Linear Integratectrouits 7-19 Waveform Generators

7.8 Astable Multivibrator using Op-amp AU : Dec.-02- 05, 14, 17, May-06
The Fig. 7.8.1 shows astable
multivibrator circuit using op-amp. R
lt looks like comparator with
hysteresis (Schmitt trigger), except that the
input voltage is replaced by acapacitor.
The circuit has
time dependent
elemen ts such as resistance and capacitor
to set the frequency of osciilation.
As shown in the Fig. 7.8.1 the
comparator and positive feedback resistors
RË and R2 form an inverting Schrnitt
trigger
When V,, is at +Vtr the fcedback
voltage is ciiled the upper threshold Fig. 7.8.1 Astable multi ribrator using op-amp
voltage VðT and is given as
VUT = R(+Vsat)
R,+R,
... (7.8.1)

When V, is al -V the feedback +

voltage is called the lower-threshold

voltage VLT and is given as
R(-Vsat) Vo=+Vsat
(7.8.2)
R+R2
When power is turn ON, VÍ
automatically swings cither to +Vgt Or VuT
to - Vet Since these are the only stable
states allowed by the Schmitt trigger.
Assume it swings to +Vat With Fig. 7.8.2 (a) When Vo_at capacitor charges
Vo=+V,gat We have V, = VUT and towards
capacitor starts charging lowards +Vsat
through the feedback path provided by the resistor Re to the inverting, () input. This is
illustrated in Fig. 7.8.2 (a).
(As iong as the capacitor voltage Ve is less than VñT. tie output voltage remains at
+Vsat

ter knowiedoe
TECHNICAL FUiBLRATONS - An up thhrust
ltage, givenas, isIrom 7.8.1 Fig.repeating.
process is
Let Where ig. VLT.
back negative
capacitor
capacitor
VLT:to in ground.
The 7.8.2 Once The starts respect Circuits
As to V,, from positive lntegratedLinear
VñIr 7.8.2 As When (The Fi
thge.
frequency to Vo = This (As
Vår us Frequency a Output+ discharging +Vt
cOnsider IM:1x ntbal
V. V() Ve() (c). the capacitor
to (a)result, switches VLt.
than Vc sat currcnt switchesthe with soon
is (Seeinitial is to
V 7.8.2 which to
the is T restablished voltage becomes
the 0 as
is is the = of -respect
ous the the lhe and Fig will the V (b). to Vst
t(V, V,oscillation of cycle feedback via Vc
instantancous nitial-max rechargesand is
chargingvoltage initial vice 7.8.2 discharge
condition slightly - and charges
0scillation is Vo R Vsat ncgative output to
versa. (c)
completed, except discharges las we the
voltage switches capacitor
toward on voltage shown voltage
have (+)
to
tage of is more
next from with input. a
apacitor The
Vax determined that in
vollag value
which VLT
and voltage page) the capacitor Fig. Initially
Finally
e-t, siightly
acrOss waveforms to 7.8.2 7-
20
from
+ the by VcVc
Vg: I) across 0 =
capacitor the Vnow (b) VËt VUT =
isVI the rcater
and When Vc
+
the the time has C
capacitor. become
to then
m VI, is capacitor it a towards =- V, than
takes initial
charging.
periodic, recharge Vur,
Where charge Vsat
the RË
as 9+Vcc
e. capacitor capacitor
charges the
Generators
Waveform
a to
function as equal (-)
T shown VT,
1S irput
to R R2
the (7.8.3).. to and
of
charge in
intal goes
time the the
 Linear Integrated Crcuits 7-21

Waveforr: Generators
When V becomes VuT
the output switches
Voltage from + Vsat to - Vsat
Output square
+ Vsat waveform

VåT Çapac1tor
voltage

-Vsat
When Vc becomes slightly
less than VT.the output
Switches from- eat to +Vsat

Fig. 7.8.2 (c) Waveforms

At t =T,, voltage across capacitor reaches VåT and therefore equation (7.8.3) becomes
VUT =+Vsat + (VT - Vea)e(-T1/Rf C) (7.8.4)
-(VLT - sa Jel-2 - TË/Rf C) =
+Vat -VUT
el-Ti/Rr C) (+ V.sat - VäT) -T; = ln Vsat - VUT
i.e.
(+Vsat -VLT) Re C +Vsat - VLT
+ Vsat - VäT + V.sat - VLT
T; = - R C ln + V.sat
= R C In (7.8.5)
- VLT + V sat - VäT
The time taken by capacitor to charge from VñT to VT is same as time required for
charging capacitor from VT to VuT: Therefore, total time required for one oscillation is
given as,
CVsVËT
+ Vsat
T = 21; = 2R, + V.sat - VäT (7.8.6)

The frequency of oscillation can be determined as f,= 1/T, where T represents the
time required for one oscillation.
Substituting the value of T we get,
 hence
non
meand forward discharge forward through
charge R3
red.
ycle n duty Wave modifying The 7.8.2
When If Substituting Integrated
Circuits
the then Sel ecti
R4ng When T=2 magnitudes
Variable can of astable
cycle biasing biasing
V, Non-symmetrical
Vo the Re
ratiodivide bedischarging
chargingCand T
candifferent through R =- = C
y
of from dutobtained. circuit
+ In of = the
of ofmultivibrator
the Rz symmetrical be V,
+ +V + 2
values Rf2
s+ay cycle D2: sat V DËVsat'
sat sat Veat R
as C C
variable R4dË varied values twill the C
:
he C due towill
shown 1+ and of In
due
%To Square VUT VäT - +V
square of can +V+V +Vsat sat
and vary and to in
+R2 R RË+R2 R RËVsat
sat sat and
residutstayrnce Rg
d, the be -VLT
-(R1 -(R1
are get,
VLT We
Fig. used Wave 7-22
Fia. i.e. equal, X+X-
7.8.3
.3. to
7.8Generation Vsat V
sat)/
obtain T )/
metrical = R1Rj
2Rf + +
non-symmetrical R2R2
C

+R22R
square D2 D4 R2 Generators
Waveform
square
wave
R1
(7.8.7. )
generation wave
o
Vo
by
Linear Integratea Circuits 7-23 Waveform Generators

For example if it is to be varicd from

30 % to 70 % then divide R, + Ra in the
ratio 3:4:3as shown in the Fig. 7.8.4.
R
For varying duty cycle from 10 % to
90 %, R, + R to be divided in the ra
1:8: 1and sO on.
RA

From C D,
Fig. 7.8.4 Variable duty cycle
 BVsat V V. V. VnitalVEinal
Vsat Latatön
Takinatanalgdog l) (t) lt): BVsat
(t):
Ve(o)V,
Vaat -Vsot
-Re Vsat
= Vsat
Pe ’-BVsat Vsinal
B-i]- Vsat t|-pVsat
-1+F
-+Vsat
=

I-B -tyec tyee t

-Ci) -(p] = dntlal
VinittalVoltaqe
Vsat
-
Vgnal
Vgat Vsat e -b/Re Vsat
-ti/ec e
eae-bRe thc e e Veatt): Ve e
 Rc

Dwiation (tg)
Vindial BVsat Vel) =- BVsat
Vfnal - Vsat
V. ) VF + (Vg- V)e
-Vsat Vsat - (- Vsat)e
-FVsat =-V3at + BVsat t Vsate
-ta/pc
BVsat + Vsat Veat +etlpe
BVsat +Vsat = Vsat 1+p]e
.
ba/Re
Vsat [t+F] e
- B+ -te/Re
e
|+B

Tating natuallog

I-B aquadSame
T: t, +t2.

|-B