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    UG Physics PH1101-wave-1

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    UG Physics PH1101

    Dr. Abhijit Bisoi


    Department of Physics
    IIEST Shibpur
    Ph: 9830629051
    Syllabus

    • Waves: (a) Differential equation of plane waves and its harmonic solution, wave group
    and group velocity (taking a group of two waves).
    • (b) differential equation of transverse wave and its velocity along a stretched string,
    solution of the equation by separation of variables, application to stretched string
    rigidly fixed at two ends, vibrating string as stationary wave, the eigen values, eigen
    functions and eigen frequencies, energy of vibrating string.

    Reference Books:
    1. D. P. Raychaudhuri - Advanced Acoustics, The New Book Stall, (1980)
    Wave
    A wave is a disturbance moving through a medium.
    Inertia and elasticity of the medium

    Vibration of string
    Electromagnetic wave
    Sound wave
    X-ray
    Gamma ray
    Wave of different kind

    Longitudinal wave

    Example: Sound wave


    Transverse wave

    Example: Vibration of string


    Characteristic of a periodic wave of constant type

    Time displacement curve Space displacement curve or wave form

    Time displacement curve Space displacement curve


    Displacement

    Displacement
    Time Position
    x1, t1 x2, t2
    Concept of phase velocity
    Displacement

    Vp = (x2-x1) / (t2-t1)

    Position
    Wave front
    A surface at all points of which the phase of the particles is same at any instant is called
    a wave front.
    Analytical representation of a plan progressive wave

    Ψ = wave field parameter

    ΨX,0 = f(X) = f (x-ct) = Ψx,t


    Any function of (x-ct) or (ct-x) represents a plane progressive wave moving in the positive
    direction.

    (ct+x) for the negative direction


    Differential wave equation for a plane wave in one dimension
    The Plane harmonic wave
    Stationary or standing waves

    When two progressive waves of same frequency moving in the opposite


    direction in a medium are superimposed. It produced Stationary or standing
    waves.

    This type of motion occurs when the medium is limited in extent.

    The outgoing waves are reflected at the boundary, and the incident and
    reflected wave system by their superimposition form the stationary wave
    pattern. 0.6

    0.3

    Displacement
    Y1= 5*sin(30*20 - 0.001*x)
    +5*sin(30*20 + 0.001*x) 0.0

    Y2= 5*sin(30*20.1047 - 0.001*x)


    -0.3
    +5*sin(30*20.1047 + 0.001*x)

    -0.6
    5000 10000
    Position
    Waves of equal amplitude
    Node position Positions where the amplitude of displacement is zero, are called
    displacement nodes

    0.6

    0.3
    Displacement

    0.0

    N N
    -0.3

    -0.6
    5000 10000
    Position
    Antinode position Positions where the amplitude of displacement is maximum, are
    called displacement antinodes.
    Amplitude: 2a cos kx
    When cos kx = ± 1, the amplitude is a maximum and has the value 2a.
    For this, we must have

    Distance between two


    successive nodes or antinodes 0.6
    is λ/2. A A A
    Distance between a node 0.3
    and its nearest antinode is λ/4.
    Displacement

    The section between two 0.0


    neighboring nodes is called
    loop. N
    -0.3
    N
    Neighboring loops are
    vibrating in the opposite
    phase. -0.6
    5000 10000
    Position
    Effect of sinωt ω k

    Y1= 5*sin(30*t - 0.001*x) + 5*sin(30*t +0.001*x)

    t=1.727 t=1.7801 t=1.8318 t=1.8848


    15

    10
    Displacement

    -5

    -10

    -15

    2000 4000 6000 8000 10000


    Position
    Waves of different amplitude
    ω k

    Y1= 10*sin(30*t - 0.001*x) + 5*sin(30*t +0.001*x)

    t=1.727 t=1.7801 t=1.8318 t=1.8848


    15

    10
    Displacement

    -5

    -10

    -15

    2000 4000 6000 8000 10000


    Position

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