Lecture 4 Phy2 Fall Final

Lecture 4: Waves
Mechanical wave:
Transverse wave:
Vibration of particles of the string perpendicular
to the velocity of the propagation of wave
Longitudinal wave:
Vibration of the particle of air parallel to velocity
of the propagation of wave
Sinusoidal Function:
Imagine a sinusoidal wave like that of Fig. 16-1b traveling in the positive direction
of an x axis. As the wave sweeps through succeeding elements (that is, very short
sections) of the string, the elements oscillate parallel to the y axis. At time t, the
displacement y of the element located at position x is given by
Wave function:
[- x axis]
Fig. Transverse sinusoidal wave

Because this equation is written in terms of position x, it can be used to find the
displacements of all the elements of the string as a function of time. Thus, it can
tell us the shape of the wave at any given time.
Watch this spot in this series of snapshots.
Figure 16-4 Five “snapshots” of a string wave traveling in the positive

direction of an x axis. The amplitude ym is indicated. A typical
wavelength measured from an arbitrary position x1, is also indicated.
(i) P
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘𝑥 −𝜔 𝑡 )
The wavelength of a wave is the distance (parallel to the direction of the wave’s travel) between
repetitions of the shape of the wave (or wave shape).
A
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 0 )= 𝑦 𝑚 sin { 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔 ( 0 ) }= 𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝑘 𝑥
The displacement y is the same at both ends
of this wavelength at
𝑦 ( 𝑥 1 , 0 ) =𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝑘 𝑥 1
x= x = x1 +
𝑦 ( 𝑥 1 + 𝜆 , 0 )= 𝑦 𝑚 sin { 𝑘 ( 𝑥 1+ 𝜆 ) }
𝑦 ( 𝑥 1 + 𝜆 , 0 )= 𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥 1 +𝑘 𝜆 )
𝑦 ( 𝑥 1 , 0 ) = 𝑦 ( 𝑥 1+ 𝜆 , 0 )
𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝑘 𝑥1 =𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥1 +𝑘 𝜆 )
A sine function begins to repeat itself when its angle (or argument) is increased by
2𝜋
𝑘= SI unit of k = rad/m
𝜆
(ii) P
Fig. shows a graph of the displacement y versus time t at a certain position along the string, taken to be x = 0.
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡 )
𝑥=0
𝑦 ( 0 ,𝑡 )= 𝑦 𝑚 sin { 𝑘 (0) − 𝜔 𝑡 }
𝑦 ( 0 ,𝑡 )=− 𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡
We define the period of oscillation T of a wave to be the time any string element takes to move
through one full oscillation.
The displacement y is the same at both ends of this time period at t T.
𝑦 ( 0 , 𝑡 1 ) =− 𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 1
𝑦 ( 0 , 𝑡 1 +𝑇 )= − 𝑦 𝑚 sin {𝜔 ( 𝑡 1 +𝑇 ) }
𝑦 ( 0 , 𝑡 1 +𝑇 )=− 𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 1+ 𝜔 𝑇 ) t= t = t1+T
𝑦 ( 0 , 𝑡 1 ) = 𝑦 ( 0 ,𝑡 1 +𝑇 )
− 𝑦 𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 1=− 𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 1 +𝜔 𝑇 )
This can be true only if
2𝜋
𝜔= SI unit of = rad/s
𝑇
(iii) P
The wave is traveling in the positive direction of x.
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡 )
If point A retains its displacement as it moves,
the phase giving it that displacement must
remain a constant:
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=𝑘 𝑥− 𝜔𝑡=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘 𝑥 −𝜔 𝑡=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
This phase (argument) is constant but both x and t are changing. In fact, as t increases, x
must also, to keep the argument constant. This confirms that the wave pattern is moving
in the positive direction of x.
T
ⅆ ⅆ
( 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡 )= ( 𝑐 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 )
ⅆ𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
k
𝑘𝑣 − 𝜔=0
𝑘𝑣=𝜔
+𝜔
𝜈=
𝑘
The plus sign verifies that the wave is indeed moving in the positive direction of x.
=f
The equation tells us that the wave speed is one wavelength per period; the wave moves a
distance of one wavelength in one period of oscillation.
(iv) P
The wave is traveling in the negative direction of x.
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝜔 𝑡 ) A
𝑣 y
𝑡 =−𝑡
𝑦 ( 𝑥 , 𝑡 )=𝑦 𝑚 sin ( 𝑘 𝑥+ 𝜔 𝑡 ) -x
If point A retains its displacement as it
moves, the phase giving it that displacement
must remain a constant:
t = Δt t=0
𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒=𝑘𝑥 +𝜔 𝑡=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑘 𝑥 +𝜔 𝑡=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
The x decrease with time. Thus, a wave is traveling in the negative direction of x.
T
ⅆ ⅆ
( 𝑘𝑥 +𝜔 𝑡 )= ( 𝑐 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 )
ⅆ𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
𝑘𝑣 +𝜔=0
𝑘𝑣=− 𝜔
−𝜔
𝜈=
𝑘
The minus sign verifies that the wave is indeed moving in the negative direction of x.
1. If a wave y(x, t) = (6.0 mm) sin(kx + (600 rad/s)t + φ) travels along a string, how
much time does any given point on the string take to move between displacements
y = + 2.0 mm and y = - 2.0 mm?
0.002 m=0.00 6 m sin ( 𝑘 𝑥 +600 𝑡 1+𝜓 )
= x
t1
=
¿
=
=
t2
x
=
Now,
−1
600𝑡 1−600𝑡 2=2sin ¿
−1
600(𝑡 1− 𝑡 2)=2sin ¿
2 −1
(𝑡 1 − 𝑡 2 )= sin ¿
600
t=
t = 0.001133 s [Ans]
5. A sinusoidal wave travels along a string. The time for a particular point to
move from maximum displacement to zero is 0.170 s. What are (a) the period
and (b) frequency? (c) The wavelength is 1.40 m; what is the wave speed?
t1
(a) t1 –t2 = T/4 = 0.170 s
T = 4 (0.170) s = 0.680 s
x
(b) f =1/T = (1/ 0.680) Hz = 1.47 Hz 𝑇 𝑇 T
4 2
(c) λ = 1.40 m
v = fλ = 1.47 (1.40) m/s = 2.06 m/s
x
t2

Lecture 4 Phy2 Fall Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4 Phy2 Fall Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4 Phy2 Fall Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4: Waves

Fig. Transverse sinusoidal wave

Figure 16-4 Five “snapshots” of a string wave traveling in the positive

v = fλ = 1.47 (1.40) m/s = 2.06 m/s

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.