Gidb5856658 - Resource and Development

RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT –GEOGRAPHY
1.What is a resource?
Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs,
provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable
can be termed as ‘Resource’.
2. Classify the types of resources on the basis of Origin. (3Mark)
a) On the basis of Origin:
Biotic resources are resources that are obtained from biosphere and have life such as
human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock.
Abiotic resources are resources that are composed of non-living things. Example. rocks
and metals.
3. Classify the types of resources on the basis of Exhaustibility. (3Mark)

b) On the basis of Exhaustibility:
Renewable Resource
The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or
mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind
energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc
Non –Renewable Resource
Resources like fossil fuels that cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use is
Non-Renewable resource. These resources take millions of years in their formation.
4. Classify the types of resources on the basis of Ownership. (5Mark)

a) Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Many farmers
own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue.
b) Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the
members of the community. Village commons -grazing grounds, burial grounds, village
ponds, public parks, picnic spots etc.
c) National Resources: All the resources which are under the control of the
government for public goods. Examples railways, mines, roads, canals.
d)International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some
resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic
Zone belong to International Resources.
5. Explain the following concepts (5 Mark)
1. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been
utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have
enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have
not been developed properly.
2. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity
have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on
technology and level of their feasibility.
3. Stock: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these resources.
4. Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of
existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started.
6.What are the reasons for the depletion of resources? (3 Mark)

i) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
ii) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two
segments.
Example rich and poor.
iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as,
global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
7. What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without
damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise
with the needs of the future generations.
8. Explain the process involved in resource planning. (3 Mark)
(i) identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This
involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
9. Explain the causes of land degradation in India and the measures to overcome
the problem.(5Mark)
1. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is incomplete leaving deep scars
and traces of over-burdening.
2. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due
to mining have caused severe land degradation.
3. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one
of the main reasons for land degradation.
4. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible
for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity.
5. Afforestation and proper management of grazing, planting of shelter belts of plants,
control on over grazing, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and
wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation.
10. Classify Soils of India based on its origin. (5 Mark)

1. Alluvial Soil
a) This is the most widely spread and important soil spread over the entire northern
plains and eastern coastal region .
b) Soil has been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the
Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
c) The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
d) Alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
e) soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are
ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
f) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely
populated.
(ANY FIVE POINTS )
2. Black Soil
a) Black soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils.
b) Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
c) The black soils are made up of extremely fine clayey material and are well-known
for their capacity to hold moisture.
d) They are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and
lime.
e) These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents and develop deep cracks
during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil.
3. Red Soil (3 Mark)
a) Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern
and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
b) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rocks.
c) It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form
4. Laterite Soil
a) Laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick.
b) Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
c) Humus content of the soil is low because of the micro organisms, the decomposers,
like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
d) soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
e) After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques, this soil is very useful for
growing tea and coffee.
5. Arid Soil
a) Arid soils are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
b) The salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
c) Evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
d) The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
e) After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.
6. Forest Soil
a) These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas.
b) The soils texture varies according to the mountain environment where they are
formed.
c) They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
d) In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are
acidic with low humus content.
e) The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys and on the river terraces are fertile.
11. Explain the causes of Soil erosion and the measures to conserve Soil. (5 Mark)
a) Human activities and natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
b) The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
c) Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope causes the top soil to be washed
away. This is known as sheet erosion.
d) Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
e) Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.
Measures to overcome Soil Erosion
a) Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the
slopes.
b) Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
c) Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops breaks up the force of the wind.
d) Planting lines of trees to create shelters are called shelter belts.
e) The shelter belts contribute to stabilisation of sand dunes.

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RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT –GEOGRAPHY

3. Classify the types of resources on the basis of Exhaustibility. (3Mark)

4. Classify the types of resources on the basis of Ownership. (5Mark)

6.What are the reasons for the depletion of resources? (3 Mark)

10. Classify Soils of India based on its origin. (5 Mark)

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