Review 1 Chemistry
Review 1 Chemistry
Review 1 Chemistry
Period _________
Regents Biology
Date ______________________
REVIEW 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIVING CREATURES
HOMEOSTASIS
All organisms live as a balancing act. They must maintain their internal conditions within an
acceptable range. If any condition rises above this acceptable range, it has to be brought back
down again. If any condition falls below this acceptable range, it has to be brought back up
again. Maintaining the internal environment in this dynamic balance is called homeostasis. And
there are lots of examples of this. If you get too hot, you need to cool. If you get too cold, you
need to heat up. If your blood has too much salt, it needs to be diluted. If your blood has too
little salt, you need get rid of the extra water. If your blood has too much sugar, it has to be
removed and stored. If your blood has too little sugar, it has to be released from storage back
into the blood. But while organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. Organisms are
actually making changes all the time to maintain homeostasis. The term used to describe this
balanced state is dynamic equilibrium.
temperature
time
Homeostasis is often maintained by using feedback mechanisms. Feedback mechanisms are
cycles in which the product of one reaction causes another to start or stop. Therefore a
balanced state is created by many small, opposing changes.
1
HOT
STOP
SWEAT
HIGH
BLOOD
SUGAR
COLD
2
SWEAT
3
COOL
EXAMPLE:
Im Too Hot!
Feedback mechanism
maintaining body temperature.
Im Too Cold!
Feedback mechanism
maintaining body temperature.
Failure to maintain homeostasis means that a body cannot function properly. This will lead to
disease or death. For example, if blood sugar levels are not maintained properly then this can
cause diabetes. Left untreated diabetes can lead to death.
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Name _____________________________
Regents Biology
QUESTIONS
1. Explain homeostasis. _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Failure to maintain homeostasis results in __________________ or ___________________
3. Homeostasis is often maintained using ______________________ mechanisms.
4. Use the diagram below to explain how feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What process is represented by the boxed sequence below?
Name _____________________________
Regents Biology
Examples: ________________________
Functions:
________________________________(sugars in all organisms)
________________________________(starch in plants)
b. Lipids:
Examples: ________________________
Functions:
________________________________(fats in animals)
________________________________(phospholipids in all organisms)
________________________________(steroids in animals)
c. Proteins: Complex compounds that carry out all the bodys activities
Functions:
Lock and Key Model: Proteins must have the right shape to fit with other
molecules.
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Name _____________________________
Regents Biology
d. Nucleic Acids
Examples: ________________________
8. Inorganic Compounds
a. Water ( ___H2O___ )
most common substance in all living organisms (about 60% of body mass)
dissolves other molecules into solution, allows them to be transported through body.
b. Oxygen ( __________ )
aerobic respiration: process that uses oxygen to extract energy from glucose
(sugar). Used by most organisms.
d. Nitrogen ( __________ )
converted into nitrates by soil bacteria. Nitrates are absorbed by plants and then
eaten by animals
excreted as waste in ammonia, urea (mammals) or uric acid (birds & reptiles)
pH is different in different parts of body, like acid (pH 3) in stomach and basic (pH 8)
in small intestines
4 of 6
Name _____________________________
Regents Biology
QUESTIONS
1. Which phrase does the letter A most likely represent?
c. polysaccharides
b. nucleotides
d. cell units
3. Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic
compounds?
a. proteins, water, DNA, fats
4. The diagram below represents a series of reactions that can occur in an organism.
5. Most of the starch stored in the cells of a potato is composed of molecules that originally
entered these cells as
a. enzymes
c. amino acids
b. simple sugars
d. minerals
5 of 6
Name _____________________________
Regents Biology
____________________________________
10. Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to
function.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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