including the creation of a new cyber
security centre.

1.5.5 Quantum technologies

Quantum technology is in the process of moving from laboratory testing to early applications. It
makes use of some of the properties of quantum mechanics, especially quantum entanglement,
quantum superposition and quantum tunnelling, for practical applications such as computing,
sensors, cryptography, metrology and imaging. The fundamentally different way of interacting
with quantum systems promises entirely new applications as well as revolutionary advances in
performance in existing ones.

Following Agenda 2025, ESA has started a new quantum technology initiative (Section 2.7) and
engaged in a range of state-of-the-art quantum technology activities from cold atoms for atomic
clocks to quantum encryption and quantum metrology.

16 ESA Technology Strategy

2 FROM MISSION NEEDS AND
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
TO TECHNOLOGY THEMES
2.1 MISSION NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
The analysis of different user needs (Chapter 5) combined with the evaluation of the evolution of
technology innovation and the resulting capabilities according to ESA’s 10 competence domains
(Chapter 6) has led to a list of recurrent technology needs, which are grouped into priority technology
themes, described in this chapter. These themes are embracing, using and benefitting from the general
technology related trends (Section 1.5) but shape them into structured themes specific to space
activities. They are essential to achieving the concrete technology targets described in Chapter 3.

Key technology development needs of the different space applications are linked to advanced
manufacturing processes and materials. These are necessary to support the commercial telecom
and Earth observation sector’s need for increased flexibility and reduced production costs (Section
5.3.1) and for the miniaturisation and increasing demand for faster standardisation of Earth
observation platforms and payloads (Section 5.3.2). Advanced manufacturing processes and
materials are essential for the development of the advanced optical instruments and payloads
required for space science missions (Section 5.1.1) and to meet the reliability and reduced structural
mass requirements for future exploration missions (Section 5.1.2). Similarly, Europe’s space industry
has underlined the need for technology advances in new materials and manufacturing processes
for their competitiveness (Section 1.4.5, Section 5.5). Many of these technologies and processes
have been developed in and for other sectors. The European space industry needs to benefit from
their faster spin-in.

The advanced manufacturing, digital design-to-produce, clean space/sustainability and

cybersecurity themes were already identified in the 2019 version of the Technology Strategy and
are being pursued. Advanced manufacturing (Section 2.2) bundles and focuses these needs into
actionable, concrete and coherent technology development roadmaps, ensuring cross-fertilisation
between the various related technology development streams and application cases. Based on a
long-term vision, ESA has been the global pioneer in introducing sustainability in space activities.
The responsible, sustainable use of orbital and other resources has since become a prime concern
for the economic viability of some telecommunication missions (especially mega-constellations),
Earth observation businesses and the service reliability of navigation constellations. Sustainability
and especially the issue of space debris has been highlighted as a priority need by European
industry and one of the frequently voiced priorities of the public. The clean space/sustainability
theme (Section 2.4) integrates associated technology developments to the point where the space
environment can be left in an even better state for future generations. Section 5.2 describes the
needs of the dedicated programmatic pillar of space safety and security.

The digital design-to-produce theme (Section 2.4) addresses the spin-in and demonstration of
the core technologies enabling a digital engineering process flow from design to operations and
data exploitation. While some technologies and processes might be transferred unchanged from
terrestrial sectors to space system engineering, others will need some adaptation and adjustment.

The integration of space systems with larger ground systems increases the vulnerability to cyber
attacks. Technologies and methods to enhance the cybersecurity level of space and ground
systems have been identified as an increasingly important need for space transportation systems
(Section 5.4.1), for future telecom (Section 5.3.1), Earth observation (Section 5.3.2) and navigation
(Section 5.3.3) missions, while representing generally a concern for practically all space missions.
Cybersecurity requires a range of activities across different fields including cyber threat monitoring,
detection and reporting, incidence analysis, cyber defence management, behavioural, educational
and organisational in addition to technical and engineering aspects.

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The cybersecurity theme (Section 2.6) intends to group all cybersecurity related technology and
engineering activities. These include, in addition to technologies for the above activities, additional
technology developments in the areas of cryptography (including quantum cryptography) and
optical communication technologies.

As announced in Agenda 2025, ESA has added three new cross-cutting technology development
themes: Quantum Technologies (Section 2.7), In-Orbit Servicing and Construction (Section 2.8) and
Innovative Propulsion (Section 2.9).

Further technological themes will be added as certain shared technology development needs
between different applications and programmes are seen to emerge and attain sufficient maturity
to be pursued in targeted and feasible development processes (e.g., technologies for space based
solar power plants Section 5.4.3).

In addition to the technology needs identified in the specific domains of (Section 5.3), science and
exploration (Section 5.1) and space safety and security (Section 5.2), increasing the competitiveness
of European space activities requires a faster introduction of new technologies into future space
systems, which necessitates dedicated efforts to bring them to maturity either when they are issued
from space-dedicated developments or when they are imported from non-space domains.

Operational space missions require technologies to be either already demonstrated in space or at

high Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). This reduces the overall mission risk as well as risks of
delays and costly overruns, which potentially lead to the conservative tendency of re-flying proven,
yet no longer state-of-the-art, technology. This applies equally to newly developed technologies and
concepts and the spin-in of terrestrial commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.

Faster and more frequent in-orbit demonstrations of new technology

The objective of in-orbit demonstrations (IOD) is to progress up the TRL ladder to level 9 and to
deliver products, techniques and technologies that are qualified on ground and validated in orbit.
Through IOD, new products and technologies are operated in the operational environment and
interfaces of user missions, reducing risks and consequently raising further future buy-in, which is
especially critical in all cases where the space environment is hardly reproducible on ground.

There are two further and increasingly important drivers to perform IOD. The first is to flight-proof
specific techniques required to deliver a product or a service. In this case, it is essential to validate
the final performance of the system and hence its commercial viability. Second, for high value
missions, it is important to showcase a precursor of the final system to alleviate risk and justify
development budgets for the operational system. In these two cases, the IOD often equates to the
complete mission.

This new approach to space missions (prototype, IOD, operational mission) is putting IOD at the
centre of the space technology development and risk mitigation process. Targets for IOD/in-orbit
validation are common in all fields where innovation takes place:

• The IOD of technology and products serves to provide flight heritage, bringing technologies to
TRL9 and make products available.
• The IOD of techniques demonstrate feasibility and performances of future planned services
(e.g., AIS and ADS-B as past examples), new research in remote sensing, science, space
weather, and new operations of space systems, rendezvous, formation flying, servicing, optical
communication, etc.
• The IOD of architecture and system concepts demonstrate entirely new concepts such as future
missions based on cubesats or the massive utilisation of COTS.
IOD has also proven to be a viable mechanism for the introduction of newcomers in the space
industry and to facilitate New Space approaches to missions. Therefore, regular and accessible IOD
opportunities are particularly important.

Main challenges for IOD have been access to space, cost and finding flight opportunities. With an
increase in the use of small missions, ESA is developing an offer based on Vega and Ariane 6 to
provided ride-share opportunities for small missions. These opportunities need to be accompanied

18 ESA Technology Strategy

 by technology developments that allow the faster, more flexible and more systematic integration of
new demonstration payloads, including onto operational spacecraft.

To optimise the IOD offer to industry, standardised IOD payload interfaces and similar development
processes are necessary. This will benefit in particular new space missions across non-traditional
domains such as servicing, debris removal and planetary defence.

System Engineering and Quality Management

The 10 Competence Domains and their respective technology innovation plans (chapter 6) require
thorough system engineering and quality control across all projects and development activities.
These are especially important as space system developments have been moving from space
system engineering to integrated system-of-system engineering – with space being only one part
of larger interconnected systems. Quality management will be especially essential to allow ESA to
more systematically spin-in terrestrial technologies and offer a tailored risk management capability.

Following the methodology used to update the Technology Strategy presented in Section 1.3, the
following sections describe the updated main priority technology themes.

2.2 COTS AND EEE COMPONENTS

Electronic components are the fundamental building blocks of any spacecraft. The quality of the
electronic components used on a spacecraft is a determining factor for their reliable operation and
performance throughout the mission life.

Usage of COTS components in space is the ultimate spin-in (as the direct use of available items)
and is fast gaining acceptance due to the increasing pace of technology progress and innovation
outside the space domain. The wider utilisation of COTS-based technologies is driven by the
high performance required for space missions associated with the increasing cost and schedule
pressure and the new approach to mission qualification and risks typical to New Space approaches.
COTS in its wider sense not only includes electronic components, but also complete elements and
processes.

However, while spin-in of terrestrial COTS components holds the promise of harnessing leading-edge
performance with significantly lower costs, especially for large procurements, there remains a strong
reliance on fully ESCC (European Space Component Coordination) qualified EEE components, as
technical systems are only as strong as their weakest link and most space hardware is inaccessible
for repair. EEE component activities will be supported by the development of a sovereign European
supply chain, including specifically via a new EEE European Sovereignty initiative (chapter 6.1).

Evolution and usage of COTS

The increasing utilisation of COTS in space, as currently demanded by industry and operators,
requires support from technology programmes to evaluate their suitability for space applications. In
this context, mitigation measures from the design (e.g., redundant circuitry) or hardware point-of-
view (e.g., coating or other environmental protection technologies) to adapt the systems to the use
of COTS is necessary.

ESA has undertaken steps to assure that COTS can be utilised on a wider scale than previously
foreseen, accompanied by efforts towards an assured supply chain for fully space-qualified
components, as mission scenarios will be more diverse and cannot be separated into either fully
COTS-based or fully-qualified components-based missions.

In ESA’s technology development programmes, this is dealt with through three stages: “Develop”
for initial investigation, “Make” for the last steps before acceptance for space and “Fly”, when proof
in orbit is required to assess the final behaviour of a COTS part in space.

ESA is currently developing recommended COTS practices, in coordination with national agencies,
industry and operators. A new ESA mission classification, which addresses the requirements based
on the risk profile of the mission, serves as a baseline to introduce COTS-based technologies for
future ESA missions.

ESA Technology Strategy 19

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1 THE CONTEXT | 2 MISSION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS | 4 PORTFOLIO STRATEGY

2.3 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING

With the Advanced Manufacturing Cross Cutting Initiative, ESA identifies and spins-in disruptive
materials and manufacturing technologies already available in non-space industry11. The resulting
advantages are faster processes, shorter lead times for systems and sub-systems production,
increased design flexibility and associated cost benefits. Key technology pillars include additive
manufacturing, advanced composite materials, solid state joining, surface engineering and electronic
materials and assembly. More recently, Smart Manufacturing and Off Earth Manufacturing have
been included. Smart Manufacturing has become enabling, and in many cases game-changing,
for space applications due to the strong need to manufacture large and very large constellations,
telecommunication modular platforms, navigation/Earth observation recurring products, and the
target to reduce costs and production times associated with launcher manufacturing and verification.
For Off Earth Manufacturing, ESA aims to foster and support the development of manufacturing and
assembly technologies for implementation in space and on extraterrestrial surfaces. This covers
the development of new materials for on-orbit/on-planet manufacturing and recycling (including the
reconditioning of space debris for construction purposes), the associated processes and verification/
testing methodologies as well as the supporting space robotics.

Figure 5 - The Advanced Manufacturing Cross-Cutting Initiative.

Since the introduction of the initiative, over 200 activities (approx. 88M€) have been funded across
all of the ESA technology programmes, many of which are in the domain of additive manufacturing,
composites materials, digital manufacturing and virtual testing, advanced forming and NDI
technologies. A large number of these disruptive materials and processes continue to expand
across all business sectors, including aeronautical as well and land transportation. Europe is in
a very strong position, with many of the advanced manufacturing leading industries having their
headquarters in Europe and key space companies having begun adopting advanced manufacturing
as standard techniques. However, the market is evolving very quickly with annual growth rates of
up to 40% and the global competition necessitates ongoing development to maintain and expand
Europe’s competing and leading positions.

With this initiative, ESA will continue to stimulate the space industry supply chain, improving cost,
schedule and sustainability, while maximising the performances of the final space products. The
overall goal is to consolidate Europe’s leadership in advanced manufacturing technologies for
space applications, with a significant return of investment extending also to highly profitable non-
space industrial sectors.

11. GSTP Element 1 “Develop” Compendium 2019: Advanced Manufacturing, ESA-TECT-PL-015900, Iss. 1, Rev. 0, 28/10/2019.

20 ESA Technology Strategy

 Figure 6 - Compliant mechanisms developed by CSEM in a test configuration.

2.4 DIGITAL DESIGN-TO-PRODUCE, DIGITALISATION

Digital technologies have radically changed businesses, industries and societies. Digital engineering
is currently enabling a revolution in the way spacecraft are designed, developed, tested and
operated. The centre of the process is based on an integrated, digital model-based approach, which
allows the shift from the traditional, lengthy document-centric design-build-and-then-test process to
a model-centric analyse-and-build process more suitable to the new space environment.

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ESA Technology Strategy 21

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1 THE CONTEXT | 2 MISSION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS | 4 PORTFOLIO STRATEGY

Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) and the digital spacecraft (extended beyond system
engineering) are important contributors to the improvement of development time and cost efficiency
targets. In particular, industrial actors have recognised the added value of MBSE in streamlining
the design, development, deployment and verification of space systems. Design justification
and traceability are major benefits gained from adopting MBSE. MBSE furthermore improves
communication between stakeholders, such as by facilitating the exchange and reporting of
physical architecture and system budgets with customers and automating previously tedious tasks
performed using documents.

To increase the speed of introduction of MBSE, ESA has funded dedicated additional MBSE work
packages12 for early mission phases, which have allowed industry and ESA to gain valuable
experience and lessons learned in several different systems and subsystems of actual missions.

Several ESA missions have acted as forerunners and seen the investigation, development and
adoption of novel MBSE techniques, such as Euclid, Plato or Galileo 2nd Generation. The number
of missions and mission studies adopting MBSE at system level increased from three missions in
2016, to 12 missions in 2021. This effort and the experience gained in the process have allowed
a) the introduction of MBSE as the default baseline approach to all new mission studies funded by
the Preparation element of the Basic Activities; and b) to identify the key challenges such as the
interoperability and exchange across domains of expertise and among stakeholders, that will be
addressed through a move towards a homogenous MBSE approach.

MBSE and the Digital Spacecraft are important contributors to two of the four development targets
of the Technology Strategy: “30% improvement of spacecraft development time by 2023” and “one
order of magnitude improvement of cost efficiency with every generation”.

ESA will continue supporting the evolution of standards for digital engineering – incorporating and
harmonising all the relevant elements currently being developed. It is important to consider that, while
there are still some technology development steps to be taken, the successful implementation of a fully
digital engineering process, centred around models instead of documents, crucially depends on the
continued willingness of programmes and projects and industrial contractors to embrace this approach.

Moreover, design-to-produce is especially important for the development of space systems intended
to be fully integrated into modern economies, to serve new customers and integrate with diverse
ground networks and smart devices. In this context, competitiveness and time-to-market need to
drive the development. The focus of this initiative is therefore on technologies and processes to
reduce time and simplify manufacturing, assembly, integration and testing.

12. Funded by the Preparation element of the Basic Activities.

22 ESA Technology Strategy

 Some of these technologies and processes are part of the smart factory concept of Industry 4.0, which
rely on fully exploiting digitalisation, automation, interoperability and large sensor data analytics. To
facilitate the introduction of this concept into space, ESA is continuing to support the space industry in
the setting up of partnerships and pilot projects with specialised non-space actors for a rapid adoption
of smart factory approaches to space. The initiative benefits from the leading expertise of European
SMEs in related technologies such as embedded sensors, virtual, augmented and enriched reality, smart
glasses and integrated scanners. The initiative also calls for a change in mind-set, customer involvement,
frontloading, preparation of sequences, anticipation of anomalies and usability.

2.5 CLEAN SPACE/SUSTAINABILITY

In support of the new safety and security programmatic pillar and its clean space initiative, ESA
develops technologies to secure the future of space activities by protecting the environment.
Several lines of action are pursued: eco-design, management of end-of-life, and in orbit servicing
with a focus on active debris removal.

Eco-design
ESA has been a pioneer in the field of eco-design since it has been actively working on understanding and
finding ways to decrease the environmental footprint of space missions, from their design to their disposal,
for the past decade. This process started with the adaptation and application of the environmental life cycle
assessments (LCA) to its activities and progressed with the development and publication of the space
system life cycle assessment guidelines and of the LCA database. The LCA allows the identification
of environmental hotspots and the development of innovative solutions to decrease the environmental
impact. Applying eco-design to space missions means to design them while taking into account their
environmental impact and fostering the use of green materials and manufacturing processes, while
engaging proactively with European environmental legislation, such as REACH.

The way forward is to further consolidate the existing framework, extending the LCA database and
guidelines. The objective is for the LCA and eco-design approach to be applied to more projects and
missions since the beginning, so that the environmental impact can be considered in the decision-
making process.

Management of End of Life

A key aspect for space sustainability is a proper management of the end of life of a spacecraft to minimise
space debris production. The traffic increase in Earth orbit calls for a fast evolution of space debris
mitigation requirements and their global implementation. A “zero debris” objective has been defined by
the DG as the aim to consistently and reliably remove ESA missions from valuable orbits around Earth
immediately after they cease operations and apply a net zero pollution strategy for objects in space
by 2030. With this ambitious objective, ESA aims to lead by example, and European large system
integrators are setting management of end of life as a main driver for the evolution of their platforms.

Through the CleanSat initiative, ESA has set up a proactive and coordinated approach with system
integrators and suppliers to harmonize the requirements and to mature end of life technologies.
Specifically, ESA’s Earth Observation Programme has implemented design-for-removal
requirements in all recent Copernicus Expansion missions. As several of these technologies have
matured and are close to qualification, progress at subsystem and platform level are needed to
integrate those building blocks in a coherent way. ESA is promoting the development of new Zero
Debris platforms for future missions in line with ESA’s Zero Debris objective. These platforms should
integrate the heritage technologies from CleanSat activities and go beyond the current state-of-the-
art to include features such as full platform design for demise, modular implementation of controlled
re-entry, system resilience improvement and preparation for removal in case of failure in orbit. This
coordinated systems level work is foreseeing the involvement of both integrators and suppliers and
promoting the swift development and integration of innovative technology. The scope of this activity
is being prepared in close coordination with industry.

ESA Technology Strategy 23

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1 THE CONTEXT | 2 MISSION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS | 4 PORTFOLIO STRATEGY

Figure 8 - Increasing number of space missions driven by commercial, and unregistered objects.

2.6 CYBERSECURITY TECHNOLOGY

The increased reliance of other sectors on space assets and services for their own success and
competitiveness puts pressure on the incumbent need to address cybersecurity threats originating
in space, which endanger critical assets in space and their supporting infrastructure on Earth. While
space engineering has a long tradition of focussing on safety and reliability, given the harshness of
the launch and space environment, cybersecurity introduces the dimension of intentional, human-
made threats to the traditional threat sources coming from the natural environment, technical
failures and unintentional human error.

Current developments worldwide have put an increased focus on safety and security aspects in
general, and on cybersecurity in particular. The public sector is expected to be at the forefront of
many of these activities with private entities involved as both users as well as investors.

An increasingly hostile and aggressive cyber environment in a time where connectivity is ubiquitous
raises the importance of cybersecurity. The importance of defending space assets and activities
from cyber-attacks will increase as space becomes more strongly integrated in other sectors – of
both public as well as of private relevance.

These considerations are reflected in the introduction of space safety and security as one of the
four pillars structuring the ESA long-term programmatic plan. These include the development of

24 ESA Technology Strategy

 technology and infrastructure for the cybersecurity of ESA missions, for the layered cyber-secure
systems aboard satellites, for cybersecurity operational services, and technology and processes to
ensure the cybersecurity of data and transmission links.

ESA is addressing cybersecurity at various levels of innovation, specifically regarding technology

and engineering:

• Cost effective implementation of individual security mechanisms through standardisation and

validation of security protocols (e.g., the Consultative Committee for Space link Data Services’
(CCSDS) space data link security protocol and its extensive procedures);
• Identification and implementation of reference architectures for space- and ground-based data
processing system, which include flexibility and security by design, taking into account the rapidly
changing nature of the cybersecurity threat;
• Integration of security into the ESA system engineering process;
• Compilation of cybersecurity compendia to drive GSTP R&D activities for cybersecurity for space
missions to address the latest threats (e.g., quantum) and security needs;
• Development of ESA’s Cyber Security Operational Centre for the security monitoring of ESA
space missions; and
• Development of ESA’s Security Centre of Excellence, for the security assessment and testing
of space infrastructure, for the emulation of space missions, validation of security operation
procedures, provision of cyber threat intelligence, security training and awareness.

2.7 QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES

Quantum technology refers to technologies
based on the principles of quantum physics.

The European Commission and many European

countries have announced large investments
towards the commercialisation of quantum
technologies, primarily for communication and
computing. The most publicised application of
quantum technology is quantum computing.
Agenda 2025 highlights quantum computing
as key for translating big data into smart
information and services.

Breakthroughs in quantum technologies will

also enable a new generation of sensors and
clocks of unprecedented accuracy and are
estimated to significantly affect future space
systems:

• Optical clocks are exceeding today’s time

standard and available atomic clocks with
optical time and frequency links enabling
long distance networks of clocks. Figure 9 - Quantum gravimeter during an ESA
airborne campaign over Iceland.
• Atom interferometers for precise gravity
measurements are significantly improving
the systems used for Earth observation, planetary science and fundamental physics.
• Quantum communication will enable new applications to connect quantum sensors or quantum
computers.
Cyberattacks supported by hostile quantum computers will be countered by implementing a new
generation of cryptographic algorithms (post quantum cryptography).

ESA Technology Strategy 25

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Quantum technologies and innovative concepts for quantum information processing have been
subject of ESA research activities since 2005. These activities and their fast-evolving technical
capabilities have prepared the ground for an ambitious new technology R&D initiative on quantum
technologies with the main objectives to:

• Identify and support strategic interests of ESA Member States, industry and academia;
• Boost activities to raise TRL, IOV/IOD and applications for quantum technologies;
• Provide increased visibility on quantum activities at ESA through a dedicated technology
roadmap; and
• Stimulate ESA internal and external collaborations.

2.8 IN ORBIT SERVICING & CONSTRUCTION

ESA purchased through the ADRIOS in-orbit demonstration mission a unique service to demonstrate
the first removal of an item of space debris from orbit.

Active space debris removal is one of several in-orbit services, considered as potential game
changers, with the potential to impact the way space systems are designed, manufactured and
operated. To increase Europe’s ability to act sustainably in space and prepare for an emerging
commercial market, Europe needs to further develop in-space servicing, manufacturing, construction
and recycling capabilities.

In-space servicing includes satellite life extension, repair, upgrade, retrofit, repurpose and also
de-orbit activities. In the medium term, in-space assembly is required to deploy any space
infrastructure larger than a single launcher can accommodate, unlocking new applications in the
process. In-orbit manufacturing from raw materials provides flexibility in meeting demands and
optimisation of logistic and supply chains on orbit. It can be used for larger spacecraft structures
and may in the long term allow the re-use of materials already available in-orbit to promote a
circular economy in space.

ESA will therefore build upon several ongoing initiatives such as a range of Discovery element
R&D activities proposed by industry through an open Off Earth Manufacturing call on OSIP and the
Clean Space On-orbit Manufacturing, Assembly and Recycling activity to further advance European
capabilities.

26 ESA Technology Strategy

2.9 INNOVATIVE PROPULSION
Innovative propulsion spans from air-breathing rocket engines, to electric propulsion serving
extremely low orbits, to green propellants. The emphasis is on new propulsion system for new
applications which

• enable new, emerging applications;

• facilitate the creation of new markets; and
• enhance the reliability and competitiveness of European propulsion and flight vehicle products.
Agenda 2025 underlines the importance of propulsion for all space undertakings, and in particular
to the Accelerators and Inspirators. Key technological challenges include delivering propulsion
systems that run on non-toxic fuels, and utilising atmospheric air for airbreathing propulsion, either
as an oxidant for launchers or as an ejection mass, such as for Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) station
keeping (Section 6.7).

ESA Technology Strategy 27

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3 TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS
The four technology development targets were defined and set in 2018. If not specified, reference
values are 2017/18 values. Their review and assessment are foreseen to take place in 2023.

3.1 30% IMPROVEMENT OF SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT TIME

We develop key technologies to allow ESA to reduce the time from Phase B2 to launch by 2023.

Specifically, ESA is developing & introducing:

• Technologies to fully digitise the workflow from early concept development, through manufacturing
to integration and testing.
• Technologies needed to achieve increased flexibility, scalability and adaptability based on
modular space system designs and standardisation.
• Processes to facilitate a fast introduction of new terrestrial technological progress into spacecraft.
Relevant actions are ongoing in all Competence Domains. Achieving the target critically depends on
the speed of introduction of digital engineering and advanced analytics based on big sensory data,
automation and artificial intelligence in processes driving schedule and cost, and on the availability
of technology at the right maturity level at the start of Phase B2.

Following two years of supporting industry with dedicated additional work packages on MBSE,
since mid 2021 all new phase A missions use MBSE as baseline. Furthermore, activities supporting
achieving this target are ongoing within the Design-to-Produce and Advanced Manufacturing
initiatives and via the development of technological building blocks in the application domains13,
which are considered essential to achieve the flexibility and modularity necessary to reduce
development times.

3.2 ONE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE IMPROVEMENT OF COST

EFFICIENCY WITH EVERY GENERATION
We develop key technologies to allow Europe to achieve one order of magnitude cost
efficiency improvements with every space system generation.

Specifically, ESA is developing technology that will:

• Allow end-to-end cost efficiency improvement by one order of magnitude to the user when
considering space as a service.
• Reduce the cost per useful bit transmitted by telecom satellite systems by one order of magnitude
by 2023 compared to 2018.
• Allow the positioning, navigation and timing services of navigation systems to provide 100%
service availability, reliability, extend accuracy by one order of magnitude for mass market and
make the system resilient to spoofing attacks by 2025.
• Improve remote sensing mission performance in terms of resolution (4x), accuracy (4x), revisit
time (10x), tasking and product delivery time and distribution (10x) overall by at least one order of
magnitude cost ratio by 2023 compared to 2018; allow transformational science and increasing
the science performance to cost ratio by one order of magnitude.

13. Examples include the development of the Advanced Data Processing Architecture (ADHA) and the Advanced Power Architecture
(APA).

28 ESA Technology Strategy

 To achieve this goal, ESA is leveraging downstream commercial technological developments, the
use of modular architectures for space systems, adapted standardisation, advanced manufacturing
and lightweight structures, low cost propulsion concepts, and the smart use of commercial off-the-
shelf devices and components. A dedicated Discovery element call on OSIP for industry proposed
ideas has boosted the introduction of COTS components. The introduction of the ESA mission
classification is essential to facilitate achieving this target.

Special attention is given to big data analytics technologies, end-to-end system design optimisation,
on-board intelligence for smart processing to increase the value per pixel, miniaturization of
instrument technologies and payloads, and technology advancements in the domain of optics and
sensors.

3.3 30% FASTER DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
We develop processes, methods and technologies to allow Europe to take faster the full
benefit from the early introduction of new technologies into space systems enabling new
applications.

Specifically, ESA is

• Tripling the number of IOD missions, including in particular cubesats, flown in the 2020-2024
period compared to the 2015-2019 period;
• Reducing the time from TRL 4/5 to TRL 7/8 by 50% for technologies selected for in-orbit
demonstration; and
• Increasing the use of COTS electronic components through a dedicated COTS strategy and a
mission classification risk model.
To achieve this target, which is particularly underlined in the Agenda 2025, ESA focuses on
technologies that enable new space-based capabilities and services, and offer fast and systematic
qualification and in-orbit demonstration opportunities.

Key technologies currently identified in chapter 6 include quantum technologies, on-board artificial
intelligence algorithms, advanced optics and detector technologies, in-orbit robotics, in- orbit
manufacturing and assembly technologies, cybersecurity-related technologies as well as technology
developments needed for COTS applications in space systems. ESA will develop, mature and
qualify these technologies in close partnership with industry and research centres, investing in joint
lab facilities for faster spin-in from terrestrial sectors into space. ESA has significantly increased
number of opportunities for technology demonstration and verification payloads (IOD/IOV).

3.4 INVERTING EUROPE’S CONTRIBUTION TO SPACE DEBRIS

BY 2030
We develop the technologies that allow us to leave the space environment to the next
generation in a better state.

Specifically, ESA is

• Proposing a formal zero debris approach for ESA missions;

• Adding extra requirement for Copernicus expansion missions to prepare satellites to be removed
by an external servicer in case of failures in orbit;
• Demonstrating active removal of space debris by 2025;
• Preparing steps to make all ESA missions environmentally neutral; and
• Developing the technology that allows all ESA missions to be risk neutral by 2030.

ESA Technology Strategy 29

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To achieve this target, ESA is developing technologies to eliminate the creation of new debris (such
as Cleansat technologies, demisable components, end of life deorbiting technologies, retrieval
interfaces), technologies for active space debris removal (such as advanced GNC for close proximity
operations, in-space robotics), in-space servicing, space debris surveillance and characterisation
technologies.

The investment into clean space technologies will also provide a competitive advantage in the
future growth markets of in-space servicing.

These ambitious targets, first introduced in the 2018 version of the Technology Strategy remain
valid. ESA foresees a thorough assessment of its effort, means and results in achieving these
targets in the subsequent revision of this strategy.

30 ESA Technology Strategy

4 TECHNOLOGY PORTFOLIO
STRATEGY
4.1 EUROPEAN SPACE TECHNOLOGY R&D
ESA’s technology strategy is conceived to implement the directions of the ESA Director General reflecting
the dominant position of ESA’s activities in overall European space technology developments. This
update reflects the guidance for technology development provided by the ESA Director General in his
2021 published Agenda 2025, which specifically calls to “update the overall procurement approach and
technology strategy to serve commercialisation and innovation targets”, and to “shift the implementation
focus of the Technology Strategy to achieve 30% faster development and adoption of innovative
technologies”. It furthermore specifies that by “adopting an open innovation approach, ESA will double
its spending on game-changing technologies and enhance in-orbit demonstration and validation
opportunities” and “to provide commercial actors with more pre-developed technologies, which they
can readily use to create commercial applications, ESA will increase the industry-driven technology
development share of its technology portfolio”.

ESA’s development activities are embedded into a wider European R&D landscape reflecting the maturation
of the space sector, the resulting increases of private sector investments in some space technology areas
and the substantial investments in space technologies at national level and via the European Union.

Over half of the public sector investment in space technology R&D in Europe is funded through ESA
programmes. In 2020, that amounted to approximately €500 million, of the €860 million invested
in public sector space technology R&D in Europe. This public support has been imperative to
maintaining European industry’s competitive edge considering the high costs and inherent risks,
the comparatively low returns from commercial and institutional (including defence) markets when
compared with the U.S., and the increasing support to the space sector granted by governments of
emerging space players such as China and India.

With technology R&D investments distributed between programmes of ESA, the EU and national agencies,
proper coordination is necessary to avoid unnecessary duplications, promote synergies and optimise use
of the funding. The European Space Technology Harmonisation was established to achieve this, and has
been operating for more than two decades, increasing its relevance and inclusiveness of stakeholders. It
provides all actors of the European space sector (ESA Member States, European Commission and other
stakeholders) with the framework to fill strategic gaps, minimise unwanted duplications and consolidate
strategic capabilities, and with an input when preparing their respective technology R&D workplans.

4.2 TECHNOLOGY NON-DEPENDENCE

The security and sustainability of supply and industry’s ability to export its products are impacted
by Europe’s high dependence on non-European critical technologies. Europe needs unrestricted
access to those critical technologies which enable European space missions and allow the autonomy
of European space systems and their operations.

A coordinated and coherent European institutional approach has been established between ESA,
European Commission, and the European Defence Agency, targeting the development of critical
space technologies and products for European strategic non-dependence.

Geopolitical instabilities, and the associated vulnerability of the supply chain, have heightened the
need to take concrete actions to further reduce technology dependency. Furthermore, in technology
domains for which Europe is dependent on a single source of supply and not developing own
capacities, double sourcing via alternative international partners might be needed, together
with a regular monitoring of the evolution of the associated risk of dependency. The technology
development efforts reflected in Chapter 6, and dedicated initiatives such as the one targeting EEE
sovereignty try to address some of these vulnerabilities.

ESA Technology Strategy 31

 | TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY | MISSION NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
1 THE CONTEXT | 2 MISSION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION | 3 DEVELOPMENT TARGETS | 4 PORTFOLIO STRATEGY

4.3 ESA TECHNOLOGY PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

ESA’s technology portfolio management includes all ESA technology research and development
activities. It is an integral part of the European Space Technology Master Plan and the associated
harmonisation process.

Structuring parameters: technological readiness and innovation type

The management of technology development activities is guided by two structuring parameters:
technological readiness (TRL) and innovation (enabling, enhancing, game-changing). These determine
the programmatic frame under which to conduct the activities, the appropriate risk levels, the funding
levels and the relation to industry and academia. These parameters also allow the setting of high-level
priorities according to strategic needs by allocating funding to certain types or classes of activities.

Based on its vocation as a comprehensive space agency and its dominance in the European
public-sector space technology development domain (Section 1.4), ESA develops technology at all
technology readiness levels and for all innovation types.

Technology at lower TRL is developed as part of ESA’s Basic Activities, while higher, closer to
application and market technologies are typically developed within optional programmes14.
Similarly, enabling technology developments for selected ESA missions tend to be developed via
dedicated project related R&D efforts while game-changing – and to a large extent also enhancing
– technology developments are performed via generic technology development programmes such
as those included in the Basic Activities and GSTP.

The spectrum and range of technology developed at lower TRLs is naturally substantially larger to
allow the exploring of new concepts and preparing for parallel mission concepts in Phase A before
down-selection by programmes. To make it possible that technology development results not selected
for immediate mission implementation might be integrated in later missions, other concepts or outside
of the space sector, ESA supports an efficient technology knowledge management infrastructure,
promoting the further development and use of such technologies inside and outside of the space sector.

ESA’s technology portfolio is balanced between the needs to ensure

• Coherence and effectiveness through coordination and cross-fertilisation between the different
technology development programmes;
• Lean and fast implementation of technology development activities, which implies fast decision
and selection processes;
• Transparency and accountability, to ESA Member States, space projects and industry; and
• Supporting critical core technology needs while investing sufficiently into technology that can
substantially enhance mission performance or introduce game changing capabilities and services.
One of the core strategic decisions for technology development lies at the balance between investing
in technology that sustains incremental innovation and technology that promises enhanced or
potentially game changing solutions and disruptive innovation. This decision depends on the overall
health of the space sector, the market situation and competition. Traditionally and except during
severe crisis, the large majority of investment in technology is spent on enabling core technologies
for identified space mission needs. Compared to the U.S., Europe has a strong mission focus
in its technology portfolio, investing relatively little on enhancing and game changing technology
development. In his Agenda 2025, the ESA Director General specifies that by “adopting an open
innovation approach, ESA will double its spending on game-changing technologies and enhance
in-orbit demonstration and validation opportunities”.

Partnerships
ESA technology development activities are performed in partnership with industry and academia.
Technologies at the very low readiness levels are developed mainly with research laboratories at

14. Mandatory budget funded ESA technology development include the Discovery, Preparation and Technology Development elements,
and the Science Core Technology Programme. Optional ESA programmes with a strong technology development focus include General
Support Technology Programme, Artes AT and CC, InCubed, Navisp, ExPeRT, SciSpace, FLPP.

32 ESA Technology Strategy

 academia and research centres, while for technology developments at higher readiness levels, ESA
relies on industrial partners. Especially for the R&D programmes focussed on core competitiveness,
ESA also partners with industry for their definition and orientation.

NAVISP
Sci.Space
ExPeRT

l
National na ARTES

ti o
Na CTP

ESA
Com
E u r mi

EGNSS evolution
TDE
ss ea n
op

Contribution to EIC Prize on

‘Low cost space launch’ io n
Space Technologies
Earth Observation GSTP
FLPP
Incubed FutureEO

*Programme implemented by ESA through a delegation agreement

Figure 10 - Space Technology R&D via ESA, EU and nationally in ESA Member States, Cooperating and
Associate States: estimated civil Institutional budget of 860 M€ for 2020 (source: 2021 European Space
Technology Master Plan).

4.4 ENABLING CORE TECHNOLOGY FOR SPACE MISSION NEEDS

The development of enabling core technology represents the majority of ESA’s technology
investment. These activities ensure that ESA develops critical, enabling core technology for its
planned missions on time. They are typically driven by clear deadlines integrated into the respective
development plans and roadmaps.

Their development is time-critical and their availability conditions the readiness of space missions.
Most enabling technology development at higher technology readiness level is conducted within
space projects. Therefore, the development risk needs to be kept commensurate to the potential
impact on the space missions they enable.

4.5 ENHANCING TECHNOLOGY

ESA invests in enhancing technology when these promise substantial performance increases for
space applications. These activities are either performed directly within projects or via the General
Support Technology Programme for higher technology readiness levels.

The development of these technologies allows taking higher risks, enables the use of different
contractual approaches with incentives and hard go/no-go decision points and greater freedom to
innovate for space industry.

4.6 GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

ESA investment into game-changing technology enables Europe and European industry to identify
and assess technology developments that promise to introduce entirely new capabilities for
applications and services early, and to avoid technological surprises.

Research and development activities for game-changing technology are typically high-risk, high-
gain activities, which allow innovative partnership approaches with academia and industry. Such
developments benefit most from fully open, geographically unconstrained competition and are thus
performed via ESA’s Basic Activities.

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5 MISSION NEEDS | 6 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
MISSION NEEDS
AND TECHNOLOGY
INNOVATION
 | TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY | MISSION NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
5 MISSION NEEDS | 6 TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

5 MISSION
NEEDS
5.1 SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY NEEDS
5.1.1 Science
In general, ESA’s Science missions - especially the large-class missions (currently JUICE, ATHENA,
LISA) - require new, emerging and enabling technologies to be developed on the frontiers of what
is technically and scientifically achievable. As payloads are provided by Member States, the related
technology developments are to a large extent funded via national programmes. The following
missions are currently in the early mission phases thus identifying and driving the associated
technology development needs:

Mission: Athena
The Athena mission is a next-generation X-ray space observatory designed to study the million-
degree-centigrade Universe (e.g., supermassive black holes, evolution of galaxies and large-scale
structures and matter under extreme conditions). The observatory concept is based on novel
telescope optics with the focal plane instrumentation consisting of a Wide Field Imager (WFI) and
Cryogenic X-ray spectrometer – the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU). The envisaged launch date
is during the later 2030s. The primary technology development focus is on novel silicon pore optics
and on the cooling chain. ESA has developed mechanical coolers over many years, though the
complete cooling chain for meeting the Athena mission requirements is a major challenge.

Mission: LISA
The LISA mission is a gravitational wave observatory measuring waves emitted by compact cosmic
sources using laser interferometry and building on the successful in-orbit demonstration of LISA
Pathfinder. The mission concept consists of three identical spacecraft in a quasi-equilateral triangular
constellation and located on an Earth-trailing orbit. Each spacecraft carries two reference test
masses in free fall and laser interferometry is used for measuring the distance variations between
test masses on separate spacecraft. The mission launch is foreseen to be around 2035. Critical
elements that require technology development are the laser system, the phase measurement
system, the optical bench, the telescope and micro-propulsion. LISA is expected to produce large
quantities of data, requiring the development of innovative data processing and analysis tools.

M-Mission: EnVision
EnVision will determine the level and nature of the geological activity and the sequence of events
that generated the surface features of Venus. The proposed payload consists of an S-band synthetic
aperture radar (SAR), subsurface sounder, IR mapper and an IR/UV spectrometer. The SAR is a
complex instrument with heritage. However, to observe the surface of Venus, it requires S-band
(or potentially lower) to sufficiently penetrate the atmosphere and extreme phase stability to allow
(differential) interferometry to produce 3D terrain maps and measure surface deformation in the
case of seismic events. The SAR instrument will require delta-qualification for the environment
around Venus, and has a high data output, hence demanding high data rates and data volumes.

Mission Member State Provision ESA Provision

Athena (L2 mission) Focal plane instrumentation: Wide field imager X-ray X-ray telescope (Silicon pore optics) Cryogenic
spectrometer (with JAXA and NASA contributions) cooling chain for X-ray spectrometer

LISA (L3 Mission) Interferometric detection system, gravitational Micro-propulsion system, HGA, high accuracy
reference sensor, data and diagnostics system, pointing mechanisms, Telescope (NASA), laser
optical performance GSE system (NASA),

EnVision (M5 Instruments are provided by ESA MS + NASA VenSpec-H detector assembly with integrated
mission) cryocooler

36 ESA Technology Strategy

 Voyage 2050
The scientific community was consulted to establish a long-term plan to cover the period following
Athena and LISA. Three large missions, which will encapsulate three scientific themes are proposed:

Moons of the giant planets: Exploring the issues of habitability of ocean worlds includes searching for
biosignatures and studying the connection between the moon interiors, near-surface environments
and the implications for the exchange of mass and energy in the overall moon-planet system.

From temperate exoplanets to the Milky Way: Our Milky Way contains hundreds of millions of stars
and planets along with dark matter and interstellar matter but our understanding of this ecosystem,
a stepping-stone for understanding the workings of galaxies in general, is limited. A mission
specifically focusing on the characterisation of temperate exoplanets would be transformational in
our understanding. However, if an informed down-selection of exoplanet candidates is not feasible
then this priority can shift focus to the galactic ecosystem with astrometry in the near-infrared
spectrum.

New physical probes of the early Universe: How did the Universe begin? How did the first cosmic
structures and black holes form and evolve? These are some of the unanswered questions in
fundamental physics and astrophysics. The recommendation is for a large mission deploying
gravitational wave detectors or precision microwave spectrometers to explore the early Universe at
large redshifts.

Long-term technological developments

Voyage 2050 identifies a number of technologies that could enable ambitious missions beyond the
scope of Voyage 2050.

The first recommendation emphasises the high promise of cold atom techniques for space-based
experiments. Feasibility of a mission in this field is driven by the maturity of payloads. Emphasis is put
on cold atom interferometry, while atomic clocks are also considered an important application area.

A second recommendation deals with the possible development of interferometry in X-rays. Such
techniques could enable extremely high spatial resolution with relatively small baselines and in
turn enable novel science to be addressed with modest-sized spacecraft. Substantial development
needs are required as, while highly promising (even on ground), this technique is still in a very early
development stage.

In terms of developments for future planetary missions, an emphasis is placed on both, the need for
better power sources to explore the outer Solar System and the benefits of sample return missions
from planets and small bodies, in particular the return of cryogenic samples.

The final recommendation concerns the possible ways to reach high heliospheric latitudes
enabling missions that could sample regions of the heliosphere and observe regions of the Sun,
thus far impossible to reach. In this context, Voyage 2050 underlines the need for new propulsion
technologies.

5.1.2 Exploration
Space exploration is expanding as never before, encompassing activities in low Earth orbit, cis-lunar
space, the Moon’s surface and on Mars. This includes both institutional and commercial initiatives
that represent the first steps of a paradigm shift towards sustainable exploration missions. The aim
of ESA’s human and robotic exploration programme is to ensure that Europe is ready for these
changes and will play a significant role commensurate with its stance as a political and economic
power. While many exciting and rewarding opportunities exist, the key will be to focus and prepare
for missions and roles with a primary interest to Europe.

ESA’s current approach to Europe’s role in global exploration endeavours is based on a balanced
investment between the three ESA exploration destinations (LEO, Moon and Mars) and between
human infrastructures, transportation and robotic missions. ESA’s exploration strategy outlines the
priorities for the next decade. (Terrae Novae 2030+ Strategy Roadmap15)

15. ESA/C(2022)108.

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The strategic framework consists of missions either led by Europe or to be implemented with
international or commercial partners, as well as technology demonstrator missions and missions of
opportunity.

Figure 11 - Terrae Novae 2030+: ESA’s long-term exploration strategy elements.

The activities started in the European Exploration Envelope Programme periods 1 (2016-2018) and
2 (2019-2022) will continue into the next period 3 and adapted following the indications at the ESA
Council at ministerial level in November 2022. The main proposed elements are:

• Continued and sustainable human activities in LEO beyond 2024 (ISS and transitioning to post-
ISS, e.g., SciHAB as European contribution to future LEO infrastructure) exploring the possibility
offered by the commercialisation of services;
• Human-beyond-LEO exploration through European participation in the “Lunar Gateway” and
ESM/Orion Missions;
• Starting at the end of this decade a sustainable Moon exploration phase centred around the
European Large Logistic Lander (EL3), which will deploy either self-standing scientific payloads or
infrastructure and logistic elements onto the Moon’s surface, in support of international missions,
to be followed in the next decade by contributions to the human exploration of Mars; and
• Robotic missions to Mars securing the launch of Exomars mission in this decade and an important
European contribution to Mars Sample Return (MSR) as primary target.
The ExPeRT (Exploration Preparation, Research and Technology) element is part of the European
Exploration Envelope Programme (E3P). It defines requirements, integrates activities, coordinates
developments, and manages studies and technologies for future Exploration missions to low
Earth orbit (LEO), Moon, and Mars destinations. ExPeRT oversees mission feasibility and system
definition studies for all exploration activities. It is responsible for the definition and implementation
of technology activities with the aim of reaching a technology readiness level of TRL 5-6 prior to the
start of mission implementation.

To prepare for future exploration missions, investments in technology developments are required
in enabling, enhancing, and game changing technologies. The following technology areas are
considered key for exploration:

• Propulsion • Advanced Life Support and Crew Health

Management Systems
• Novel Energy Systems
• In-Situ Manufacturing
• Robotics and Mechanisms
• Space Resources/ISRU
• Artificial Intelligence Applications

38 ESA Technology Strategy

• Radiation Protection and Environmental • (re-)Entry, Descent and Landing
Effects
• Thermal Control Systems
• Communication and Navigation
• Mission Operations Data Systems
• Subsurface Sampling/Deep Drilling
• Avionics, Guidance, Navigation and
Control

The ExPeRT-defined technology requirements represent the technology needs in the Exploration
application domain at ESA. These are technology-push and mission-pull requirements. Technology-
push activity for exploration are expected to result in a step-change or breakthrough (disruptive,
game-changing) that may facilitate exploration or considerably enhance the performance of current
capabilities. Mission-pull activity responds to a specific identified exploration mission need. These
requirements are derived from pre-phase A and phase A ESA mission concept and system studies.

The International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) is a forum where space agencies/
offices work collectively in a non-binding, consensus-driven manner towards advancing the Global
Exploration Strategy. The ISECG 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) with its addendum in
2020 and the outcome of the different ISECG Subworking groups capture the shared vision for
international collaboration in space exploration based upon a common set of exploration goals,
objectives, and identified benefits to humanity. It reflects an exploration strategy for the International
Space Station (ISS), the Moon and its vicinity, asteroids, Mars and other destinations.

The ISECG Technology Working Group aims to facilitate leveraging investments in technology
development efforts of individual space agencies, supporting implementation of the GER mission
scenario and to advocate coordination and collaboration in technology development.

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The following table highlights technologies identified by the ISECG as critical for future exploration missions.

Global Exploration Roadmap Today Near-Future Future

Critical Technologies ISS Moon Mars
(Summary Table) & Spaceflight Heritage Vicinity/Surface Vicinity/Surface
Propulsion, Landing, Return
In-Space Cryogenic Acquisition &
Spacecraft: CPST/eCryo demo u-G vapor free liquid tank to propulsion transfer, Efficient low-power LOx H2 storage>1Yr (Mars)
Propellant Storage

Liquid Oxygen/Methane Cryogenic Throttleable Regen Cooled Engine for Throttleable Regen Cooled Engine for Landing
Propulsion Landing (Lunar Scale) (Mars Scale)

Demonstration of advanced technology in Large Robotics>1000 kg;

Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) Spacecraft:MSL class (~900 kg)
deep space environment Human ~40,000 kg

Spacecraft: Lunar & Mars Landers

Precision Landing & Hazard Avoidance ~100 m accuracy, 10’s cm hazard recognition, Support all lighting conditions
State-of-the-Art

Robust Ablative Heat Shield Thermal Spacecraft: Orion Heatshield test ~1000 W/cm2 under 1.0 atmospheric
~2,500 W/cm2 under 0.8 atmospheric pressure
Protection flight (EFT-1) pressure

~ 10 kW per thruster, High lsp (2000 s) (for ~ 30 - 50 kW per thruster(for some mission
Electric Propulsion & Power Processing Spacecraft: 2.5 kW thruster (Dawn)
some mission options) options)

Mid & High Class Solar Arrays ISS: 7.5kW/Panel High Strength/Stiffness Deployable, 10-100 Autonomously Deployable, 300+kW Class (for
kW Class (for some missions options) some missions options)
Autonomous Systems
Autonomous Vehicle System ISS:Limited On-Board Mgmt On-Board Systems Mgmt functions (handles On-Board Systems Mgmt functions (handles >
Management functions,<5 s comm delay > 5 s comm delay) 40 min comm delay)

AR&D, Proximity Operations, Target

ISS:Autonomus docking High-reliability, All-lighting conditions, Loiter w/ zero relative velocity
Relative Navigation

Beyond-LEO Crew Autonomy ISS:Limited Autonomy Automate 90% of nominal ops Tools for crew real-time off-nom decisions

Life Support
ISS:MTBF<10 E-6, Monitored/ More robust & reliable components (eliminate dependence on Earth supply logistics) Increased
Enhance Reliability Life Support
operated by GC systems autonomy, failure detection capabilities, and in-flight repairability

Closed-Loop Life Support ISS: 42% O2 Recovery from CO2 Demosnstration of advanced technology in O2/CO2 Loop closure; H2O Recovery further
90% H2O Recovery deep space environment closure; Solid Waste, reduce volume/storages

In-Flight Environmental Monitoring ISS: Samples to Earth On-Board Analysis for Air, Water, Contaminants

Crew Health & Performance

Demosnstration of advanced technology in Training (pre & in-flight for medical aspects)
Long-Duration Spaceflight Medical Care ISS: First Aid+, return home Continuous monitoring & decision support
deep space environment
Lond-Duration Behavioral Health & Demosnstration of advanced technology in Cognitive performance monitoring Behavioral
Habitability ISS: Monitoring by Ground
deep space environment health indicators & sensory stim.

Microgravity Counter-Measures ISS: Large treadmills, other exercise Demosnstration of advanced technology in Compact devices to assess/limit disorders
equipment deep space environment Reduce weight/vol. aerobic & resistive eqpt.
Deep Space Mission Human Factors & ISS: large crew volume, food & Demosnstration of advanced technology in Assess human cognitive load, fatigue, health
Habitability consumables regular resupply deep space environment Optimized human systems factors/interfaces

Space Radiation Protection (GCR & SPE) ISS: Partially protected by

Advanced detection & shielding New biomedical countermeasures
EarthApollo: (accepted risk)
Infrastructure & Support Systems
High Data Rate (Forward & Retrurn Links) Ground (DSN):256 kbs Forward, 10 Demosnstration of advanced technology in
Forward: 10’s Mbps; Return: Optical> 1Gb/s
Mbs Return Link deep space environment

Adaptive, Internetworked Proximity Demosnstration of advanced technology in >10’s of Mbps simultaneously between users
ISS: Limited capabilities
Communications deep space environment Multiple Modes; Store, Forward & Relay

ISS: Limited to GPS range Demosnstration of advanced technology in Provide high-spec Absolute & Relative pos’n
In-Space Timing & Navigation Space-Qualified clocks 10x-100x beyond SOA
Spacecraft: DSN Ranging deep space environment
ISS: Lithium-ion (-156 C short
Low Temperature & Long-Life Batteries Luna night temperatures and duration
duration), ~167 Wh/Kg

Apollo: limited 3 day crew Multiple Active & Passive technologies required Significant advances
Comprehensive Dust Mitigation in Life cycle
opsRovers: limited mitigation

Low-Temperature Mechatronics ISS: +121 to - 157 C Operations to -230 C (cryo compativle); multi-year life

Potential Test-Bed for Mars Forward, and O2/CH4 generation from atmosphere LOX/LH2
ISRU: Mars In-Situ Resources
enhance lunar missions generation from soil

Fission Power (Surface Missions) Potential Test-Bed for Mars Forward, and
Fission Reactor (10’s of kWe)
enhance lunar missions
EVA/Mobility/Robotic
EVA Ops at 0.55 Bar ( ~8Psid), extended EVA lifecycle On-Back regen CO2 &humidity control,
Deep-Space Suit ISS: EVA Ops at 0.3 Bar (4.3 Psid)
High Specific-Energy Batteries

30 day min duration, improved lower torso 1 year+duration, thermal insulation (CO2
Surface Suit (Moon & Mars) Apollo: 3 day max (Lunar)
mobility, dust tolernat atmosphere)

Spacecraft: Lunar and Mars Rovers Autonomous & Crewed capability, less Ground COntrol Extended range, speed, payload;
Next Generation Surface Mobility
State-of-the-Art navigate soft/steep varying soils

Tele-robotic Control of Robotic Systems ISS:<1-10 Sec delay for GC Few seconds to 10’s of seconds Dynamic
Up to 40 Minutes
with Time Delay OpsSpacecraft: Lunar/Mars Rovers environments w/variable delay & LOC

Robots working side-by-side w/crew ISS: Limited (Robotic support to EVA) EVA control robots w/ no reliance on Ground Control International standard & protocols

Figure 12 - Exploration Programme - Key technology development needs.

40 ESA Technology Strategy

5.2 SPACE SAFETY TECHNOLOGY NEEDS
Space is a hazardous environment that threatens human safety and infrastructure, both in space
and on the ground. Either in the form of naturally occurring threats, such as space weather or Near-
Earth Objects (NEOs), or through manmade threats, such as space debris. The growing importance
of space infrastructure puts additional focus on these hazards and the technologies needed to
manage them.

While the dependency of society on functioning space assets and infrastructures is growing, the
current vulnerability of this infrastructure is becoming an emerging concern. This is creating a
significant pull on the technology required for the reliable protection of such assets.

The space safety programme contributes to the Agenda 2025 “to develop new standards through
European technological and commercial leadership in the areas of space traffic management,
debris mitigation and removal, space weather, planetary defence, space logistics and the goals of
the PROTECT Accelerator through activities that protect our planet, humanity and assets in space
and on Earth from dangers originating in space, specifically by addressing three segments: space
weather, planetary defence and space debris”.

The Space Safety Programme has defined high-level strategic goals16 for Europe by 2030:

• For space weather: an operational space weather monitoring and tested early warning system
providing timely, accurate and actionable information enabling prompt responses.
• For planetary defence: an early warning system for asteroids larger than 40 m in size about three
weeks in advance, and deflect asteroids smaller than 0.5 km, if known more than ten years in
advance.
• For space debris: technologies for sustainable European space traffic including monitoring, risk
assessments, and debris avoidance and removal, including a zero-debris approach.
In this respect, the realisation of these long-term aims requires the Space Safety Programme to
evolve, with the upcoming programmatic priorities and activities proposed.

16. ESA/PB-SSA(2022)4, rev.1.

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Figure 13 - The Izana Laser Test-Bed on Tenerife (left), the Fly-Eye NEO telescope prototype (right).

The related technology needs can be classified as those needed for:

1. forecasting, detection and analysis of threats and hazards;

2. prevention, protection and mitigation; and
3. response and recovery.
Enabling commercial and competitive products and services is another dimension of the technology
strategy, strengthening the position of European industry in the emerging global market for space-
safety related activities.

The focus of space weather activities is on protecting Europe’s critical infrastructure from threats arising
from solar activity, whether in space or on ground, by providing timely and accurate, actionable space
weather status information, nowcasts and forecasts. Operational space weather services tailored to
European user needs, including an early warning system allowing prompt response and a space weather
monitoring system will contribute to a resilient society. In this respect, strategic technology requirements call
for physics-based modelling techniques, machine learning technologies for space weather specification
and forecasting and new tools for data visualisation for space weather forecasters.

In terms of space weather sensors in particular, an essential focus is on miniaturising instruments

and improving radiation tolerance, especially in light of future operational smallsat and nanosatellite
missions. Specific instrument developments include medium- and very- high- energy charged particle
monitors, wide field of view imagers for UV and visible wavelength monitoring of the auroral oval,
compact instruments for solar coronagraphy, magnetography, heliospheric imaging and EUV imaging.
Low-cost technologies that enable the quick download of data from LEO missions, such as inter-
satellite links, will be required for smallsat and nanosatellite constellations. Networking and coordinated
development of space- and ground-based sensor systems will be another important aspect.

The focus of planetary defence activities is to enable Europe with the capabilities of providing early
warnings for asteroids larger than 40m about three weeks in advance, to deflect asteroids smaller
than 0.5 km if known more than ten years in advance and to be part of a global international effort
to remove or mitigate the asteroid threat. To achieve these goals, technology emphasis is put on IR
detection technologies in Europe. Telescope arrays and related software techniques to replace or
complement monolithic telescopes will be worked out, including specific (curved) detectors. Finally,
novel data collection and distribution techniques shall allow for a data hub for collection, processing
and dissemination of planetary defence related information.

Overall, a focus on space debris and clean space activities will allow Europe to manage its space-
related traffic and to develop autonomous systems capable of removing and avoiding debris. It is
vital to develop end-of-life measures for the sustainable use of space and to evaluate environmental
impacts of space missions to reduce the impact, including the implications of a zero-debris policy.
European space traffic will become fully sustainable implementing space debris mitigation. Related
technology goals to support debris neutrality and traffic management start with developing suitable
sensor technologies and related data processing, including space-based optical observations

42 ESA Technology Strategy

 (instruments/payloads and in-orbit demonstration). These are followed by data systems for space
debris implications and cataloguing. Laser technologies for tracking and momentum transfer need
to further strengthen the space debris tracking and mitigation capabilities. Risk modelling related to
space debris will have to be based on collecting, processing and disseminating information on space
debris, for which a community approach is envisaged. For collision risk estimation and automated
mitigation (CREAM), technology needs will call for decision support systems including autonomous
approaches, focusing also on data quality and consistency issues with respect to suitable and
reliable decision criteria, the use of efficient commanding and coordination of operators.

5.3 APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY NEEDS

5.3.1 Telecom
ESA’s first telecom satellite, OTS, was launched more than 40 years ago. It had a mass of
865kg, 600Watts of power and carried six Ku band transponders. The on-going deployment of
constellations of low Earth orbit satellites, including OneWeb and SpaceX with more than 1200
commercial telecoms satellites launched (about 70 per cent of all satellites launched in 2021, with
43 out of 135 successful launches dedicated to putting telecom satellites into orbit) confirm telecom
as the key customer of the commercial launch market.

The global satellite industry revenue has flattened as revenue growth in ground equipment has
matched the fall in satellite TV revenue. Electronically steered flat panel antennas are considered a
major enabler for future satcom systems, including for constellations of LEO satellites, since such
antennas promise to substantially simplify and thus increase the use of ground terminals, especially
for the fast-growing markets of connected cars, trucks, trains and planes. Satcom market needs and
drivers follow the rapidly evolving consumer demands and habits, including an increasing demand
for versatility, ubiquity and accessibility, for mobile connectivity, reduction of cost per bit, reduction
of time to market, the provision of higher data rate broadband, low latency solutions and secure
communication services.

Satcom services are a part of the much wider, mainly terrestrial, communications marketplace.
Digital transformation and the green economy (incl. artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud
and virtualisation, digital twins, sustainable mobility), as well as 5G/6G and secure communications,
significantly influence the positioning and the evolution of satcom services. Other influencers of the
satcom market include the Internet of Things (IoT), machine-to-machine communication, industry
4.0, the evolving launcher landscape and initiatives and methodologies by new space companies.
While recognising uncertainty in the evolving telecom market landscape, it is clear that flexible
satellites, very low Earth orbit satellites, mass produced constellation satellites, low cost, global
satcom mobile broadband services, satcom integration with 5G/6G, digital satcom ecosystems, will
all be potential game changers that can open up of new markets. There is a growing demand also
for federated infrastructure and sovereign and secure infrastructure within ESA member states,
which requires advanced secure satcom systems and product solutions.

Technologies answering to the emerging opportunities and trends include millimetre wavelength
communication (Q/V, W-band), digital processing (onboard transparent and regenerative
processors, software defined radio, cloudification, miniaturisation), optical inter-satellite and feeder
link communication and photonic components, smart antennas (e.g., low-profile self-scanning
antenna) and disruptive platform sub-systems. In addition, there is a need for smart design and
manufacturing (e.g., digital twins, augmented reality and AI supported design, automation in
manufacturing and advanced manufacturing processes) and the sustainable use of space (e.g.,
technology for demisable satellites, debris avoidance, autonomous operation and reliable de-
orbiting), especially regarding very large constellations.

The fast-changing market situation and growing initiatives by start-ups is putting considerable
pressure on all satcom industries to innovate and develop game changing technologies to compete
with terrestrial services.

Six pillars have been identified as the main technology needs for satcom for the near future and are
further expanded in the table below.

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Table 1 - Telecom technology needs

Area of application mm Wavelength Digital Processing Optical Smart Antenna Disruptive Platform Smart Design,
Communication Communication Subsystems Manufacturing,
Assembly and
Testing
GEO flexible Ultra Q/V, W-band High performance, Techniques, Low profile and Flexible solar arraysFunction tailored
High Throughput devices, equipment, low power digital components and electrical, optical Deployable radiators materials.
satellite beyond systems and signal processors equipment for ISL steerable (stowable Machine learning
terabit/s techniques for ISL17, (e.g., reconfigurable, feeder and user & deployable) Compact, high
capacity thermal supported
feeder and user hybrid transparent/ links and signal multibeam, development.
links18 regenerative digital processing (e.g., multiband antenna management
processors). routing, multiplexing, for Ground and systems Use of COTS
(V)LEO and MEO Highly integrated, frequency Space Segment. Regenerative fuel components.
satellites and low power devices, Integrated ground
& space resource conversion). Large reflectors. cell systems Embedded sensors.
constellations equipment, systems
offering IoT, and techniques for management. HydRON network Solid state batteries Virtual factory.
broadband and ISL feeder and user Smart gateway and of optical ground Multifunctional and
FSS23 services links networking. stations inflatable structures

All IP, OTT24 Ultra-wide band Beam forming, beam Techniques and Efficient high voltage
convergence receivers, feeder hopping. equipment for ISL power supply units
and ultra HDTV links System on Chips. pre-distortion and Lightweight,
broadcast Software defined laser guide stars multifunction
payloads/ networks for feeder and user harnesses
Automated Q/V, W-band and virtualisation. links. VLEO20 platform
and connected devices, equipment, 5G/6G edge (e.g., ramjet
multimodal mobility systems and computing and propulsion)
services techniques IAB19.
Constellations:
Uncoordinated
Ground as a service Air interfaces and Optical signal CDMA21 TT&C
and cloudification handover techniques processing AOCS22 enabling
techniques autonomous flying
and manoeuvring
Stackable spacecraft
Satcom integration eNodeB in the sky. Integration of optical
into 5G/6G, M2M25 Very low power networks and 5G/6G
and IoT systems devices. systems (including
backhauling,
5G/6G hybrid trunking)
terrestrial and
satellite chipsets,
modems etc

Satcom systems for Secure terminals, Secure processor Quantum

safety and security gateways, TT&C26 Efficient en/ communication
and cloud solutions decryption & quantum key
techniques distribution
Secure operation
and authentication

Green, digital Sustainable ground Power efficient signal processing Antenna connecting Alternative Lead free
satcom ecosystem segment to smart cities propellants and assemblies
and satcom in-orbit propulsion systems Additive
servicing Demisable space manufacturing
assets Augmented reality
In-orbit serviceable Digital twin
platform

Commoditisation, Series production, low cost and short time to market making use of Artificial Intelligence where possible
automation and
miniaturisation

17181920212223242526

17. Inter Satellite Link.

18. including aeronautical assets.
19. Integrated Access and Backhaul.
20. Very Low Earth Orbit (≈200km).
21. Code-Division Multiple Access.
22. Attitude & Orbit Control System.
23. Fixed Satellite Services.
24. Over-The-Top media services.
25. Machine to Machine.
26. Telemetry, Tracking and Command.

44 ESA Technology Strategy

5.3.2 Earth Observation
ESA develops world-class Earth observation (EO) systems to address the scientific challenges
identified in the Living Planet Programme (SP-1304) and other societal challenges, particularly with
European (e.g., EU, EUMETSAT) and global partners. The key Living Planet Programme principle
is that all missions, while relying on wide-ranging innovations, are user driven. These systems are
centred on two broad activity lines:

• Research missions, of which the Earth Explorers (EE) are the main part. They are research
driven and demonstrate new EO techniques. EEs are complemented with the new and much
more budget-constrained Scout missions.
• Earth Watch (EW) missions, developed with and for partners, are typically driven by operational
services, such as those in partnership with EUMETSAT for meteorology and with the EU for the
Copernicus programme. EW also includes projects (e.g., Altius) and other activities driven by
Member States or under the InCubed programme, the latter having the objective to support and
develop commercial sectors based on EO products and services.
Overall, the two main technology thrusts for future EO missions are

• Higher performance (including spatial and temporal resolutions, accuracy), higher lifetime, and
increased flexibility, especially for the institutional and scientific segment, also facilitating long-
term continuity of data, and
• Miniaturisation, constellations (including convoys and formations), lower cost, fast-to-market
ability, adaptability, and flexibility in particular for commercial EO.
EO technology needs are to be understood from an end-to-end system view, often in combination
with external data sources (e.g., in-situ measurements for cross-calibration, or HAPS for very
high resolution). The most demanding technological requirements from innovative and higher
performance instruments need to be complemented by higher levels of standardisation and
modularity at platform and associated ground segment to reduce recurring costs (Table 2).

Table 2 - Earth Observation technological drivers and challenges

Constellation Technology
Class Driver Instruments System
enablers funding

EE-10, Innovation Possible multi- For Scouts: DPTD +

EE-11, Science (Optical/RF/ sensor in multi- Miniaturisation, FutureEO +
Scout type Digital) sat Autonomy GSTP

Common
Platform/GS
System of
(e.g., high-speed
Improve Systems Copernicus +
Copernicus & technology,
User Services performance & (architecture, FutureEO +
Meteo Evolution autonomy)
Data continuity formation, Big DPTD + GSTP
Data)
Constellation
management

- CheapSats
AI (Deep InCubed + GSTP
Product/ Miniaturisation +
Commercial Learning) +FutureEO +
Service Cost OB processing - Interaction with
Autonomy DPTD
institutional

Earth Explorers
Earth Explorer missions are part of the FutureEO Programme, which supports three types of user-
driven research missions:

• EE core missions (e.g., EarthCARE, Biomass, EE-10, EE-11) are major missions that cover
primary scientific objectives of the ESA Earth Science strategy using innovative EO techniques

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and undergo a first assessment step at Phase 0, prior to Phase A. These are identified from
proposals received in response to a call for ideas. EE-10 (HARMONY) is in Phase A and the
recent EE-11 call resulted in the selection in Q2-2021 of four mission concepts (STREAM,
CAIRT, WIVERN and NITROSAT) for phase 0 studies.
• EE fast-track missions (e.g., FLEX as EE-8, FORUM as EE-9, both already in implementation
phase) also follow a call for mission concepts process. They are smaller missions and with
shorter development cycles (starting at Phase A) than core missions due to their higher initial
technical and scientific maturity level (TRL/SRL typically 4) and have the objective to respond
rapidly to evolving requirements.
• Missions of opportunity are responses to unsolicited proposals for cooperation with entities
that are not under the jurisdiction of Participating States of FutureEO. Currently, only one such
mission is in Phase A in collaboration with NASA: The Next-Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM)
as part of the MAss change and Geosicence International Constellation (MAGIC) for sub-surface
water and solid Earth dynamics. Further into the future for gravity measurements, cold-atom
interferometric sensors (CAI) appear very promising.
Scouts
Scout missions are complementary to the EEs. They are characterised by an agile low-cost
development process to prove new EO concepts and to add timely scientific value to current data
through supplementary observations. A Scout mission consists of one or several small satellites
for rapid prototyping and demonstration purposes of novel EO techniques in Earth science and
related non-commercial applications. Small satellites (possibly in constellation) can be applied to
demonstrate disruptive sensing techniques or incremental science, while retaining the potential to
be subsequently scaled up in larger missions or implemented in future ESA EO programmes. Two
scout missions (CubeMAP and HydroGNSS) are entering into implementation aiming to launch in
2024. Two more (NanoMagSat and TANGO) were also part of the early studies and risk retirement
activities have been initiated for both.

Copernicus Evolution (Sentinel-NG , Next Generation)

In collaboration with the EU and driven by its high-level requirements, the Copernicus Space
Component (CSC) evolution is expected to include, over a proper period of time, the following
enhanced sensing capabilities:

• Microwave imaging over both land and (liquid, solid) water surfaces, based on a first specific
mission family comprising highly complementary active and passive microwave sensors. These
require the development of the following technologies:
o C-band & L-band high-resolution wide-swath SAR; and

o Bi-static or multi-static passive SAR on small platforms.

• Optical imaging over both land and water surfaces, with a second specific mission family of
passive sensors covering virtually all spectral ranges. These require the development of the
following elements:
o super-spectral mission in VNIR & SWIR, + TIR imaging (Oceans);

o hyper-spectral mission in the VNIR and SWIR (Land);

o very high spatial resolution VNIR and SAR imagery (via data/service buy);

o high spatio-temporal resolution thermal infrared (TIR); and

o high-revisit observations from geosynchronous orbit.

• Highly accurate topographic measurement capabilities over water surfaces, including also ice
and snow (i.e., water in solid state). These require the development of the following elements:
o interferometric dual-band (Ku+Ka) SAR altimetry; and

o constellation of miniaturised Ku- or Ka-band altimetry sensors.

46 ESA Technology Strategy

• Spectroscopic imaging observations of the Earth’s atmosphere. These require the development
of the following elements:
o high-resolution imaging spectroscopy in NIR and SWIR.

A number of technologies (e.g., IR detectors, large scale antenna reflectors, digital beamforming)
can be applied to more than one mission, thus generic developments are needed with improved
modelling, better testing and characterisation techniques. Other technologies have a larger
dependency on the frequencies under consideration and might be specific to one mission.

Meteorological missions
After the impact assessment of the Aeolus (EE-5) data by ECMWF, EUMETSAT recommended
to initiate technical developments for a potential Aeolus-FO mission. The identified technology
development needs are in the areas of lidar transmitters, receivers and end-to-end system.

Non-instrument specific needs for future EO missions

The EO needs are at end-to-end system level and therefore a technology evolution of EO platforms
is required. With increasing maturity and operational integration into wider services, cost will play an
increasing role. One option is to further exploit the commonalities between missions, with a limited
set of variants envisaged to cover specific variations or configurations such as for optical or radar
missions. There are major questions, challenges and hurdles that need to be addressed:

• Maximising the use of recurrent generic and standardised equipment;

• Reusability of the core avionics for any platform, independent from the system integrator;
• Standardisation of the space-to-ground interfaces;
• Increase of functionality and performance (e.g., speed, accuracy, stability, constellation
synchronisation, reliability/lifetime, on-board re-programmability and flexibility);
• Reduction of development time, risk and mass/power/volume budgets of the platform; and
• Application of debris mitigation techniques, including standard design and techniques for
deorbiting of satellites at the end of their mission.
These require the development of strategic platform technologies with:

• Higher data throughputs, both on-board with very high-speed serial links and routers configuring
scalable networks, as well as space to/from ground interfaces in X-band for tele-commanding
and K-band for sensor data with rates well above 1 Gb/s, complemented in some cases by inter-
satellite links using RF and optical technologies.
• Constellation enabling technologies to allow better synchronisation, relative navigation between
satellites and new metrology systems to determine highly accurate baselines between antennas,
higher robustness, higher satellite autonomy, as well as higher attitude stabilisation and efficient
electrical propulsion.
An improvement of the ground segment technologies is also required in the end-to-end approach,
and in particular regarding:

• Deep automation for cost-reduction;

• Standardisation of space-to-ground interfaces, with higher data throughput and very good
availability;
• Efficient constellation management and operational flexibility, enabling the optimisation of ground
technical and financial resources for the operation of convoys, formations and constellations; and
• Advanced processing technologies on-ground (e.g., based on artificial intelligence including deep
learning), especially for applications requiring big data analytics and multi-sensor data analysis.
Commercial EO
The institutional EO sector has focused on state-of-the-art EO instruments delivering very high quality
calibrated data. This approach needs to continue, complemented by international EO collaborations

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and commercial initiatives, typically based on multiple dedicated small satellites (e.g., Cubesats or
small satellites with multiple payload launches and a potential data-buy approach later on). The
InCubed (Investing in Industrial Innovation) programme supports these types of developments and
missions.

Φ-sat(s)
Φ-sat(s) are part of FutureEO as they can be used for fast in-orbit demonstration (IOD) of new EO
techniques, enabled by potentially game changing technologies such as AI. The Φ-sat-1 experiment,
part of the FFSCat mission, demonstrated accurate on-board cloud detection. The Φ-sat-2 mission,
with a budget 10 times lower than a scout mission, is planned for launch in 2023 with several AI
experiments on-board.

5.3.3 Navigation
Satellite navigation focuses on the mechanisms to determine position and time of a given user and
its course from one place to another, using satellites. Position, navigation and timing (PNT) is a
combination of three constituent capabilities:

• Positioning, the ability to determine locations and orientations accurately and precisely over two
or three dimensions, whether continuous or duty-cycled (e.g., to reduce energy per fix),
• Navigation, the ability to determine current /desired position and trajectory and,
• Timing, the ability to acquire and maintain accurate and precise time from a standard timescale
(e.g., Coordinated Universal Time).
The field covers several categories and verticals, such as land navigation (e.g., road, rail, agriculture),
maritime navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation (e.g., near Earth orbit, with GNSS
on-board receivers, or Deep Space). The applications served by space-based PNT systems have
become extremely diverse and about 10% of the world economic activity depends currently on such
systems. It is therefore important for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and other space-
based PNT systems to enable robust and trusted solutions, implementing integrity, authentication
and resilience mechanisms, globally and in a wide range of environments.

Europe contributes actively to this fertile landscape with cutting edge technologies and expertise,
and two operational space-based PNT systems: Galileo, which delivers first-in-class performances
globally, and Egnos, which supports civil aviation users of Europe with integrity data and enables
approach procedures at hundreds of airports and helipads.

The Galileo constellation is already the world’s most precise satellite navigation system. It’s Second
Generation, with state-of-the-art satellites, will represent a major step forward and will incorporate
numerous technology upgrades, developed through EU and ESA research and development
programmes. Employing electric propulsion, and hosting an enhanced navigation antenna, their
fully digital payloads are being designed to be easily reconfigured in orbit, enabling them to actively
respond to the evolving needs of users with novel signals and services.

In parallel, Egnos NEXT aims to extend Egnos capabilities beyond DFMC for aeronautical users,
and to introduce new capabilities for non-aeronautical safety-critical applications.

Trends by 2030
The success of space-based PNT solutions, combined with the growth of autonomous systems and
global mobility, inspire more demanding needs and applications. By 2030, it is expected that PNT
solutions will provide ubiquitous, reliable, secure and resilient, decimetre-level accurate positioning
and ns-level timing (PNT-2030), calling for new technologies and concepts to be introduced in
complement of existing and evolving ones.

Solutions enabled by GNSS are more and more assisted, complemented, augmented and/or
hybridised with additional technologies. A system-of-systems PNT has therefore arisen over the
years, recently devised into a multilayer PNT architecture, combining space systems in various
orbits (e.g., GEO/IGSO/MEO/LEO), terrestrial systems (e.g., wide area or local hot spots such as
5G, WLAN) and Deep Space PNT technologies.

48 ESA Technology Strategy

 The R&D programmes implemented in the ESA Navigation Directorate, the EU funding part (H2020,
Horizon Europe) and the Navisp ESA programmes, address short and mid-term needs for the
evolutions of European PNT technologies:

• Under a delegation by the European Commission, ESA has undertaken the technical and
management implementation of both the Horizon 2020 and the Horizon Europe Framework
Programmes for Research and Innovation in Upstream Satellite Navigation domain (e.g.,
technologies, future system concepts and exploratory concepts for Galileo, Egnos and Multi-
layer space-based PNT).
• Navisp supports short-term needs with the development of novel technologies and the
competitiveness of European PNT industry, along the national strategic objectives of Participating
States.
For the longer term, they are complemented with R&D aiming to incubate technologies with low TRL,
high technological risks but with expected high impact, that will provide the technological nucleus
for future concepts and developments in the Navigation programmes. These technology R&D
needs can be broken down into PNT technologies with very low TRL and/or long term application
perspectives for making best use of existing PNT systems (e.g., GNSS, 5G), and low TRL PNT
technologies to enable future space-based PNT infrastructures, systems and concepts.

Best use of existing PNT systems with game changing technologies

Low TRL PNT technologies aiming to make best use of existing PNT systems contemplate existing
PNT systems, in a system-of system architecture involving GNSS, cellular systems (among which
5G with both terrestrial and satellite components), and dead-reckoning sensors. The focus is on
game-changing technologies, which would enable more demanding, safety-critical use cases in
challenging environments (including space) with high-accuracy and reliability, more resilience and
security (e.g., GNSS and non-GNSS such as 5G, signals from LEO), privacy of navigation-related
data as well as on very low energy per fix.

Systems concepts: preparation of future space-based PNT infrastructures and systems

In this context, the mid-term focus (ca. 2030) for preparing future space-based PNT systems is
on technologies for Lunar PNT and Planetary / Deep-space navigation, as well as for supporting
geodesy, science and metrology for PNT.

For the long term (beyond 2030), the focus is on new technologies and/or paradigms that may

• provide optimised solutions for space and ground segments of future European space-based
PNT infrastructures, systems and concepts (institutional and commercial): sustainability and
competitiveness of European space-based PNT infrastructures in a multi-layer architecture
involving several orbits (e.g., LEO/MEO/IGSO/GEO, 5G/6G positioning technologies from
satellite networks), cost-effective and timely deployment of technologies and systems, and
compliance to standards such as 3GPP, RTCM; and
• enable disruptive solutions in the space-based PNT landscape well beyond 2030 (e.g., non-
conventional navigation concepts and associated technologies, navigation with pulsars, optical
and quantum technologies, exploitation of artificial intelligence for PNT).

5.4 ENABLING AND SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY NEEDS

5.4.1 Space Transportation
European space transportation, at present based on Ariane 5 and Vega launch systems, guarantees
access to space from Europe’s spaceport. With the imminent launches of Ariane 6 and Vega C, the
focus is on the stabilisation of their ramp-up and start of their exploitation.

Meanwhile, the space transportation sector worldwide is undergoing a transition towards more
routine space transportation, with the increasing prominence of commercial activities and a growing
diversification of the use of space. The uncertainty in the evolution of the launch services market is
therefore greater than ever.

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This overall external context poses challenges to all actors in the space transportation sector, both
traditional and new entrants. Worldwide, the current trends are all aiming at improving competitiveness
in terms of pricing for the commercial market, with agility and flexibility to adapt to an evolving demand
for additional launch and space transportation services. It is crucial in this context that Europe is not
left behind in seizing those opportunities in terms of services, economic growth and innovation.

Figure 14 - ESA’s Prometheus is the precursor of ultra-low-cost rocket propulsion that is flexible enough to
fit a fleet of new launch vehicles for any mission and could be reusable. The mono-shaft turbo pump, built via
additive layer-by-layer manufacturing (ALM) methods, is a key technology. It enables a radical simplification of
the engine layout and slashes costs.

The consolidation of currently identified space transportation means, including Ariane 6 and Vega C,
needs to be coupled with shaping and securing the future of evolving European space transportation
solutions through:

• Accelerating the availability of a portfolio of space transportation services in Europe for accessing
to, transporting in and returning from space;
• Positioning ESA’s role in de-risking industry on both building blocks in development but equally
in operations;
• Developing a concept for LEO logistics and beyond for European human exploration addressing
related space transportation capabilities;
• Continued support to private economic operators in bringing new European commercial space
transportation services into operations, equally supporting further evolutions and possibly acting
as anchor customer of flight proven launch services for IOD/IOV missions up to 200 kg through
competitive selection; and
• Definition of a concept for European ground infrastructure (spaceports, test centres) that serves
public requirements and promotes private utilisation.
A rapid preparation of a new model is considered fundamental to paving the way in making any
future European launch services sustainable, while still serving institutional needs. The following
key improvements have been identified as necessary to recover competitiveness:

• Enlargement of the economies of scale (modularity, common elements re-use, higher production
cadence);
• Optimisation of the industrial organisation selected on a competitive basis whenever possible
(agile approach, digitalisation, model-based system engineering, automated production tests); and
• Increased value chain with mission extension modules (kick stages, in-orbit servicing modules,
rideshares, experimentation and return to Earth).
ESA’s space transportation technology strategy focuses on enabling technologies for increasing
the competitiveness of future environmentally sustainable space transportation services, through
cost reduction and value chain extension. The strategy for the new European model for space
transportation relies on the following domains:

50 ESA Technology Strategy

Launch System Reusability
Reusability is a major technological rupture for European launch systems. It requires the maturation
of many enabling technologies (e.g., landing systems, precision landing, thermal protection, cost
efficient maintenance and health monitoring) through ground or in-flight demonstration.

Launch Systems Increased Competitiveness through Modularity

The economic sustainability of future European space transportation services needs to be supported
by modularity and commonality, as a key enabler to achieving crucial cost savings. Thanks to
higher production rates and economy of scale, non-recurring costs can be optimised by investing
in technology developments for multiple applications, while recurring costs can be saved through
lower production per-unit costs.

Propulsion is a significant part of the overall cost of the launcher. New manufacturing techniques
and processes (ALM, factory 4.0), extended performance domains through advanced engine control
and monitoring, associated to reusability capability, will contribute to major cost reductions, through
evolving current engines or defining new ones (Sections 2.3, 2.4 and 2.9).

Low-mass launch vehicles need leaner launcher designs, with a low structural index and yet high
performance. These are key to achieving significant cost reductions at launch system level, with
fewer components or even fewer stages (targeting two stages to orbit), using innovative vehicle
architecture (e.g., smart pressurisation systems) or lightweight structures.

Smarter avionics with commonality across European launchers are enablers for lower launch costs
and future reusable space transportation at vehicle level (e.g., COTS spin-in, harness with reduced
complexity, smart sensor networks allowing for simpler system diagnosis), and at launch system level
(e.g., next generation autonomous architecture, in-flight reconfiguration, recovery of safety violations).

Another objective is to reduce the costs associated with dedicated and expensive ground systems
in spaceports, for operations (e.g., use of AI, remote controls, digitalisation of operations) and using
space infrastructure assisted solutions (e.g., GNSS-based hybrid navigation and data relay services
during launch).

Greener Launch Systems

European space transportation systems aim to achieve environmentally sustainable launch
services. Enabling technologies are targeted to reduce the environmental impact of spaceports
(greener production of propellant or energy) or future launchers (green propulsion), and to build new
standards to include, from the very early stages of every development, life cycle analysis, to achieve
carbon neutral space transportation (Section 2.5).

Value Chain Extension Beyond Launch Systems

Increasing the accessible market for European space transportation beyond launch services is a
major focus to improve its competitiveness, while ensuring the robustness of the business model
through flexibility and resilience to market evolutions.

Extend the range of launch services: This extension targets the technologies to efficiently launch a
wide range of spacecraft, from micro to heavy, injected with the greatest precision and performance
on multiple orbits, using for instance smart multiple payload adapters standardised missionisation.

Extend access to new markets in space transportation: With a growing diversification in how relevant
actors use space, new space transportation markets are identified, for in-orbit services (e.g., in-orbit
testing or manufacturing, spacecraft refuelling or decommissioning) or exploration needs, which
require new technology and space transportation solutions (e.g., upper stage extended mission
capabilities, kick-stages, space-tugs, re-entry modules).

Preparing for Future Human Space Transportation Systems

Preparing for future human space transportation is a significant step for Europe, requiring the
maturation of technologies dedicated to human rated space transportation systems (e.g., launch
abort strategies, re-entry, flight software with off-nominal manual modes, crew module propulsion).

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5.4.2 Operations
With rapid commercialisation and the high demands of new missions (constellations, exploration,
space safety), innovation in operating spacecraft and ground segment design is needed to enable
flexible, efficient and high-performing operations concepts and, in particular, to further position
Europe as a strong competitor on the world market.

The key strategic drivers in this area are to improve the commercial competitiveness of European
operators. This includes harnessing new models of cooperation and partnerships, to focus strategic
European ground operations assets on these evolving needs, especially the institutional tasks
and to develop the ground segments and operations concepts and technologies needed for future
human and robotic exploration missions, making use of novel technologies.

The resulting key technology needs for ground segments and operations are:

• Technologies and concepts to enable European industry to offer competitive operations services
and products on the global market. This includes essential ground segment elements such as
the EGS-CC, combined with a multi-mission concept, allowing for a faster time-to-market and
reduced duplication while realising more complex missions and systems. Increased automation
is a key enabler for efficiency, with the introduction of artificial intelligence, data analytics, and
augmented/virtual reality providing opportunities to transform operation concepts.
• The rapid introduction of these technologies requires quick, efficient and recurring in-orbit
demonstration as an essential element.
• Technologies that enhance today’s cybersecurity capabilities in the operations domain, to stay
ahead of future challenges, safeguard European assets, and ensure European independent
access to space.
• Technologies for innovative concepts for ground segments and operations that allow access,
utilisation and ‘productisation’ for all sorts of users similar to today’s transparent internet access
and services, such as through concepts like “ground segment as a service”, or “network-centric”
ground segments. These will be essential for the new models of cooperation and business to
accommodate space ventures and actors in the rapidly evolving space environment, including
private companies and ventures, public entities, NSAs, research organisations, but also, new
business, start-ups and communities.
• Technologies for innovative ground stations, radar and laser-optical systems and data
infrastructures are needed to evolve European ground assets for future space missions and
services and specifically to fulfil institutional tasks. In particular, these include addressing issues
of space safety, space debris, space weather, as well as operation concepts and technologies
necessary to prepare Europe to contribute to future human and robotic exploration missions at
international level such as distributed and shared operation schemes with international, national
and private partners, hybrid human/robotic mission operations, deep space communications with
innovative technologies (e.g., laser optics).

5.4.3 Space-based solar power

Space-based solar power, the concept of capturing solar energy in space and transmitting it wirelessly,
could power exploration activities at the Moon and Mars at the small scale (kW-level), and, in the long
term, at the very large scale (GW-level), potentially provide clean energy to terrestrial users.

The scale of its application for terrestrial energy needs in particular demands substantial
advancements in a wide range of technological areas that might also be relevant for other space
applications. Key technology development needs include the areas of:

• High mass-efficiency, low-cost solar to electric conversion technologies;

• High-efficiency radiofrequency generation and accurate beam forming technologies;
• High power management and distribution technologies;
• Technologies enabling the deployment and robotic assembly of very large structures, in-space
manufacturing; and

52 ESA Technology Strategy

 • Technologies for very large, sufficiently rigid and light-weight structures integrating power
generation, power conversion, RF generation, integrated antennas, their thermal management,
attitude control (sensors, controllers, actuators) and in orbit maintenance, addressing clean
space, debris, and security aspects.

5.5 EUROPEAN SPACE INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY NEEDS

Eurospace, the main European space industry trade association, regularly produces research and
development priorities on behalf of their members. These raise awareness on the key needs and
expectations of the European space industry. Eurospace notes that the European space industry
is competitive, despite less access to large governmental programmes than its U.S. and Chinese
counterparts and valid concerns about the growing capacity gap and technology breakthroughs
created by this imbalance. New business models are also shifting focus from state of the art, high
performance systems to volume, series production and scalability, despite high risk, high reward
schemes where the U.S. and Chinese competition are developing fast. In this context, Eurospace
considers support to industry competitiveness and market access a core driver for technology
policies for Europe sovereignty and economic growth.

The latest set of industry coordinated recommendations for key development actions was elaborated
during the Space Technologies for Europe pilot project. The document puts a direct focus on
developments supported by market opportunities and a wide range of generic technologies (such
as power, propulsion, data handling) but does not cover critical developments or programmes
driven by institutions (e.g., human space flights, Science, GNSS, Copernicus). The most significant
proposals, applicable to the ESA technology strategy, are highlighted here, with the caveat that any
strategy should also anticipate new, disruptive and enabling solutions.

For Earth observation, priority should be given to operational systems (also with the involvement
of the EU and Eumetsat) and scientific developments. Main developments are driven by standard
needs to improve satellite lifetimes, high reliability and robustness, while reducing cost. Technology
developments should focus on new functionalities (e.g., night vision, infra red, hyperspectral, video),
high speed and on board smart processing (including artificial intelligence) and increased autonomy
(AI/ML, Cloud) on board and on ground.

For Telecommunication applications, smart and cost-effective satellite data management and
processing solutions are needed for very large constellations with intersatellite links as well as
solutions to protect these systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber-attacks. Technology
developments should focus on antenna performance with increased number of beams, regenerative
processing supporting UHTS supported by enabling technologies such as photonics and PICs and
optical communication, data management from very low bandwidth to high data rates applications,
end-user terminal affordability, performance, and mobility; seamless network integration; cyber-
security and quantum communication (QCI/QKD) capability.

For ground operations, small satellites with shorter mission lifetimes and mega-constellations are
putting new emphasis on cost management, despite an increased risk of space collisions and space
debris. Requirements include data fusion, image intelligence with infrastructure security and an
increasing demand on the SatCom market (with applications like autonomous vehicles, offshore
communications, 5G networks).

On-orbit operation is seen as a game changer for space systems to globally reduce launch mass
and life-cycle costs. Robotics, manipulation and vision/ranging technologies are key enablers
(with interfaces as needed) for future life extension and active debris removal missions. Europe
must also promote space sustainability (prevention/mitigation and remediation) and debris de-
orbiting. Anticipating a trend for a more stringent international regulations, the readiness of these
technologies will place the European industry in a prominent position.

For Exploration, key areas for development should consider rover mobility on the Moon (and Mars)
ascent/descent stages or other systems like aerial vehicles and related autonomy, ISRU capabilities
supporting critical mission functions (power, propellant, habitats and life support), energy solutions

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(radioisotope energy and power systems, fuels cells) and critical long distance high throughput data
links and data relay solutions. Exploration involving humans will create further enhanced demands
on technology like closed loop life support systems, radiation protection and regarding human
health.

For navigation/GNSS, key drivers are to improve accuracy and service availability worldwide. Key
areas for action should include clocks and signal generation and improving ground and space
synergies (including robustness, anti-jamming/spoofing).

For science, the focus should be on state-of-the-art payloads including large telescopes, improved
detection chains, infra-red/far infra-red, mm-wave technologies, low temperature/cryogenic
temperature operations, radiation environment & very accurate time measurement. Structures for
large & distributed instruments, wide field of view, large/deployable/ultra-stable structures and data
handling for long distance communications, high data rate/high throughput, Ka/Ku/optical solutions
are also priorities.

For digitalisation, digital twins will enable the full digital conception from manufacturing to advanced
testing and automated inspection and control (and built-in testing), and fully secure data systems.
An advanced statistical process control, and a connected advanced product quality planning will
ensure customer satisfaction with new products or processes. Predictive maintenance will prevent
asset failure by analysing production data to identify patterns and anticipate production stop.

For EEE components, power components need to fill a significant gap with respect to the current
worldwide state-of-the-art. On the payload side, RF critical technologies (active and passive) need
clear increases in performance, valid for active antenna (Radar, Telecom, Navigation). Photonics
and PICS, even if at a rather low TRL today should be given more importance as they will enable
many innovative and performant solutions in various type of payloads for applications in EO and
satcoms.

Regarding avionics, implementing modularity is the key to re-use solutions for various type of
missions. Increased integration of avionics design and development in the global digitalisation of
and hardware/software codesign and optimisation (modelling, digital twins) through full system
life cycle. Enabling functions such as MEMS/FPGAs and digitally driven modules for greater
performance and miniaturisation, and on models and design/development tools for efficient HW/
SW co-design (AI/ML based) to achieve an automated or tooled validation process.

For power subsystems, new exploration solutions like low-light intensity solar cells with higher
power density (thin and flexible cells and radio isotopic power sources) may be needed as critical
enablers for higher power missions.

Both electric and chemical propulsion systems are critical. As new manufacturing technologies and
materials have to be implemented, the design has to be suited for production in large batches and
in automated production lines.

For the protection of space assets, satellite robustness should be increased with the development
of awareness and mitigation solutions. In particular, RF protection used against jamming needs to
be available at lower cost. In addition, “in space” surveillance, tracking operations would be the next
phase of securing space infrastructure, for which the development of specific technologies would
be necessary in the wake of ESA’s Protect initiative. Security should be embedded in new software
and ground sites, especially cloud-based ground systems.

Access to space: It is seen as mandatory for Europe to promptly start to test fundamental building
blocks and technologies as well as to validate integrated flight demonstrators at a relevant scale
including reusability and technologies for returning payloads as well as dedicated launch solutions
for nano and micro satellites. Assuming end-to-end services, cost reduction for more competitive
launcher operation and the enabling of new services are necessary for the European launcher
ground infrastructure, e.g., through digitalisation or advanced data management.

54 ESA Technology Strategy

6 TECHNOLOGY
INNOVATION

CD1 CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5

EEE COMPONENTS, STRUCTURES, AVIONIC ELECTRIC RADIOFREQUENCY
PHOTONICS, MECHANISMS, SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE, & OPTICAL
MEMS MATERIALS, POWER & ENERGY, SYSTEMS
THERMAL EMC AND PRODUCTS

CD6 CD7 CD8 CD9 CD10

LIFE & PHYSICAL PROPULSION, GROUND SYSTEMS DIGITAL ASTRODYNAMICS,
SCIENCE PAYLOADS, SPACE & MISSION ENGINEERING SPACE DEBRIS
LIFE SUPPORT, TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS & SPACE
ROBOTICS & REENTRY VEHICLES ENVIRONMENT
& AUTOMATION

6.1 ELECTRIC, ELECTRONIC, (MICRO-) ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

AND PHOTONIC SYSTEMS
CD1
Most developments of electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical (EEE) and photonic components for
space are adapting terrestrial applications by addressing space-related constraints (e.g., high reliability
requirements or radiation hardness), addressing programme needs, national and industrial strategies,
mainly targeting performance improvements, cost reduction and enabling new applications.

Figure 15 - NG-ULTRA FPGA - Large format Infrared Detector.

ESA follows a three-axis approach to provide innovative, cost effective and time-to-market solutions
for EEE components, photonics devices and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) strongly
drawing from programme needs:

1. Exploring game changing technologies leaning on innovative ideas of European industrial and
academic partners for Ultra Deep Submicron (UDSM) technologies, wide band gap devices for
power distribution & RF system applications, enhanced and curved detectors, heterogeneous
integration chiplets, system-in-package, photonic integrated circuits, supercapacitors graphene
based and others.

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2. Enhancing performance by exploiting mature technologies expanding their capabilities in line

with programme strategies. ESA will strengthen these efforts by a more systematic continuous
survey of terrestrial market for EEE Component technologies potentially suitable for space
applications (e.g., press fit and solderless interconnections).

3. Exploiting and enabling the uptake by capitalising on established technologies supporting

unrestricted access of European EEE Components for ESA missions. This is facilitated by a
sustainable enlargement of the European EEE Component portfolio (all EEE Component
families) aiming at high return of investment with time-to-market targets maximize their in-orbit
utilization (e.g., European Power MOSFETS, FPGAs, Processors, Photonics, Passives).

These activities are supported by the development of a sovereign European supply chain, including
specifically via a new EEE European Sovereignty initiative.

Harmonised at the European level, the strategic plan for the development of those components is
divided into four main technology lines:

Semiconductor Technologies and Processes

Technological processes represent fundamental aspects of component technologies (e.g., Si process
for microelectronics devices). Improvement of these processes can propagate and materialise as
improvement of the final products (e.g., lower power/higher speed by reducing Si feature sizes).
This technology line aims at improving processes maximising the number of benefitting applications.

The development of GaN processes needs to achieve frequency increases (up to Q/V/W bands),
mass and volume reduction (e.g., replacing bulky traveling wave tube amplifiers by GaN solid-state
power amplifiers), and performance improvements (power, gain, noise, efficiency/linearity).

UDSM FinFET (<7nm) and novel Gate All Around transistor structures are required to overcome
the limitations of current on-board digital processing capabilities, enabling in space edge computing
similar to terrestrial microelectronics capabilities.

Detector technologies and processes will need to achieve enhanced performance devices on SiGe,
p-channel CCDs and novel technologies for deposition of antireflective coatings, backside thinning,
flip-chip bonding hybridisation and 3-D stacking. Developments in photonics in the domain of digital
payloads needs to include emerging technologies on micro-photonic links, novel fibre sensors and
space-based laser-cooled atom interferometers, e.g., optical clocks, lasers, frequency combs and
quantum technologies.

For MEMS, improvement in technologies and processes concentrates on the versatility of materials
used and on the use of sealed cavities. In many applications, reliable hermetic cavities with a high
vacuum level are necessary to increase the sensitivity of MEMS sensors. This is especially true for
resonant devices or high frequency applications (RF - MEMS).

Design
The development and application of new design methodologies and IP Core reuse aims at
an increase of functional densities, operational frequencies and range of power and signal
bandwidth in Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) and in photonic devices. Specifically,
developments to enable enhanced functionalities include high-speed serial links, VLSI devices such
as microprocessors, ASICs, FPGAs, and moving from 65nm down to 6nm nodes, with a higher
integration level (System on Chip) of the digital and analogue functions. Those devices, planned to
be tested in space by 2025, are expected to reduce development time, improve cost efficiency and
strengthen the European supply chain.

Several passive component technologies (e.g., capacitors with high capacitance densities,
high density and high data rate connectors, flat cables with dedicated connectors, fast locking
solutions, SMD RF passives for high frequencies) are needed to allow for better integration/
miniaturisation and increased performances (e.g., VLSI decoupling capacitors, high current low
voltage transformers). Similar enhancements and increased performances are anticipated within
the design of new photonics integrated circuits (PIC), that will provide multiple functionalities on
the same chip (frequency generation, multiplexer, optics spectrometer) and the shift towards micro-

56 ESA Technology Strategy

photonics (e.g., improved frequency response, higher gain). In parallel, European non-dependence
and obsolescence of critical parts (e.g., pump-lasers, optical modulators for ISL) will be addressed.

Packaging
Improvement achieved through design and process down-scaling will be accompanied by relevant
developments at packaging level to benefit from technologies used in high volume semiconductor
markets (e.g., flip-chip mounting, high pin count products, lead free solder, plastic parts) while
mitigating issues on reliability (e.g., pure tin whiskers).

New applications have emerged that require higher frequencies and higher bandwidth levels and the
combination of both analogue and digital with RF functions (Sections 5.1 and 5.3). Therefore, higher
level of integration and the combination of different semiconductor technologies (e.g., Heterogeneous
Integration, System in Package) will be required. The introduction of 2.xD packaging solutions and
of new interposers/interconnection technologies (e.g., organic/silicon/glass substrates) can expand
the possible solutions to overcome those challenges.

New technologies, such as non-hermetic packaging or enhanced plastic, will be assessed to

overcome the known issue of current hermetic technologies (e.g., high cost, HPC limitation, power
management) and to ensure compatibility with new photonics devices requiring large number of
electrical connections (e.g., solderless mounting, Ball Grid Array). The evolution of Silicon photonics
will also require developments in the field of packaging and test methods.

New methods of heat and power management will be assessed to identify further improvements
beyond current solutions. Enhancements to performance are required to exploit modern higher
power semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC. Whilst the encapsulation method has an effect, die
mounting and substrate/heatsink technologies are the areas where most benefits can be gained.

Products
This technology line is addressing finished European products whenever improved performances
are needed and lead-time and/or cost reduction are possible. Examples include infrared and
CMOS visible detectors, new ADC or DAC devices, electro-optical transducers, more powerful
microprocessors (adopting RISC-V for space) and re-programmable FPGAs. Ready-to-programme
(inside FPGAs) or to-manufacture (inside ASICs) IP Cores remain key building blocks of multi-core
and multi-function System-on-Chips.

For some applications, EEE parts designed for terrestrial applications such as automotive represent
an alternative as they show high reliability levels when procured in massive quantities and properly
controlled, and offer the benefit of reduced lead-time compared to qualified/mono-source solutions
(e.g., PET capacitors).

Considerable effort has been put into the creation and maintenance of methodologies and standards
to allow a more systematic usage of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) electronic components for
space applications. Further work on reference designs, mitigations, alternative test methods and
test data collection is needed.

Increased use of COTS for advanced devices with denser and more complex packaging (flip-
chip, die stacking) of the state-of-the-art components requires high energy ions beams of larger
penetration range (>1 mm) and associated difficulty of radiation hardness assurance/testing. Further
support of radiation characterisation, evaluation and qualification of European space developed
EEE components and of “low-hanging-fruit” type EEE Component technologies potentially suitable
for space applications is needed.

Testing
The development and readily available, accessible infrastructure of testing facilities is considered
critical. Activities include performing reliability assessment for COTS (e.g., life test to assess wear
out behaviours), maintaining up-to-date radiation hardness assurance standards and test methods,
supporting the development of component specific Radiation Hardness Assurance (RHA) related
standards and developing new approaches to RHA in New Space type projects focusing on COTS.

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Figure 16 - Brave medium FPGA. Figure 17 - HPDP bonding.

6.2 STRUCTURES, MECHANISMS, MATERIALS, THERMAL

The integration of structures, mechanisms, materials and thermal disciplines allows the development
of innovative mechanical architectures and products for future space missions, serving the strategic CD2
targets of life-cycle costs and lead time reduction, as well as reduction of space debris. Some
of the many key technology areas are deployable structures, stable and lightweight structures,
mechanisms building blocks including tribology-free solutions, advanced manufacturing techniques,
and coatings, cryogenics and advanced heat transport and rejection systems.

Figure 18 - 3D printed structures and mechanisms.

Space missions and products increasingly demand higher flexibility in adapting spacecraft late
in the system design and development process to new requirements and to integrate late newly
available advanced technologies (Sections 5.2 and 5.3).

This is driven by the need for agility of new space platforms to quickly react to market needs for
competitiveness, enhancing versatility and low-cost production.

The full modelling of space products from the early design phases, based on trusted and authoritative
data sources (shared among the complete supply chain) is enabling this flexibility (Section 2.4). This
part of the digital transformation of the engineering and design process offers a particularly strong
return of investment in the mechanical engineering realm.

For this reason, digital engineering is distinctly prominent in the Competence Domain for Structures,
Mechanisms, Materials and Thermal: the already existing cross-fertilisation opportunities, fostered
by the very nature of the represented disciplines, have been further extended by the digital
transformation (Section 2.4).

58 ESA Technology Strategy

 The strategic action lines defined in the latest technology development cycle have shown an
unprecedented level of implementation, and are expanding into the next step: to take full advantage
of virtual engineering environments.

The already identified and pursued physical developments have achieved levels of maturation
that consistently allowed their integration to flight missions, feeding back to the development path
showing currently an even faster growth in the digital world.

Directly contributing to achieving the Technology Strategy targets 1 and 3, examples of the recent
achievements obtained within the domain are the selection of the large deployable reflectors to be
flown as key enabling European technologies on board of two Copernicus new generation flagship
missions, as well as the first 2-phase Mechanically Pumped Loop in orbit with SES17. Building
blocks for thermal control have been developed and are ready for use, e.g., deployable radiators to
increase heat rejection capability.

ESA’s early effort to push and mature additive manufacturing processes by systematically addressing
all open technological challenges via development activities, have resulted in many ambitious
mission applications in the space transportation, science, EO and telecommunication sectors. As an
example for addressing the technology targets 3 and 4, ADEO, the Drag Augmentation De-Orbiting
Sub-System has been launched in June 2021 for an in-flight demonstration of its capabilities in de-
orbiting end-of-life satellites. This simple, non-invasive add-on system has the potential to become
the backbone European technology for passive debris mitigation. It is selected for an IOD/IOV
project to be launched in 2024, which will demonstrate increasing mass de-orbiting capabilities.

Addressing the 2nd technology strategy target, and the market pressure to reduce costs and lead-
time, particularly for recurrent missions, mega-constellations and launchers, ESA has focus ed on to
the development of European sources for COTS. The further focus will be to develop European COTS
components for cryocoolers (spinning-in from terrestrial and tactical sectors), actuators, reaction
wheels, position sensors, printed circuit boards and electronic assembly processes compatible with
off-the-shelf automotive electronic components (Section 2.2).

REACH and RoHS regulations still represent substantial challenges on supply chains of products
which span from coatings to lubricants, from electronics to large structural manufacturing. Following
the progress already achieved, e.g., X-chromate-free conversion coating and black primer, green
polyurethane, and with the overall aim to ensure the sustainability of high-end European space
products, ESA will address specifically the led-free transition, going further than the compliance to
regulations, addressing environmental sustainability and technological non-dependence. Greener
and European solutions are pursued in a number of areas, from materials to manufacturing
techniques, and demisability (Section 2.5).

“Digitalisation” will dominate until 2025, linking all engineering disciplines: From the manufacturing
processes modelling, leading to accurate digital twins and to reliable performance predictions, to
thermal and structural simulation enriched testing, to machine learning and artificial intelligence
applied to all involved engineering processes (Section 2.4).

The Advanced Manufacturing Cross-Cutting Initiative (Section 2.3) will evolve integrating the virtual
manufacturing and smart factory concepts, and taking the first major European step into off-Earth
manufacturing and assembly, a domain expected to grow substantially and with potentially high
return of investment opportunities in the commercial and New Space domain.

6.3 AVIONICS SYSTEMS

Avionics Embedded Systems (AES) are the brains of spacecraft. They include the on-board hardware
and software required for the command & control of the spacecraft, its failure detection, isolation
CD3
and recovery (FDIR) and all the mission and vehicle management functions including all functional
chains. AES include on-board computers and data handling systems, on-board platform-payload
data processing, microelectronics, TT&C transponders and payload data transmitters, Guidance
Navigation Control - AOCS and Pointing systems, and finally on-board radio navigation receivers.

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On-board software is executed on most of these elements to control their functions and allow their
monitoring. AES represent between 30% and 70% of the platform non-recurrent development costs
(50% in average for an ESA mission). Cost reduction of the AES is therefore essential to achieving
the Technology Strategy Target 2. Adaptability and customisability are considered critical to remain
competitive for constellation or convoy applications.

Figure 19 - Avionics elements on the MetOp-SG Flat Satellite at Airbus Defense and Space Toulouse
(courtesy of Airbus Defense and Space).

To achieve these objectives, the R&D strategy for avionics aims to:

• Improve the process of definition, design and verification of AES, avoiding segmentation of the
overall system approach, and linking seamlessly to the process at discipline level (co-engineering
of control, software and data handling. This is achieved via Model Based System Engineering
(MBSE), hardware and software modelling and simulation tools, the use of an avionics test bench,
a dedicated Software Validation Facility (SVT), and a Functional Verification Bench (FVB);
• Promote the reuse of specification, design, tools and product lines between missions, avoid
when possible new developments for non-recurring design, validation and qualification. This
implies the standardisation and modularity of the main avionics functions and interfaces, and the
development by industry of product lines that can help implement the reuse approach and the
inter-products compatibility;
• Improve, define and develop on-board architectures and functionalities required to enable
future missions like autonomy and FDIR, communication security, inter satellite links, artificial
intelligence support; and
• Increase the pace of innovation by evaluating, testing and adopting state-of-the-art technologies
developed outside the space sector.
On-board computers and data handling systems (OBCDHS), on-board platform/payload data
processing and microelectronics (microprocessors, ASIC, FPGA)
Every satellite platform, instrument and launcher is equipped with an OBCDHS, which centralises,
conditions, stores, and transfers all data (TM/TC and payload data) to other subsystems. To achieve
the Technology Strategy targets 1 and 2, ESA is developing ADHA, a new Advanced Data Handling
Architecture, which is flexible and scalable, and composed of standardised, interchangeable and
inter-operable electronics modules based on the latest generation of microelectronics components
and on-board data processing technologies. The module standardisation will allow lower cost and
faster production, expecting to obtain in 4 to 5 years integrated and scalable units ready to fly. The
activities aim at substantially reduced average cost, development and integration times per unit.

60 ESA Technology Strategy

Regarding payload needs, more specific processing functions will require new high performance processing
devices, modules and units for enhanced payload performance or increased mission performance/
autonomy (e.g., low latency or payload-in-the-loop applications). Data compression technologies as well
as advanced data reduction techniques (possibly exploiting AI-based solutions) will be required.

High performance microelectronics technology and components are the key performance boost
elements in all OBCDH. Multi-core digital and mixed-signal data processing and control System-
on-Chips continue to increase their functional densities, operating speeds, exhibit lower power
consumption, and bring more flexibility and reconfigurability for the OBCDHS addressing the
mission needs expressed in Chapter 5. The strategy and new focus are on smaller and non-planar
fabrication nodes (16-6 nm FinFET) for new ASIC platforms, heterogeneous multi-dice system-in-
package solutions, consolidate and develop new European rad-hard FPGAs and microprocessors
(introducing RISC-V open architecture after LEON/SPARC) and their tool ecosystems, and
improving the ever more complex chip development methodology to save time and costs. At the
same time, the strategy calls for the maintenance and ensuring access to existing European ASIC,
FPGA, processor and reusable IP Cores capabilities, and the selective screening and adoption of
COTS components.

On-Board Software
The inclusion of advanced software functions will enhance system flexibility and functionality, in
particular autonomy. This includes fault management, planning and scheduling, intelligent control,
on-board analysis of payload data, which will enable the envisaged challenging robotic, scientific
and exploration missions, while remaining within the targeted schedule and cost (Section 5.1). Most
of these can use recent advances in artificial intelligence, which however still represent challenges
related to software engineering and performance.

Enhancements are required in productivity, complexity, reactivity, flexibility: Productivity will be

enhanced through automation and a model-based approach, aligning system and software
engineering. Complexity will be adequately managed via model-based engineering support, as
well as early feasibility assessment and behaviour verification. The development of reference
architectures, targeted to the functional domain, will enhance reactivity and flexibility.

Software development objectives will be based on model driven engineering and reference
architecture engineering streamlining the software development from requirement engineering
to validation through reuse and automation supported by a software factory approach, which will
provide a seamless process for software generation and test. The introduction of new advanced
software technologies will enable new functions for future system efficiency and flexibility. The
generalisation of a hardware-software co-design approach and its integration into the software
factory will make possible to get the best of new generation of System-on-Chips (Section 6.1).

TT&C Transponders and Payload Data Transmitters

TT&C is a mission critical function for all space missions. ESA’s technology development in
this domain aims for optimised functional and architectural partitioning, further miniaturised
components (analogue, RF, and digital); to enable operations at weaker signal conditions in Deep
Space, including at extremely low TC/TM data rates (Section 5.1.1); to cope adaptively with harsh
environments; to enhance the TT&C subsystem to support (radio)science measurements and
specific Deep Space functionalities; to increase maximum downlink data rates of PDT subsystem
to 10Gbit/sec (EO missions Section 5.3), and to 100s Mbit/sec (Lunar/Libration point missions)
using Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM); increasing Deep Space TM rates to 100Mbit/sec
and beyond using GMSK modulation; to improve (European) Inter-Satellite and Proximity link
technologies and functionalities (including SWaP); and the addition of security functions to TT&C
links for robustness against cyber threats (Section 2.6).

GNC - AOCS and Pointing systems

Spacecraft, launchers, landers, and re-entry vehicles rely on GNC, AOCS, and pointing systems
to estimate and correct their trajectory and attitude to provide safe and suitable conditions for the
payload to be operated and collect mission data with the required quality, and for space transportation

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or exploration missions to be successfully accomplished (Section 5.1.2). New GNC, AOCS, and
pointing systems are being developed for missions that require either enhanced performance,
improved robustness, better competitiveness or a broader range of on-board functions. In the area
of GNC systems for exploration and space-transportation (including reusable launchers, Section
5.4.1), robust and adaptable control techniques as well as techniques suitable to achieve real-
time guidance capability like convex optimisation and model predictive control are being developed
to enable safe precision landing capability on the Moon and planets as well as launcher stage
recovery (Sections 5.1.2 and 5.4.1). Autonomous navigation through vision or assisted by GNSS
is being implemented on a growing number of missions and further improvements and maturations
are needed in this area, taking advantage of recent advances in data fusion, image processing
and estimation. European capacity in AOCS and GNC sensors continue to expand, securing dual
sourcing, investing in higher accuracy for attitude and rate sensors and enlarging product range
for New Space type missions. Distributed command and control techniques as well as advanced
guidance strategy allow growth of missions ranging from constellations up to distributed payload
spacecraft formations. High pointing accuracy and stability missions are continuously enabled and
enhanced through higher performance sensors as well as innovative, possibly disruptive, control
architectures. For a sustainable space environment, effort will be continued on AOCS and GNC
actuators demisability, as well as on de-orbiting strategy and providing GNC capacity for active
debris removal (Section 5.2). Continuous progress on AOCS and GNC functional validation process
and related test facilities, with use of model-based engineering, will reduce development cost and
schedule as well as establish European AOCS and GNC subsystems as standalone products,
especially for New Space economy applications. The integration and use of machine learning at
several levels in the on-board control system architecture is potentially game changing but certainly
enhancing the flexibility, autonomy, and adaptability of GNC, AOCS and pointing systems.

On-Board Radio Navigation Receivers

Almost every spacecraft in Low Earth and Goestationary orbits uses GNSS receivers for on-board
autonomous operations and a posteriori precise orbit determination. GNSS receivers are also used
in most launchers and re-entry vehicles. They can be of different types from low-cost COTS-based
single frequency to high-end multi-frequency and multi-constellation based on class 1 components.
In addition to the provision of orbit determination (position and velocity), this allows to synchronize
on-board clocks with high accuracy (<50ns) to GPS or Galileo time.

It is expected that many missions will adopt real time on-board precise orbit determination that
allows to compute orbits within 10cm 3D RMS, velocity within 1mm/s 3D RMS and timing accuracy
below 1ns without ground intervention. This technology allows to increase the on-board autonomy
with autonomous on-board manoeuvres in close loop with the on-board AOCS systems (guaranteed
positioning and autonomous manœuvres) and to enable completely new mission concepts such
as Low Earth Orbit positioning, navigation and timing and autonomous satellite formation. The
use of GNSS has been proven to work also for cis-lunar space, thus following the demonstration
expected in 2025 as part of the Lunar Pathfinder mission, the use of spaceborne GNSS receivers to
compute orbit determination and provide time synchronisation in lunar orbit is expected to become
the standard for future lunar missions by 2026-2027.

6.4 ELECTRIC ARCHITECTURE, POWER AND ENERGY,

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
CD4
The technology development lines of action regarding electric architectures, power and energy
and electro-magnetic compatibility are primarily linked to their nature as enabling European space
ambitions.

62 ESA Technology Strategy

Figure 20 - A Solar-Orbiter Solar Array test.

Power Units
Power Units are evolving towards more modular and flexible ones. Standardising the technical and
functional interfaces will be key to achieving the required modularity (Chapter 3 and Chapter 5).
ESA has undertaken first steps for an advanced power architecture (APA) responding to the above
trends. GaN power switches offering better performance and lower cost, combined with the use of
Digital Control for power conversion will give place to smaller, more efficient power systems, with
more complex embedded functionality.

Smaller FPGAs and microcontrollers with integrated ADC and integrated memory are the key
component to make this technology cost effective. Thus, a European supply chain of advanced
ASICS is a strategical asset in the power domain.

In the secondary power system, the enabler to achieve miniaturisation and increase the reliability
of the units is to have high quality standard DC/DC converters with a high performance and high
degree of integration. Given their high count number in a platform, a European line of standard
converters is paramount.

High Voltage power electronics is also a key technology that enables more powerful electric
propulsion systems and, in general, higher power satellites. High voltage GaN switches and SiC
MOSFETS are the enablers for a new generation of high power electronics.

COTS components
Specific missions can benefit from COTS components for power system. Terrestrial Si solar cells,
battery cells and commercial EEE components can, in some specific cases, reduce the size, the
cost, the development time and improve the performance. If needed, the higher risk can be partially
reduced by better understanding the performance of these components under space environments.
This requires the definition of a reliable safety barrier allowing equipment of criticality classes Q2
and Q1 to be used in missions of all classes (Section 2.2).

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Compatibility of electrical equipment with the electromagnetic environment, artificial or natural, is
essential for its proper functioning and performance. Achieving compatibility by design is enabling
for science, exploration and Earth observation, and fundamental for cost efficiency particular in
telecom and navigation (Section 5.3). For astronauts, it ensures safety and enables sensor-based
telemedicine.

The fast trend of electronics towards miniaturisation, higher frequencies, COTS, modularity, and
reconfigurable components challenges EMC to face urgent needs:

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• Enhance digital simulations to evaluate the interaction between equipment and environment in
the earliest design phases, avoiding troubleshooting, additional testing and costly redesigns.
• Complement simulation with hardware testing as relevant design elements can be unintentional,
parasitic, stochastic, or even non-linear. Advanced test facilities and methods are key for time
and cost efficiency, enabling and enhancing testing for next generation of sensitive electronic
equipment.
• Guarantee European non-dependence to optimise designs. Solutions such as filters, connectors,
ferrite chokes need to be developed in Europe.
EMC is a prerequisite for mission success and depends more than ever on design. Thus, simulations
need to be enhanced and accelerated, while test capabilities need to be matched to leverage
synergies.

Electrochemical Energy Storage

The major needs for future batteries for space applications (satellites, launchers, landers, ISS) are:

• High power density (>50C) for future launchers due to electrification (Section 5.4.1);
• Ultra long life of 75,000 or more cycles for future satellite missions;
• High energy density (>200 Wh/kg) batteries to reduce the mass and relevant launch cost;
• Low temperature batteries for specific space applications including exploration missions (Section
5.1);
• Safe battery technologies, like solid state lithium batteries, to minimise the risk of thermal runaway
and ensure smooth battery passivation at mission end of life; and
• Quicker innovation cycle to be able to implement state of the art battery technologies for future
missions and manage the existing issue of battery materials obsolescence.
Fuel cells are an enabling technology especially for a human presence on the Moon and on Mars
(Section 5.1.2). Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems (RFCS) can achieve much higher specific energy
than conventional Li-Ion batteries. The main challenges identified are:

• Promote the current European leading position in stationary and mobile fuel cell and electrolyser
technologies, water propulsion and life support systems to space applications;
• Develop balance of plant components to operate RFCS;
• Develop electrochemical pumping technologies of both hydrogen and oxygen; and
• Develop dry reduction of CO2 coming from the Martian atmosphere for generating breathable
oxygen for human Mars missions;
Power Generation: Solar Cells and Solar Arrays
Most spacecraft rely on the power generated by photovoltaic solar generators. This subsystem
constitutes a significant part of the total satellite mass and costs. The availability of competitive solar
cells and solar arrays – which today mainly means high efficiency, low stowage volume, low mass and
appropriately priced - is important for scientific/Earth observation missions as well as for commercial
programmes, where the European industry has to compete in a very challenging world market.

To maintain European non-dependence and competitiveness, in the coming years the related main
challenges identified to be of key importance are:

• Cost reduction (W/€) on solar cell (including potential spin-in from terrestrial solar cells) and solar
array level;
• Development of the technology building blocks for next generation solar cells to anticipate and
react fast to new market trends; and
• Development of flexible/lightweight compact solar arrays, crucial to improve the figures of merit
(W/kg, kW/m³), creating additional value to the platforms and allowing multiple satellite launches.
Addressing those challenges supports achieving the first three Technology Strategy targets (Chapter 3).

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 Power Generation: Nuclear
The ESA Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration mission roadmap defines requirements for
lunar missions that require the use of nuclear technologies to provide heat and power during lunar
night periods and within permanently shadowed regions in the lunar polar regions (Section 5.1.2).
Future science missions to the outer planets and long-duration Mars surface missions will also
require nuclear heat and/or power (Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.1.2).

The ESA nuclear power development strategy is to achieve a European capability in radioisotope
power sources (both RHUs and electrical generators). Early-phase studies on nuclear fission reactor
systems are also under preparation, focused to support the longer-term Moon/Mars exploration
roadmap (Section 5.1.2).

6.5 RADIOFREQUENCY & OPTICAL SYSTEMS

Developments in the radio frequency and optical systems domain are driven by demands for
performance and cost efficiency, covering space, ground and user segments (Chapter 5). The CD5
associated technology development strategy activities therefore cover all aspects related to the
research, design, development and testing of telecommunication payloads and sub-systems,
microwave, (sub)millimetre wave and optical remote sensing instruments, digital and optical on-
board technologies, as well as quantum technologies. This includes the related hardware, algorithm
development (coding, modulation, access, synchronisation, networking), and system performance
tools.

Figure 21 - Satellite testing inside ESTEC HERTZ Figure 22 - Monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer.
facility.

Antenna and Payload technologies

For telecom applications, the development of large (deployable) antennas and phased arrays,
combined with high-efficiency solid state power amplifiers for distributed power amplification,
compact analogue large size beam forming networks, wideband multi-beam digital processors for
channelisation, switching and beam-forming exploiting photonic technologies, and very high-speed
feeder and inter-satellite links will enable new payload architectures which support modularity and
re-configurability. Payload re-configurability, large frequency reuse (small beam size) and dynamic
beam allocation technologies allow efficiency gains for on-board resources to achieve flexibility at a
competitive cost, by allowing to adapt to market uncertainties, short-term traffic variability and multi-
mission capability (e.g., broadcast and broadband) and to reduce spacecraft development time.
Those technologies are enabling for new types of very large throughput missions.

The advent of mega-constellations and 5G requires novel payload architectures with a special
emphasis on commercial viability.

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To enable complementary constellations operating in frequency bands different from the current
Global Satellite Navigation Systems L-band (e.g., VHF, C-band) for higher navigation signal
penetration and/or higher link margins, several enhancing and enabling technology developments
are foreseen. To allow the payload to derive frequency and time reference from existing MEO GNSS
constellations, and to enable payload technologies tailored to multi-layer PNT architectures, low-
cost integrated medium power wideband amplifiers, frequency versatile passive output sections
for GNSS satellites, versatile wideband antennas need to be developed as well as developments
for low-cost, low-mass low-power, highly resilient and low-energy positioning solutions in existing
(MEO) or alternative orbits (LEO) orbits with potentially LEO/MEO GNSS payloads. Penetrating
signal technologies are considered potential game changers for global navigation satellite system
applications.

The requirements for planned Earth observation instruments and astronomical missions go well
beyond those of related RF and optical instruments developed outside ESA, resulting in the need for
new antenna/telescope and payload configurations and for the refinement of existing configurations
and technologies

Antenna and payload performance is a critical aspect in limb sounding and low frequency GPR,
since it determines the measurement resolution and accuracy of the concentration profiles of
atmospheric species and the depth or soil penetration. For pointed observatories, which seek to
map point-like objects, the emphasis is on beam efficiency and the control of main beam shapes.
For survey missions, the level of far side lobes becomes important.

The advent of small satellites as a realistic alternative to the traditionally large satellites requires
new approaches to be adopted and extreme levels of integration with minimal resource demands.

Ground terminal technologies

The priority technologies for gateways aim at very high throughput support with high link availability,
flexibility and optimum use of system resources, full integration with future terrestrial infrastructure,
value-added services, and affordable ground segment for mega-constellations. The enabling
technologies for the gateways for GEO applications are cost-effective Q/V and W-band and/or
affordable optical feeder link solutions. For constellations, multi-satellite tracking active antennas
operating at Ka/Q/V will enable reducing the number of tracking antennas per gateway location.
Both radio frequency and optical technologies will require the intelligent reuse of spatial diversity to
minimise the ground segment cost.

For optical feeders, link pre-correction techniques to compensate for atmospheric propagation
effects and reduction of bandwidth expansion (i.e., RF over optical in free space) are considered
enhancing technology developments.

Dynamic resource management algorithms based on machine learning will enhance the capabilities
of flexible telecom payloads with a large number of beams in particular for telecom mega-
constellations.

User terminal technologies

New SATCOM user terminal technologies enable lowering cost, increasing compactness and
improving user friendliness, depending on application needs and markets: Low energy terminals
for Internet of Things, high data rates and flexibility in spectrum usage for broadband services, and
affordable low-profile user terminal antennas for aeronautical, land mobile, maritime applications.
Enhancing technologies for user terminals are low-cost steerable antennas based on semiconductor
technologies (GaAs, SiGe, Si), liquid crystal technology, or hybrid technology (Section 5.3).

The technology development for the navigation user segment will system-of-system PNT solutions,
contemplating hybridisation and exploit the integration of the existing space backbone, signals
from satcom and and terrestrial positioning services in a multi-layer PNT architectures (e.g., MEO
GNSS, signals from LEO, 5G/6G including from non-terrestrial networks) in particular to cover
challenging environments (e.g., urban canyon, indoor). Advanced positioning, navigation and
timing (PNT) algorithms, including carrier phase processing and integrity, will enable the adoption
in the most demanding safety of life applications (e.g., autonomous vehicles, railway signalling).

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Improved interference monitoring and mitigation at user level, support for secure authentication
algorithms, the integration of technologies complementing GNSS, will enhance the resilience of
the PNT solutions in support of the demand for higher security. Such algorithms together with the
development of chip-scale sensors, and MEMS and optical vision-based sensors are considered
potentially game-changing technologies for inertial and position measurements (Section 5.3.3).

Radars
The developments of generic radar technologies will focus on power sources for Ka/Ku-band
instruments, digital technology, novel antennas and RF front-end and improved models and
algorithms. Millimetre-wave GaN technology, large deployable reflector antennas and reflect-arrays
technology will enhance future Earth observation mission based on active antennas increasing the
performance and operational flexibility.

The field of radar imagery from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is undergoing a revolution in design
resulting in greatly enhanced capabilities. Digital beamforming techniques enhance the provision
of much wider swath products and thus greater coverage, whilst maintaining the same, or even
improved spatial resolution.

Very high phase stability to produce 3D terrain maps and surface deformation in the case of seismic
events will enable interferometric radars observing the surface of Venus. Frequencies like S-band
or lower will allow all weather performance. The development of ultra-wide band stepped-frequency
radars combining high resolution with low data rate will enable slow movement around asteroids.

The development of larger deployable antennas and multiple frequency systems will enhance future
ground-penetrating radars to determine the subsurface structure of planets and asteroids by adding
detail to the detected sub-surface structure.

Planetary landing radars fall into two main categories: pulsed (e.g., ExoMars) and frequency-
modulated continuous-wave (e.g., Huygens). Technology developments to counteract variable
attitude and locking of the signal onto false targets include the extension of their useful range,
accuracy, and the development of multiple beams from ultra-lightweight antennas. These are
enabled by moving to higher frequencies. The development of compact HF-VHF tubular deployable
antennas will enable the ground penetrating radar of small planetary missions, together with
associated verification and calibration techniques (Section 5.1.2).

Radiometers
The development of image reconstruction techniques with low side-lobe levels, advanced receivers and
correlation with radio frequency interference mitigation capability, ASIC correlators, new deployment
concepts and mechanisms for large array antennas of hexagonal shape will enable the microwave
radiometers needed for SMOS follow-on missions. Constellations of instruments to synthesise a large
aperture have also been proposed as game changing technology for a further future.

At (sub)millimetre wave frequencies, radiometers are expected to remain the workhorses of Earth
Observation and Science in both limb and down-looking configurations. Radiometers based on (sub)
millimetre wave synthetic aperture interferometers would enhance the high-resolution capability
needed for certain applications (Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.3.2).

Strengthening the leading European position in technological areas such as RF-antenna modelling,
submillimetre wave quasi-optics, frequency selective surfaces, and in HBV technology enhances
the competitiveness of European industry and space systems.

The availability of certain reliable semiconductor technologies (Schottky, HBV) is considered

critical. Two branches of technology development activities are being explored to address the
lack of sufficient local oscillator power: a technology development focus on quantum cascade
laser (QCL) and the development of novel THz multipliers using Schottky diodes. Radiometers
installed on small and cubesat missions have attracted increasing attention. The development of
solid state technologies such as SChottky or HBV will directly benefit the development of compact
radiometers for such platform. However, a strong R&D effort is needed in this domain to fill gaps
with technologies under development outside Europe.

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The development of an interferometric dual-band (Ku+Ka) altimetry system will enhance topographic
measurements over the oceans and polar ice caps for future missions targeting the cryosphere and
oceans with either one or two satellites in polar (non-sun synchronous) orbit.

Optical Sensors
In the field of optical imaging, the constant demand towards increased optical performances
(detection sensitivity, spatial and spectral resolutions in particular) has been driving the optical
payload requirements and the need for enabling technologies for future missions (Section 5.3.2).

The development of hyper and multispectral imagers in the VNIR and SWIR domains has gathered
momentum in both large flagship missions (e.g., CHIME in the frame of Copernicus Expansion)
and smallsats with drastically reduced mass, size and cost but with limited compromise on the
product quality (e.g., Hyperscouts) thanks to key enabling technologies (e.g., free-form surfaces
manufacturing, free-form gratings, direct filter deposition on detectors, on-board image processing).
This trend will continue, generating a constant need for technological innovations and improvements
in the optical path.

To complement the spectral range, dedicated mid-to thermal infrared sensors are being developed,
both imagers (e.g., LSTM in the frame of the Copernicus Expansion) or spectrometers (e.g., Earth
Explorer FORUM) benefiting from developments in free-form surface manufacturing and metrology,
Fourier Transform spectrometry, IR-specific materials and optomechanical techniques (e.g.,
bonding, mounting). In spite of robust technological improvements in this field in recent years, the
increased New Space interest in thermal sensing imaging embarked on smallsats and the scientific
demands of larger missions both keep driving its technological development towards state-of-the-
art performances (detectors, highly efficient IR coatings and gratings, straylight-adverse optical
designs) and/or cheaper and leaner payloads with faster development curves (e.g., replicated
mirrors, direct Aluminium free-form polishing, transmissive gratings).

While keeping upgrading their performances for atmosphere research, and planetary altimetry,
LIDAR systems technologies will extend their role to e.g., landing/docking, clean space, in-orbit
services and deployments thanks to a push towards smaller form factors and potential integration
as service to large payloads.

In parallel, fuelled by a science-based push for greater sensitivity and resolution from both Science
and Earth Observation, studies on large space telescopes and their related technologies have
garnered significant progress in recent years, both in terms of concepts (based on monolithic primary
mirror such as GEOBS, sparse aperture approach, or deployable segmented primary mirrors) and
technologies (active correction loops, large mirrors manufacturing, optomechanical concepts for
segmented optics). However, these promising preliminary results need to be consolidated to reach
a robust enough technological maturity status for adoption by missions, with a particular effort on
metrology, mirror materials, active correction, high-accuracy actuation, and AIT of large optical
systems.

Regarding optical telecommunications implementation at payload level, optical feeder links will keep
their rapid rate of development to address the need for higher throughput, higher link availability,
flexibility and optimal use of system resources, pushing for novel solutions (e.g., spatial and spectral
optical filtering methods, detection strategies to enable the use of smaller laser terminals, adaptive
optics).

Optical Path Technologies

To implement demanding trends in optical sensors, several key optical technologies need to keep
their development pace. In particular, better straylight control is paramount to ensuring stringent
radiometric accuracy. Better surface quality needs to be pursued through improved mirror and lens
polishing techniques as well as better contamination control. Reliable straylight correction algorithms
for image processing coupled with better characterisation (on-ground and most importantly in-flight)
will constitute the next game changing technology in straylight control in the coming years.

Polarisation control is also becoming essential for many forthcoming payloads, either due
to polarisation effects on radiometric accuracy or due to the growing scientific importance of

68 ESA Technology Strategy

 polarisation as a measurement product. Regarding control, several polarisation scramblers have
been developed in recent years, often at the expense of the instrument volume. An alternative
would be improvement of coatings polarisation characteristics and knowledge, in particular for the
UV and visible ranges. Diffraction-based technologies, such as nanostructured filters, allowing to
shape both spectral and polarisation contents of the instrument signal, have the potential to act as
game changing technologies both for polarisation control and sensing.

The strong market pull for optical payloads with reduced size, mass and cost demands, next to
already existing enabling technologies (such as free-form surfaces) which need further enhancement,
the exploration of potential game changing technologies, such as liquid crystal optics and meta-
surfaces for planar optics, or active optics for compact payloads aiming at decreasing their thermo-
mechanical and AIT complexity. Furthermore, the potential applications of the synergy between
standard optics (e.g., front telescope) and photonics (e.g., instrument on a chip) need a thorough
investigation as a disruptive approach for smaller payloads for both Earth Observation and Science
applications (Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.3.2).

ESA’s upcoming science missions will keep pushing the very boundaries of technology, with on-
going developments such as the ultra-stable mounting technologies to achieve the picometer-level
stability, distance measurement and pointing accuracy required by gravity wave detection (Section
5.1.1). Looking further, optical missions to be developed in the frame of ESA Voyage 2050 will trigger
new developments in various payload technological fields (e.g., compact payloads for planetary
exploration, space-based nulling interferometry for temperate exoplanet characterisation, cold atom
interferometry, X-ray interferometry) that will need to be identified and mapped as early as possible.

In the mid-to long-term future, sustainability-driven approaches to space missions will put the
emphasis on serviceability of optical payloads (e.g., in-orbit integration, repair) and designs
compatible with demisability requirements (Section 2.5). For this, a significant change of paradigm
in the traditional design of optical payloads will be need to take place and should be explored soon
to tackle the related implementation challenges.

6.6 LIFE & PHYSICAL SCIENCE PAYLOADS, LIFE SUPPORT,

ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION
CD6
The expansion of human activities in space requires the development of technologies in the fields of
automation and robotics, autonomy, science instrumentation, environmental control and life support
systems and in-situ resource utilisation. (Section 5.1.2)

Figure 23 - 3-arm Installation Robot MIRROR. Figure 24 - ESTEC Life&Physical Sciences Clean Room.

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Automation and robotics technologies reduce operating cost, increase the performance and the
flexibility of space infrastructure.

Autonomy related R&D enhance the scientific yield of missions, while technology developments
of instrumentation for life and physical sciences enhance the availability of new high-performance
instruments for human or robotic space missions. ISRU and advanced life support systems
technologies are enabling long term presence of humans in space while improving the efficiency of
resource usage and lowering the mass of consumables to be transported.

Technologies for environmental control and life support

Moving towards closed-loop systems entails the conception of regenerative systems based on
waste/resource transformation processes, to provide consumables for humans. They include
technologies for air processing, urine/water processing, food production, contamination monitoring
and control, both for biological and airborne molecular contamination in a closed environment, and
the protection and monitoring of environmental hazards.

The technology development for such systems has moved from a process view to a sub-system/
system view. Recent adoption of co-engineering practices, in small-scale industrial consortium
setting, have proven to decrease the development time while limiting the technical risk. However,
this concerns a limited number of developments and the approach would need to be repeated for
full quantification and statistical relevance. Furthermore, to decrease the development time to a fully
operational system, demonstrations of the scalability of subsystems in an operational environment
(e.g., ISS) are essential before increasing complexity. Gradually adding and improving the capacity
of the subsystem will demonstrate its robustness. In addition, synergies with related terrestrial
applications R&D, specifically in the low TRL area, are catalysing the development of specific
processes and technologies for LSS and reduce development time. These technologies will improve
cost efficiency of orbital platforms by reducing the amount of critical supplies to be launched per year.

Robotics building blocks

The main purpose is the development of a set of standard and sufficiently generic robotic elements
(physical or software) that can be used across space robotics missions and applications for
exploration (Section 5.1.2), space transportation (Section 5.4.1) and telecommunication (Section
5.3.1) to reduce time, cost and increase cross-applications benefits. These building blocks in
form of reliable, dependable and high-performance subsystems, components, and software will
facilitate the integration of space robots into new space mission applications (e.g., for space safety
applications) (Sections 5.2). The development of standard robotics building blocks will enhance
the faster introduction of robotic applications into future missions and enable new services and
missions, specifically in the fields of on-orbit servicing and on-orbit assembly.

Technologies for active space debris removal and reuse

Active Debris Removal controls the risk of defunct satellites fragmentation by deorbiting them. With
the ADRIOS mission, ESA is addressing the demonstration of such space application. The collision
risk on defunct satellites can also be controlled by attaching them to a system that can actively
perform collision avoidance manoeuvres.

A large structure can be used to cluster a number of defunct satellites. The subject of spacecraft
clustering technologies addresses the operations of collecting defunct satellites, tugging them to the
structure, attaching them to it.

Clustering satellites is the way to transition from Active Debris Removal to Active Debris re-Use.
Debris are at the moment a liability, but they can become in the future an asset as their components
and materials can be reused for manufacturing other spacecraft in orbit. (Section 5.2 and Section
2.5).

These technologies are essential to achieving the technology strategy target aiming at inverting
Europe’s contribution to space debris by 2030, and instrumental in supporting European companies
to benefit from the associated emerging and potentially large commercial market (Section 3.4).

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 In-orbit assembly and robotic modular space systems
Space applications increasingly demand operational flexibility of space infrastructure. Flexibility
typically comes at the high cost of the complete replacement of space assets. Technologies that
allow spacecraft to be reconfigurable in orbit offer an alternative to the reduction of lifetime to allow
operators to be more responsive to changing markets (Section 2.8). The development of standardised
modules and robotic technology (manipulation and interconnects) will enable the robotic replacement
of payloads in orbit and reconfigurable space assets. It will therefore improve cost efficiency by allowing
the replacement of just the elements of the spacecraft that are obsolete or no longer providing value.

Large sizes are of special interest for some satellite systems. In particular, the size of reflectors (radio
or optical), solar arrays, radiators and shields/shrouds has increased substantially. The ever more
complex mechanisms needed to deploy these appendages from packed launch configurations to
their operational configuration reach levels that make space robotic systems more advantageous.
The development of robotically operated interconnection systems and specialised manipulation and
transportation robot systems will enable robotic in-orbit assembly of appendages made out of modules.

Finally, robotic assembly, population and maintenance of extremely large space structures, spanning
hundreds of meters, are relevant to the development of Space based Solar Power Systems.

These systems which aim at providing power from space either in in form of microwave beams or
reflected light or laser beams, require assembly of very large reticular structures, the installation of
mirrors/solar panels/RF equipment/distributed RCS/harness and the continuous maintenance of all
these. This can only be realised by robot crews which will probably be specialised (e.g., transport
robots) as well as of general use (e.g., installation robots) and finally anthropomorphic (for highly
dexterous ground-teleoperated work).

Instrumentation for health monitoring and countermeasures, telemedicine applications

The main technology objective in the field of instrumentation for medical instrumentation and
countermeasures is to spin in terrestrial applications for human spaceflight. Medical diagnostic tools
for astronaut health to enable routine monitoring and potential emergency response are required.
Environmental monitoring technology (radiation, habitat atmosphere) will improve the cost efficiency
of human missions by enabling longer human spaceflight with reduced ground personnel. Space-
based telemedicine applications have demonstrated their value during the COVID pandemic27,
enabling resilient decentralised health care and fast crisis responses.

Instrumentation for life and physical sciences and for exploration

Miniaturisation and transfer of novel lab-based measurement technologies will enhance the
understanding of gravity related phenomena via experiments on the ISS and the lunar gateway,
prepared by cost-effective ground-based experiments using hypergravity and low gravity simulation.

The main technology development focus for instrumentation for exploration missions and in situ
measurements for planetary exploration is to reduce their development cost while maintaining or
increasing performance parameters (Section 5.1.2). This will be achieved mainly via the spin-in of
novel technologies and their qualification for space applications.

Autonomy in Exploration
In the field of autonomy, the technology development focuses on next generation logically
autonomous systems that will leverage on autonomous decision-making, cooperative exploration,
and cooperative assembly and construction for exploration needs (Section 5.1.2). Autonomy
improves cost efficiency by enhancing the science return for a given mission and by reducing the
effort on ground control.

Technologies for in situ resource utilisation

The main focus is the development of new ISRU processes, the upscaling of known processes from
laboratory and pilot projects to higher TRL, their implementation in relevant environment and robotic
technologies for feed stock, consumables and product handling to enable and enhance exploration
missions (Section 5.1.2). ISRU will improve cost efficiency of space exploration by reducing the
amount of supply needed for future planetary missions.
27. “Space-enabled mobile bio-lab to test key workers for COVID-19”, 9 June 2020, www.esa.int/Applications.

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6.7 PROPULSION, SPACE TRANSPORTATION AND RE-ENTRY

VEHICLES
CD7
Propulsion, space transportation, and re-entry vehicle technologies jointly enable Europe’s
independent access to and use of space. Technology developments contribute to achieving the
ESA technology strategy targets 1 and 3, decreasing the time to market and the faster adoption of
cutting-edge technologies, via the demonstration of new technologies on complete platforms rather
than in isolation. The development of state-of-the-art simulation and test facilities is essential to
reaching these objectives, complemented by in-orbit demonstration where necessary. Integrated in
the Agency’s digital agenda, key technologies enable engine health monitoring, intelligent control
technology (self-regulation) and vehicle testing through simulation. The following main technology
areas implement this strategy.

Figure 25 - Demonstrating the principle of air-breathing Figure 26 - ExoMars Parachute Inflation.

electric propulsion.

Propulsion Technologies
Technology developments in space propulsion enable the European access to space and the
development of new space missions, covering chemical, electric and further advanced propulsion
concepts. They are structured according to three strategic pillars:

1. Develop propulsion (sub-)systems to enable new, emerging applications and satisfy new
requirements (non-toxic propulsion, retro-propulsion, throttle-ability, very high thrust), focussing
on the reduction in development time and cost improvement.

2. Develop new re-usable propulsion technologies, components and systems (engine re-usability,
re-fuelling of tanks) to enhance the creation of new markets in propulsion technology in Europe,
focusing on the adoption of innovative new propulsion technologies and reducing space debris.

3. Develop propulsion technologies to enhance the reliability and competitiveness of European

propulsion products and processes, contributing to all four of ESA’s technology strategy targets.

The development of enhancing propulsion technologies will support the nascent European New
Space industries by focusing on cost reduction and adopting a design to produce approach. Of
particular importance are developments towards industrialisation of electrical propulsion, including
high thrust and long-life systems, cost-reduction and production improvements for all propulsion
systems, and thereby fostering and driving the development of propulsion for small satellite systems.

The development of simulation, testing, and diagnostic propulsion tools will enhance the capability
for independent forecast and validation of the performances of European propulsion systems and
components. They are also essential for innovative new technologies such air breathing engines
for planetary orbiters.

Space Transportation Technologies

The technology developments in support of the European strategy for Space Transportation
systems focus on enabling re-usability (including the development of intelligent hardware to

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increase reliability and autonomy), develop hypersonic sub-orbital, and orbital flight capabilities (for
future advanced launchers and future point to point transportation, and their business cases), and
enabling space servicing that includes tugging, payload exchange, re-fuelling and storage, in-orbit
assembly, life extension, and active debris removal (Section 5.4.1).

These enabling developments contribute to the logistics framework for high-cargo routes in Low
Earth orbit, transfer to the Moon, or other planetary bodies. This is complementary to supporting
the existing markets already thriving in Earth orbit, by improving modularity and assembly, cost
reductions, and re-using systems.

New multi-physics simulation, testing, and diagnostic tools, using of artificial intelligence to speed
up computations, will enable the forecast and validation of performances of European systems and
components, essential for de-risk, acceleration and cost reduction.

(Re-)Entry Technologies
Entry, together with descent and landing, technologies are enabling technologies for new services for
return from space. They aim at non-destructive Earth and planetary (re-)entry, including advanced
materials, precise guidance, navigation and control concepts, novel thermal subsystems, and
structures. Applications of these technologies centre around increasing the capability of decelerator
systems to enable high speed interplanetary entry for larger masses. In particular, the (Re-)Entry
Technology developments will enable an operational capability to

1. Design, assess, and develop the performance of any (un)propelled flight vehicle along any
trajectory or orbit (gaining one order of magnitude cost efficiency);

2. Assess life-time and endurance of any (un)propelled vehicle and its subsystems covering re-
usability, expandability, and demise, and to maintain, evolve, and develop multi-disciplinary
methodologies and transdisciplinary methods and techniques (cut 30% development time, one
order of magnitude cost efficiency);

3. Allow near equilibrium glide efficient flight via new and revolutionary aerodynamics shapes (cut
30% development time, one order of magnitude cost efficiency);

4. Design and develop new thermodynamics systems providing efficient heat transfer (gain one
order of magnitude cost efficiency, 30% faster development, inverting Europe’s contribution to
space debris);

5. Cover steady and transient flow related flight regimes in a wide range of speeds: from zero to hypersonic
speeds, from incompressible liquids to highly compressible gasses and plasmas, from internal to
external flows, from inert to chemically highly reactive (one order of magnitude cost efficiency); and

6. Deliver with high accuracy, performance, and safety all kind to payloads in a great variety of
flight regimes (gain one order of magnitude cost efficiency, 30% faster development, inverting
Europe’s contribution to space debris).
The development of advanced GNC systems for (re-)entry will enable safe and precise (pin-point)
landing capabilities through an enhancement of on-board autonomy (e.g., by means of real-time
computation of trajectory guidance adjustments) and flying qualities (Section 6.3).

The in-orbit demonstration and maintenance of test beds and testing facilities for flight physics,
aerodynamics, thermodynamics, decelerators, and fluid dynamics systems enhance the further
reduction of system development time. Similarly, the development of new simulation, testing and
diagnostic tools capable to support the forecast and validation of re-entry systems, enhance the
reduction of development time and cost efficiency.

Planetary aircraft and submersibles

Technologies developed under the previous three areas in turn enable an area where all of them
are integrated in vehicles used in the Earth and other planetary atmospheres and fluids. Enabling
technologies in engine design and aerothermodynamics models lead to novel air breathing engines
and open the door to planetary submersible and rotor designs.

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6.8 GROUND SYSTEMS AND MISSION OPERATIONS

Mission operations represent typically between 3 to 9% of the total mission cost. The lower end is
represented by standard and repetitive Earth observation missions, while the higher end is usually
CD8
represented by complex interplanetary missions. The main focus for technology developments
therefore targets new operational concepts and space communication techniques that reduce
development time and cost, and allow faster adoption in mission operations.

Figure 27 - Ground Stations at New Norcia (AU) and Malargüe (AR).

The major drivers for technology developments are grouped into advanced operation concepts,
tracking, telemetry and command technologies (radio and optical frequencies), space debris
detection technologies, and mission operations data systems and their standardised interfaces.

Advanced operation concepts

Artificial intelligence, data analytics and the use of digital twin spacecraft will allow more effective,
automated and economical operations. Large-scale international cooperative missions, e.g., robotics
and/or human lunar and Mars exploration, will necessitate distributed and shared operations with
associated innovative and cyber-secured data systems (Section 5.1.2 and Section 2.6). These
require the initial demonstration in analogues on Earth before being deployed in space. The ESOC
seamless response to the COVID pandemic has further confirmed the trend towards ubiquitous
distributed operations. Modern human-machine interface methodologies like augmented and virtual
reality (AR/VR) are introduced in support of future operational scenarios.

Tracking, Telemetry, Command Systems and Payload Data Transmission Systems in Radio
Frequencies
Tracking, Telemetry, Command (TTC) Systems and Payload Data Transmission Systems (PDT) in
Radio Frequency (RF) enable safe spacecraft communication, position, navigation, timing and high-
rate transmissions. Enhancing technology development activities aim to maximise the exploitation
of the scarce allocated RF spectrum by higher order modulations, variable/adaptive coding and
modulation, efficient codes for deep space, arraying of ground antennas, disruption tolerant
networking, high power uplink for spacecraft emergency, exploitation of new uplink frequency
allocations in X-band for Earth Observation missions, and high rate K-band uplinks for lunar
exploration missions. For spacecraft navigation, Ka-band Doppler and Delta-DOR measurements
with associated atmospheric and solar calibration will enable a factor of ten improvement in orbit
determination accuracy.

Enhancing technologies in the field of radio science include multi-frequency up- and downlinks
for the elimination of frequency-dependent phenomena with associated radiometric calibrations
of solar plasma, Earth atmosphere including wet and dry troposphere, and those to increase the
antenna mechanical performance.

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 Payload Data Transmission Systems in Optical Frequencies
For payload data transmission systems in optical frequencies, the technology R&D focus is on
direct-to-Earth communication for increased data return or substantially smaller on-board systems
compared to RF, with the potential to becoming game-changing technologies, as the corresponding
ground terminals are small (60-100cm) optical antennas for LEO up to Lunar distance communication
with data rates of 1-10Gbps, and large ground terminals (2-12m) for deep space communication with
normalised data rates of 100Mbps from 1AU distance or miniaturised on-board terminals at shorter
distances, to be demonstrated in cooperation with NASA on the Psyche mission. Synergies with
optical telecom feeder links and quantum key distribution ground terminals will allow to maximise
the exploitation of the underlying optical and modem technology.

Enabling technologies are therefore cost-efficient large optical antennas for day and night operations
with segmented optical mirrors made of aluminium, standard photon counting detectors, high photon
efficiency modulation and coding, and high-power laser uplinks with associated safety systems.

Mission Operations Data Systems and Standardised Interfaces

The strategy for data systems aims at multi-mission software application building blocks that cover
the full mission lifecycle from concept to operations (e.g., the European Ground System Common
Core, EGS-CC). These multi-mission applications need to be extended to support future missions,
thus enabling significant reduction of development time and cost. This Includes the provision of
mission operations data systems “as-a-service” where required.

A main technological challenge is to keep the development pace with the fast-changing terrestrial IT
sector (e.g., cloud/quantum computing, containers, DevSecOps, AR/VR, advanced MMI, AI, digital
twins, model based system engineering, cybersecurity) and, at the same time, mediate with the
often conservative on-board environment. Such technologies when not mission enabling tend to
be discarded, translating in missed opportunities and limited innovation. ESA therefore actively
supports in-orbit-demonstrators (e.g., OPS-SAT) to validate some of these technologies.

Responding to increasing mission requirements (e.g., rover/exploration missions, constellations,

HAPS, CubeSats, space safety), technology developments are needed in the field of large data
volumes, high-fidelity simulators, and distributed operations, always aiming to automatise and
harmonise similar functionalities across domains.

The establishment of standard interfaces, in particular towards distributed, service oriented and net-
centric communications and operations architectures will enhance cost and schedule reduction, and
add flexibility. CCSDS based mission operations services, file-based operation and delay tolerant
networks will be game changing technologies leading to a space-ground single system and to a re-
usable standard on-board reference architecture.

6.9 DIGITAL ENGINEERING

Digital engineering for space missions is an integrated approach that uses authoritative sources of
system data and models as a continuum across disciplines to support the end-to-end engineering
CD9
process and all lifecycle activities. This ranges from concept through to mission disposal, and across
both the space and ground segments. It also includes methods and tools to enable and maximise
data exploitation.

As already taking place outside space in Industry 4.0, digital engineering covers all disciplines
supporting the engineering, production and operations of systems. The introduction of digital
engineering aims to reduce time-to-market and cost, and supports customisation and flexibility in
the engineering and design of the systems. It also enables consistent management of the increased
complexity of new systems. It is centred around a new way to approach the complete system lifecycle
from requirements, to design, production, verification, assurance and in-flight operations, based on
a digital representation of the system. Digital models and tools will be used to digitally represent the
system of interest at all levels, from the overall system-of-systems, down to equipment and parts. It will
include digital representations of the environment and of all engineering and management processes.

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Following the emphasis given since 2018 (Section 2.4) and the resulting activities supported by the
Discovery, Preparation and Technology Development elements of the Basic Activities, the transition
to a digital model-based approach is well advanced. A large number of ESA missions are already
implementing model-based engineering, including: EUCLID (Phase C/D), PLATO (Phase C/D), Galileo
2nd Generation (Phase B2), Ariane 6, Mars Sample Return ERO (Phase B2), ADRIOS, ARIEL, EL3,
I-HAB, Envision, Truths, CHIME, EGNOS, LCNS and SAGA (all Phase A/B1).

This paradigm shift will allow the radical reduction of costs in industry and ESA by enabling the
use of the native engineering models and tools as the basis of reviews and deliverables, instead of
(or to supplement) traditional documents. This also requires adapting the procurement processes.
Furthermore, the use of digital models allows the technical management team greater access to the
system data itself. This will allow the use of tools working on the data for consistency, traceability,
system optimisation, and cross-discipline consistency among others.

Digital engineering and data exploitation relies heavily on some technologies and disciplines,
which have not previously been at the core of space system engineering. These include model-
based techniques, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, advanced
simulators, autonomy, and cybersecurity. The challenge is to efficiently spin-in these techniques,
adapting the related processes and tools to enable their use and maximise the benefits in the space
engineering context.

To allow the space sector to fully benefit from these developments, several ambitious steps are
necessary. Beyond the applications of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) already in
place, the development of further tools and refined processes is necessary. This will require Digital
Continuity to extend and interconnect this model-based approach across all design disciplines, and
other space project processes (e.g., procurement, manufacturing, qualification, verification).

Insights into the system via the model data and sensor data needs development through advanced
data representation and analytics tools. These will extract information from heterogeneous, scattered
and distributed data sources (space and non-space data) to build both data-driven and user-centric
representations. Effective methods and tools for data sharing, inspection (e.g., visualisation),
collaborative use, and dissemination need to be developed. The near-term focus is on AR/VR and
advanced digital model interface techniques.

Digital engineering for spacecraft operations addresses the need for advanced onboard autonomy,
for higher system robustness, for cost reduction related to the operational burden induced by an
exponential increase in the numbers of satellites on-orbit. The OPS-SAT mission allows already
novel autonomy technology demonstrations, such as autonomous scheduling, opportunistic science
and autonomous decision-making.

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 Artificial intelligence will be harnessed further to allow designers, operators and autonomous
spacecraft to make decisions during mission development and on-board navigation in challenging
environments. An AI roadmap for operations has been developed, with a prototype for an AI-powered
assistant to operations already receiving good feedback. Advanced cybersecurity concepts and
technologies will improve the security and resilience of European space and ground assets.

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), quantum-based approaches and High-performance

computing in space are considered potentially game changing digital engineering technologies,
impacting the future competitiveness of the European space industry.

Fourth, effective concepts, mechanisms and architectures to protect space mission assets and
products need to be developed. The systems’ safety and dependability needs to be ensured through
extensive use of data to support risk-informed decision making throughout the entire life cycle. This
will also require efficient and effective means for regulating access to ensure authorised users have
access to the right information at the right time to allow an uninterrupted flow of models and data
within ESA but also between ESA and industry up to partners and end-users. It will enable access
to the right version of the right information in the right form to the right person at the right time.

6.10 ASTRODYNAMICS, SPACE DEBRIS AND SPACE

ENVIRONMENT
CD10
Measuring, modelling, understanding and mitigating risks induced by the natural and human-
influenced space environment is of increasing importance to all space missions. This requires
technologies for the monitoring of artificial objects, determination of their dynamics and precise
orbit, for mission analysis and flight dynamics as well as monitoring and modelling for radiation,
plasma, atmospheric and particulate space environments.

Figure 28 - ESA’s Optical Ground Station. Figure 29 - CD 10 Perimeter.

Space Debris Technologies

ESA’s forth technology target aims at inverting Europe’s contribution to space debris by 2030 (Section
3.4). ESA’s original focus on operational space event predictions, modelling, measurements, and
protection allowed the identification of most debris generating sources, a quantification of their
effects, improving our understanding of the effects of atmospheric re-entry for risk quantification
on-ground and provided Europe with the means to understand and define the effect of mitigation
measures. Further efforts to improve risk estimation and modelling of the environment and its
evolution are needed to reflect the drastic changes in the use of space as a resource.

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Monitoring and sampling the space debris environment needs ground-based and space-based radar
or passive optical instrumentation. Further, active optical tracking using laser-ranging techniques
even under daylight conditions is evolving and allows for a further evolution towards momentum
transfer to induce small velocity changes to space debris. Addressing the current knowledge
gap of mm and cm-sized space debris that can terminate missions requires space-based optical
observations.

The safe and sustainable operation of space assets is deeply linked to space debris mitigation
technologies and the progress towards automation. Technologies and models (such as Digital
Twins of the environment and of spacecraft) are essential to enhance Europe’s capabilities to
predict and characterise space events and to establish a measurable logic (an index) for assessing
the environmental criticality. Improved risk assessment methodologies and transparent assessment
tools are needed. Europe’s technical lead in the understanding of the space debris environment
guarantees its authority in driving related regulations and policies.

Space Environments and Effects Technologies, Tools and Methods

The understanding and modelling of environments of concern to space system development and
operation, and the capabilities for quantitative assessments of their effects enhances the reliability
of space missions. These environments include radiation, plasma, atmospheric and particulate
environments, which are described by statistical or physics-based models. Monitoring of the space
environment feeds into modelling and enables post-event analysis of anomalies, the forecasting
of radiation storms, build-up of differential potentials and hazardous discharges and mitigation of
hypervelocity impact damage.

Development and adoption of innovative technologies has been accelerated through flight
opportunities for in-orbit demonstration of environment monitoring units. This facilitates direct
procurements for operational and science missions. It Is vital to complement these with opportunities
for microparticle detectors and plasma instrumentation currently under development, including
miniaturized environment monitors and charging mitigation devices .

Deeper space environment understanding, through more sophisticated modelling, allows for
reduction of uncertainties, especially in poorly explored regions, leading to reduction in conservatism
and spacecraft development costs. New modelling methods, using new extensive data sets and
capable of capturing environmental variability, have been derived for the Earth’s plasma, radiation
and microparticle environments to mitigate storm risks through forecasting. To reduce spacecraft
development time and costs, new data sets and modelling methods are being combined through
digitised work flows, such as for internal charging and single event effect analyses.

Astrodynamics – Space Flight Dynamics Technologies

Mission Analysis and Flight Dynamics services are provided for all missions with a focus on the
design of interplanetary tours, such as planetary and moon swing-by’s, missions to the collinear
and tri-angular Sun-Earth Libration points, multi-revolution solar electric propulsion transfers (to
GTO, MEO and escape) and on cis-lunar locations for robotic and human exploration (Section
5.1.2). This typically includes the assessment of the navigation requirements for the missions as
well as contingency scenario investigations and the provision of all trajectory related products for
other sub-systems.

Specific technology developments now allow to fly disposal strategies that guarantee the adherence
to the space debris mitigation standards at minimum propellant costs, to proof the compliance to
planetary protection requirements or to nuclear safety requirement for exploration missions, even
if extremely low probabilities need to be verified. Research activities for flight dynamics operations
have enabled new operational concepts for multi-revolution solar electric propulsion transfers,
optical/radiometric navigation around small bodies, formation flying and rendezvous. The transition
from research to applications of artificial intelligence for flight dynamics allowed for improvements of
environmental models and new environment modelling enabling substantial cost reduction.

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GNSS Technologies
The drastically increasing number of satellite missions and the progressive movement towards
commercialisation are significant key drivers for new and more standardised concepts in spacecraft
navigation. In this respect, GNSS technologies are increasingly becoming a cornerstone for
standardised navigation concepts, supporting autonomous navigation in a wide range of orbital
regimes up to the Moon.

As demonstrated by the International Committee on GNSS (ICG) of the United Nations (UN),
optimal performance in the Space Service Volume (above LEO) can be achieved by combining all
the available observations from the different GNSS systems in the calculation process for satellite
Precise Orbit Determination (POD). Another push, also underlining the importance of GNSS in
future navigation concepts, is provided by the development of High Accuracy Services (HAS) for
example the Galileo HAS. Next satellite missions ranging from LEO up to the Moon will require
GNSS to achieve higher orbit accuracy and increasing on-board autonomy.

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