Module 5

Chapter 1
Time Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equation:

Faraday’s Law:
“The electromotive force around a closed a path is equal to the negative rate of
change of magnetic flux enclosed by that path. ”
−dϕ
emf = (volts )
dt

If the coil has ‘N’ turns, then according to the Faraday’s law induced emf is
given by:
dϕ
emf =−N (volts)
dt

Lenz’s Law:
It states that, “The direction of the induced emf is such that it tends to oppose
the cause producing it. ” Therefore we have the ‘-’ negative sign to indicate the
induced emf opposes the change in magnetic flux.
The induced emf is a scalar quantity which is measured in volts.
emf =∮ ⃗
E.⃗
dl

The magnetic flux density is given by:

❑
ϕ=∫ ⃗
B.⃗
ds
s
 ⃗
B=Magnetic flux density
❑
−d ⃗ ⃗
emf = ∫ B . ds
dt s

Equating (1) &(2) we have:

❑
d
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl=¿− ∫ ⃗
dt s
B.⃗
ds ¿

❑
∂
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl=¿−∫ ⃗
∂ t
B.⃗
ds ¿
s

The emf induced in a conductor by the following 3 ways:

i. Closed circuit is stationary & magnetic flux changing with time.Here
the induced emf is called as transference emf.
❑
∂
∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl=¿−∫ ⃗
∂t
B.⃗
ds ¿
s

Applying the divergence theorem, we have,

❑

∮ ( ∇ X ⃗
E ) . ⃗
d s=¿−∫ ∂ ⃗B . ⃗
ds ¿
∂t
s

Equating the integrands, we have:

⃗
−∂ B
∇X⃗
E=
∂t

This is one of the Maxwell’s equations. If ⃗B is not a function of time then we

have:
∮ ( ∇ X ⃗E ) . ⃗
ds=¿ 0 ¿

∇X⃗
E =0

ii. Flux constant & moving conductor with velocity:

 Here the induced emf is called motional or generator emf. Consider that a
charge ‘Q’ be moved in a magnetic field ⃗B at a velocity ⃗v, then the force on
the charge ‘Q’ moving at the velocity of ⃗v in a magnetic field ⃗B is given by:
⃗
F =Q .(⃗v X ⃗
B)

⃗
F
=⃗v X ⃗
B
Q

⃗
Em =⃗v X ⃗
B

Where ⃗E is motional electric field intensity. Thus the induced emf is given
m

by:
∮ ⃗E m . ⃗
dl=¿∮ ( ⃗v X ⃗
B) . ⃗
dl ¿

The above equation represents total emf induced when a conductor is moved
in a uniform constant magnetic field.
iii. Change in magnetic flux density & moving a conductor with a velocity ⃗v

:
❑
∂
emf =∮ ⃗ dl=−∫ ⃗
E.⃗ ds +∮ ( ⃗v X ⃗
B.⃗ B) . ⃗
dl
s ∂t

Sample Problems:
1. A stationary rectangular loop with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 & 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, placed in z=
0 plane. If the magnetic flux density is ⃗B = B cos( ωt) ⃗a , then calculate the
o z

induced emf around the loop.

 ❑
−d ⃗ ⃗
emf = ∫ B . ds
dt s

4 3
−d
= dt
∫ ∫ B o cos( ωt) dx dy
y=0 x=0

−d
B cos ( ωt ) . 3 X 4
dt o

emf =12 Bo sin ( ωt ) volts

2. An area of 0.65m in the z = 0 plane encloses a conductor. Find the

2

induced voltage if: B=0.05 cos [ 10 t ] .

⃗ 3
( ⃗a y + a⃗ z
√2 ) T (tesla)

❑
∂
emf = −∫ ∂ t ⃗B . ⃗
ds
s

❑
−d ⃗ ⃗
= ∫ B . ds
dt s

( )
❑
d a⃗ y + a⃗ z
¿− ∫ 0.05cos [ 10 t ] .
3
ds . ⃗a z
dt s √2

(
0.05 cos [ 103 t ]
)
❑
d
¿− ∫ . ds
dt s √2

¿ (
0.05 cos [ 103 t ] ❑
√2
.∫ ds
s
)
❑

∫ ds=0.65 m2
s

emf = (
0.05 cos [ 103 t ]
√2
x 0.65 )
emf = (
0.05 x 103 x sin [ 103 t ]
√2
x 0.65 )
 emf =22.98 sin [ 103 t ] volts

3. A circular loop conductor lies in plane z = 0 & has a radius of 0.1m &
resistance of 5Ω. Given that ⃗B=0.2 sin(10 t )a⃗ , determine the current in the
3
z

loop.

❑
ϕ=∫ ⃗
B.⃗
ds
s

⃗
ds=ρ . dρ . dϕ a⃗ z
2π 0.1

∫ ∫ 0.2sin (103 t ). ρ . dρ . dϕ
ϕ =0 ρ=0

[ ]
0.1
ρ2
( 3
) 2π
ϕ=0.2sin 10 t .[ϕ ]0 .
2 0

ϕ=6.283 x 10
−3
.sin ( 10 t )
3

Now induced emf is given by:

−dϕ
e=
dt

−d
e=
dt
[ 6.283 x 10 . sin ( 10 t ) ]
−3 3

¿−6.283 x 10−3 x 10 3 x cos ( 103 t )

e=−6.283 .cos ( 103 t ) V

The current in the conductor is given by:

induced emf
i=
resistance
 −6.283 . cos ( 103 t )
i=
5

i=−1.2567 cos ( 103 t ) A

4) Find the induced voltage in the conductor if ⃗ a y and ⃗ 3

B=0.04 ⃗ V =2.5 sin10 t ⃗
az m/s

e= ∮ ⃗E . ⃗
dl

= ∮ (⃗V x ⃗B ). ⃗
dl

0.2
= ∮ (2.5 sin 10 t ⃗ a y) . ⃗
3
a z ¿ x 0.04 ⃗ dl ¿
0

0.2
= ∮ (2.5 sin 103 t ⃗
a z ¿ x 0.04 ⃗
a y ) .dx ⃗
ax ¿
0

0.2
= - 0.1 sin 10 t 3
∮ dx
0

e = - 0.02 sin 103 t v

5) A two dimensional electric field is given by ⃗

3 4
E =2 x ⃗a x+ 4 x ⃗ay

a⃗x a⃗y a⃗z

∂ ∂ ∂
∇x⃗
E =
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ex Ey Ez
 a⃗x ay ⃗
⃗ az
∂
= 0 0
∂x
2 x3 4 x 4 0

∇x⃗
3
E = 16 x ⃗az

Since, ∇ x ⃗
E ≠ 0, the field is not from a static distribution of charge

Displacement Current
The Ampere’s circuital law in point form is, ∇ x ⃗
H = ⃗J - equ 1

Taking divergence of each side

∇ .∇ x⃗
H =∇ . ⃗J =0

Since, Divergence of curl is zero, so ∇ . ⃗

J is also zero

From the equation of continuity,

−∂ ƍ v
∇ . ⃗J =
∂t

∂ ƍv ∂ ƍv
For steady fields is Zero. However, for time varying fields is not zero.
∂t ∂t

The modified Ampere’s circuital law for time varying fields,

∇x⃗
H = ⃗J + G
⃗

Again taking the divergence,

0 = ∇ .⃗
J+∇.⃗
G

∇ . ⃗J =−∇ . ⃗
G

∂ ƍv
⃗=
Thus, ∇ . G
∂t
 Replacing ƍ v with ∇ . ⃗
D,

⃗= ∂ (∇ . ⃗
D) ∂⃗
D
∇ .G = ∇.
∂t ∂t

⃗ ∂⃗
D
G=
∂t

S0, Ampere’s circuital in point form becomes

∂⃗
D
∇x⃗
H=⃗
J c+
∂t

Where,

J c is conduction current density

∂⃗ D
has dimension of current density and is called as Displacement current density and
∂t
denoted by ⃗
Jd

H =¿ ⃗J +¿ ⃗
∇x⃗ Jd

∂⃗
D
Jd=
∂t
❑ ❑ ❑
⃗
∫( ∇ x ⃗
H ) . ds = ∫ ⃗J . ⃗
ds + ∫ ∂∂Dt . ⃗
ds
s s s

❑
⃗
∮⃗
H .⃗
dl = I + I d = I + ∫ ∂∂Dt . ⃗
ds
s

Maxwell’s equations in point form for Time varying fields

−∂ ⃗
B
∇x⃗
E=
∂t

∂⃗
D
∇x⃗
H = ⃗J +
∂t

∇ .⃗
D =ƍ v
 ∇ .⃗
B=0

Maxwell’s equations in Integral form

❑
⃗
∮ ⃗
E . ⃗
d l=−∫ ∂∂Bt . ⃗
ds
s

❑
⃗
∮ H . dl=I +∫ ∂∂Dt . ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ds
s

∇ .⃗
D =ƍ v
❑ ❑

∫ (∇ . ⃗D ). ⃗
dv = ∫ ƍv dv
s v

❑ ❑

∮ ⃗D . ⃗
ds = ∫ ƍv dv
s v

∮ ⃗B . ⃗
ds=0
s

Maxwell’s equations:
First Maxwell’s equation:

Statement:
The total electromotive force induced in a closed path is equal to the negative surface
integral of the rate of change of flux density with respect to time over an entire surface bounded by the
same closed path

From faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this is the equation derived from
Faraday’s law
❑
⃗
∮ ⃗
E . ⃗
d l=−∫ ∂∂Bt . ⃗
ds
s

Using Stoke’s theorem we can convert the line integral into surface integral
 ❑ ❑
∂⃗
B ⃗
∫ (∇ x ⃗E ). ds = −∫ ∂t
. ds
s s

∂⃗
B
=> ∇ x ⃗
E =−¿
∂t

Maxwell’s second equation:

Statement: The total magneto motive force around any closed path is equal to the surface
integral of the conduction and displacement current density over the entire surface bounded by the
same closed path.

From Ampere’s circuital law,

∮⃗
H .⃗
dl=I enclosed
❑

∮⃗ dl=∫ ⃗J . ⃗
H .⃗ ds
s

Adding displacement current density

❑ ❑
∂D ⃗⃗
∮⃗ dl=∫ [ ⃗J +
H .⃗
∂t
]. ds
s s

Applying Stoke’s theorem,

❑ ❑
∂⃗
D ⃗
∫ (∇ x ⃗
H ). ds=∫ [ ⃗J +
∂t
]. ds
s s

∂⃗
D
∇x⃗
H = ⃗J +
∂t

3)Maxwell’s Third Equation

Statement: The total flux leaving out of a closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by a finite volume

From Gauss’s law

❑

∮⃗
D . ds =∮ enclosed
s

❑ ❑

∮⃗
D . ds=∮ ρvdv
s v

This is the Maxwell’s equation in integral form

Applying Divergence theorem

❑ ❑

∮ (∇ . ⃗D ¿ )dv=∮ ρvdv ¿
v v

∇ .⃗
D =ρv

This is the Maxwell’s equation in diff or pt form

4)Maxwell’s Fourth equation

Statement: The surface integral of magnetic flux density over a closed surface is
always equal to zero
❑

∮⃗
B . ds=0
s

Using divergence theorem surface integral can be converted to volume integral

∮ (∇ . ⃗B ¿ )dv =0 ¿
v

= For a finite volume dv is not equal to zero

= ∇ . ⃗B=0

EXAMPLES
6)If the electric field intensity in free space is given in the rectangular co-ordinates
as
⃗
E = Em sin ( αx ) sin ⁡(wt −βz)⃗
ay

Find the magnetic field intensity,⃗

H using Faraday’s law

∂⃗
B
∇×⃗
E=-
∂t

a⃗x a⃗y a⃗z

∂ ∂ ∂ =−μ ∂ H
0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
E x =0 Ey E z =0

∂H 1 ∂ Ey ∂ Ey
∂t
= - {-
μ0 ∂ z
a x+
⃗ a }
⃗
∂x z

1 ∂E
y 1 ∂E
y
= μ ∂ z a⃗x -- μ ∂ x ⃗az
0 0

∂⃗
H −E m β −Em α
= sinαx cos ⁡(wt− βz)⃗
ax cosαx sin ⁡(wt −βz)⃗
az
∂t μ0 μ0

Integrating w.r.t ‘t’ , we get,

−E m β −Em α A
⃗
H= sinαx cos ⁡(wt−βz )⃗
ax cosαx cos ( wt− βz ) ⃗
az( )
w μ0 w μ0 m

7) A homogeneous material of infinite extent with E =2×10

−6
( Vm ) , μ=1.25 ×10 −5
(m ¿
V

⃗
and σ =0. ax ¿ (
E=¿ 400 cos ⁡[10 9 t−kz ]⃗
V
¿ . If all the fields vary sinusoidally , find ⃗
D,⃗
B ,⃗
'
H ∧K using Maxwel l s equation
m
= ⃗
D= ϵ ⃗
E

D=800× 10−6 cos [ 10 9 t−kz ] ⃗

⃗ ax

The Maxwell’s equation derived from Faraday’s law

⃗
−∂ B
∇×⃗
E=
∂t

∂⃗
B
= -(∇ × ⃗E )
∂t

⃗x
a a⃗y a⃗z
∂ ∂ ∂
= - ∂x ∂y ∂z
Ex Ey Ez

⃗
ax ⃗
ay ⃗z
a
∂
= - 0 0
∂z
400 cos ⁡[109 t−kz ] 0 0

a y + 400 sin [ 109 t−kz ] .K

= -⃗

∂⃗
B
=−400 K sin [ 10 t−kz ] ⃗
9
ay
∂t

Integrating both the sides w.r.t to ‘t’,

B=400 × 10−9 cos [ 109 t−kz ] ⃗

⃗ ay

−9 −9
⃗
B 400 × 10 Kcos[10 t−kz ] ⃗
ay
⃗
H = =⃗
H= −5
μ 1.25 × 10

H =32 ×10−3 Kcos [ 10 9 t−kz ] ⃗

⃗ ay
The Maxwell’s equation derived from Ampere’s Circutal law

∂⃗
D
∇×⃗
H =J +
∂t

∂⃗
D ∂⃗ D
∇×⃗
H =σ ⃗
E+ =
∂t ∂t

ax ay az
∂⃗
D ∂
= 0 0
∂t ∂z
H x =0 Hy 0

−∂ H y
=⃗
a x=
∂z

∂⃗
D
= =−32× 10−3 K 2 sin [ 10 9 t−kz ] ⃗
ax
∂t

Integrating

−3 2 9
⃗ 32 ×10 K cos ⁡(10 t−kz) ⃗
ax
D= 9 =>1
10

D=32 ×10−12 K 2 cos [ 109 t−kz ] ⃗

⃗ a x=>2

Comparing 1 and 2
2 6
K =25 × 10

K=5000 rad/m
8) Given ⃗E = Em sin ⁡(wt −βz)⃗
ay in free space, find ⃗
D,⃗
B ∧⃗
H . Sketch ⃗
E ∧⃗
H at t=0

= ⃗
E = Em sin ⁡(wt −βz)⃗
ay

⃗
D =ϵ 0 ⃗
E

⃗
D =ϵ 0 E m sin ⁡(wt −βz) ⃗
ay

From Maxwell’s equation

⃗
−∂ B
∇×⃗
E=
∂t

ax a y az
∂⃗
B ∂
=− 0 0
∂t ∂z
0 Ey 0

∂
= -[- ∂ z E y ¿ ⃗
ax

= Em cos ( wt−βz ) .−β ⃗

ax

∂⃗
B
=−β Em cos ( wt−βz ) ⃗
ax
∂t

Integrating
−β E m
⃗
B= sin ( wt −βz ) ⃗
ax
W

−β Em
⃗
H= sin ( wt−βz ) ⃗
ax
W μ0

⃗
H =− H m sin ( wt−βz ) ⃗
ax

Now at t = 0,
 ⃗
E = −Em sin BZ ⃗
ay

⃗
H = H m sin B Z ⃗
ax

⃗
E and ⃗
H are mutuallty perpendicular at t = zero

⃗ a y direction and ⃗
E is in ⃗ H is ⃗
a x in direction.

EXAMPLES ON BOUNDARY CONDITION

10)In region1 for Z<0, ⃗

B1=¿ 1.2⃗a x +0.8 ⃗ a z ( T ) . Find H 2 ( Z >0 )angles between the
a y + 0.4 ⃗
field vectors and a tangent to interfere given μr 1 =15 , μr 2=1

Sol: given ⃗
B1=¿ 1.2⃗
a x +0.8 ⃗ az ( T ) .
a y + 0.4 ⃗

⃗
B1 = ⃗
Bt 1+ ⃗
Bn 1

⃗
B n 1= ⃗
Bn 2

⃗
Bn 2=0.4 ⃗
az

⃗
Bt 1=1.2⃗
ax +0.8 ⃗
ay

H t 1 =H t 2

⃗
B❑=¿ μ ⃗
H❑

⃗
Bt1 ⃗ Bt 2
=
μr 1 μ r 2

μr2
⃗
Bt 2= ⃗
B
μr1 t 1

1
= (1.5)(10) [1.2⃗ a y]
a x +0.8 ⃗
 = 0.08⃗
a x +0.0533 ⃗
ay

⃗
B2 = ⃗
Bt 2+ ⃗
Bn 2

= 0.08⃗
a x +0.0533 ⃗
a y + 0.4 ⃗
az

⃗
Bt2 ⃗B
⃗
H 2=¿ = 2
μr 2 μ 0

¿ 1.44
cos θ 1=¿ ¿ ⃗
Bt 1∨ ¿
B1∨¿ ¿ = 1.4966
¿⃗

o
θ1=15.5

¿ ¿ = 0.096
cos θ 2=¿ ¿ ⃗
Bt 2∨
⃗
¿ B2∨¿ ¿ 0.411
o
θ2=75.5

11)Region for which μr 1 =3 , is defined by x<0 and region2 , x>0, has μr 2 =0.5

Given ⃗
H 1=¿ 4⃗
a x +3 ⃗ a z (A/m). show that θ2=¿ 19.7 o ,|⃗
a y −6 ⃗ H 2|=7.12 A /m

⃗
H 1=¿ 4⃗
a x +3 ⃗
a y −6 ⃗
az

H t 1 =H t 2

H t 2= 3 ⃗
a y −6 ⃗
az

Bn 1= Bn 2

μr 1 H n 1= μr 2 H n 2

μr 2
H n 2=
μr 1
(4⃗
a x)

⃗
H 2=¿ 2.4⃗
a x +3 ⃗
a y −6 ⃗
az
 |⃗
H 2|=7.12( A/m)

¿ ¿ 6.708
cos θ 2=¿ ¿ ⃗
Ht2∨
H 2∨¿¿ = 7.12
¿⃗

o
θ2=19.7

12)In the free space. ⃗

D = Dm sin ( wt + βz ) ⃗
a z usingMaxwell’s eqn show that
−wμ o D
⃗
B= a y.sketch the fields at t=0, along the Z-axis, assuming that
sin ( wt + βz ) ⃗
m

β❑
Dm >0 , β >0.

−δ ⃗B
∇×⃗
E=
δt

⃗
D D
⃗
E = = m sin ( wt + βz ) ⃗
az
εo εo

−δ ⃗B
∇×⃗
E=
δt

δ δ δ
δ⃗
B ⃗
¿a ⃗ ay ⃗
a z∨¿∨
=− x δx δy δz
δt
¿ Ex 0 ¿ ¿ ¿

= −¿cos( wt + βz )+ ⃗
a z (0)¿

δ⃗
B D β
= - m cos( wt + βz ) ⃗
ay
δt εo

Integrating both sides by t

D m β sin ( wt + βz )
⃗
B =- ⃗
ay
εo w

= −Bm sin ( wt + βz ) ⃗
ay

Dm β
⃗
H =¿ - μ w t sin ( wt + βz ) ⃗
ay
o o
At t=0 , ⃗E = Em sin ( βz ) ⃗
ax

⃗
H = −H m sin ( βz ) ⃗
ay