Review and Reinforce

Name: Grade:

Instructions: Complete the summaries and answer the activities in the given space.

TOPIC 1: Body systems and their interaction.

Digestive system:

Activity 1: Answer the questions.

1. What is digestion?

2. What is the difference between chemical and physical digestion? Where does each happen?

Activity 2: Identify the following elements of the digestive system as mechanical or

chemical digestions:

a. Enzymes in the saliva: __________________________________________

b. Gastric juices: ________________________________________________
c. Contraction of the stomach muscles: ________________________________
d. Chewing the food: _____________________________________________
Circulatory system:

Activity 1: Fill in the blanks.

The circulatory system is composed of the _____________, blood vessels and ___________.
There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, ______________ and ________________.
The blood is composed of plasma and the ___________________: red-blood cells, white- blood
cells and platelets. The circulatory system transports substances around the body. It moves
______________ from the lungs to all the body cells in the _________________ cells and
it moves ______________ from the digestive system to the body cells. It takes the
______________ and carbon dioxide to remove them from the body. The circulatory system
also participates in body defense, blood carries ______________ cells and antibodies that fight
pathogens that cause disease. Finally, it participates in blood clotting, when a blood vessel is
damaged, ______________ activate and form a net that blocks bleeding while the tissue
______________ .

Activity 2: Answer the questions.

What are the differences (structural and functional) between arteries, veins and capillaries?

What is different about the arteries and veins that go and come back from the lungs
(pulmonary circuit)?

Activity 3: blood is a complex tissue. Relate each function of the circulatory system to the elements
that participate in it.

Function it participates How does it

Blood element (Substance transportation - body defense - clot formation)
participate
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Respiratory system:

Activity 1: Make one drawing showing the movement of the ribs, diaphragm and lungs during
inhalation and another showing their movement during exhalation. Complete the table explaining
what happens to the movement of the diaphragm, space inside the ribcage and pressure inside
the lungs.

Drawing:

Answer with: inhalation Exhalation

Diaphragm
Up or down
movement
Space inside
Smaller or bigger
rib cage
Pressure inside
Decreases or increases
the lungs

Activity 2: Fill in the blanks.

When the air enters the lungs it moves into the ___________. The alveoli are surrounded by
______________ that carry deoxygenated blood. Since both the alveoli and the capillaries have
thin ____________, they exchange gasses between them. The _____________________
moves from blood in the capillaries to the alveoli, and the ________________ moves from the
alveoli into the blood. The blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein with
__________________ blood, and the air that is exhaled removes the carbon dioxide from the
body.
Based on the paragraph completed before, add labels to the arrows in the following model to
show the direction in which oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between respiratory and
circulatory systems.

Gas 1:
Gas 2:

Urinary system:

Activity 1: Complete the model of the urinary system with the correct labels.

1.___________________________ 6.___________________________

2.___________________________ 7.___________________________

3.___________________________ 8.___________________________

4.___________________________ 9.___________________________

5.___________________________ 10.___________________________

Activity 2: Answer the questions.

What happens during filtration? Include structures that are involved in the exchange of
substances.
What happens during reabsorption? Include structures that are involved in the exchange
of substances.

Analyze the model and answer: Which substances are always present in urine? Which
substances should not be present in urine?

Most blood components are

65% H O
filtered, except blood cells & 65% salts
majority of proteins 100 % glucose
2
100% amino acids
1
2

4
small amounts
Filtrate: H O, Glucose, of salt and water
amino acids,
creatinine, urea,
2
salts.

3
25% salts
 Activity 3: fill in the blanks based on the following model of osmoregulation.

The urinary system is in charge of regulating the levels of ________ in the body. When
there is a lack of water in the body the levels of the hormone ADH ____________. This
hormone _____________ the amount of aquaporins in the collector tube so that most
of the water gets reabsorbed and there is ____________ water in urine. When there is
an _______________ of water, the levels of ADH decreases. This
__________________ the amount of aquaporins in the collector tube so that water
can’t be reabsorbed into the body. This makes you release __________ water and produce
more urine.

Interaction between body systems:

Activity 1: Draw a model that represents the interaction between the circulatory system and the
respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and body cells, showing the substances that
get exchanged between them.
 TOPIC 2: Nutrients
Activity 1: complete the table about the characteristics of nutrients.

Nutrient basic unit Main function Foods to find them

Simple:

Carbohydrates Complex:

Proteins

Lipids

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Activity 2: answer the question.

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

TOPIC 3: Metabolism, Nutrition and Health

Activity 1: Write the definition of health according to the WHO.
Activity 2: Which are the three dimensions of health mentioned in the definition?
Dimension a: _____________________
Dimension b:_____________________
Dimension c:______________________

Activity 3: fill in the blank

The metabolism is the group of chemical ___________________ and
___________________ transformations that happen in the body in order to carry
out every function. The _________________ ___________________
___________________ is the energy needed by the body in order to carry out basic
functions like breathing, digesting and neuronal communication. If a person also does
any physical activity the energy requirement of the body will
___________________. Total ___________________
___________________ considered the basal metabolic rate and the energy to
perform any ___________________ ___________________. In order to have a
healthy diet, besides eating all six ___________________, the amount of calories
needs to be similar to the TEE value.

Activity 4: Answer the question using RICE.

What is the relationship between metabolism, physical activity and nutrition (diet)?
 TOPIC 4: Hypothesis and Variables

A hypothesis is a prediction that tries to answer the inquiry question. Because it is an educated
prediction it tries to answer the question based on what is already known about the topic. This
prediction, like any other, can be correct or incorrect. This will be established by the experiment. So
a hypothesis should have the following characteristics:
Be a statement (not a question!).
Have no explanation in the same statement.
Be specific about the outcome.
Be directly related to the experiment, so that it can be tested and accepted or refuted by it.

EXAMPLE: Correct and incorrect hypothesis for the question: Who is going to win in the futbol
game between Colo-colo and Universidad Católica?

Incorrect hypothesis:
Who is better at football? (not a statement, not a prediction, does not answer the question)
Colo-colo because the team has better players than Universidad católica (it has explanation)
Universidad Católica is better. (It is not specific)
Unión Española will win 2 to 0. (It is not related to the event, it cannot be accepted nor
refuted)

Correct hypothesis:
Colo-colo will win 2 to 1.
Universidad Católica will win 1 to 0.
Colo-colo and Universidad Católica will tie 0-0.

Hypotheses are tested through experimentation. In an experiment there are many things that can
change, these are called variables (because they can vary). There are TWO MAIN variables in an
experiment: independent, dependent and controlled variables.

Independent variable: CAUSE of the experiment. The scientists change it between ON

PURPOSE.
Dependent variable: EFFECT of the experiment. The scientist can’t control it directly, so can’t
know how it will change. The scientist just measures or observes this variable..
EXAMPLE:

Activity 1: read the experimental description and then answer the questions.

Experiment 1:
A student wants to know how fast apple slices will turn brown after being soaked in
different preservatives (like lemon juice, tomato juice and soda). For this she cleans 4
tupperwares. She puts five apple slices in each tupperware. She soaks one group of
apples in lemon juice, a second one in tomato juice, a third one in soda and the fourth
one in water (which is not a preservative). She drains all the liquids for two minutes
and puts the apple slices in their same tupperware in a room at 20[°C]. She checks the
apple slices’ color every 3 minutes during two hours and observes the change of color
after that time.

What hypothesis is being tested?

Which is the independent variable?

Which is the dependent variable?