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Formal Report Refrigerant

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14 views

Formal Report Refrigerant

Uploaded by

halimthaqif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the application concept of refrigeration system.


2. To understand the application of heat exchanger.
3. To determine the C.O.Pref and Qp,water of the refrigeration training system.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY


Refrigeration systems operate on a series of consecutive thermodynamic processes that form a cycle
that returns the working substance to the same state. A thermodynamic refrigeration cycle removes
heat from a low-temperature object (refrigeration) and rejects it at a higher temperature. This cyclic
process requires that work be input so that the second law of thermodynamics is not violated (Wark,
1983). The ideal refrigeration system is based on the concept of the reversible Carnot cycle. The Carnot
cycle is a theoretical concept because it is ideal, which means that it is lossless, frictionless, and there
are no temperature differences in heat exchange processes. None of these ideals can ever be achieved
in practice. The Carnot cycle therefore provides a reference standard against which the performance
of all other refrigeration cycles can be compared.

Refrigeration systems that use compression have been successfully operated in many applications.
The number of levels of refrigeration depends upon the number of compression stages required
interstage heat loads, economics and the type of compression. These stages are illustrated in the
following sections.

One – stage system

Figure a, shows a typical one-stage refrigeration system for pure propane refrigerant.
Figure b shows a process application of a single level chiller and the associated cooling curve.

Figure a
Figure b

FORMULA
The cold output (heat input) is calculated from enthalpy of refrigerant at state 1 and state 4 as follows:
qo = h1 – h4

where qo = cold output (kJ/kg)


h1,4 = enthalpy of refrigerant at state 1 and sate 4 (kJ/kg)
h4 = h3

The heat output (cold input) is calculated from enthalpy of refrigerant at state 2 and state 3 as follows:

qh = h2 – h3

where qh = heat output (kJ/kg)


h2,3 = enthalpy of refrigerant at state 2 and state 3 (kJ/kg)
h3 = h4

The actual compressor work can be calculated by formula below.

wact = h2 – h1

where wact = actual compressor work (kJ/kg)


h1,2 = enthalpy of refrigerant at state 1 and state 2 (kJ/kg)

The Coefficient of Performance (COP) for refrigeration system is calculated by formula below.

qo
COPref =
wact

where COPref = the coefficient of performance of refrigeration


qo = cold output (kJ/kg)
wact = actual compressor work (kJ/kg)

The cold load which is received by water can be calculated from the difference of water inlet and outlet
temperature, flow rate, density, and specific heat of water.
.
Q p , water = V  Cp (Tout – Tin)

where Qp,water = Cold load (kW)


.
V = Flow rate of water (m3/s)

 = 1000 kg/m3
Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K
Tin = Inlet Water Temperature (ºC)
Tout = Outlet Water Temperature (ºC)

APPARATUS

Refrigeration Training System


PROCEDURE
1. Turn on the main switch of the Refrigeration Training System.
2. Wait for a while for about 3-5 minutes to make sure the refrigerant runs completely in
the Refrigeration Training System
3. Set the flow rate to 30l/h
4. Record the T1,T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 in Celcius (oC)
5. Record the P1=P4 and P2=P3
6. Repeat step 3 until 5 using the flow rate 50l/h and 70l/h

DATA AND RESULTS


Table 1 Refrigeration System Experiment

Water
flow rate P1=P4 P2=P3
T1 [oC] T2 [oC] T3 [oC] T4 [oC] Tin [oC] Tout [oC]
[bar] [bar]
[l/h]
30 23.2 61.3 36.6 10.3 4.15 9.85 24.0 19.0
50 23.7 63.4 36.8 11.1 4.28 10.0 24.7 20.5
70 24.0 64.3 37.0 11.8 4.40 10.15 25.0 21.2

Table 2 The Results of Refrigeration System Experiments

h1 h2 h3 h4
Water flow .
V [m3/s] [kJ/ [kJ/ [kJ/k [kJ/ COPref Qp,water
rate [l/h]
kg] kg] g] kg]
30 8.3333 x 10^-6 410 442 248 248 5.063 -0.1749
50 1.38889 x 10^-5 413 448 251 251 4.629 -0.2452
70 194444 x 10^-5 415 445 255 255 5.333 -0.3096
DISCUSSIONS
1. Write down sample calculations for the experimental results.

2. Why the temperatures of water decrease after come out from the heat exchanger?
i. The flow of water will decrease as the time of the water flow in the evaporator
increase. As the time increases, the temperature of water decreases.
3. Why the flow rates of water affect the difference of inlet and outlet temperatures and the COPref?
i. The higher the rates of water flow, the lower time of the water flow in the
evaporator. Temperature inlet and outlet will increase. So, the COP of refrigeration
will decrease.
4. Explain 2 safety precautions involved in handling this equipment.
i. Make sure there is no leakage in the tube and the joint are connected tightly before
start the experiment. The flow of water will bocome unsteady if it has a leakage.
ii. Make sure to wait for a few minutes after changed the flow of water rates. The error
when taking the data can be prevent.
CONCLUSION
By doing the experiment, the application concept of refrigeration system can be understand
easier. It makes us easy to understands about how it works in our daily life. The COP of refrigeration
and cold load (QP water) can be determined by doing the experiment. The objectives of the experiment
were achieved as stated in the result section.

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