Principles

SERIES RESONANCE AND Q - FACROR
DEFINE RESONANCE
Is the phenomenon that occurs when voltage V applied to an electrical network containing resistance,
inductance and capacitance is in phase with the resulting current I.
The figure below shows a circuit comprising a coil of inductance L and resistance R connected in series
with a capacitor C.
The R–L–C series circuit has a total impedance Z given by Z = R + j(XL − XC) ohms,
or Z = R + j(ωL − 1/ωC) ohms where ω = 2π f . The circuit is at resonance when (XL − XC) = 0,
i.e. when XL = XC or ωL = 1/(ωC).
At the resonant frequency fr, |XL |=|XC|. Since impedance Z = R + j(XL − XC) and, at resonance, (XL − XC)
= 0, then impedance Z=R at resonance. This is the minimum value possible for the impedance as shown
in the graph of the modulus of impedance, |Z|, against frequency.
EXAMPLES
1. A coil having a resistance of 10 and an inductance of 75 mH is connected in series with a 40µF

capacitor across a 200 V a.c. supply. Determine
(a) at what frequency resonance occurs, and
(b) the current flowing at resonance
EXAMPLE 2
2. An R–L–C series circuit is comprised of a coil of inductance 10 mH and resistance 8and a variable
capacitor C. The supply frequency is 1 kHz. Determine the value of capacitor C for series
resonance
Sln.
EXAMPLE 3
3. The circuit possesses stray capacitance CS which is assumed to be constant and effectively in
parallel with the variable capacitor C. When the capacitor is set to 1000 pF the resonant
frequency of the circuit is 92.5 kHz, and when the capacitor is set to 500 pF the resonant
frequency is 127.8 kHz. Determine the values of
(a) the stray capacitance CS, and
(b) the coil inductance L
Sln.
SERIES Q- FACTOR
where ωr is the angular frequency at resonance. Q-factor is an abbreviation for quality factor
and refers to the ‘goodness’ of a reactive component.
EXAMPLE
1. A series circuit comprises a 10Ω resistance, a 5µF capacitor and a variable inductance L. The
supply voltage is 20∠0◦ volts at a frequency of 318.3 Hz. The inductance is adjusted until the
p.d. across the 10Ω resistance is a maximum. Determine for this condition
(a) the value of inductance L,
(b) the p.d. across each component and
(c) the Q-factor.
Sln.
Analogue instruments
All analogue electrical indicating instruments require three essential devices:
(a) A deflecting or operating device. A mechanical force is produced by the current or voltage
which causes the pointer to deflect from its zero position.
(b) A controlling device. The controlling force acts in opposition to the deflecting force and
ensures that the deflection shown on the meter is always the same for a given measured
quantity. It also prevents the pointer always going to the maximum deflection. There are two
main types of controlling device
1. spring control and
2. gravity control.
(c) A damping device. The damping force ensures that the pointer comes to rest in its final
position quickly and without undue oscillation.
There are three main types of damping used
1. eddy-current damping,
2. air-friction damping and
3. fluid-friction damping.
MOVING IRON INSTRUMENT

(a) An attraction type of moving-iron instrument is shown diagrammatically in Figure
10.2(a). When current flows in the solenoid, a pivoted soft-iron disc is attracted towards
the solenoid and the movement causes a pointer to move across a scale.
(b) In the repulsion type moving-iron instrument shown diagrammatically in Figure 10.2(b),
two pieces of iron are placed inside the solenoid, one being fixed, and the other
attached to the spindle carrying the pointer.
When current passes through the solenoid, the two pieces of iron are magnetized in the
same direction and therefore repel each other. The pointer thus moves across the scale.
The force moving the pointer is, in each type, proportional to I 2.
Because of this the direction of current does not matter and the moving-iron instrument
can be used on d.c. or a.c. The scale, however, is non-linear.
THE MOVING COIL RECTIFIER INSTRUMENT
A moving-coil instrument, which measures only d.c., may be used in conjunction with a
bridge rectifier circuit as shown in Figure 10.3 to provide an indication of alternating
currents and voltages.
The average value of the full wave rectified current is 0.637Im. However, a meter being
used to measure a.c. is usually calibrated in r.m.s. values. For sinusoidal quantities the
indication is (0.707Im)/(0.637Im) i.e. 1.11 times the mean value.
Rectifier instruments have scales calibrated in r.m.s. quantities and it is assumed by the
manufacturer that the a.c. is sinusoidal.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MOVING COIL, MOVING IRON AND MOVING COIL RECTIFIER
SHUNTS AND MULTPLIERS
An ammeter, which measures current, has a low resistance (ideally zero) and must be connected in
series with the circuit.
A voltmeter, which measures p.d., has a high resistance (ideally infinite) and must be connected in
parallel with the part of the circuit whose p.d. is required. There is no difference between the basic
instrument used to measure current and voltage since both use a milliammeter as their basic part.
When an ammeter is required to measure currents of larger magnitude, a proportion of the current is
diverted through a low-value resistance connected in parallel with the meter. Such a diverting resistor is
called a shunt.
EXAMPLE
A moving-coil instrument gives an f.s.d (full scale deflection). when the current is 40 mA and its
resistance is 25Ω. Calculate the value of the shunt to be connected in parallel with the meter to enable it
to be used as an ammeter for measuring currents up to 50 A.
EXAMPLE 2.
A moving-coil instrument having a resistance of 10Ω gives an f.s.d. when the current is 8 mA. Calculate
the value of the multiplier to be connected in series with the instrument so that it can be used as a
voltmeter for measuring p.d.s up to 100 V.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

The temperature coefficient of resistance of a material is the increase in the resistance of a 1Ω resistor
of that material when it is subjected to a rise of temperature of 1◦C. The symbol used for the
temperature coefficient of resistance is α (Greek alpha)
EXAMPLE 1 A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100Ω when its temperature is 0◦C. Determine its
resistance at 70◦C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of copper at 0◦C is 0.0043/◦C.
EXAMPLE 2 An aluminum cable has a resistance of 27Ω at a temperature of 35◦C. Determine its
resistance at 0◦C. Take the temperature coefficient of resistance at 0◦C to be 0.0038/◦C
EXAMPLE 3 A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 10Ω at 20◦C. If the temperature coefficient of
resistance of copper at 20◦C is 0.004/◦C, determine the resistance of the coil when the temperature rises
to 100◦C.
EXAMPLE 4 The resistance of a coil of aluminium wire at 18◦C is 200Ω. The temperature of the wire is
increased and the resistance rises to 240Ω. If the temperature coefficient of resistance of aluminium is
0.0039/◦C at 18◦C, determine the temperature to which the coil has risen
EXAMPLE 5 Some copper wire has a resistance of 200Ω at 20◦C. A current is passed through the wire and
the temperature rises to 90◦C. Determine the resistance of the wire at 90◦C, correct to the nearest ohm,
assuming that the temperature coefficient of resistance is 0.004/◦C at 0◦C.
1. The resistance of 1.5 km of wire of cross-sectional area 0.17 mm2 is 150Ω. Determine the
resistivity of the wire.
2. Determine the resistance of 1200 m of copper cable having a diameter of 12 mm if the resistivity
of copper is 1.7×10−8Ωm.
3. Calculate the cross-sectional area, in mm2, of a piece of copper wire, 40 m in length and having a
resistance of 0.25Ω. Take the resistivity of copper as 0.02×10−6Ωm
4. Calculate the resistance of a 2 km length of aluminum overhead power cable if the cross-
sectional area of the cable is 100 mm2. Take the resistivity of aluminum to be 0.03×10−6Ωm.
5. A wire of length 8 m and cross-sectional area 3 mm2 has a resistance of 0.16Ω. If the wire is
drawn out until its cross-sectional area is 1 mm2, determine the resistance of the wire

Principles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Principles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Principles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SERIES RESONANCE AND Q - FACROR

i.e. when XL = XC or ωL = 1/(ωC).

1. A coil having a resistance of 10 and an inductance of 75 mH is connected in series with a 40µF

MOVING IRON INSTRUMENT

SHUNTS AND MULTPLIERS

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.