Computing soil modulus by the use of

coding based on experimental response

A Final year project Submitted (Phase-1)

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For

B.Tech Degree

In
Civil Engineering
Under the Supervision
Of
(Dr. Krishanu Mukherjee)
Submitted By

Trisha Das 27801321016

Supriyo Ghosh 27801321017
Akash Kumar Ram 27801321018
Abhinaba Ghosh 27801321019
Shreya Chakraborty 27801321020
Suvamoy Panja 27801321021
Chandan Nandi 27801321022
Parag Kumar 27801321023

SANAKA EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Malandighi, Durgapur, WB- 713212, India
08/12/2023

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 VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTE

Institute Vision

“To emerge as a centre of higher learning fostering a mutually beneficial relationship

between Professional competency and human values”

Institute Mission

IM1: To imbibe the outcome-based education system for continuous development of

professional, social and ethical skills.

IM2: To engage in research and innovation pertaining to societal needs and

environmental concerns.

IM3: To forge collaborations with industries, academia of repute, research centers,

and professional bodies to stay relevant and contemporary.

VISION AND MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

Vision:

The Department of Civil Engineering envisages to be recognized as excellence in

engineering, technology and innovative design solution and to promote high standard,
outstanding and ethically fair civil engineers who can contribute to the technological
and socio-economic development of the nation.

Mission:

DM1: Academic Excellence: To imparting and inculcate, the students to know the
basic, fundamental, and technical insights in the basic science and civil engineering
domain through effective methodologies of the teaching-learning process.

DM2: Competency, Social Responsibility & amp; Sustainable Development: To

provide necessary infrastructure, resources, R&D facilities and industry
collaboration platform to enhance the innovative skills and ideas in the civil

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engineering domain to provide innovative design solutions to the industry and society
to improve sustainability and economic development of the nations.

DM3: Ethics & Values: Sensitizing students to uphold the highest ethical
standards, foster values with professional standards and inculcate healthy and
competitive spirit towards higher education and successful career in civil engineering
domain to serve the society and nation ethically.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO1: To impart fundamental knowledge of basic science, humanities, engineering

and technology to transform the students into expert civil engineers.

PEO2: To nurture the students' design, analytical skills, and mental ability for
decision-making and solving critical problems in the civil engineering domain.

PEO3: Create themselves as responsible professionals with awareness about

sustainable development, environmental problems and economic and societal issues
related to human values and engineering ethics

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Possessing knowledge of structural design, surveying, low-cost housing, etc.,

and the capacity to manage massive infrastructure projects while assuring their safe
and cost-effective implementation.

PSO2: The capacity to develop and carry out qualitative construction projects while
taking the public’s requirements into account considering health, safety, cultural,
societal and environmental factors and perform responsibly towards building
sustainable civil engineering structures to improve living standard and work
individually or as a team in managing projects in multi-disciplinary environments.

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member

or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change

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Abstract: The elastic modulus of the soil is an important parameter for structural

issues, geotechnical projects, transportation engineering, engineering geology, and

hydraulic engineering. However, according to published research, measuring the

elastic modulus in the field or laboratory might be difficult due to problems with

handling instruments, expensive prices, and time-consuming methods. MATLAB will

be utilized to develop mathematical code for the this continuing problem based on the

acquired experimental response. The background mechanism of the code is a complex

numerical procedure that will be run in MATLAB. As per the requirement, Unconfined

compression strength would be determined and data will be further changed with

different saturation level. The generated MATLAB code would compute the modulus

estimation after obtaining the experiment response in compliance with the

specifications of the current study.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9

1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Civil engineering sense and computerized modeling .................................... 10

1.3 Orthodox mindset and Structural Integrity .................................................... 11

2 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................... 13

2.1 Back ground Study .......................................................................................... 13

2.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 13

2.3 Research Gap .................................................................................................. 22

2.4 Objective and Scope of the Present Study ...................................................... 23

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 List of the Figures

Figure 1 Building was failed due to release of principal stress ...................................... 9

Figure 2 The flash flood affected over 25,000 people in Sikkim ................................. 14

Figure 3 Instrumental analysis for controlled stress path apparatus ......................... 18

Figure 4 Initiation of a shear band in a sample of overconsolidated kaolin clay ........ 19

Figure 5 Various response of soil; a. Typical values of strength and stiffness of soils;

b. Variation of rigidity with state and plasticity index ................................................20

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Geotechnical, transportation engineering, and many other types of infrastructure

projects now require accurate soil characterization in terms of the modulus of elasticity

(E). It may be used to determine the mechanism of landslides and to build slope-

supported and subsurface-engineered support structures. Additionally, it may be used

to plan roadbed cushioning and forecast how a soil composite combination roadbed

would behave mechanically when loaded. Soil modulus is a fundamental engineering

parameter for estimating soil settlement, elastic deformation, design, and long-term

performance evaluation.

Figure 1 Building was failed due to release of principal stress

It's interesting to note that for the soil to be considered an isotropic, elastic, and

homogeneous material, the fundamental characteristic of soil depends on a number of

variables, including moisture content (w), degree of compaction, and soil densities

(Huang 2004; Timm et al. 2004). In general, low modulus of elasticity containing

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materials are floppy and stretch a lot when they are pulled (squash down very little

when they are pulled). Rubber is very easy to stretch a rubber band and it would be

useless if it had not applied force for stretch. Floppy material like rubber is ideal for

things like bungee-jumping ropes and the elastic strands of the bungee cord are made

of rubber, can be natural, synthetic, or even a configuration of both. It's all dependent

on the use of a bungee cord. The outer woven sheath can be made of any material such

as polypropylene, cotton, or nylon.

1.2 Civil engineering sense and computerized modeling

In the case of soil, a material response is too complicated, and failure occurs in time.

The majority of the municipality, in general, does not place much emphasis on the

fundamental qualities of soil. Most structural engineers in India make the assumption

that the soil can support the structure and proceed with the structural design without

considering the geotechnical parameters. It has also been noted that diploma

engineers would sometimes examine the design quickly and inexpensively without

performing any experiments or examining the materials' quality or environmental

factors. The bulk of reported failures were caused by a lack of technical sense and the

need for higher-quality data and assumptions. The investigation will fall under the

categories of total stress analysis and undrained analysis since water is incompressible

and the infrastructure was built fast in the current condition. The undrained strength

is greater than the drained strength because, during undrained shear, effective stress

increases and pore pressure decreases. The underlying soil will eventually consolidate

as a result of overburden stress, making drained analysis a useful study. Failure may

occur, in which case analysis would be given priority (Mukherjee and Mishra 2021).

Civil engineers are intended to uphold the greatest standards of safety for a civilized

society, when failure occurs, it typically makes the front page of the newspaper. The
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software industry is evolving, and it has been taking into consideration the degree of

general growth for the civilized society, with new AI-generated tools, coding, and many

other things in the future generation. Hard drive failure, however, happens every

minute of every day. It is well known that when money is the only factor considered,

the average cost of a bike and a laptop are the same, but their reliability is different.

For the software industry, it is a serious problem. When it comes to reliability analysis

with core engineering or civil engineering, software engineering is completely demoted

in that regard. The software business has failed miserably with this. People are now

increasingly adopting this practice and bringing their issues to the attention of various

government agencies.

1.3 Orthodox mindset and Structural Integrity

The big brains of the present generation forced practically all civil engineering

students or core engineering students to select this path, insisting that the software

industry provides a career that is both secure and conducive to a healthy lifestyle.

Structure failure is a result of such kind of mindset. Because most students nowadays

are focused on coding, it is a frequent observation that a 3-story building suddenly

collapsed into a canal in West Bengal, an Indian state, as a result of a lack of

understanding of the mechanics needed in civil engineering.

The building was situated in a little town some 120 kilometers from Kolkata, the state

capital of West Bengal. On June 13, 2020, the building's foundation broke, causing it

to fall into a canal. The day before the tragedy, the area was hit by significant rains.

The structure appeared to be in the construction phase. Fortunately, nobody was

inside the structure when it failed, thus there were no casualties. According to locals,

the house was built very close to the canal, a fact that violated the state's building

regulations. The collapse was related to excavation work that had been done recently

in the neighbouring canal. The building's foundation was exposed prior to the disaster,
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and the ground material removal compromised its stability. Additionally, the

foundation started to fracture roughly two days prior to the disaster, indicating that

the building's stability had already declined before the rain.

This failure resulted in the release of main stress, non-compliance with construction

standards, changes in effective stress due to saturation, and inaccurate estimates of

the elastic modulus. After acquiring the requisite civil engineering knowledge,

computation is required. As a result, the literature review, experimental data,

modeling, and coding will all be included in the next chapter.

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 2 Chapter 2
Literature Review

2.1 Back ground Study

Most buildings, including mass structures and multi-structures, are founded on soil

strata; as a result, geotechnical parameters are crucial for the sustainability of

buildings in civilized society. The majority of structures are currently far removed from

where they originally were due to flooding, and people are currently dealing with a lot

of difficulties. Most interestingly, AI Tools and ChatGPT, they don’t have any function

and will not give any solution regarding ongoing current problem.

The most crucial factors for successfully protecting our land are the degree of

saturation, a combination of principal stress, and various soil densities; nevertheless,

if these factors are not correctly managed, the interaction between soil and water

would be catastrophic. People from Sikkim, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Malda,

and Birbhum in Bengal are suffering enormous difficulties; some of the images are

attached in Fig. Fig. 2.1 depicts the catastrophic failure in Bengal and how flooding

affects soil mass. Due to a lack of technical education, Bengalis are currently dealing

with some really difficult problems. It is time to comprehend the issue and provide a

civil engineering-based remedy. The literature review and research gap have been

described in the part that follows.

2.2 Literature Review

In engineering practice, two important parameters are needed to evaluate the

immediate settlement and dynamic response behavior of geotechnical constructions,

respectively. These parameters are the elastic and shear moduli of soils.

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 Figure 2 The flash flood affected over 25,000 people in Sikkim

Date of access,08/10/20223 [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sikkim-flash-flood-death-toll-latest-news-west-bengal-teesta-river-lake-

burst-2445729-2023-10-07

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In homogenous soil deposits, it is customary to assume that the elastic and shear

moduli of soils are constant both below and above the ground water table (W.T. and

Vanapalli 2010). The linear range of stress against settlement relationship from in-situ

plate load experiments, which extend the theory of elasticity (i.e. Emax), may be used

to accurately determine the elastic modulus of a soil beneath a shallow foundation

(Timoshenko & Goodier 1951). Many arid and semiarid regions place the shallow

foundations above the groundwater table so that the stresses associated with the

foundation loading do not extend into the saturation zone. As a result, determining

Emax without taking into account the influence of the degree of saturation above the

ground water table can be conservative. Soil modulus is a key engineering parameter

for the assessment of soil settlement, elastic deformation, design, and long-term

performance evaluation. Tests conducted in a lab or on-site can be used to estimate it.

In the lab, it may be identified directly via an oedometer test (Huang 2004 and Timm

et al.2004). In the field, it can be calculated using the pressure meter, cone penetration

test, standard penetration test, or indirectly using the dilatometer test. These tests are

all intricate, costly, and time-consuming, and it is challenging to evaluate them. Since

the soil modulus varies on a number of factors, including soil type (i.e., particle size

distribution, plasticity index), state of stress, and degree of saturation, indirect

approaches were developed to address these challenges (Sharma et al. 2017).

It is now well accepted that soil exhibits a highly nonlinear stress-strain response and

that the stiffness of soil can decrease by orders of magnitude as strain increases

(Mukherjee and Mishra 2021). This indicates that soil stiffness changes with both

position and loading for a geotechnical construction such as a foundation, retaining

wall, or tunnel. Today, a great deal of nonlinear soil stiffness is understood. They have

been successfully employed in geotechnical design and incorporated into numerical

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models. Numerous of these non-linear models and numerical analyses are rather

sophisticated and need for extensive computations and specialized testing. In many

situations, approaches based on load factors or straightforward elastic assessments are

adequate, and sophisticated models and analyses are not justified. These may be

enhanced if soil non-linearity is taken into account (Coop and JovicÏic 1999;

Atkinson 2000).

Mendoza et al. (2005) investigated how soil suction affected the Emax and Gmax of

the soils. In order to determine how these parameters changed with the degree of

saturation (IP=38%), the bending element test was used to compute the Emax and

Gmax of unsaturated soils. Additionally, they stated that the degree of saturation had

a substantial impact on Poisson's ratio.

Oh et al. (2009) and Vanapalli & Oh (2010) examined the effect of matric suction on

the elastic modulus by analyzing the model footing and the results of in-situ plate load

testing of numerous unsaturated soils. These studies highlight how important it is to

take matric suction into account when determining the elastic modulus of unsaturated

soils.

Agustina and Zainorabidin (2019) investigated the suitable material as the foundation

for supporting the pavement layers and repeated load of vehicle traffic. The strength

behaviour of subgrade due to traffic loading in structural pavement design can be

determined by the resilient modulus. They reported that the modulus of elasticity and

stress value increased with the increase of moisture content until reaching the

optimum moisture content (OMC) and then decreased with the increase of optimum

moisture content until reaching the optimum moisture content (OMC) and then

decrease with the increase of moisture content on the wet side of (OMC).

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Zainorabidin (2019) looked into what kind of material would be best to use as the base

to maintain the layers of pavement and the constant weight of moving cars.It had been

also reported that the resilient modulus could be used to assess how the subgrade

would behave in terms of strength when subjected to traffic loads in structural

pavement design. According to their findings, the modulus of elasticity and stress

value increased as the moisture content increased up until it reached the optimum

moisture content (OMC), after which they decreased. They also found that the

modulus of elasticity decreased as moisture content increased on the wet side of OMC.

Mancuso et al. (2002) and Vanapalli et al. (1999) developed the some model based on

experimental data and it has been given below to estimate the soil parameter for

further requirement.

( p  ua )c  (ua  uw ) n
Gmax(unsat )  A [ ] OCR m (2.1)
pa
Gmax(unsat )  Gmax( s* ) {[1  r ]e [(ua uw ) (ua uw )b ]  r} (2.2)
Where,
Gmax(unsat )  Maximum shear mod ulus under unsaturated condition; A  Stiffness Index
m, n  Stiffness coefficients, OCR  Overconsolidation ratio

(ua  uw ) 
Emax(unsat )  Emax( sat ) [1   (s) ] (2.3)
p
( a )
101.3
Where Emax( sat ) , Emax(unnsat )  Elastic mod ulus under saturated and unsaturated condition, respectively,
Pa  Atmospheric pressure (i.e. 101.3 kPa), (ua - uw )  Matric suction, S  Degree of saturation
corresponding to (ua - uw ); and  ,  Fitting Parameters;
The fitting parameter values of   2.5and   1 were recommended to obtain good agreement
between the measured and the predicted Emax values for coarse - grained soils

Stress-strain behaviour of soil is highly non-liner and soil stiffness may decay with

strain by order of magnitude. It means that in geotechnical structure such as a

foundation, retaining wall, or tunnel, soil stiffness varies both with position and

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 LVDTs used as local gauges

PC-controlled stress path apparatus with

local gauges

MPX3000 Data Logger

Figure 3 Instrumental analysis for controlled stress path apparatus

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loading (Mair 1993). Many of these non-linear models and numerical analysis are

relatively complex and require special testing and lengthy calculation. However, many

practical cases for which these complex models and analyses are not justified and

familiar methods based on load factors or simple elastic analysis are sufficient (Cole &

Burland, 1972; St John, 1975). Many of these non-linear models and numerical

analyses are relatively complex and require special testing and lengthy calculation.

There are, however, many practical cases for which these complex models and analyses

are not justified and familiar methods based on load factors or simple elastic analyses

are sufficient (Wroth, 1975; Burland, 1979).

Albert (1999) carried out triaxial tests on samples of a variety of different soils using

four local axial-strain gauges, as shown in Fig. 2.2(a), and reported that the peak

strength and failure strain, together with stiffness at very small strain E0 are the

parameters that are needed for the determination of rigidity and degree of non-

linearity. The peak strength of the soil was completely associated with local drainage,

dilation, and shear band.

Figure 4 Initiation of a shear band in a sample of overconsolidated kaolin clay

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Tatsuoka and Shibuya (1992) collected data on compressive strength qf and very small

strain Young’s modulus Eo for many different soils in many different states . They

also included data for typical soils fall within the shaded region in Fig.2.3 The range

of compressive strength is about 80 kPa to 400kpa: the range of E0 is about 80 MPa

to 600 MPa; the range of rigidity E/qf is about 3000 to 500.These data do not however,

distinguish between different soils and between different soil and between different

soils and between different states of the same soil.

Figure 5 Various response of soil; a. Typical values of strength and stiffness of soils;
b. Variation of rigidity with state and plasticity index

Muir Wood (1990) conducted undrained test and developed the model for undrained

compressive strength and it has been presented in the equation one. For normally

consolidated soil Ro=1 and equation (1) is equivalent to Su/σv’ =B, where Su is the

undrained strength, σv’ is the vertical effective stress and B is related to the plasticity

index (Skempton 1957). For overconsolidated soils, the parameter µ is approximately

0.8 for a wide range of soils (Muir wood 1990).

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 qf p' 
 2 B( ) Ro (1)
pa pa
Eou A p
 1.5 ( ) n 1 R0 m  (2)
qf B pa

The rigidity factor (Eo/qf ) is related to current state (given by p’ and Ro) through

material parameter which themselves depend on the plasticity index (Eq.2).

Mukherjee and Mishra (2022) discovered the new technique for the determination of

elasticity parameter for non linear response of soil. They conducted consolidated

undrained triaxle response for reinforced soil and captured stress–strain response

with pore water pressure; thereafter, all the responses were formulated and developed

the code through Matlab for further analysis of stress-strain data. They reported the

octahedral stress vs. strain of different composites for building the structure with extra

safe with the highest level of the economy. They attempted to test the material stability

with a novel idea. A safety factor is typically taken into consideration while creating

designs using a variety of standards. According to the updated assessment, factor

safety is no longer necessary since it is a crucial aspect of cost analysis; as a result,

octahedral stress—rather than deviatory stress—has a greater bearing on the factor of

safety.

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2.3 Research Gap

There doesn't seem to be any predictive coding based on experimental response for

the geomechanical characteristics of soils and composite soil, despite the fact that

several researchers have studied the modulus of complex soils. Recently, volumetric

block proportion (VBP) and texture coefficient (TC) were used to link UCS and E

values of Ahauser fault breccia (Germany) with blocks weaker than the matrix.

Kahraman and Alber (2006) and Alber and Kahraman (in press) revealed high

relationships between UCS and both VBP and TC. The approach was used on rock, not

dirt, though. Additionally, MATLAB coding was utilized in the most recent study to

estimate the soil modulus based on fundamental experimental work (Mukherjee and

Mishra 2022). Natural soil, which is made up of a finely grained matrix and is typically

exposed to flooding, presents challenges for foundation engineering projects as well as

civil engineering applications.

For this reason, geotechnical engineers need to know how to determine the modulus

of elasticity of a soil. For the purpose of directly measuring soil properties such as

elastic modulus (E) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS), several well-

prepared core samples are required. Conversely, smooth specimens usually need

laborious, expensive, and time-consuming preparation, or they are not well suited for

Sikkim (Northeast India). Thus, many soil structure-related problems might be solved

with the development of certain geomechanical property coding based on UCS

response.

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2.4 Objective and Scope of the Present Study

According to earlier research, a number of catastrophic failures were caused by failing

to account for the estimate of fundamental parameters, such as the modulus of

elasticity (E). Many uncertainties exist when estimating the modulus of complicated

materials, such as soil. It is exceedingly difficult to determine the soil's modulus of

elasticity for design purposes under the elastic analysis; additional research is

necessary. There is a lack of research on estimating soil modulus using UCS with

varying saturation levels, however there is a great deal of research on estimating soil

modulus using coding (Mukherjee and Mishra, 2022). To determine the soil modulus

for complicated materials like soil, mathematical coding using Matlab will be

conducted based on the experimental data.

In order to accomplish the goal, the following tasks must be completed.

a) In order to conduct the compaction behavior of the soil, the current investigation is

necessary.

b) UCS testing of the soil composites is necessary for the current investigation.

c) Develop the Matlab code for the estimate of soil modulus based on the experimental

response.

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Reference

Yang, H., Zhou, Z., Wang, X. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Elastic modulus calculation model
of a soil-rock mixture at normal or freezing temperature based on micromechanics
approach. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
Huang YH (2004) Pavement analysis and design, 2nd edn. Pearson Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River
Timm DH, Priest AL, McEwen TV (2004) Design and instrumentation of the structural
pavement experiment at the NCAT test track. NCAT Report 04-01, National Center
for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University
Oh, W.T. and Vanapalli, S.K., 2010, September. The relationship between the elastic
and shear modulus of unsaturated soils. In Proceedings of the 5th international
conference on unsaturated soils, Barcelona, Spain (pp. 341-346).
Timoshenko, S. & Goodier, J.N. 1951. Theory of Elasticity. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York
Huang YH (2004) Pavement analysis and design, 2nd edn. Pearson Prentice Hall,
Upper Saddle River
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the modulus of elasticity of soil using soft computing system. Engineering with
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Coop, M. R. & JovicÏicÂ, V. (1999). The in¯uence of state on the very small strain
stiffness of soils. 2nd Int. Symp. Pre-failure Deformation of Geomaterials IS-Torino
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excavations in London Clay. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.

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Wroth, C. P. (1975). In situ measurement of initial stresses and deformation
characteristics. Proc. Geot. Engng Div. Specialty Conf. on In Situ Measurement of Soil
Properties. ASCE 2, 181±230.
Kahraman, S.A.İ.R. and Alber, M., 2006. Estimating unconfined compressive strength
and elastic modulus of a fault breccia mixture of weak blocks and strong matrix.
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Burland, J. B. (1979). Contribution to discussion on Session 4. Proc 7th European
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and elastic modulus of a fault breccia mixture of weak blocks and strong matrix.
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