PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS,

BORNO STATE

BY

Emmanuel Abimiku
 ABSTRACT
This research investigates solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, with
objectives focusing on problem evaluation, consequences of poor management, and
identification of strategies. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and
interviews with 200 participants from four communities, the study uncovers multifaceted
challenges such as inadequate dumping sites and ineffective collection techniques. The adverse
effects include environmental pollution, health risks, and damage to infrastructure. Varied waste
management practices are observed, with designated garbage sites being common, but alarming
disposal in rivers and burning waste. The State Government's role, particularly BOSEPA, is
outlined, showcasing initiatives and challenges. The research's significance lies in informing
policy decisions, community engagement, and resource allocation for improving solid waste
management practices in the metropolis, emphasizing the need for targeted education and
comprehensive strategies.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Solid waste comprises all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally

solid, discarded as useless or unwanted. The cities of third world countries are growing at very

rapid rates compared to those in the developed nations. For instance, a UN-Habitat report

observed that Africa is the fastest urbanizing continent having cities like Cairo, Lagos, Nairobi,

Kinshasa among others growing at fast rates that would make them triple their current sizes by

the year 2050 (UN-Habitat, 2010). The ineffective management of solid waste by individuals,

homes, consumers, and waste management companies in Nigeria can be attributed to inadequate

information on the benefits of waste management and poor implementation of government

policies. The analysis of the key problem affecting the efficient management of municipal waste

is critical for developing a workable solution in an emerging economy like Nigeria’s (Abila and

Kantola, 2013).

By 2025, there will be 2.2 billion tons of waste produced worldwide; a large portion of this waste

originates in urban and peri-urban areas (UN-Habitat, 2010). Municipal waste management is at

its lowest point in many cities in the developing world; many places, such as city centers or the

outskirts of urban centers, are not served by municipal waste disposal services (Babayemi, 2009).

Waste generation encompasses those activities in which materials are identified as being no

longer of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal. When living

standards rise, people consume more, so waste increases. The best place to sort waste materials

for recovery is at the source of generation (Ezigbo, 2012). According to Areme et al. (2007) cited
in Ikemike (2015), waste generated in the country is characterized by a high percentage (60-

80%) of domestic and commercial waste in relation to others. This gives waste a high density

and makes it very attractive to flies, cockroaches, rats, and other vermin. Also, Mshelia (2015)

opined that solid wastes are generally very diverse and are usually made up of complex mixtures

of biodegradable and non-biodegradable matters. The biodegradable nature that characterizes

solid waste in Nigeria is similar to what is obtainable in countries with similar economic and

demographic characteristics including India, Bangladesh and Ghana (Akinwonmi et al., 2012). In

Nigeria today, among the pressing environmental and public health issues are the problems of

solid waste generation, control, and disposal (Okwesili et al, 2016). Although the problem of

solid waste disposal is as old as man’s existence that is inextricably linked to the generation of

waste, the truth is that in many cities, it has become so intractable that even the government is

overwhelmed (Momodu et al., 2011). The volume of solid waste generated continues to increase

at a faster rate than the ability of the agencies to improve the financial and technical resources

needed to balance this growth (Olukanni and Mnenga, 2015). The rate of solid waste generation

in Nigeria has been put at an average value of 0.49 kg/capita/day (Nnaji, 2015).

Major urban areas in Nigeria are currently engaged in a battle to remove growing piles of solid

garbage from their surroundings. The disorderly character of overflowing dumps and abandoned

heaps of solid waste coming from domestic or kitchen sources, marketplaces, retail malls, and

commercial centers is displacing these vital centers of beauty, calm, and security. The illegal and

careless disposal of dangerous commercial and industrial wastes, which is a blatant violation of

the clean air and health ethics in our environmental sanitation laws, rules, and regulations,

appears to go unaddressed by city officials. Refuse generation and its likely effects on the health,

quality of environment and the urban landscape have become burning national issues in Nigeria
today (Olukanni and Mnenga, 2015). All stakeholders concern with the safety and the

beautification of our environment have come to realize the negative consequences of uncleared

solid human wastes found in residential neighborhoods, markets, schools, and central business

districts in our cities. These solid wastes are now a common sight in our metropolitan setting.

There is no longer any question about the difficulties caused by uncleared solid wastes in

Nigerian cities. As a result, the dangerous effects on their overall health and safety are frequently

experienced by metropolitan people. Cities are the engines of economic growth, but the

environmental implications of such growth need to be assessed and managed better. The critical

and most immediate problems facing developing countries and their cities are the health impact

of urban pollution that are derived from inadequate water services, poor urban and industrial

waste management, as well as air pollution, especially from particulates which constitutes part of

solid waste.

Waste generation in Nigeria is estimated to be about 0.65 to 0.65 kg/capita/day, in Maiduguri,

Borno state, daily waste generation increased from an estimated 390 tons per day to 570 tons per

day (UNDP, 2016). This means that about 42 million tons of waste are generated annually in the

country (Ike, et al., 2018) and are therefore buried or burned their waste or dispose of it

haphazardly (Fafioye and John-Dewole, 2013). In developing countries like Nigeria, open

dumping of solid wastes on the roadway’s drains, and borrow pits is a prevalent form of disposal

(Arimieari et al., 2014). The practice usually resulted in the littering of highways and drains.

This becomes an eyesore and serves as a breeding ground for flies, rats and mosquitoes which

are major carriers of diseases (Kagu, 1996). Other effects of improper solid waste management

have been reported such as river channels, sewers, and gutters blockage, the overall effect of

which resulted in flood events (Sangodoyin, 1993) the disposal of hazardous waste, waste
components, and waste management have caused significant health problems (Arimieariet al.,

2014). The effects of which are deleterious to both human life and the environment. Solid waste

management had been part of human activities right from time.

Among the pressing environmental and public health issues in Maiduguri, Borno state today is

the problem of solid waste generation and disposal. The problem of solid waste management is a

historical one because man’s existence is inextricably linked to the generation of waste. The

problem is becoming intractable as many cities in developing countries cannot keep pace with

urbanization, pollution, and the increasingly concomitant generation of garbage due to changing

lifestyles and consumption patterns.

The mountainous heaps of solid wastes that deface Nigerian cities and the continuous discharge

of industrial contaminants into streams and rivers without treatment motivated the federal

government of Nigeria to promulgate Decree58 for the establishment of Federal Environmental

Protection Agency (FEPA) on 30 December1988 (Federal Military Government 1988).

A national policy on the environment was formed and the goals of the policy include: to secure

for all Nigerians a quality of environment adequate for their health and well-being; to raise

public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environment

and development; and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental

protection and improvement efforts (FEPA 1989). As regards the solid waste sector, the specific

actions desired include collection and disposal of solid waste in an environmentally safe manner;

setting up and enforcement of laws, regulations, and standards; encouragement of public

participation; environment monitoring and imposition of penalties on defaulters to encourage

compliance (FEPA 1989; FRN 1991).

Despite the formulation of FEPA and a national environmental policy, the environment has not

been adequately protected. Interest is mainly on aesthetics, which is rarely achieved (Agunwanba

1998). Wastes collection is irregular and restricted to the major cities. Improperly sited open

dumps deface several cities, thereby endangering public health by encouraging the spread of

odors and diseases, uncontrolled recycling of contaminated goods and pollution of water sources

(Adegoke 1989, Singh1998).

Sadly, there seems a resignation to the unremitting solid wastes build up by the relevant

authorities where such bodies exist at all. However, in reactions to the inescapable environmental

impact of delay in solid wastes removal, the federal government for example, introduced the

monthly environmental sanitation in the early seventies. There from the States and Local

Governments were expected to take a cue and evolve their own solid wastes management

(SWM) strategies based on the peculiarities of their environment.

Each state had in the process of mitigating urban solid wastes, set up Wastes Management

Boards (WMB) in attempts to tackle the occurrence of wastes and their hazards to society as a

whole. While the unhealthy aspects of abandoned solid wastes can be contained, the more

avoidable features of blocked drains, traffic impedance and floods have yet to be fully tackled.

One resonant feature common in the wastes build-up and emanating environmental degradation

scenarios is the high cost or capital-intensive nature of its amelioration as well as tackling the

solid wastes menace. It requires a lot of financial and human capital to minimize and attempt to

eradicate the adverse effects of exposed and untreated solid wastes in our urban centres. It is

expected that government would in due course arrive at the means to combat solid wastes and

reduce their negative impact on area residents and the perception of our cities as being dirty,

chaotic, and full of traces of rotting or fermenting garbage that emit odours harmful to the human
body. Obviously, the timely removal of accumulated solid wastes requires much more than our

governments at all levels are presently engaged in. Further plans, policies and programs would

need to be put on a more permanent basis in order to combat the dastardly effects of

environmental degradation. Understandably, it would require effective mobilization of resources

such as involving all stakeholders in regular counter measure to suppress uncontrolled solid

wastes generation and irregular disposal outside city confines altogether.

The Federal, State, and Local Governments are all making a number of initiatives to manage the

collection and disposal of trash generated. The Borno State Government previously made an

attempt to collect rubbish by placing evacuation vans and skip bins in strategic locations

throughout the major cities. Nevertheless, a growing tendency in the State is the dumping of

trash along the median of various major and collector roads, despite the government's provisions.

The neighborhood continues to flood during the rainy season as a result of the careless behavior

of putting trash in the middle of the road. Thus, city corridors are now breeding places for

rodents, insects, and diseases, and inadequate distribution of refuse bins makes it impossible to

establish the reason behind the indiscriminate disposal of refuse along the road divide (Popoola

et al., 2016). For a sustainable city, therefore, a concerted effort is needed for this complex

challenge.

This study will focus on Maiduguri metropolis as the study area. Historically, Maiduguri has

been an administrative, cultural and religious center. Presently the capital of Borno State, it

controls commerce, governance, and cultural developments of the center. The city is considered

as the commercial hub of the northeastern region of the country, partly due to its location as it

shares border with Cameroun and Chad republics. The city, with a population of about 850,000

occupying a land area of about 550 square kilometers, enjoys not only local commercial
activities but also international. The consequence of such increased commercial activities

facilitates high human traffics that suggest high generation of wastes, which eventually rendered

the available waste disposal infrastructures ineffective. The Borno State Environmental

Protection Agency (BOSEPA), an agency of government responsible for waste and

environmental management is faced with a shortage of equipment to adequately manage solid

waste in the metropolis (Dauda and Osita, 2000). Maiduguri, like many other cities in Nigeria,

rarely has available information on solid waste, due to principally financial constraint and

people’s attitude towards waste management.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In general, no clear law or guidelines for non-hazardous solid waste management has been

identified in Nigeria (3). However, relevant government organizations such as the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) through their respective state agencies, and Federal Ministry of

Environment form the framework for managing solid waste. Constitutionally, local governments

are charged with the responsibilities for managing waste within their jurisdictions. Nevertheless,

they are restraint from doing so due to lack of skilled manpower, equipment, resources, and

necessary institutional capability. In Maiduguri, apart from the apathy of people towards waste

management, BOSEPA that is responsible for waste management is faced with numerous

problems. Prominently, poor funding, poorly trained manpower, inadequate equipment and

machinery, ineffective collection technique and disposal methods have been found to be the

major hindrances that affect efficient management of the solid waste. Other issues that affect

solid waste management in the metropolis include, inadequate dumping sites, inaccessibility to

some collection centers due to unpaved or narrow streets, lack of maintenance of operational

equipment, lack of precise guidelines and laws related to solid waste management, Irregular and
unplanned dumping of solid wastes, especially at night, which are often in gross violation of

relevant rules and regulations continue to hinder plan preparations and effective land use

delineation which were expected to usher in a beautiful, clean and orderly environment.

Consequently, there remains a huge gap between policy formulation, execution and

implementation which exacerbate the problem of solid waste management in Maiduguri

metropolitan which necessitate the need to evaluate the problems of solid waste management in

Maiduguri, Borno state by the researcher.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The following are the objectives of this study:

1. To evaluate the problems of solid waste management in Maiduguri metropolitan, Borno

state.

2. To examine the consequences of poor solid waste management in Maiduguri

metropolitan, Borno state.

3. To identify the strategies than has been adopted in solid waste management in Maiduguri

metropolitan, Borno state.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What are the problems of solid waste management in Maiduguri metropolitan, Borno

state?

2. What are the consequences of poor solid waste management in Maiduguri metropolitan,

Borno state?

3. What are the strategies that has been adopted in solid waste management in Maiduguri

metropolitan, Borno state?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it addresses the critical issue of solid

waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis, offering insights into the challenges faced and their

consequences. Secondly, the study explores existing strategies, paving the way for evidence-

based recommendations for improvement. Lastly, the findings can inform policy decisions,

community engagement initiatives, and resource allocation, contributing to the overall

enhancement of solid waste management practices in the metropolis.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study on the problems of solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis

encompasses several key aspects. The study is specifically concentrated on Maiduguri

Metropolis, with a detailed examination of two wards - Gwange II and Gwange III. The selection

of these wards aims to capture the diversity of solid waste management challenges within the

metropolis. The study targeted a sample size of 200 participants, evenly distributed across four

communities within the selected wards. This demographic focus allows for a representative

understanding of community perspectives on solid waste management.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Solid Waste Management Concept

Municipal solid waste is refused from households, non- hazardous, waste from industrial,

commercial and institutional, market waste, yard waste, and waste from street sweeping and all

of these encompass the function of collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, recovery and

disposal (sankoh&yan,2014). Solid waste is something that has no value and no further use and

which we wish to get rid of (sankoh and yan,2014). It comes from unusable residues in raw

materials which are rejected by the community (sankoh and yan,2014). With the progress of

civilization and human development, the waste generated became more complex in nature since

waste generation dependents on population, thus increase in population and urbanization will

cause largely for the increase in solid waste (sankoh&yan,2014). Many years ago, Beede and

Bloom (1994) approximated the global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate at 1.3

billion tons per day.

However, the need to manage this problem technologically, economically, and socially

acceptable manner is mandatory to every nation of the world (Achankeng, 2004). The solid

waste handling hierarchy is an internationally accepted and recommended and the following

ascending order of preference which are; open-burning, dump, landfill, incinerate, recycle, reuse

and prevent. While open burning and dumping are least preferred and actually not recommended
even though many un-developed countries are highly using (Achankeng, 2004). The problem of

municipal solid waste management varies in magnitude in different regions, nations and cities of

the world.

Currently, an estimated 54 percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas and this is

expected to increase to 66 per cent by 2050, about one third or to two thirds of the solid waste

generated is uncollected which then dumped in the streets and in drains, contributing to flooding,

breeding of insects and contributing to the spread of diseases (Awosan, 2017).

Obot, AnimaShaun and Fayose (2002), observed that the improper disposal of refuse and waste

constitute serious environmental health problems to residents within the vicinity. The

phenomenon can escalate the outbreak of different kinds of epidemics. According to Aina

(1995), the polluted ground water can affect food chain, health and human environment. She

stressed that both women and children are victims of pollution and that over 40,000 children die

from disease and other epidemic everyday due to poor waste disposal.Sule (2004), confirmed

that solid waste disposal constitute the major urban environmental paralysis, a clog in the wheel

of progress in terms of urban environmental purity and sanitation. He talked about waste as an

environmental disaster and aesthetic decay.

2.2 Sources of Waste

Wastes are complex on nature depending on sources of generation and the environmental status

of the waste. Waste may be classified according to its origin or sources, physical form or morph

metric, or according to physiochemical properties.

According to Ezechi et al., (2017), municipal solid waste in Nigeria is general classified based on

its origin which may include:

 i. Domestic waste which comprises waste from households, restaurants, markets and

other commercial areas.

ii. Industrial waste which comprises waste from private industries but excluding waste

that requires special handling.

iii. Institutional waste which comprises of waste from public institutions, establishments,

hospitals, schools and recreational areas.

The generation of composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) is largely influenced by

population, income and economic growth, climate, season and social behavior (Narayana, 2009;

Badi et al., 2020). While in Nigeria the stream of MSW is generally consist of paper, plastic,

metal, textile, glass among other things (Kadafa et al., 2013). The treatment of MSW is one of

the global challenging issues specially to developing countries like Nigeria due to its adverse

environment effects (Adekunle et al., 2011; Zamorano et al., 2009). Naturally, mankind depends

solely on the environment to live and sustain their lives, but MSW is one of the major three

environmental problems including floods and desertification that are being threatened Nigeria

(Jalil, 2010).

The density of MSW in Nigeria according to Ogwueleka, (2009), is generally ranges from 280 -

37 kg/m3 and its annual generation rate is 25 million tons with daily rate of 0.56 – 66

kg/capacity/day. Municipal solid waste management has become very vital issue facing both

developed and developing nations and rate of waste generation has continued to increase due to

lifestyle choice, population, technological advancement and consumption which have

necessitated the need to address the concern (Asase et al., 2009). Municipal solid waste

management which also often called municipal solid waste treatment is defined by Ezechi et al.,

(2017) as the process of collecting, storing, treatment and disposal of the municipal solid waste
in a way that, they can be harmless to humans, animals, plans, economy and environment in

general. The management of municipal solid waste in many developed countries has evolved into

material flow management which involves careful handling of raw material, job creation,

reduction of green gas emission, revenue generation and environmental protection (Che et al.,

2013; Odoemene and Ofodu, 2016). But however, in developing countries like Nigeria, the

management of municipal solid waste is still in its infancy stage and faces many challenges. The

management of municipal solid waste is generally influenced by many factors such as income

level, economic development, stability and prosperity, industrialization, human attitude,

urbanization and local climatic conditions (Agwu, 2012).

2.3 Waste Management Methods

There are different types of municipal solid waste treatment techniques but the most commonly

techniques used in Nigeria are open dumping, open burning, landfill, incineration, composting,

recycling and anaerobic gestations (Nanda and Berruti, 2021).

2.3.1 Incineration

Incineration is one of the widely used technologies for municipal solid waste management in

Nigeria and the technique is solely depends on the combustion of waste at high temperature.

Incineration is the most cost-effective technique for waste management in Nigeria which is

seldom applied in various hospitals where medical wastes are incinerated at minimal scale. The

technique has the following capabilities which include:

i. It uses to reduce the organic matter content of the waste.

ii. It uses to destroy contaminants and organic pathogens of the waste.

iii. It uses to reduce the volume of the waste.

iv. It uses for preservation of raw materials and resources.

It should be noted that, incineration as one of the technologies used for municipal solid waste

management in Nigeria does not eliminate waste but rather reduce and transform it into a new

form which requires disposal in landfills (Ogwueleka, 2009). Incineration causes aesthetic issues

such as noxious gases, foul odors and gritty smoke addition with toxicity, air quality

deterioration, potential leaching of heavy metal from fly ash and also disposal of produced ash

which very are critical concerns (Zhang et al., 2004). In Nigeria where the composition of the

municipal solid waste is made up of mostly organic, therefore incinerators require the supply of

excess fuel foe combustion of waste due to high moisture content of the waste (Ogwueleka,

2009). But recycling of the municipal solid waste is widely practice in developed nations rather

incineration technique (Sharma, 2003).

2.3.2 Landfilling

Landfilling is a municipal solid waste management technology technique, where a landfill

relates to an area is designated for disposal of the municipal solid waste in a way it does not

pollute the surrounding environment especially ground water (Ezechi et al., 2017). According to

World Bank, the generation of MSW is anticipated to rise to 3.4 billion tones by 2050. But

however, the about 70% of the waste end ups in landfill and dumpsites, (Nanda and Berruti,

2021). Some challenges of the land filing of waste in Nigeria include the following:

i. Inadequate of dumping sites for waste

ii. Contamination of ground water via leaching of leachate

iii. And strict environmental laws.

Land filing of waste in Nigeria happened to be mostly in either an open lands fills or sanitary

landfills which tend to cause many health and enormous environmental implications.

2.3.3 Composting
Composting is a microbial technical driven technique for municipal solid waste management

that is used to stabilize different types of waste. The techniques is used to reduce the volume of

waste by 40 – 50%, produce an end product suitable for soil amendment and it is used to

metabolically used to destroy pathogens in the thermophilic phase (Muhammad et al., 2015).

Composting technique is not commonly used in Nigeria as means of municipal solid waste

management despite its benefits which include Reduction in greenhouse gas emission and

replacement of synthetic fertilizer respectively (Seruga, 2021).

2.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a municipal solid waste management technology technique which could

be thought of as one of the most sustainable and promising process for the treatment of organic

waste (Seruga, 2021). The technique breaks down organic materials in the absence of oxygen.

The entire process of anaerobic digestion produces biogas which consists of methane and

carbon-dioxide and digestate which is rich with come macronutrients for needed for the growth

of plant (Okoro-Shekwaga and Horan, 2015). Though, the technique is also considered as most

friendly technique or method for municipal solid waste management but however, it is not

commonly used in Nigeria as municipal solid waste management technique (Okoro-Shekwaga

and Horan, 2015).

2.4 Problems of Waste Disposal

The deterioration of the Nigerian urban environment in terms of irresponsible dumping and

accumulated solid waste is most apparent in our growing cities today. The dehumanizing effects

of these circumstances in our urban lives and blighted environment have often been cited and

noted as contributing causes of the Nigerian urban decay, (Asuquo, 1979).

From the United Nations statistics, world population reached 6.1 billion with an annual growth

rate of 1.2 percent of about 77 million people per year. Evidence of the increase in population is

reflected in poor house, slums and squatter settlement with an estimate of over 750 million

people living in urban area. This growth in human population gives rise to mountainous heaps of

waste which characterizes our cities and towns, like that of Nairobi of Kenya, Mexico of Mexico

city, Lagos of Nigeria etc.

As population increases, as more people move to this few primate cities in search of better life,

the generation and disposal of waste becomes a major public issue effecting both health and the

aesthetic value of urban centre. Oldnira (1995), argued that one of the major environmental

health problems facing Nigerian especially in the major cities is poor waste management. Edu

(2003) stated that waste is the greatest physical problem that persistently poses a grave challenge

to man on earth. The indiscriminate dumping of waste along streets, marketplaces, residential

axis in Port-Harcourt constitutes nuisance which causes serious health hazard, as dumping leads

to percolation to pollute ground water supplies, breeding ground for such annoying and disease

bearing organisms, such as rats, cockroaches, flies, etc.

Uchegbu (1998), in his words said man unguided development and ineffective solid waste

management in urban centres of Nigeria has resulted to urban degradation and outbreak of

diseases like cholera, malaria, typhoid, bronchial disorders, etc.

Udo (2003) has observed that decomposed waste emits carbondioxide (CO 2) methane gas (ch4),

which enhances global warning white nitrite and nitrate emission causes health hazard such as

carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrosamines. Refuse dumps serves as breeding places for disease

causing organism such as rats and flies which are major disease vectors associated with garbage.

Rats are known to be involved in the spread of bubonic plagues to humans. Rats may
contaminate food with their urine transmitting leptospirosis and infective hepatitis. They can

transmit salmonella and other infecting organisms (Odiete 1993).

The problem with waste disposal is multi-facet in nature, as most of our cities have been

overtaken by mountainous heaps of refuse on roadway, streets, and drainages. This phenomenon

can be traced to several factors that includes poor institution framework for waste management

by the government, inherent rural attitude of most urban dwellers, poor state of public

infrastructure and high urban poverty among others, (okpechi 2007). In port-Harcourt, the issue

surrounding waste disposal is annoying. Waste are indiscriminately dumped on the streets, drain

ages, backyards. This becomes a major problem as the aesthetic nature of the place is reduced.

Waste obstructs traffic and even lead to accident especially at night when visibility is poor.

Indiscriminate dumping of waste along mile one (1) axis of Diobu, leads to flooding during the

raining season, as well as property loss. Inadequate funding is another important factor militating

or acting as a major problem of waste disposal. The cost of labour, purchase and maintenances of

vehicles involved in the collection and disposal of waste has risen so high that many sanitation

agencies are already finding it difficult to collect and properly dispose all the collected wastes,

(Agunwanba, 2003). It was in this contaxt that Uchegbu (1988), argued that the problem of waste

disposal in our cities has gone beyond individuals and communual effect, and therefore charges

the government to be more committed in making our cities safe and habitable for all.

Mabogunje (1974), pointed out that solid waste problem in emerging urban centres in Maiduguri,

Borno state is a consequence of drastic change occurring from rural habits, norms and values of

the people to those of urban civilization. As most people residing in the cities still patronize their

bad habit of backyard dumping. He later argued that they are related to lack of public awareness

and enlightenments.
2.5 Prospect of Our Environment

In view of a prospective solution to any of the above-mentioned problems, their effects, causes

and nature which include urban decay. Akintola (1978), demands first an understanding of its

intrinsic nature. Various scholars have attempted the cause of our deteriorating urban cities like

Turner (1969), Abraham (1978).

Elisabeth Dowdewell UNEP officer said that “the right to health is an extension to the right of

life”. As environmental conservation and management lies solely in human responsibility.

According to principle one (1) of the UNEP resolution (1992), “humans are entitled to a healthy

environment in harmony with nature”. In order to ensure an effective waste management and

sanitation, both urban dwellers and government should come together to maintain a legal and

institutional workable framework for waste disposal and management.

Therefore, a clear understanding depends not so much on the intrinsic nature of realities of the

physical environment as objective science would prove them to be, but rather on what man have

imagined or conceived in regard to influence around him (Ebong and Bassey, 2004). Therefore, a

clear understanding of the cognitive imperative and behavior of people constitute a prerequisite

for effective waste disposal vis-a-vis management.

Additionally, a clear understanding that man’ is an inseparable part of the environmental system

constituting his culture and biophysical, equally serving as an “invisible guiding hand”

regulating the relationship between man and the aesthetic and hygienic status of his environment,

(Stepp and Swan 1970).

 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3..0 Research Design

This research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative

methods to comprehensively evaluate the problems of solid waste management in Maiduguri

Metropolis. By combining survey data and interviews, a holistic understanding of the challenges,

consequences, and strategies related to solid waste management will be obtained.

3.1 Study Area

The study focuses on Maiduguri Metropolis, specifically concentrating on two wards - Gwange

II and Gwange III. These wards were selected randomly to ensure a representative sampling

across different parts of Maiduguri. Within each ward, two communities were systematically

chosen, resulting in a total of four sampled communities. The communities selected for the study

are considered indicative of the broader challenges faced in the metropolis.

3.2 Sampling Procedure

The selection of Gwange II and Gwange III wards was carried out randomly to avoid bias in the

representation of Maiduguri Metropolis. Communities within these wards were chosen

systematically to ensure a fair distribution. The sample size of 200 participants is divided equally

among the four selected communities, with 50 individuals from each community. This balanced

allocation allows for a nuanced understanding of diverse perspectives within the metropolis.

3.3 Data Collection

3.3.1 Primary Data

Primary data were gathered through structured surveys and interviews to capture a

comprehensive view of the solid waste management scenario in Maiduguri Metropolis. The

survey instrument includes Likert-scale questions, ranging from 1 to 5, to assess participants'

perceptions on various factors affecting solid waste management. The Likert scale provides a

quantitative measure of the perceived severity of the issues, with 1 indicating the least

problematic and 5 indicating the most problematic.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data were collected from relevant sources such as government reports, academic

articles, and publications on solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis. This data was

able to provide additional context and support the findings from the primary data.

3.3.3 Survey Instrument Design

The survey instrument is carefully designed to address the research objectives. It incorporates a

mix of closed-ended questions to quantify responses and open-ended questions to allow

participants to provide detailed insights. The Likert-scale questions cover aspects related to the

problems, consequences, and strategies of solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis

3.4 Data Analysis

3.4.1 Quantitative Analysis

The study was able to employ statistical methods using frequency, table, and percentage to

analyze survey responses and quantify the extent of various issues related to solid waste

management. The Likert scale (a rating scale) was used to measure opinions of the respondents.

The Likert scale responses in which numerical values (1 to 5) where assigned, and the average

rating for each identified factor affecting solid waste management were calculated (Likert, 1932).

This analysis was able to provide a quantitative measure of the participants' perceptions.

3.4.2 Qualitative Analysis

The qualitative analysis employs thematic analysis to extract patterns and themes from

interviews, observations, and document reviews.

3.4.3 Ethical Considerations

The study was able to obtain informed consent from the participants before conducting

interviews or surveys. The researcher also ensures the confidentiality of participants' responses

and anonymize data to protect privacy.

 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Data Analysis, Result and Discussion

The demographic data presented in the questionnaire provides essential information about the

respondents participating in the evaluation of solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis,

Borno State. This information is crucial for understanding the perspectives of different

demographic groups and tailoring waste management strategies accordingly. Here is a discussion

of the key demographic data.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The demographic characteristics of the respondents in this study provide crucial insights into the

composition of the surveyed population. These characteristics was able to help the researcher

understand the context in which the study was conducted and enable him to analyze how

different groups responded to various factors and issues concerning solid waste management in

Maiduguri Metropolis. Collecting and analyzing these demographic characteristics enabled the
researcher to make informed interpretations of the findings, considering the diverse backgrounds

and experiences of the respondents.

4.1.1 Sex Distribution of the Respondents

The data indicates a fairly balanced representation of both genders, with 61% male respondents

and 39% female respondents as shown in Figure 1. Understanding the waste management

perceptions of both genders is essential, as they may have different perspectives and priorities

concerning environmental issues.

Sex Distribution

Female
39%

Male
61%

Male Female

Figure 1: Sex Distribution of the Respondents

4.1.2 Age Distribution of the Respondents

The age distribution of the respondents as indicated in Figure 2 is spread across different age

groups, with the majority falling in the 36-45 age range (30%). The inclusion of respondents

from various age groups is beneficial for capturing a comprehensive view of how different age

brackets perceive and engage with solid waste management.

 Age of the Respondents
12% 14%

24% 20%

31%

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56 and above

Figure 2: Age Distribution of the Respondents

4.1.3 Occupation Breakdown

The occupation breakdown of the respondents as indicated in Figure 3 shows students, although

a small percentage (6%), may provide insights into the waste management awareness and

concerns among the younger population. Government employees constitute 22%. This group's

perspective is crucial, as they may have insights into the existing waste management policies and

practices in the area. Employees in the private sector made up 11% of the total respondents and

may have unique insights into corporate waste management practices. Self-employed

respondents constitute 19%. This group's input is valuable to understand the challenges and

solutions that self-employed individuals may encounter in managing their waste. Understanding

the perceptions of the unemployed (which constitute the bulk-42% of the respondents) is

essential, as they may represent a diverse range of backgrounds and experiences.

Figure 3: Occupation Breakdown of the Respondents

The demographic data collected through this questionnaire offers a comprehensive representation

of various groups within the Maiduguri Metropolis. Analyzing the findings within these

demographic categories allowed for a more nuanced and inclusive evaluation of solid waste

management in the area, helping to tailor recommendations and interventions based on the

specific needs and perspectives of different segments of the population.

4.2 Level of Awareness of the Respondents on Current Solid Waste Management Practices

in the Study Area

The results presented in this section specifically addressed the awareness of current solid waste

management practices in Maiduguri Metropolis. This provides valuable insights into the

community's perception of this critical issue. The data, which categorizes respondents based on

their awareness levels, shows the combined percentage of respondents who are either "Very

Aware" or "Aware" stands at 55% (Table 1), indicating a substantial portion of the population is

familiar with the current solid waste management practices in Maiduguri Metropolis. This
suggests a potential foundation for community engagement and involvement in waste

management initiatives.

How aware are you of the current solid waste Number of

management practices in Maiduguri Metropolis Respondents %
Very aware 47 23
Aware 65 32
Neutral 60 30
Unaware 11 6
Very unaware 17 9
Total 200 100
Table 1: Level of Awareness on Current Solid Waste Management Practices in Maiduguri
Metropolis

The "Neutral" category, comprising 30% (Table 1) of respondents, suggests a considerable

number of individuals neither possess a strong awareness nor lack knowledge about solid waste

management practices. This group represents an opportunity for educational campaigns and

outreach efforts to enhance awareness. The combined percentage of respondents who are either

"Unaware" or "Very Unaware" is 15%, indicating a smaller but still significant portion of the

population lacks awareness of current solid waste management practices. Strategies for

information dissemination and education may be particularly crucial for this segment to improve

their understanding of waste management issues.

The implication of the perception of level of awareness of the respondents on this research

indicates three major areas of needs which include:

1. Targeted Education and Outreach: The findings suggest a need for targeted educational

programs and outreach initiatives to address the awareness gaps identified, especially

among those who are "Neutral," "Unaware," or "Very Unaware."

 2. Community Engagement: Given the relatively high percentage of individuals who are

"Very Aware" or "Aware," there may be opportunities to leverage this existing awareness

for community engagement in waste management initiatives. These individuals could

potentially serve as advocates and influencers within the community.

3. Policy and Infrastructure Development: Understanding the awareness levels is crucial for

policymakers and urban planners. The results can guide the development of policies,

infrastructure, and waste management systems that align with the community's

knowledge and preferences.

The evaluation of awareness levels presented in this section provides a foundation for targeted

interventions, community engagement, and policy development to address solid waste

management challenges in Maiduguri Metropolis. The nuanced understanding of awareness

levels among different segments of the population is valuable for tailoring strategies that

effectively address the identified issues.

3.3 Perception on Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Maiduguri Metropolis

The perception of the respondent on the factors affecting solid waste management in Maiduguri

Metropolis was analyzed using the likert scale (Likert, 1932). Calculating the average rating in a

Likert scale involves assigning numerical values to the responses and then finding the mean of

those values. In this case, the identified factors were rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being the least

problematic, 5 being the most problematic) regarding solid waste management in Maiduguri

metropolis. In the context of Likert scales, the interpretation often follows a general guideline

where:

1 to 2: Low concern or not a significant issue.

2 to 3: Moderate concern, some attention may be needed.

3 to 4: High concern, addressing the issue is important.

4 to 5Very high concern, urgent action is recommended.

For each respondent, numerical value was assigned corresponding to their Likert scale response.

The numerical values were sum up and divided by the total number of respondents as shown

below:

(a) Poor Funding:

 Average Rating= (1 * 47 + 2 * 53 + 3 * 32 + 4 * 61 + 5 * 7)/ (47 + 53 + 32 + 61 +

7)

 Average Rating=3.03

The average rating of 3.03 suggests a moderate level of concern among the respondents

regarding poor funding for solid waste management. Here's a breakdown of the interpretation.

The interpretation implies that, on average, the respondents perceive poor funding as a moderate

issue in the context of solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis. While it's not

considered the most problematic, there is still room for improvement in funding for solid waste

management. This information can be valuable for decision-makers and authorities involved in

waste management to address the concerns and make necessary improvements in funding to

enhance the solid waste management system in Maiduguri Metropolis.

(b) Poorly Trained Manpower:

 Average Rating= (1 * 31 + 2 * 88 + 3 * 50 + 4 * 21 + 5 * 10)/ (31 + 88 + 50 + 21

+ 10)
  Average Rating=2.5.1

The interpretation provided is that there is a moderate level of concern regarding poorly trained

manpower, and addressing training issues can contribute to better solid waste management in

Maiduguri Metropolis.

(c) Inadequate Equipment and Machinery:

 Average Rating= (1 * 27 + 2 * 30 + 3 * 31 + 4 * 82 + 5 * 30)/ (27 + 30 + 31 + 82

+ 30)

 Average Rating =3.53

The analysis provided indicates that the respondents perceive "Inadequate Equipment and

Machinery" as a significant concern in solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis. The

average rating of 3.53 suggests a high level of concern among the respondents regarding

inadequate equipment and machinery for solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis. The

interpretation indicates that there is a significant need for improvement in equipment and

machinery to address the challenges related to solid waste management.

This information can be valuable for policymakers, local authorities, and relevant stakeholders to

prioritize and focus efforts on enhancing the equipment and machinery used in solid waste

management practices in Maiduguri Metropolis. It signals a consensus among the respondents

that improvements in this aspect are crucial for more effective waste management.

(d) Ineffective Collection Techniques:

 Average Rating= (1 * 33 + 2 * 34 + 3 * 20 + 4 * 41 + 5 * 72)/ (33 + 34 + 20 + 41

+ 72)

 Average Rating=3.74
An average rating of 3.74 falls closer to the higher end of the scale, indicating a substantial level

of concern among respondents. The interpretation suggests that there is a recognized need for

significant improvement in waste collection techniques in Maiduguri Metropolis. This

information can be valuable for policymakers, waste management authorities, and other

stakeholders involved in solid waste management in Maiduguri. It signals that attention and

resources should be directed toward improving and optimizing waste collection processes to

address the concerns raised by the respondent.

(e) Inadequate Dumping Site:

 Average Rating= ((1 * 11 + 2 * 26 + 3 * 22 + 4 * 39 + 5 * 103)/ (11 + 26 + 22 +

39 + 103)

 Average rating=4.24

The average rating of 4.24 suggests a very high level of concern among the respondents,

indicating that they perceive inadequate dumping sites as a significant problem in the

management of solid waste in Maiduguri Metropolis. The interpretation suggests that urgent

attention is required to address the issue of inadequate dumping sites. This could involve

initiatives such as identifying suitable locations for dumping sites, ensuring proper waste

disposal infrastructure, and implementing waste management policies to mitigate the concerns

raised by the respondents.

It's important to note that the interpretation is based on the average rating, and the specific

actions needed to address the concern would depend on further analysis, stakeholder

engagement, and the development of comprehensive waste management strategies for Maiduguri

Metropolis. The findings from this Likert scale analysis can serve as valuable input for municipal
authorities and policymakers in making informed decisions to improve solid waste management

in the area.

(f) Inaccessibility to Collection Centers:

 Average Rating: (1 * 14 + 2 * 10 + 3 * 40 + 4 * 44 + 5 * 92)/ (14 + 10 + 40 + 44

+ 92)

 Average Rating=4.16

The average rating of 4.16 suggests a very high level of concern among respondents regarding

the inaccessibility to collection center. The interpretation indicates that improving accessibility to

collection centers is crucial to address the concerns raised by the respondents.

(g) Lack of Maintenance of Operational Equipment:

 Average Rating: 1 * 67 + 2 * 54 + 3 * 49 + 4 * 18 + 5 * 12)/ (67 + 54 + 49 + 18 +

12)

 Average Rating=2.57

For the specific factor "Lack of Maintenance of Operational Equipment," the average rating was

found to be 2.57. The interpretation provided suggests a moderate level of concern, indicating

that there is a need for attention to maintenance practices.

(h) Lack of Precise Guidelines and Laws:

 Average Rating: (1 * 20 + 2 * 28 + 3 * 29 + 4 * 50 + 5 * 73)/ (20 + 28 + 29 + 50

+ 73)

 Average Rating=3.77
The average rating for the factor of "Lack of Precise Guidelines and Laws" is 3.77. Based on the

Likert scale interpretation, this indicates a high level of concern. Respondents perceive that there

is a need for clearer guidelines and stricter laws to address the challenges in solid waste

management in Maiduguri Metropolis. The higher average rating suggests that this factor is

considered a significant issue that requires attention and improvement.

(i) Irregular and Unplanned Dumping:

 Average Rating= (1 * 30 + 2 * 21 + 3 * 21 + 4 * 77 + 5 * 51)/ (30 + 21 + 21 + 77

+ 51)

 Average Rating=3.74

The interpretation indicates that the average rating of 3.74 is considered a high level of concern

regarding irregular dumping practices in Maiduguri Metropolis. Therefore, the conclusion drawn

is that addressing irregular dumping practices is considered important for effective solid waste

management in Maiduguri Metropolis, as per the perceptions of the respondents.

The overall analysis indicates that there are significant challenges in various aspects of solid

waste management in Maiduguri, with inadequate dumping sites and inaccessibility to collection

centers being particularly critical issues. Addressing these concerns would require coordinated

efforts and strategic interventions.

In addition to the conventional issues associated with waste disposal and infrastructure, the

pervasive problems of poverty and a high cost of living by some respondents contribute

significantly to the complexities of managing solid waste in the study area. Households facing

economic challenges may prioritize immediate needs over waste disposal. The cost of waste

disposal services or waste management facilities might be perceived as an additional financial

burden, resulting in improper waste disposal practices. Poverty and environmental degradation

often form a cycle. Individuals trapped in poverty may resort to unsustainable practices due to

limited alternatives, exacerbating environmental problems. This, in turn, affects the overall

livability of the community. The interplay of poverty, high living costs, and inadequate waste

management can lead to public health challenges.

4.4 Consequences of Poor Solid Waste Management in the Study Area

This section of the study focuses on the examination of the consequences of poor solid waste

management in Maiduguri Metropolis. The data presented in Table 2 indicates that out of the

respondents surveyed, 200 individuals (100% of the total respondents as shown in Table 2) have

personally experienced negative consequences of poor solid waste management, while none

reported not experiencing such consequence.

Have you personally experienced any negative Number of

consequences of poor solid waste management in Responde
Maiduguri Metropolis nts %
10
Yes
200 0
No 0 0
10
Total 200 0
Table 2: Perception on Negative Consequences of Poor Solid Waste Management in the Study
Area
For the respondents that said yes, some of the consequences they have experienced have impact

on the environment, public health, and overall quality of life. Some of the specific significant

negative consequences mentioned by the respondents include:

1. Environmental Pollution: Improper disposal of solid waste in the study area always led to

environmental pollution. Open dumping and burning of waste release harmful pollutants

into the air, soil, and water.

 2. Health Risks: According to the respondents, inadequate solid waste management poses

serious health risks to them. They stated that accumulated waste becomes a breeding

ground for disease vectors such as rats, mosquitoes, and flies, which can spread diseases

like malaria and cholera. Also, others mentioned that exposure to pollutants from burning

waste also cause respiratory problems in the study area.

3. Water Contamination: Some of the respondent mentioned that improper disposal of solid

waste has contaminated their water sources.

4. Aesthetic and Social Impact: Others complain of piles of garbage in public spaces and

along roadways which negatively affect the aesthetics of the area.

5. Infrastructure Damage: It was observed that improper disposal practices, such as

dumping waste in drainage systems, led to clogging and flooding during heavy rains.

This not only damages infrastructure but also increases the risk of waterborne diseases.

4.5 Solid Waste Management Practices in the Study Area

Five major disposal methods were identified in the study area as shown in Figure 4 below. The

result showed that 38% of the respondents using designated garbage collection site was the most

common. It was observed that a staggering 31% of respondents dropped refuse in the river and

drainage channels around the area. The geographical layout of the settlements around Gwange II

and Gwange III near the river makes it easier for some residents to opt for the riverbanks as a

dumping ground. This proximity, while convenient for those discarding waste, poses severe risks

to the environment and public health. Research has established that the dropping of waste and

debris in drainage can result to severe flooding arising from the blockage of drainages with

wastes (Agunwamba, 2003).

Figure 4: Solid Waste Management Practices in the Study Area

Burning as a disposal method constitute 15% of the total respondents. Some residents of in the

study area have considered burning a cheap way of disposing of their solid wastes by setting the

mixed wastes on fire in a little corner in the backyard or a very open place and causing serious

and dangerous air pollution. Effect of which is deleterious to both flora and fauna and ecosystem

in general. Dropping of waste by the road (10 %) was common after waste burning. in the study

areaand while 6% dispose of using other means. The relationships between age and occupation

status and solid waste management shows that age and occupation status have no influence on

solid waste management in the study area as all the respondents engaged in the same manner of

waste disposal notwithstanding their age and employment status. The result agreed with

(Babayemi and Dauda,2009) that reported similar findings in Abeokuta, Ogun State. However, in

their study, the researcher observed a relationship between gender and waste management as the

percentages of those involved in open dumping, dumping in drainages, and burying were higher

among male.

4.6 Strategies for Solid Waste Management by the State Government

An in-depth key informant interview was conducted with the relevant government ministry and

agency to explore the strategies adopted by the government in municipal solid waste

management. The research observed that the Borno State Environmental Protection Agency

(BOSEPA) is the government agency tasked with the responsibility of managing all municipal

solid waste. The study revealed that BOSEPA has adopted the following waste disposal methods

and activities.

Waste Collection and Transportation: BOSEPA implements an organized system for the

collection and transportation of solid waste from households and businesses to designated

disposal sites.

Open Dumping: There are four dumpsites in Maiduguri designated by BOSEPA as official

disposal sites. These are excavation pits from road and construction works located in the city

outskirts, managed under a semi-controlled dumping regime. Refuse is dumped on a daily basis,

partially compacted, sanitized, and capped with a laterite layer. Once a section is brought to the

level of the road, construction ensues on the reclaimed patch of land.

Recycling: BOSEPA is currently piloting a recycling project to create interlocking paving blocks

from plastic bags. The process is labor-intensive and on a small scale due to its reliance on

manual tools. The informal sector dominates the recycling activities in Borno. Waste pickers

collect metallic waste and PET bottles from dumpsites and sell them to scrapyards and junk

shops, which also collect metal scrap from mechanical workshops. In turn, scrapyard and junk

shop owners sell recovered materials to companies from Abuja, Kano, and Lagos, ultimately

leading to either recycling in the country or export. There is currently no glass or paper and

cardboard recycling, while there is some level of recovery for rubber; women also pick yard or

green waste, namely tree branches and other wood waste for firewood.
Monthly Sanitation Exercise: Monthly sanitation exercises are common initiatives by the state

government aimed at promoting cleanliness, environmental hygiene, and community

involvement.

Regarding some of the challenges of solid waste management, the study observes that effective

and timely collection and environmentally sound disposal of waste have been challenges faced

by BOSEPA. The capacity of the agency is limited due to a lack of vehicles, vehicle spare parts,

lack of know-how and human capital pertaining to the use of ICT equipment, finance and

management, technical knowledge of waste management standards, and best practices by the

staff of the agency.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary
The research focused on evaluating solid waste management in Maiduguri Metropolis,

employing a mixed-methods approach. The study covered two wards (Gwange II and

Gwange III) with four sampled communities and a total of 200 participants. The data

collection included primary data through surveys and interviews, utilizing Likert scales, and

secondary data from various sources. Demographic characteristics were analyzed,

highlighting a balanced gender representation, diverse age groups, and varied occupational

backgrounds. The study explored respondents' awareness of current waste management

practices and perceptions on factors affecting solid waste management.

The Likert scale analysis revealed moderate to high concerns among respondents, with

inadequate dumping sites and inaccessibility to collection centers identified as critical issues.

The findings indicated a need for targeted education, community engagement, and policy

development to address these concerns. The research also explored the consequences of poor

waste management, with all respondents reporting personal experiences of negative impacts

on the environment, public health, and overall quality of life.

Solid waste management practices in the study area were varied, with designated collection

sites being the most common, but significant percentages resorting to river and drainage

dumping, burning, and other unconventional methods. The State Government, through

BOSEPA, employs waste collection, open dumping, recycling, and monthly sanitation

exercises. Challenges include inadequate resources, limited capacity, and technical

knowledge.

5.2 Conclusion
The study concludes that Maiduguri Metropolis faces significant challenges in solid waste

management, leading to diverse consequences affecting the environment, public health, and

overall quality of life. Awareness levels vary, highlighting the need for targeted education

and community engagement. The Likert scale analysis emphasizes urgent attention to

inadequate dumping sites and inaccessibility to collection centers.

Ineffective waste management practices, influenced by poverty and high living costs,

contribute to the persistent issues. The State Government's efforts through BOSEPA, though

comprehensive, encounter challenges related to resources and technical capacity.

5.3 Recommendations

1. Targeted Education Outreach: Implement educational programs and outreach initiatives

to address awareness gaps, especially among those categorized as "Neutral," "Unaware,"

or "Very Unaware."

2. Community Engagement: Leverage the relatively high awareness levels among some

individuals to promote community engagement in waste management initiatives. Utilize

these individuals as advocates and influencers within the community.

3. Policy and Infrastructure Development: Develop policies, infrastructure, and waste

management systems aligned with the community's knowledge and preferences.

Prioritize addressing concerns related to inadequate dumping sites and inaccessibility to

collection centers.

4. Addressing Dumping site Issues: Urgently address the issues of inadequate dumping sites

and inaccessibility to collection centers, which are perceived as very high concerns by

respondents.
5. Enhanced Recycling Initiative: Strengthen and expand recycling initiatives, considering

their positive impact on waste management.

6. Capacity Building for BOSEPA: Address the challenges faced by BOSEPA, including

inadequate resources and technical knowledge, through capacity building, training, and

resource allocation.

7. Strategic Interventions: Implement strategic interventions to improve funding, training of

manpower, equipment, and collection techniques in solid waste management.

8. Interdisciplinary Approach: Recognize the interplay of poverty, high living costs, and

inadequate waste management, and adopt interdisciplinary approaches to address these

complex challenges. Consider the socio-economic context in waste management

strategies.

9. Environmental Consideration: Promote responsible waste disposal methods to mitigate

negative consequences on the environment, public health, and infrastructure.

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 QUESTIONAIRE

Section 1: Demographic Information

1.1 Name (Optional):

1.2 Gender:

 Male
 Female

1.3 Age:

 Under 18
 18-25
 26-35
 36-45
 46-55
 56 and above

1.4 Occupation:

 Student
 Government Employee
 Private Sector Employee
 Self-employed
 Unemployed

Section 2: Evaluation of Problems in Solid Waste Management

2.1 How aware are you of the current solid waste management practices in Maiduguri?

 Very aware
 Aware
 Neutral
 Unaware
 Very unaware

2.2 Please rate the following factors on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being the least problematic, 5 being
the most problematic) regarding solid waste management in Maiduguri:

a) Poor funding

 1
 2
  3
 4
 5

b) Poorly trained manpower

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5

c) Inadequate equipment and machinery

 1
 2
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 5

d) Ineffective collection techniques

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e) Inadequate dumping sites

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f) Inaccessibility to collection centers

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g) Lack of maintenance of operational equipment

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h) Lack of precise guidelines and laws

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i) Irregular and unplanned dumping

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2.3 What additional problems, if any, do you think affect solid waste management in Maiduguri?
(Open-ended)

Section 3: Examination of Consequences of Poor Solid Waste Management

3.1 Have you personally experienced any negative consequences of poor solid waste
management in Maiduguri?

 Yes
 No

 3.2 What methods do you use to dispose solid waste from your household?
(Options_______________)

Section 4: Identification of Strategies in Solid Waste Management

4.1 What are the strategies by the government in managing solid waste?

(Open ended_____________)