Pressure Vessel Design

Engineering Mechanics
of Pressure Vessels
CHE142P
Key Learning
Objectives
At the end of this session, students are able to:
▪ Discuss the criteria in pressure vessel design
▪ Illustrate the design of shells for closed/open vessels
▪ Calculate the shell thickness and corrosion allowance for vessel
▪ Calculate the thickness and dimension of bottoms and roofs
▪ Discuss the design of support and flanges
Pressure Vessels
Design
In the design for liquids under pressure, the most severe condition of
coincident pressure and temperature expected in operation must be
considered in computing shell thickness.
Designing for
Internal Pressure
Internal pressure plays an important
role in the pressure vessel design as it
determines the safe value for the wall
thickness considering the different
stresses present.
The two factors that must be
considered in the design for internal
pressure are component thickness and
quality of welds.
Designing for
Internal Pressure
Cylindrical Shell
Longitudinal Joint
𝑷𝑹𝒊
𝒕=
𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝑷
Circumferential Joint
𝑷𝑹𝒊
𝒕=
𝟐𝑺𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝑷
Ellipsoidal Head
𝑷𝑹𝒊
𝒕=
𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝑷
Designing for
Internal Pressure
Sphere and Hemispherical Head
𝑷𝑹𝒊
𝒕=
𝟐𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝑷
ASME Flanged and Dished Head when

L/R = 16 2/3
𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝑷𝑳
𝒕=
𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝑷
When L/R < 16 2/3

𝑷𝑳𝑴
𝒕=
𝟐𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝑷
Designing for
Internal Pressure
Conical Section
𝑷𝐃𝒊
𝒕=
𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬α(𝑺𝑬 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝑷)
Anchor Bolt
Torque
There have been many recipes
proposed for the computation of bolt
torque over the years. Their extensive
research into bolt loading produced the
following recommended formulation:
𝑻 = 𝑪𝑫𝑭𝒊, 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 − 𝒍𝒃
where: C = 0.20 bare steel

C = 0.15 for lubricated bolt
D = nominal bolt diameter, in.
Fi = anchor bolt uplift force, lbs
Wind Analysis of
Towers
Analyzing wind loading on towers
requires combining loads induced by
wind, internal or external pressure, and
weight. Such an analysis must be made
to ensure that the tower shell thickness
is sufficient to withstand the combined
loads.
Wind and seismic analyses are
completed separately, with their
respective bending moments being
used to determine the tower shell
thickness values at each section.
Wind Analysis of
Towers
In the 1982 ANSI-A58.1 Code the
effective velocity pressure for wind is
given:
𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝑲𝒛 𝑰𝑽 𝟐 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡2
where V = basic wind speed, mph

I = Importance factor ( 1.0 for Category
II Buildings, 1.15 for Category III and IV
Buildings )
Kz = Velocity Pressure Exposure
Coefficient
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz
Height above Kz
Ground Level, z
(feet) Exposure A Exposure B Exposure C Exposure D
0 - 15 0.12 0.37 0.80 1.20

20 0.15 0.42 0.87 1.27
25 0.17 0.46 0.93 1.32
30 0.19 0.50 0.98 1.37
40 0.23 0.57 1.06 1.46
50 0.27 0.63 1.13 1.52
60 0.30 0.68 1.19 1.58
70 0.33 0.73 1.24 1.63
80 0.37 0.77 1.29 1.67
90 0.40 0.82 1.34 1.71
100 0.42 0.86 1.38 1.75
120 0.48 0.93 1.45 1.81
140 0.53 0.99 1.52 1.87
160 0.58 1.05 1.58 1.92
180 0.63 1.11 1.63 1.97
200 0.67 1.16 1.68 2.01
Wind Analysis of
Towers
Exposure Categories:
▪ Exposure A – Extremely sheltered.
Large city centers with tall buildings.
▪ Exposure B – Urban and suburban
areas, wooded areas, areas with
many closely spaced obstructions.
▪ Exposure C – Open terrain with
scatter obstructions. Generally flat
open areas.
▪ Exposure D – Flat, unobstructed
areas and water surfaces outside
hurricane prone regions.
Wind Analysis of
Towers
In computing the wind forces on a tower,
this takes the following form in using
ANSI A58.1- 1982:
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒛𝑮𝑪𝑭𝑨𝒇
where qz = wind pressure at height Z,
lb/ft2
G = gust response factor for main
wind-force resisting systems of
flexible structures
Cf = force coefficient
Af = cross-sectional area of tower
and other attachments, ft2
Wind Analysis of
Towers
Gust factor formula is given:
𝟏
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑷 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝑻𝟏 𝟐𝑺
𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 ( + )𝟐
𝜷 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝑪
where β = structural damping coefficient

(percentage of critical damping)
P = probability of exceeding design wind speed
during n years
Wind Analysis of
Towers
T1 = exposure factor evaluated at two-thirds the
mean height of the structure
.
𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 𝑪𝑳 𝟎 𝟓
𝑻𝒛 =
𝒁 𝟏/ 𝜶
𝟑𝟎
S = structure size factor
C = average horizontal dimension of the building
or structure in a direction normal to the wind, ft
Probability of Exceeding
Wind Design Speed
Annual
Design Life of Structure in N years
Probability
Pa 1 5 10 15 25 50 100
0.10 0.100 0.410 0.651 0.794 0.928 0.995 0.999
0.05 0.050 0.226 0.401 0.537 0.723 0.923 0.994
0.01 0.010 0.049 0.096 0.140 0.222 0.395 0.624
0.005 0.005 0.025 0.049 0.072 0.118 0.222 0.394

Structure Size Factor, S
Total Cross-
Sectional Area
The total cross-sectional area of the tower and
attachments that are perpendicular to the wind.
This area is computed by first determining the
equivalent diameter of the area facing the wind.
This can be expressed as:
𝐴𝑓
= 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑂𝐷 + 2 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
+ 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑂𝐷 + 2 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
+ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
+ 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝐷
+ 2(𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)
Wind-Induced
Deflections of Towers
Tall process towers and stack are treated like
cantilever beams in computing deflections
induced by wind. Like a cantilever beam, when
the tower deflects it translates and rotates at the
same time. The three cases to consider in the
superposition are a cantilever beam with a
uniform load, and end load, and an end couple.
The first case of the uniform load represents the
wind load on the side of the tower, the second
case o[ the edge load represents the wind shear
at the various shell sections, and the third case
of the end couple represents the case of
couples produced at the shell section junctures
by the translation and rotation of the upper
sections.
Wind-Induced
𝒍𝒊𝟐 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒊 𝑸𝒊𝒍𝒊 𝑴𝒊
𝜹𝒊 = + +
𝑬𝑰 𝟖 𝟑 𝟐
𝛿𝑖 = lateral translational deflection of section i, in
𝑙𝑖 = length of section i, ft
𝑊𝑖 = concentrated wind load (w𝑖𝑙𝑖 ), lb
w𝑖 = wind profile, lb/ft
𝑄𝑖 = wind shear at each section juncture
𝑀𝑖 = moment induced by wind profile, in.-lb
Wind-Induced
For rotation, we have:
(σ𝒏−𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒍𝒊) 𝒍𝒊 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒊 𝑾𝒊𝒍𝒊
∆𝒊 = + + 𝑴𝒊
𝑬𝑰 𝟔 𝟐
𝑙𝑖 = length of section i, ft
𝑊𝑖 = concentrated wind load (w𝑖𝑙𝑖), lb
w𝑖 = wind profile, lb/ft
𝑀𝑖 = moment induced by wind profile, in.-lb

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Engineering Mechanics

ASME Flanged and Dished Head when

When L/R < 16 2/3

where: C = 0.20 bare steel

where V = basic wind speed, mph

0 - 15 0.12 0.37 0.80 1.20

where β = structural damping coefficient

0.10 0.100 0.410 0.651 0.794 0.928 0.995 0.999

0.05 0.050 0.226 0.401 0.537 0.723 0.923 0.994

0.01 0.010 0.049 0.096 0.140 0.222 0.395 0.624

0.005 0.005 0.025 0.049 0.072 0.118 0.222 0.394

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