The municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are undesirable materialsbmainly consisting of household wastes

and so are called household garbage. -ey also include similar waste to MSW which refers to wastes of
the industrial companies, crafts, trades,hotels, schools, public services, and hospitals and municipal
services such as road wastes, parks and gardens’ maintenance, and other recreational areas that present
physicochemical features or equivalent to toxicity of household garbage. The exponential growth of the
world population, the urbanization, the socioeconomic development, and the improvement of living
standards have trained phenomenal augmentation of the municipal solid wastes’ production in the
whole world [2]. -eir quantity has increased over the years in the developing countries, and their
management faces many difficulties from the technical and economical sides as from the
methodological and organizational sides.

Degradation of the environment is among the key problems of today’s life. A need to protect our
surroundings and the environment has become more important than anything else(Michael,2014).
therefore, Solid waste management is a challenging task not only in developing countries but also
developed countries. however, generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the important
contemporary environmental problems in urban areas(Pattnaik & Reddy, 2010). Solid waste is referred
to the used and leftover materials comprising of domestic solid waste (solid waste generated by
households), industrial and commercial solid waste(solid waste produced by shops, hotels, offices,
hospitals), construction and demolition waste and marine waste(solid waste generated from coastal
zones and sea) (Jin, Wang, & Ran, 2006). Nevertheless, solid waste management is a huge task and its
major responsibilities of the local authority and it needs organizational capacity and cooperation
between the private and public sector (Michael, 2014). The need for managing this increasing solid
waste is very crucial in an environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable
manner (Achankeg, 2004). Even though protection of the environment is very necessary for public
health, solid waste management in most cities of developed or developing is unsatisfactory particularly
in African cities( Michael,2014). Therefore, proper managing, collecting and disposing of for MSW is very
important for ensuring a clean and healthy environment (Pattnaik & Reddy, 2010). Additionally, the rise
in population and urbanization increases in annual waste generation proportionally (Hassan, 2004).

Solid waste can mean different things to different people (Moore, 2012). Many people in somalia
believe that waste is a source of an income. On the other hand, majority of the developed countries see
that waste is a problem and it must be addressed to solve it. Recognizing trash as a problem does not
prevent littering of waste(Moore, 2012). Waste management thoery is founded on the expectation that
waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health and the environment.

Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small and large cities’
in developing countries. This is mainly due to the increasing generation of such solid waste and the
burden posed on the municipal budget. In addition to the high costs, the solid waste management is
associated lack of understanding over different factors that affect the entire handling system. An
analysis of literature and reported related to wast management in developing countries, showed that
few articles supplied quantitative information. The objective of the mentioned studies was to determine
the stakeholders’ action/behavior that have a role in the solid waste management and to analyze
different factors that affect the system. The studies carried out in 4 continents, in 22 developing
countries and on more than thirty urban areas. A combination of variable methods that were used in
thisnstudy was mentioned in details in order to encourage the stakeholders and to assess the factors
influencing the performance of the solid waste management in the studied cities [1].

Population increase, rapid urbanization, booming economy, and the rise in the standard of living in
developing countries have greatly accelerated the rate, amount and quality of the municipal solid waste
generation [2].

Population and economic growth are the results of development or modernization. To cater the
increasing population, more establishments and institutions are built to meet the demands of the
people. The high consumption of the people is simultaneous to economic development but lefts the
environmental development behind. Rapid increase of population, urbanization, social and economic
progress result to mass production of waste. Therefore these developments may cause much
environmental pollution and waste which can affect the sound environment. The solid wastes have
become a major consequence of development, modernization and urbanization.

Philippines as a developing country has a growing number of advancing cities which constitutes to its
global competitiveness. Different establishments, amount of inhabitants and source of income generate
solid wastes. The annual waste generation of the Philippines in 2012 was 106 million tones which is
expected to double in 2025 (DOST, 2012). Localgovernment units (LGUs) are responsible for managing
solid wastes. The Philippines has 71 provinces, 116 cities, 1,502 municipalities, and 41,392 barangays.
The status of Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a critical to set what should be done by the
government and private sectors for better results and better policy making. Solid waste management
contributes to the progress in economic, social and public health of one‟s community and country. Solid
waste management keeps business to take place, attracting investors to trust the country and
community in the success of their ventures. It keeps the community clean and the people disciplined.
SWM avoids chaos between individuals with regards to each other‟s‟ waste disposal. The health of the
citizens should be prioritized. The most important resource the country has is human resource, without
people working, the country cannot generate income. The children whose health is most delicate at a
young age can also be affected with solid waste management. With this, the researchers found the need
and urge to study solid waste management

In the Philippines, former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law Republic Act
(RA) 9003 which requires and directs national and all Local Government Units (LGU’s) nationwide to
establish an ecological solid waste management program within their jurisdictions and provide the
necessary institutional mechanisms to attain its objectives [2] This act is the most comprehensive piece
of government legislation and its enforcement to the LGU’s emphasizes the importance of minimizing
waste by using techniques as recycling, resource recovery, reuse, and composting [3] It is in this context
that a study was conducted

It has been established that managing waste has become a crucial concern in major cities anywhere in
the world, and is likewise faced by large cities in developing countries where population is dense.
Dealing with waste problem is closely associated with safekeeping the environment's sanitation. I

The Philippine national government addressed the crisis through the passage of Republic Act 9003 –
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The national law's salient element is to require local
governments to formulate a ten year solid waste management plans; divert 25 percent of all solid waste
through reuse, recycling, and composting by 2006; and establish reclamation and buy-back centres for
recyclables. It also outlawed open dump sites, although in many areas in the Philippines, disposing
wastes into unsanitary dump sites remain an environmentally harmful practice. Moreover, the law
mandates a separate container for each type of waste from all sources.

Throughout history, human advancement has been intrinsically linked to the management of solid waste
due to its effect on both public and environmental health. Solid waste management (SWM) has a long
and convoluted history (Nathanson, 2015).

Systems of SWM can trace their roots all the way back to ancient times. One of the first instances of
waste management occurred in the 4th century A.D. with the Ancient Greeks. The Greeks had to deal
with the multiple challenges of aligning waste removal systems with a growing population, lack of space,
and sanitation problems. Waste management practices were very rudimentary with trash just being
collected and transported to pits outside the city. It was not until urban populations boomed that
garbage was viewed as a threat to human and environmental health. Cities began to grow rapidly to
accommodate the growing population and conditions began to worsen for these cramped communities.
The plagues that affected Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries were often perpetrated by
vermin that thrived in the unsanitary urban conditions that were common during this time. Early waste-
management techniques were developed during this periodto combat the spread of disease but the
political and social problems of the time did not see great strides in waste management (Nathanson,
2015).

However, with everincreasing population and economic growth, many municipalities in developing
countries are struggling to keep SWMS working in a sustainable manner. Oftentimes these systems
either become ill managed or even cease to exist because of various social, institutional,and technical
constraints. Global production of waste has practically doubled over the past ten years and is expected
to reach 2.5 billion tons per year in 2025 as a result of the combined effect of urban development and
changes in consumption patterns (Périou,

2012).

Communities in developing countries often turn to waste disposal methods that have proven to be
destructive to human health and the environment, such as open dumping and burning (or unregulated
landfills) because they feel they have no other options to manage their solid waste (Mwanthi and
Nyabola, 1997; Goett, 1998; Alavi Moghadam et al., 2009; Narayana, 2009; Al-Khatib et al., 2015;
Hilburn, 2015

My report identifies and discusses these types of constraints that have been found to influence solid
waste systems, including 1) culture, education, and microeconomics, 2) infrastructure, social provision,
and technology, 3) policy, institutions, and macroeconomics, and lastly discusses the ever-popular
system of 4) integrated solid-waste management systems (ISWMS) (Oteng-Ababio, 2011).

The origin and the earliest applications of the study of man’s relationship with his environment go back
into the mists of time; human beings learned to manage their waste and to recover and reuse certain
vitally important raw materials. Historically, the aim of waste management has been to prevent or
reduce the impact of waste materials on human health or local amenity. Over the last thirty years,
however, the focus of waste management has shifted to reducing the impact of waste on the
environment and recovering resources from waste materials. It involves the collection, transport,
processing and/or disposal of waste materials. Waste management deals with the whole cycle of
generation of wastes, their storage, collection and transport, and their eventual treatment and disposal.
Disposal of solid wastes has reached serious proportions and require reliable and appropriate disposal
management strategy. The waste elimination capacity of the environment is infinite and nature herself
continuously bring them back in various hazardous and toxic forms and elements.

1.2 Importance of the Problem

With rapidly growing population and lack of adequate disposal sites, solid waste has become a major
problem for most medium to large-size cities in the Philippines. In recent years, inadequate solid waste
management systems have posed serious health risks particularly in densely populated areas. As the
Philippines become an industrialized country and its population expands, certain adverse environmental
changes that may have serious health consequences remain to be the major environmental health
challenge.
However, increasing population levels, booming economy,rapid urbanization and the rise in community
living standardshave greatly accelerated the municipal solid waste generationrate in developing
countries (Debnath et al. 2015)

Current global MSW generation levels are approximately1.3 billion tonnes per year, and are expected to
increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025. According to Debnath et al. (2015) this
increase represents a significant increase in per capita waste generation rates, from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per
person per day for a decade to come. However,global averages are broad estimates only as rates vary
considerably by region, country, city, and even within cities (Debnath et al. 2015; Hoornweg 2005)

Solid waste management has been identified as an important service which drastically increasing in
volume and cost faster than the rate of urbanization globally (Hoornweg and BhadaTata, 2012)

Experts attribute the worsening problem on solid wastes dumping to the increasing human

population and rapid industrialization (Atienza, 2008 cited in Barloa, Lapie, & de la

Cruz, 2016). Solid wastes are any rubbish or refuse generated from undesirable or useless materials or
substances (Desa, Kadir, & Yusooff, 2011)

There is an estimate of 1.3 billion tons of waste that countries produced every year. With this

trend, the world is expected to generate 4 billion tons of waste by 2100 (Simmons, 2016). The
Philippines ranked highest in the Southeast Asia regarding trash collection rate (Ranada, 2015). and the
world's thirdbiggest dumper of plastic in the ocean (Suarez, 2015). Also, the National Solid Waste
Management Commission (2013) reported that the Philippines generates waste every year on an
average of 0.40 kg per capita. With this generation rate, the amount of waste is expected to increase to
16.63 million tons in 2020 from 14.66 million tons in 2014 with Metro Manila as the highest waste
contributor (DENR, 2015).

One strategic approach to address this environmental problem is through solid waste management.
Waste management is needed to reduce or mitigate the mounting global crisis on waste which
endangers humanity, pollutes the environment, and damages communities. In particular, solid waste
management is "a form of waste control, often associated with storage, collection, transport, process,
and disposal of solid waste following quality standard of conservation, public health, engineering,
economics, and other environmental concerns" (Rahmaddin et al., 2015).
Indeed, solid waste production is out of control. The worlds’ cities produced 1.3 billion tons of solid
waste per year, effecting to a footprint of 1.2 kilograms per person and per day. With fast population
growth and urbanization, municipal waste generation is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025.
(World bank 2012.)

Solid waste management is the science that deals with prevention and monitoring of wastes.

According to Science dictionary (2017), it is defined as the discipline associated with control of
generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in
a way that best corresponds the range of public health, conservation, aesthetic, engineering and other
environmental considerations. In its scope, solid waste management contains planning, administrative,
financial, engineering and legal functions. Solutions might include complex inter-disciplinary relations
among fields such as public health, city and regional planning, political science, geography, sociology,
economics, communication and conservation, demography, engineering and material sciences. (Baud et
al, 2011).

Furthermore, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 RA 9003 explains that solid waste
management as a discipline in relationship with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer
and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. It just means to say that the manner by which
these activities are conducted shall be in accord with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, other environmental considerations, and public attitudes. The Act
gives a compendious ecological solid waste management program through creating necessary
institutional mechanisms and incentives that will help environment to become free from garbage,
appropriating fund declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing penalties for people to suffer or
endure. People must segregate paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass at source unless it is
technically or economically impossible. (Waste Regulations, 2011).

Under the same regulations, people should implement the waste hierarchy; reduce, reuse, recycle other
recovery and disposal. Waste can be separated as, biodegradable waste, this includes organic waste, e.g.
kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden and paper. Non-Bio Degradable
Waste: Non Biodegradables can be further segregated into Recyclable WastePlastics, Paper, Glass,
Metal Etc. Soiled: - Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and any other body fluids. Toxic &
soiled waste must be disposed of with utmost care. (N. Madhavan, 2014).However, people do not know
the importance of segregation and as a consequence; there are lots of problems concerning waste
disposal and segregation.

1.1 Rationale
We are now confronting the massive volume of solid waste that people generate daily and globally.
According to UNEP (2011: 292), “every year, an estimated 11.2 billion tons of solid waste are collected
worldwide and decay of the organic proportion of solid waste is contributing to about 5 per cent of
global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions” which in turn accelerates climate change. Clark and Matharu
(2013: 66) insist that “the planet currently generates approximately 1.3Gt of solid waste per year, which
is expected to increase to 2.2Gt by 2025.” This huge amount of waste is a problem, and the question is
how to deal with this waste crisis. Waste management is crucial to reducing the negative impacts of
waste on the environment, and its consequences to human beings. It is the goal of waste management
to treat waste in a safe and proper manner, in order to minimize harm or damage to the environment.
Disposal methods such as landfilling are directly related to human health issues, as well as the
environment. For instance, UNEP (2011: 302) blames landfills for generating methane as “the largest
source of GHG emissions, caused by the anaerobic degradation of organic material in landfills and
unmonitored dumpsites.” Like this,waste management is deeply connected to consumption, resource
utilization, environmental problems, and human health. Thus, many developed and developing
countries have committed to establishing safe and efficient waste management techniques in their
countries, expecting to minimize the negative impacts of waste on the environment. Norway, one of the
richest countries in the world, is expanding its waste management efforts in order to deal with its huge
quantity of waste. In Norway, the quantity of waste has increased by 60 per cent since 19951. As a
result, the country has set national waste targets, the first being that “the total quantity of waste shall
be considerably lower than the economic growth,” as indicated in the national waste strategy report
(The Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency, 2013; 11).