Corona Lec

CORONA
1
CORONA
When an alternating potential difference is applied

across two conductors whose spacing is large as
compared to their diameters, there is no apparent
change in the condition of atmospheric air surrounding
the wires if the applied voltage is low.
 However, when the applied voltage exceeds a certain
value, called critical disruptive voltage ,the conductors
are surrounded by a faint violet glow called corona.
 The phenomenon of corona is accompanied by a
hissing sound, production of ozone, power loss and
radio interference.
 The higher the voltage is raised, the larger and higher
the luminous envelope becomes, and greater are the
sound, the power loss and the radio noise.
2
Corona cont…
If the applied voltage is increased to breakdown value,
a flash-over will occur between the conductors due to
the breakdown of air insulation.
 The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and
production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission
line is known as corona.
 If the conductors are polished and smooth, the corona
glow will be uniform throughout the length of the
conductors, otherwise the rough points will appear
brighter.
With d.c. voltage, there is difference in the appearance
of the two wires. The positive wire has uniform glow
about it, while the negative conductor has spotty glow.
3
Theory of Corona Formation
Some ionised particles (i.e. free electrons and +ve ions) and
neutral molecules always present in air
 When p.d. is applied between the conductors,
potential gradient is set up in the air which will have
maximum value at the conductor surfaces.
 Under the influence of potential gradient, the
existing free electrons acquire greater velocities.
 The greater the applied voltage, the greater the potential
gradient and more is the velocity of free electrons.
4
Theory of Corona Formation …
When the potential gradient at the conductor surface
reaches about 30 kV per cm (max. value), the velocity
acquired by the free electrons is sufficient to strike a
neutral molecule with enough force to dislodge one or
more electrons from it.
 This produces another ion and one or more free electrons,
which is turn are accelerated until they collide with other
neutral molecules, thus producing other ions.
 Thus, the process of ionization is cumulative.
 The result of this ionization is that either corona is formed
or spark takes place between the conductors
5
Factors Affecting Corona
 The phenomenon of corona is affected by the physical state of the
atmosphere as well as by the conditions of the line.
 The following are the factors upon which corona depends :
Atmosphere: As corona is formed due to ionization of air surrounding
the conductors, therefore, it is affected by the physical state of
atmosphere. In the stormy weather, the number of ions is more than
normal and as such corona occurs at much less voltage as compared
with fair weather.
Conductor condition: The corona effect depends upon the shape and
conditions of the conductors. The rough and irregular surface will give
rise to more corona because unevenness of the surface decreases the
value of breakdown voltage. Thus a stranded conductor has irregular
surface and hence gives rise to more corona that a solid conductor.
Spacing between conductors: If the spacing between the conductors is
made very large as compared to their diameters, there may not be any
6
Factors Affecting Corona…
corona effect. It is because larger distance between
conductors reduces the electro-static stresses at the conductor
surface, thus avoiding corona formation.
Line voltage: The line voltage greatly affects corona. If it
is low, there is no change in the condition of air surrounding
the conductors and hence no corona is formed. However, if
the line voltage has such a value that electrostatic stresses
developed at the conductor surface make the air around the
conductor conducting, then corona is formed.
7
Important Terms :
The phenomenon of corona plays an important role
in the design of an overhead transmission line.
Therefore, it is profitable to consider the following terms
much used in the analysis of corona effects:
Critical Disruptive Voltage:
It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona
occurs. Consider two conductors of radii r cm and spaced d cm apart. If
V is the phase-neutral potential, then potential gradient at the conductor
surface is given by:
In order that corona is formed, the value of g must be made equal to

the breakdown strength of air.
8
Cont…
The breakdown strength of air at 76 cm pressure and temperature of 25ºC
is 30 kV/cm (maximum) or 21·2 kV/cm (r.m.s.) and is denoted by go.
If Vc is the phase-neutral potential required under these conditions, then
Where:
go = breakdown strength of air at 76 cm of mercury and 25ºC
= 30 kV/cm (max) or 21·2 kV/cm (r.m.s.)
 The above expression for disruptive voltage is under standard
conditions i.e. at 76 cm of Hg and 25ºC.
 However, if these conditions vary, the air density also changes, thus
altering the value of go. The value of go is directly proportional to air
density
9
Cont…
Thus the breakdown strength of air at a barometric pressure of cm of
mercury and temperature of tºC becomes δgo.
where:
Under standard conditions, the value of δ = 1.
Where:
surface irregularity factor mo is as expressed below.
Mo = 1 for polished conductors

= 0·98 to 0·92 for dirty conductors
= 0·87 to 0·8 for stranded conductors
10
Important terms…
Visual critical voltage
 It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona glow
appears all along the line conductors.
 It has been seen that in case of parallel conductors, the corona
glow does not begin at the disruptive voltage Vc but at a
higher voltage Vv, called visual critical voltage.
 The phase - neutral effective value of visual critical voltage is given
by the following empirical formula.
where:
mv is another irregularity factor having a value of 1·0 for polished
conductors and 0·72 to 0·82 for rough conductors. 11
Important terms…
Power loss due to corona
Formation of corona is always accompanied by energy loss which is
dissipated in the form of light, heat, sound and chemical action. When
disruptive voltage is exceeded, the power loss due to corona is given by:
12
example
A 3-phase, 220KV, 5OHz transmission line consists of 1.5cm radius
conductor spaced 2metres apart in equilateral triangular formation. If the
temperature is 400 𝐶 and atmospheric pressure is 76cmHg. Calculate the
corona loss per km of the line. Take 𝑚0 =0.85
13
Cont…
14
Advantages and Disadvantages Of Corona
 Corona has many advantages and disadvantages. In the correct

design of a high voltage overhead line, a balance should be struck
between the advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
1. Due to corona formation, the air surrounding the conductor becomes
conducting and hence virtual diameter of the conductor is increased. The
increased diameter reduces the electrostatic stresses between the
conductors.
2. Corona reduces the effects of transients produced by surges.
Disadvantage
1. Corona is accompanied by a loss of energy. This affects the
transmission efficiency of the line.
2. Ozone is produced by corona and may cause corrosion of the
conductor due to chemical action.
3. The current drawn by the line due to corona is non-sinusoidal and
hence non-sinusoidal voltage drop occurs in the line. This may cause
inductive interference with neighboring communication lines.
15
Methods of Reducing Corona Effect
The corona effects can be reduced by the following
methods :
1.By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which
corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are
considerably reduced. This is one of the reasons that
ACSR conductors which have a larger cross-sectional
area are used in transmission lines.
2.By increasing the spacing between conductors, the
voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona
effects can be eliminated. However, spacing cannot be
increased too much otherwise the cost of supporting
structure (e.g., bigger cross arms and supports) may
increase to a considerable extent 16
The end
17

Corona Lec

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Corona Lec

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Corona Lec

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CORONA

When an alternating potential difference is applied

In order that corona is formed, the value of g must be made equal to

Under standard conditions, the value of δ = 1.

Mo = 1 for polished conductors

 Corona has many advantages and disadvantages. In the correct

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.