843 AI Teacher HandbookXI

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Class XI
TEACHER HANDBOOK
Subject Code:843
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
CURRICULUM
Teacher Handbook for Class XI
Acknowledgments
Patrons
Mr. Rahul Singh, IAS, Chairperson, Central Board of Secondary Education
Strategic Guidance
Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director (Skill Education), Central Board of Secondary Education
Sh. Ravinder Pal Singh, Joint Secretary, Department of Skill Education, Central Board of
Secondary Education
Strategic Advisory
Ms. Shipra Sharma, CSR Leader, India/South Asia, IBM
Ms. Joyeeta Das, Lead & Strategist, Global Education and Workforce Development, IBM
Dr. Mani Madhukar, Program Lead - SkillsBuild, IBM
Curriculum Planning Team

Mr. Manav Subodh, Founder & Chief Mentor, 1M1B
Mr. Saffin Mathew, Programs Director, 1M1B
Lead Curriculum Curator

Ms. Mehreen M Shamim, AI Curriculum Manager, 1M1B
AI Teacher Advisory for Curriculum Revision

Mr. Akhil R, TGT, DAV Public School Pushpanjali Enclave, Delhi
Ms. Anni Kumar, PGT, Vikas Bharati Public School, Delhi
Ms. Harmeet Kaur, PGT, Vasant Valley School, New Delhi
Ms. Jyoti P B, PGT, Jyothis Central School, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Ms. Meenu Kumar, PGT, Venkateshwar International School, Delhi
Mr. Naveen Gupta, PGT, St. Mark's Sr Sec Public School, Meera Bagh, Delhi
Ms. Neeru Mittal, PGT, Shaheed Rajpal Dav Public School, Delhi
Ms. Rani Kumari, PGT, Dlf Public School, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh
Ms. Shelly Batra, TGT, Mount Carmel School, Dwarka, Delhi
Ms. Smitha R Athreya, PGT, Delhi Public School Rourkela, Odisha
Ms. Soumya Iyer, PGT, Sanskriti School, Pune, Maharashtra
Ms. Swati Sharma, TGT, Heritage Xperiential Learning School, Gurugram, Haryana
Mr. Tushar Upadhyay, TGT, Navrachana Higher Secondary School, Vadodara Gujarat
Ms. Varsha Vijay K, TGT, Delhi Public School Bangalore North, Bangalore, Karnataka
Ms. Vineeta Garg, PGT, Shaheed Rajpal Dav Public School, Delhi
Foreword
The world around us is undergoing a dramatic transformation, driven by the relentless
advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI). From self-driving cars navigating city streets to
virtual assistants understanding complex inquiries, AI is rapidly reshaping industries,
societies, and the very way we interact with technology.
This revised textbook, designed for students in Classes XI and XII, dives into the captivating
world of AI, offering a comprehensive exploration of its core concepts, applications, and
potential impact. As you embark on this journey, you will not only delve into the fascinating
algorithms that power AI systems, but also examine its ethical considerations and its
profound implications for the future.
This is no longer science fiction. AI is here, and it holds immense potential to improve our
lives in countless ways. This textbook equips you, the future generation, with the knowledge
and critical thinking skills necessary to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape. Through
engaging exercises and thought-provoking questions, you will be challenged to not only
understand AI but also to consider its role in your own future.
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) recognizes the transformative power of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impact on the future. Building upon this successful
introduction, CBSE extended the AI subject to Class XI, starting in the 2020-2021 academic
session. Thus, allowing students to delve deeper into the world of AI and develop a more
comprehensive understanding.
CBSE acknowledges and appreciates the valuable contribution of IBM India in developing
the AI curriculum and conducting trainer programs. This collaborative effort ensures
educators are well-equipped to deliver the AI curriculum effectively.
By working together, CBSE and its partners aim to empower students to embrace the future.
By incorporating AI into their learning experience, students gain the knowledge and skills
necessary to not only understand AI but also leverage its potential to enhance their learning
and future prospects.
The future is full of possibilities, and AI is poised to play a pivotal role. Are you ready to be a
part of it?
Embrace the challenge. Explore the potential. Shape the future with Artificial
Intelligence.
INDEX
TOPICS PAGE NO.
Unit 1: Introduction- AI for Everyone 1
Unit 2: Unlocking your Future in AI 24
Unit 3: Python Programming 41
Unit 4: Introduction to Capstone Project 76
Unit 5: Data Literacy -Data Collection to Data Analysis 102
Unit 6: Machine Learning Algorithms 140
Unit 7: Leveraging Linguistics and Computer Science 172
Unit 8: AI Ethics and Values 192

UNIT 1: Introduction: Artificial Intelligence for Everyone
Title: Introduction: AI for Everyone Approach: Example based learning,
Hands- on activities, Discussion
Summary:
This unit covers various aspects of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including its
definition, evolution, types, domains, terminologies, and applications. It
explains the fundamental concepts of AI, such as supervised learning, cognitive
computing, natural language processing (NLP), computer vision etc.
Additionally, it delves into machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) and
discusses their differences, types, and applications. The content also outlines
the benefits and limitations of AI, addressing concerns such as job
displacement, ethical considerations, explainability, and data privacy.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the basic concepts and principles of Artificial Intelligence.
2. Explore evolution of AI and identify the different types of AI.
3. Learn about the domains of AI, such as data science, natural language
processing, and computer vision.
4. Gain knowledge of cognitive computing and its role in enhancing human
decision-making.
5. Understand the terminologies associated with AI, including machine
learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning.
Key Concepts:
1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
2. Evolution of AI
3. Types of AI
4. Domains of AI
5. AI Terminologies
6. Benefits and limitations of AI
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to -
1. Communicate effectively about AI concepts and applications in written
and oral formats.
2. Describe the historical development of AI.
3. Differentiate between various types and domains of AI, including their
applications.
4. Recognize the key terminologies and concepts related to machine learning
and deep learning.
5. Formulate informed opinions on the potential benefits and limitations of
AI in various contexts.
Pre-requisites: Reasonable fluency in English language and basic computer skills
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Sparking Curiosity: A Teacher's Guide to an Engaging AI Curriculum Warm-Up
This lesson equips you to launch your AI curriculum with a captivating activity that ignites
student enthusiasm.
1. Technology Habits - A Revealing Look:
• Engaging Warm-Up: Begin with an interactive activity. Ask students a series of

questions about their daily technology habits:
o How often do they use smartphones?
o Do they utilize voice assistants like Siri or Alexa?
o Have they played AI-powered games?
This discussion sparks curiosity and reveals the prevalence of AI in everyday life.
2. A Journey Through AI History:
• Time Travel Through AI Evolution: Provide a captivating overview of AI's journey:

o Discuss key milestones in AI history, from early philosophical concepts to
modern advancements.
o Introduce influential figures who shaped the field of AI.
o Highlight groundbreaking achievements that propelled AI forward.
Encourage critical thinking by prompting students to analyze:
• How AI has impacted society throughout history.

• Possible future implications of AI's continued development.
3. Demystifying AI Categories:
• Unlocking the AI Landscape: Introduce the different categories of AI:

o Explain the characteristics and functionalities of each category (e.g., Narrow
AI, General AI, Artificial Superintelligence).
o Discuss real-world applications of each type to solidify understanding.
Spark a discussion by posing questions about:
• The potential future development of AI and its potential impact on various sectors.
• Ethical considerations surrounding different AI categories.
4. Unveiling the Three AI Domains:
• The AI Ecosystem: Introduce the three fundamental domains of AI:

o Natural Language Processing (NLP): How machines understand and process
human language.
o Computer Vision: How machines extract meaning from visual data (images,
videos).
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o Data for AI: The crucial fuel powering AI systems for learning and
development.
Engage students by discussing:
• Real-world examples from each domain (e.g., NLP in chatbots, computer vision in
self-driving cars, using data for healthcare AI).
• How these domains work together to create sophisticated AI systems.
5. A Hierarchy of Intelligence:
• AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning: A Ladder of Complexity: Introduce the

concepts of AI, Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) as successive
subsets.
• Explain how each level builds upon the previous one, ultimately aiming to replicate
human-like intelligence in machines.
6. Machine Learning Demystified:
• Exploring Machine Learning Types: Guide students through various types of

Machine Learning:
o Supervised Learning: Machines learn from labeled data to make predictions
(e.g., spam filtering).
o Unsupervised Learning: Machines identify patterns and relationships in
unlabeled data (e.g., customer segmentation).
o Reinforcement Learning: Machines learn through trial and error, receiving
rewards for desired actions (e.g., playing games against themselves).
Encourage exploration by asking students to identify real-world applications for each type
of Machine Learning.
7. A Balanced Perspective: Benefits and Challenges of AI:
• Weighing the Impact: Discuss the advantages AI offers:

o Increased efficiency in various tasks.
o Enhanced decision-making capabilities.
o Fueling innovation across diverse fields.
However, foster balanced thinking by addressing AI limitations:
• Potential job displacement due to automation.

• Ethical considerations surrounding bias and fairness in AI systems.
• Challenges in explainability and understanding how AI reaches decisions.
• Data privacy concerns and potential misuse of personal data.
Encourage critical analysis by facilitating a discussion on these benefits and challenges,

prompting students to consider the future of AI from a responsible and balanced
perspective.
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1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Teachers can ask the following questions:
• Think about your daily life. Can you name any technologies you use that might involve
AI?
• Imagine a machine that can learn and improve on its own. What kind of tasks or
problems do you think such a machine could help us with?
Artificial Intelligence (AI), has evolved drastically over the years, touching various aspects
of our lives. It is a technology that has not only fascinated us but also significantly impacted
how we live, work, and interact with the world around us. Within the vast landscape of AI,
there exist several distinct Domains of Artificial Intelligence, each with its unique
characteristics and applications. According to Statista, the global AI market, with a value
of billion 113.60 GBP in 2023, is on a continuous growth trajectory, primarily fueled by
substantial investments.
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a machine to learn patterns and make
predictions.
In its simplest form, Artificial Intelligence is a field that combines computer science and
robust datasets to enable problem-solving. AI does not replace human decisions; instead,
AI adds value to human judgment. Think of AI as a smart helper that can understand things,
learn from examples, and do tasks on its own without needing to be told exactly what to do
each time. For example, AI can:
• Understand Language: AI can understand and respond to what you say, like
virtual assistants such as Siri or Alexa.
• Recognize Images: AI can look at pictures and recognize what is in them, like
identifying animals in photos.
• Make Predictions: AI can analyze data to make predictions, like predicting the
weather or suggesting what movie you might like to watch next.
• Play Games: AI can play games and learn to get better at them, like playing chess
or video games.
• Drive Cars: AI can help cars drive themselves by sensing the road and making
decisions to stay safe.
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What is not AI?
When we talk about machines, not all of them are considered Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Here are some examples:
• Traditional Rule-Based Systems: These machines follow set rules without learning
from data.
• Simple Automation Tools: Basic tools like timers or calculators do specific tasks but
do not think or learn.
• Mechanical Devices: Machines like pulleys or gears work based on physics but do
not learn or think.
• Fixed-Function Hardware: Devices like microwave ovens perform tasks without
learning or thinking.
• Non-Interactive Systems: Machines that do not change based on new information,
like a basic electric fan.
• Basic Sensors: Sensors collect data but do not analyze or understand it.
Artificial Intelligence machines are different. They learn from data and can make decisions on their
own. For example, a smart washing machine can adjust its settings based on what it is washing. AI
goes beyond just following rules; it can learn, adapt, and make decisions based on data and context.
2. Evolution of AI
• Can you think of any stories or myths from history that involve machines or artificial
beings acting intelligently? (This question prompts students to make connections
between historical ideas of artificial intelligence and the modern concept.)
• Imagine you could create a machine that could do one thing really well. What task
would you choose and why? (This question taps into students' own ideas about what
intelligence means and how it could be applied in technology.)
The history of AI can be traced back to ancient times, with philosophical discussions about
the nature of intelligence and the possibility of creating artificial beings. However, the
modern era of AI began in the mid-20th century with significant developments and
milestones:
Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Timeline-diagram-showing-the-history-of-artificial-intelligence_fig1_364826401
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Time Period Key Events and Developments
1950 was a landmark year for the question of machine intelligence because
of Alan Turing's famous paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." In
1950
this paper, Turing proposed a thought experiment called the "imitation
game" (later known as the Turing test).
Dartmouth Conference was organized by McCarthy that marked birthplace
of AI as a field. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by John
1956
McCarthy. McCarthy, along with Turing, Minsky, and Simon, laid foundation
for AI.
Significant progress in AI research that led to the development of expert
1960-1970 systems, early neural networks, exploration of symbolic reasoning and
problem-solving techniques.
Mixed optimism and skepticism about AI with breakthroughs in machine
1980-1990
learning, neural networks led to "AI winter".
Resurgence of interest and progress in AI with advancements in
computing power, data availability, and algorithmic innovation. Also, there
21st Century were breakthroughs in machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement
learning. That led to transformative applications of AI in healthcare,
finance, transportation, and entertainment.
3. Types of AI
• Imagine you have a robot helper at home. What kind of tasks do you think it would
be most helpful with? Why? (This question gets students thinking about specific tasks
AI can perform, priming them for the concept of Narrow AI).
• Can you think of any examples of machines that seem to get "smarter" over time?
What makes them seem that way? (This question encourages students to consider
the development and growth of AI capabilities, introducing the idea of different levels
of AI).
Computer scientists have identified three levels of AI based on predicted growth in its
ability to analyze data and make predictions.
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1. Narrow AI:
• Focuses on single tasks like predicting purchases or planning schedules.
• Rapidly growing in consumer applications, such as voice-based shopping and
virtual assistants like Siri.
• Capable of handling specific tasks effectively, but lacks broader understanding.
2. Broad AI:
• Acts as a midpoint between Narrow and General AI.
• More versatile than Narrow AI, capable of handling a wider range of related tasks.
• Often used in businesses to integrate AI into specific processes, requiring
domain-specific knowledge and data.
3. General AI:
• Refers to machines that can perform any intellectual task a human can.
• Currently, AI lacks abstract thinking, strategizing, and creativity like humans.
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) may emerge in the future, potentially leading to
self-aware machines, but this is far from current capabilities.
4. Domains of AI
• Imagine you have a robot helper. How could the robot use different types of
information to be helpful? (This question primes students to think about data and its
applications)
• We can sometimes communicate with computers through text or even by showing
them pictures. How do you think computers understand these things? (This question
gets students thinking about the challenges of human-computer interaction)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses various fields, each focusing on different aspects of
replicating human intelligence and performing tasks traditionally requiring human intellect.
These fields are classified based on the type of data input they handle:
a) Data Science: Data Science deals with numerical, alphabetical, and alphanumeric
data inputs. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of large volumes
of data to extract insights and patterns using statistical methods, machine learning
algorithms, and data visualization techniques.
b) Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP focuses on processing text and speech
inputs to enable computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
It involves tasks such as language translation, sentiment analysis, text
summarization, and speech recognition, facilitating communication between
humans and machines through natural language interfaces.
c) Computer Vision: Computer Vision deals with visual data inputs, primarily images
and videos. It enables computers to interpret and understand visual information,
perform tasks such as object detection, image classification, facial recognition, and
scene understanding, enabling applications such as autonomous vehicles, medical
imaging, and augmented reality.
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Activity:
Divide the students into groups and provide them with a list of real-world applications without
specifying which domain each application belongs to. Ask each group to categorize the
applications into the three domains: Data Science, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and
Computer Vision.
1. Gesture recognition for human-computer interaction
2. Chatbots for customer service
3. Spam email detection
4. Autonomous drones for surveillance
5. Google Translate
6. Fraud detection in financial transactions
7. Augmented reality applications (e.g., Snapchat filters)
8. Sports analytics for performance optimization
9. Object detection in autonomous vehicles
10. Recommendation systems for e-commerce platforms
11. Customer segmentation for targeted marketing
12. Text summarization for news articles
13. Automated subtitles for videos
14. Medical image diagnosis
15. Stock prediction
Natural Language
Data Science Computer Vision
Processing
6. Fraud detection in financial 3. Spam email detection 1.Gesture recognition for
transactions human-computer
interaction
8.Sports analytics for 2.Chatbots for customer 4.Autonomous drones for
performance optimization service surveillance
10.Recommendation systems 5. Google Translate 7.Augmented reality

for e-commerce platforms applications (e.g.,
Snapchat filters)
11.Customer segmentation for 12. Text summarization for 9.Object detection in
targeted marketing news articles autonomous vehicles
15.Stock prediction 13. Automated subtitles 14.Medical image
for videos diagnosis
a. Data Science
Data might be facts, statistics, opinions, or any kind of content that is recorded in some
format. This could include voices, photos, names, and even dance moves! It surrounds us
and shapes our experiences, decisions, and interactions. For example:
• Your search recommendations, Google Maps history are based on your previous data.
• Amazon's personalized recommendations are influenced by your shopping habits.
• Social media activity, cloud storage, textbooks, and more are all forms of data.
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It is often referred to as the "new oil" of the 21st century. Did you know? 90% of the world's
data has been created in just the last 2 years, compared to the previous 6 million years of
human existence.
Type of Data
• Structured Data
• Unstructured Data
• Semi-structured Data
Structured data is like a neatly arranged table, with rows and columns that make it
easy to understand and work with. It includes information such as names, dates,
addresses, and stock prices. Because of its organized nature, it is straightforward to
analyze and manipulate, making it a preferred format for many data-related tasks.
On the other hand, unstructured data lacks any specific organization, making it more
challenging to analyze compared to structured data. Examples of unstructured data
include images, text documents, customer comments, and song lyrics. Since unstructured
data does not follow a predefined format, extracting meaningful insights from it requires
specialized tools and techniques.
Semi-structured data falls somewhere between structured and unstructured data.
While not as organized as structured data, it is easier to handle than unstructured data.
Semi-structured data uses metadata to identify certain characteristics and organize data
into fields, allowing for some level of organization and analysis. An example of semi-
structured data is a social media video with hashtags used for categorization, blending
structured elements like hashtags with unstructured content like the video itself.
Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Unstructured-semi-structured-and-
structured-data_fig4_236860222
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b. Natural Language Processing:
It refers to the field of computer science and AI that focuses on teaching machines to
understand and process languages in both written and spoken form, just like humans do.
The goal of an NLP-Trained model is to be capable of “understanding” the contents of
documents, including the slangs, sarcasm, inner meaning, and contextual definitions of the
language in which the text was written.
Differences Between NLP, NLU, and NLG?
Source: https://www.baeldung.com/cs/natural-language-processing-understanding-generation
Natural Language Processing (NLP): This is the broad umbrella term encompassing
everything related to how computers interact with human language. Think of it as the "what"
- what computers can do with human language. It is like the whole library - filled with
different tools and techniques for working with language data.
Natural Language Understanding (NLU): This is a subfield of NLP that focuses on
understanding the meaning of human language. It analyzes text and speech, extracting
information, intent, and sentiment. NLU helps computers understand the language and
what it means. Imagine finding a specific book in the library.
Natural Language Generation (NLG): This is another subfield of NLP, but instead of
understanding, it focuses on generating human language. It takes structured data as input
and turns it into coherent and readable text or speech. Think of this as writing a new book
based on the information gathered in the library.
c. Computer Vision:
Computer Vision is like giving computers the ability to see and understand the world
through digital images and videos, much like how humans use their eyes to perceive their
surroundings. In this domain, computers analyze visual information from images and videos
to recognize objects, understand scenes, and make decisions based on what they "see."
When we take a digital image, it is essentially a grid of tiny colored dots called pixels.
Each pixel represents a tiny portion of the image and contains information about its color
and intensity.
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Resolution is expressed as the total number of pixels along the width and height of
the image. For example, an image with a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels has 1920 pixels
horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically. Higher resolution images have more pixels,
providing more detail.
Now, here's where AI comes in. To make sense of these images, computers convert
them into numbers. They break down the image into a series of numbers that represent the
color and intensity of each pixel. This numerical representation allows AI algorithms to
process the image mathematically and extract meaningful information from it. For instance,
AI algorithms might learn to recognize patterns in these numbers that correspond to
specific objects, like cars or faces. By analyzing large amounts of labeled image data, AI
systems can "learn" to identify objects accurately.
Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning, Reasoning)

Cognitive Computing is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that aims to mimic the
way the human brain works in processing information and making decisions. It involves
building systems that can understand, reason, learn, and interact with humans in a natural
and intuitive way.
2. The platform (Cognitive computing) uses

1.This is a platform based on Artificial Machine Learning, Reasoning, Natural
Intelligence and Signal processing. Language Processing (NLP) and Computer
Vision to compute results.
3.Cognitive computing improves human 4.Cognitive computing tries to mimic the

decision making human brain
Examples of cognitive computing software: IBM Watson, Deep mind, Microsoft Cognitive
service etc.
In summary, Cognitive Computing integrates Data Science, Natural Language Processing,

and Computer Vision to create intelligent systems that can understand and interact with
humans in a human-like manner. By combining these technologies, Cognitive Computing
enables machines to process and interpret diverse types of data, communicate effectively
in natural language, and perceive and understand visual information, thereby extending the
capabilities of traditional AI systems.
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AI Terminologies
• Can you think of any machines that seem really

smart, even though they aren't alive? For example,
a self-driving car or a program that recommends
movies you might like. (This question activates prior
knowledge and gets students thinking about machines
that might be considered "intelligent")
• How do humans learn new things? Do we always
need someone to tell us exactly what to do, or can
we also figure things out on our own by looking at examples? (This question helps
connect the concept of machine learning to familiar human experiences)
Artificial intelligence machines don’t think. They calculate. They represent some of the
newest, most sophisticated calculating machines in human history. It is a computer system
that can perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence or human interference.
Some can perform what is called machine learning as they acquire new data. Machine
learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing algorithms and
models that enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed.
Others, using calculations arranged in ways inspired by neurons in the human brain, can
even perform deep learning with multiple levels of calculations. Deep learning is an AI
function that imitates the working of the human brain in processing data and creating
patterns for use in decision making.
o The structure of Deep Learning is inspired by the structure of the neurons
and neuron connections in the human brain.
o Neural networks, also known as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), are a
subset of Machine Learning and the core heart and concept of Machine
Learning.
o They comprise of node layers, containing an input layer, one or multiple
hidden layers, and an output layer.
o If the output of any node is above a specified threshold, that node is activated,
sending data to the next layer of the network.
o Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.
o If the number of Layers including the Input and Output Layer is more than
three, then it is called a Deep Neural Network.
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MACHINE LEARNING DEEP LEARNING
1. Works on small dataset for accuracy 1. Works on Large dataset
2. Dependent on Low-end machine 2. Heavily dependent on high-end
machine
3. Divides the tasks into sub-tasks, 3. Solves problem end to end
solves them individually and
finally combine the results
4. Takes less time to train 4. Takes longer time to train
5. Testing time may increase 5. Less time to test the data
Example: Imagine you are given the job to sort items in the meat department at a grocery
store. You realize that there are dozens of products and very less time to sort them
manually. How will you use artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to
help with your work?
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To separate the chicken, beef, and pork, you could create a programmed rule in the
format of if-else statements. This allows the machine to recognize what is on the label
and route it to the correct basket.
To improve the performance of the machine, you expose it to more data to ensure that
the machine is trained on numerous characteristics of each type of meat, such as size,
shape, and color. The more data you provide for the algorithm, the better the model gets.
By providing more data and adjusting parameters, the machine minimizes errors by
repetitive guess work.
Deep learning models eliminate the need for feature extractions. Decide the algorithms
based on deep learning to sort meat by removing the need to define what each product
looks like. Feature extraction is built into the process without human input. Once you
have provided the deep learning model with dozens of meat pictures, it processes the
images through different layers of neural networks. The layers can then learn an implicit
representation of the raw data on their own.
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Types of Machine Learning
Supervised learning
● Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
labelled data, which means that the input data is accompanied by the correct output.
● In supervised learning, the algorithm learns to map input data to output labels based
on example input-output pairs provided during the training phase.
● The goal of supervised learning is to learn a mapping function from input variables to
output variables so that the model can make predictions on unseen data.
● Examples of supervised learning algorithms include linear regression, logistic
regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks.
Unsupervised Learning:
● Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
unlabelled data, which means that the input data is not accompanied by the correct
output.
● In unsupervised learning, the algorithm tries to find hidden patterns or structure in
the input data without explicit guidance.
● The goal of unsupervised learning is to explore and discover inherent structures or
relationships within the data, such as clusters, associations, or anomalies.
● Examples of unsupervised learning algorithms include k-means clustering,
hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and autoencoders.
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Reinforcement Learning:
1.
2.
3.
4.
● Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make

decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards.
● In reinforcement learning, the agent learns through trial and error by taking actions
and receiving feedback from the environment in the form of rewards or penalties.
● The goal of reinforcement learning is to learn a policy or strategy that guides the agent
to take actions that lead to the highest cumulative reward over time.
● Reinforcement learning is commonly used in scenarios where the agent must make a
sequence of decisions over time, such as playing games, controlling robots, or
managing financial portfolios.
● Examples of reinforcement learning algorithms include Q-learning, deep Q-networks
(DQN), policy gradients, and actor-critic methods.
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6. Benefits and limitations of AI
Benefits of AI:
• Imagine you're a scientist researching a new disease. How do you think AI could help
you analyze massive amounts of data to find patterns and potential cures?
Limitations of AI:
• Self-driving cars are becoming a reality. However, some people worry that AI might not
be able to handle unexpected situations. What are some challenges you see with AI
making decisions in critical situations?
BENEFITS:
1. Increased efficiency and productivity: AI automates tasks, analyzes data
faster, and optimizes processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity
across various sectors.
2. Improved decision-making: AI analyzes vast amounts of data and identifies
patterns that humans might miss, assisting in data-driven decision-making and
potentially leading to better outcomes.
3. Enhanced innovation and creativity: AI tools can generate new ideas, explore
possibilities, and automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for more
creative pursuits and innovation.
4. Progress in science and healthcare: AI aids in drug discovery, medical
diagnosis, and personalized medicine, contributing to advancements in healthcare
and scientific research.
LIMITATIONS:
1. Job displacement: Automation through AI raises concerns about job displacement
and the need for workforce retraining and upskilling.
2. Ethical considerations: Concerns exist around bias in AI algorithms, potential
misuse for surveillance or manipulation, and the need for ethical guidelines and
regulations.
3. Lack of explainability: Some AI models, particularly complex ones, lack
transparency in their decision-making, making it difficult to understand how they
arrive at their outputs.
4. Data privacy and security: Large-scale data collection and use for AI development
raise concerns about data privacy and security vulnerabilities.
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o Earn a credential on IBM Skills Build on the topic Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals
using the link:
https://students.yourlearning.ibm.com/activity/PLAN-CC702B39D429
o Semantris, is an NLP-Based game by Google based on Word association powered by
semantic search.
https://experiments.withgoogle.com/semantris
o This is a game built with machine learning. We draw, and a neural network tries to guess
what you're drawing.
https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/
o The experiment based on the computer vision domain of AI. It identifies that you draw
and suggests the related images. To play the game, visit the following link on any
computing device with speakers.
https://www.autodraw.com/
Extension Activities:
These activities provide opportunities for students to explore various aspects of artificial
intelligence, develop critical thinking skills, and engage in hands-on learning experiences in
the classroom.
1. AI in the News: Have students research recent news articles or stories related to
artificial intelligence? They can explore topics such as AI advancements, ethical
dilemmas, or AI applications in various industries. Students can then present their
findings to the class and facilitate discussions on the implications of these
developments.
2. AI Applications Showcase: Divide students into small groups and assign each group a
specific AI application or technology (e.g., virtual assistants, self-driving cars,
healthcare diagnostics). Ask students to research and create presentations or posters
showcasing how their assigned AI technology works, its benefits, potential drawbacks,
and real-world examples of its use.
3. AI Coding Projects: Introduce students to basic coding concepts and tools used in AI
development, such as Python programming language and machine learning libraries
like TensorFlow or scikit-learn. Guide students through hands-on coding projects
where they can build simple AI models, such as image classifiers or chatbots.
Encourage experimentation and creativity in designing and training their AI systems.
4. AI Film Analysis: Screen and analyze films or documentaries that explore themes
related to artificial intelligence, such as "Ex Machina," "Her," "I, Robot," or "The Social
Dilemma." After watching the films, facilitate discussions on how AI is portrayed, its
potential impact on society, and ethical considerations raised in the narratives.
18
EXERCISE
A. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs):
1. Who is often referred to as the "Father of AI"?
a. Alan Turing
b. John McCarthy
c. Marvin Minsky
d. Herbert A. Simon
2. In which year was the term "Artificial Intelligence" first used by John McCarthy?
a. 1930
b. 1955
c. 1970
d. 2000
3. What does the term "Data is the new oil" imply?
a. Data is as valuable as oil.
b. Data is used as fuel for machines.
c. Data is a non-renewable resource.
d. Data and oil are unrelated.
4.Divya was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in a
neural network. Help her identify the layer that does processing in the neural network.
a. Output layer
b. Hidden layer
c. Input layer
d. Data layer
5. Which category of machine learning occurs in the presence of a supervisor or teacher?
a. Unsupervised Learning
b. Reinforcement Learning
c. Supervised Learning
d. Deep Learning
6. What does Deep Learning primarily rely on to mimic the human brain?
a. Traditional Programming
b. Artificial Neural Networks
c. Machine Learning Algorithms
d. Random Decision Making
7. What is the role of reinforcement learning in machine learning?
a. Creating rules automatically
b. Recognizing patterns in untagged data
c. Rewarding desired behaviors and/or penalizing undesirable ones
d. Mimicking human conversation through voice or text
19
8. Which AI application is responsible for automatically separating emails into "Spam" and
"Not Spam" categories?
a. Gmail
b. YouTube
c. Flipkart
d. Watson
B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. To determine if a machine or application is AI-based, consider its ability to perform
tasks that typically require _______________ intelligence.
2. Artificial intelligence (AI) enables a machine to carry out cognitive tasks typically
performed by ________.
3. Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning are three categories of
________.
4. ________________ is a subset of artificial intelligence that is entirely based on
artificial neural networks.
5. Machine learning can be used for online fraud detection to make cyberspace a
________ place.
C. True or False:
1. Chatbots like Alexa and Siri are examples of virtual assistants.
2. Supervised learning involves training a computer system without labeled input data.
3. Unstructured data can be easily analyzed using traditional relational database
techniques.
4. Deep learning typically requires less time to train compared to machine learning.
5. Machine learning is not used in everyday applications like virtual personal assistants
and fraud detection.
D. Short Answer Questions:

1. How is machine learning related to AI?
2. Define Data. List the types of data.
3. Define machine learning.
4. What is deep learning, and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
5. What do you mean by Reinforcement Learning? Write any two applications of
Reinforcement Learning at School.
6. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain
with the help of an example.
E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:

1. A hospital implemented an AI system to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based
on medical images such as X-rays and MRI scans. However, some patients
expressed concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the AI diagnoses. How can
the hospital address these concerns?
20
ANSWERS
A. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs):
1. b. John McCarthy 2. b. 1955 3. a. Data is as valuable as oil
4. b. Hidden layer 5. c. Supervised Learning 6. b. Artificial Neural Networks
7. c. Rewarding desired behaviors and/or penalizing undesirable ones
8. a. Gmail
B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. human-like 2. Humans 3. Machine Learning 4. Deep Learning 5. Secure
C. True or False:
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. False
D. Short Answer Questions:

1. How is machine learning related to AI?
Ans. Machine learning enables machines to learn, forecast, and improve on their own,
contributing to the broader field of AI.
2. Define Data. List the types of data.
Ans. Data is a representation of information that can be processed or transmitted by humans
or machines. The two types of data mentioned are structured data (e.g., name, age, address)
and unstructured data (e.g., text, video, audio).
3. Define machine learning.
Ans. Machine learning is defined as the science of getting computers to act without being
explicitly programmed, and its primary categories include supervised, unsupervised, and
reinforcement learning.
4. What is deep learning, and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
Ans. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning entirely based on artificial neural
networks, distinguished by its ability to solve end-to-end problems and its heavy reliance
on high-end machines for computation.
5. What do you mean by Reinforcement Learning? Write any two applications of
Reinforcement Learning at School.
Ans. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make
decisions by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards
or penalties. Two applications in schools include adaptive learning systems that personalize
content and educational games/simulations that engage students in interactive learning
experiences.
6. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain with
the help of an example.
Ans. To understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not, we need to check if
it learns with data and whether it’s able to decide/predict.
21
E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:
1. A hospital implemented an AI system to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based on
medical images such as X-rays and MRI scans. However, some patients expressed
concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the AI diagnoses. How can the hospital
address these concerns?
Ans. The hospital can address these concerns by conducting thorough validation studies to
assess the accuracy and reliability of the AI system compared to human diagnoses. They
can also ensure transparency by providing detailed information about how the AI system
works and how it complements the expertise of human doctors.
F. Competency Based Questions

1.Rahul is an architect. He has designed and built a beautiful home for his client in Pune. He
has installed these systems/appliances/gadgets at the newly constructed home. Identify
which of these are AI systems and which of these are not AI systems.
Solar water heater, Smart TV, Security cameras, rainwater harvesting system, cleaning
robots, smart lighting, automatic door, Siri, automatic washing machine.
After separating the AI systems, mention some parameters on which you choose these
appliances/systems as AI systems.
Ans: The AI systems are: Smart TV, cleaning robots, smart lighting, Siri.
The systems which are not AI systems are: Solar water heater, security cameras, rainwater
harvesting systems, automatic door, automatic washing machine.
The parameters are: ability to make decisions, problem-solving, recommendations, adapt
to new situations, and learn from past experiences. (any other AI feature can be included).
2.If you were designing a robot to sort recyclable items like glass, plastic, and paper, which
type of learning would be used to help the robot.
Ans: Supervised learning
3.Can you think of a scenario where you have a bunch of different fruits mixed together and
you want the computer to organize them into groups based on similarities?
Ans: Unsupervised learning
4.Mr. Shankar owns a company that deals with services to customers related to financial
investments. Lately, he has been using AI technology in his company due to which his
employees are facing less job responsibility, customers are feeling insecure about their
data. What is this scenario known as?
Ans: Potential impact of AI on society
5.Jatin is a student who has just enrolled in a course in AI. He attended a few introductory
classes and learned that systems can learn from the data using algorithms to perform a task
without explicitly programming it. In some situations, the system mimics the human brain's
learning process. Identify the concepts in this scenario.
Ans: Machine learning and Deep learning
22
REFERENCES
Videos to watch
• Understand about AI : https://youtu.be/ad79nYk2keg?feature=shared

• History of AI : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-9ZqkeNNJE
• Introduction to Data Science: https://youtu.be/X3paOmcrTjQ?feature=shared
• Natural Language Processing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMrHM8a3hqw
• Introduction to Computer Vision: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puB-
4LuRNys
• Cognitive Computing : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zsl7ttA9Kcg
23
UNIT 2: Unlocking your Future in AI
Title: Unlocking your Future in AI Approach: Team Discussion, Web search
Summary: This lesson explores the global demand for artificial intelligence (AI)
professionals, highlighting the diverse career opportunities available across various
industries. It discusses common job roles in AI, essential skills and tools for prospective
AI careers, and opportunities for AI professionals in different sectors. Additionally, it
provides a curated list of resources for individuals interested in exploring AI further and
staying updated with the latest developments in the field.
1. Understand the increasing demand for AI professionals in today's global market.
2. Identify common job roles in the field of artificial intelligence and their respective
responsibilities.
3. Recognize the essential skills and tools required for a successful career in AI.
4. Explore the diverse opportunities for AI professionals across various industries.
5. Discover curated resources for further learning and staying updated in the field of
AI.
Key Concepts:
1. The Global Demand
2. Some Common Job Roles In AI
3. Essential Skills and Tools for Prospective AI Careers
4. Opportunities in AI Across Various Industries
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
1. Articulate the demand for AI professionals and the diverse career opportunities
available in the field.
2. Identify the requisite skills and tools needed to pursue a career in artificial
intelligence.
3. Understand the potential roles and responsibilities of AI professionals across
different industries.
4. Explore resources for further learning and skill development in the field of AI.
5. Evaluate their own interests and skills to determine potential pathways for a career
in AI.
Pre-Requisites:
Basic understanding of artificial intelligence concepts and applications, familiarity with
programming languages such as Python, and interest in exploring career opportunities in
the field of artificial intelligence.
24
Integrating the Future: A Teacher's Guide to AI and the Evolving Workforce
This lesson equips you to guide students through the dynamic relationship between AI and
the future of work.
1. Staying Ahead of the Curve:
• Continuous Learning: Emphasize the importance for teachers themself to stay

updated on the evolving landscape of AI techniques. This ensures you can provide
students with the most current information. Explore online resources, attend
workshops, or collaborate with industry professionals to stay informed.
2. AI and Jobs: A Shifting Landscape:
• AI's Impact on Employment: Discuss how AI may transform the job market:
o Identify existing jobs that may be automated or significantly impacted by AI.
o Explore how AI might create new job opportunities requiring different skill
sets.
Focus on a Positive Outlook:
• Frame the discussion to emphasize that AI is more likely to create a job

transformation than widespread unemployment.
• Encourage students to develop skills that complement AI, such as:
o Critical thinking and problem-solving.
o Creativity and innovation.
o Collaboration and interpersonal skills.
o Adaptability and lifelong learning.
3. AI Professionals in Action:
• Bringing AI to Life: Organize group discussions or role-plays to showcase the diverse

roles of AI professionals in various departments:
o AI Engineers: Design, develop, and maintain AI systems. (Role-play: A team
brainstorming the design of an AI-powered customer service chatbot.)
o Data Scientists: Collect, analyse, and interpret data to train AI models.
(Group discussion: How data scientists ensure data quality and address
potential bias in AI systems.)
o AI Ethicists: Ensure the responsible and ethical development and use of AI.
(Role-play: A team discussing ethical considerations for using AI in the
healthcare industry.)
25
These activities provide students with a deeper understanding of the various career paths
within the AI field and how they contribute to the overall success of AI projects.
Additional Tips:
• Invite guest speakers from the AI industry to share their experiences and insights.
• Encourage students to research specific AI applications in their areas of interest.
• Guide students in exploring online resources and tools for learning more about AI.
By incorporating these elements, you can equip students with the knowledge and skills to
navigate the evolving job market and thrive in a future shaped by AI.
26
THE GLOBAL DEMAND
1. What are some examples of artificial intelligence (AI) that you encounter in your
daily lives? This gets the students thinking about AI and its real-world applications,
making the passage more relevant.
2. Imagine a future where AI is even more integrated into society. What kind of jobs
do you think will be in high demand? This question activates their imagination and
taps into their existing understanding of jobs. It also creates a nice bridge into the
passage which highlights the variety of AI career paths.
Artificial intelligence (AI) was once confined to the realms of science fiction, but today,
it permeates our daily lives in ways we often take for granted. From personalized
recommendations on streaming platforms to the algorithms powering autonomous vehicles,
AI has become an indispensable part of the modern society. As the field continues to evolve
and expand, so do the opportunities it presents for career growth and development.
Amidst the concerns about automation and job displacement, it is essential to recognize
the significant demand for AI professionals across various industries. While it is true that AI
technologies may replace some traditional roles, they also create a multitude of new and
exciting career paths. Rather than viewing AI as a threat, individuals should embrace it as an
opportunity for advancement and innovation.
Image Source: https://media.licdn.com The global demand for AI talent is
skyrocketing, driven by the rapid
pace of technological
advancements and the increasing
integration of AI solutions into
diverse sectors. From healthcare
and finance to transportation and
retail, organizations are harnessing
the power of AI to streamline
operations, optimize processes, and deliver enhanced services to consumers. One of the
most significant advantages of pursuing a career in AI is the sheer breadth of opportunities
it offers. Whether you are passionate about machine learning, natural language processing,
robotics, or data analytics, there is a niche within the AI field suited to your interests and
skills. Moreover, as AI technologies continue to mature, new specialties and job roles are
emerging, creating avenues for specialization and expertise.
SOME COMMON JOB ROLES IN AI:

In today's market, there is a wide range of job roles within the field of artificial
intelligence (AI) that are in high demand. Some common job roles include:
• Machine Learning Engineer: Machine learning engineers bridge software
engineering and data science, utilizing big data tools and programming frameworks
27
to develop scalable data science models capable of handling vast volumes of real-
time data. Strong mathematical skills, experience in machine learning and deep
learning, and proficiency in programming languages like Java, Python, and Scala are
essential for success in this role.
• Data Scientist: Data scientists leverage machine learning and predictive analytics to
extract insights from large datasets, to take proper business decisions. Proficiency in
big data platforms like Hadoop, Pig, and Spark, fluency in programming languages
such as SQL, Python, and Scala, and a solid understanding of descriptive and
inferential statistics are the key requirements for this role.
• Business Intelligence Developer: Business intelligence (BI) developers design,
model, and maintain complex data sets to analyse business and market trends,
enhance organizational profitability and efficiency. Strong technical and analytical
skills, along with expertise in data warehouse design and BI technologies, are
essential for success in this role.
• Robotics Engineer: They design and maintain AI-powered robots, develop
mechanical devices capable of performing tasks with human commands. Proficiency
in programming, along with expertise in disciplines like robotic engineering,
mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, is crucial for success in this field.
• Software Engineer: AI software engineers build and maintain software products for
AI applications, staying updated on the latest artificial intelligence technologies.
Proficiency in software engineering, programming languages, and statistical analysis
is essential, typically requiring a bachelor's degree in computer science, engineering,
or related fields.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) Engineer: NLP engineers specialize in human

language processing, working on voice assistants, speech recognition, and document
processing. A specialized degree in computational linguistics or a combination of
computer science, mathematics, and statistics is typically required for this role.
• Computer Vision Engineer: Computer vision engineers specialize in developing
algorithms and systems that enable computers to analyse and interpret visual
information from images or videos. Their expertise lies in creating software solutions
that can understand and process visual data, requiring proficiency in image
processing techniques and programming languages such as Python and C++.
• AI Ethicist: AI ethicists address ethical considerations and implications related to
the development and deployment of AI technologies, ensuring that they are used
28
responsibly and ethically. They provide guidance on ethical frameworks, policies, and
practices to promote fairness, transparency, and accountability in AI systems, often
requiring a background in ethics, philosophy, or law, combined with expertise in AI
technology.
• AI Consultant: AI consultants offer expert guidance and advice to organizations on
how to leverage AI technologies to solve business challenges and drive innovation.
They assess business needs, identify opportunities for AI integration, and develop
strategic AI initiatives, requiring a deep understanding of AI technologies, business
processes, and industry trends, along with strong communication & analytical skills.
Activity 1:
Divide the class into small groups and distribute the list of AI job roles to each group.
Using the roles written in the chit, the teams will identify ten companies currently hiring
employees for those specific AI positions.
AI Consultant NLP Engineer AI Ethicist
IBM, Deloitte, Accenture, Google, Amazon, Microsoft EFF, Amnesty International

Ernst & Young (EY), KPMG Facebook, Apple, IBM MIT Media Lab, EARL, CDT
Cognizant, Capgemini NVIDIA, OpenAI, Twitter IBM, Google, OpenAI
ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND TOOLS FOR PROSPECTIVE AI CAREERS

1. Based on the different AI job roles we discussed, what technical skills do you think
might be important across most of them? This question helps bridge the gap between
the different job roles and the specific skills needed. It gets them thinking about the
practical application of the knowledge they just learned.
2. Can you think of any tools or software you already use that might be helpful in an
AI career? This taps into their existing knowledge and encourages them to make
connections between familiar tools and the world of AI. It can also lead to an
interesting discussion about the accessibility of AI tools.
A successful career in artificial intelligence requires a diverse set of skills that

encompass both technical expertise and soft skills. According to industry leaders, here are
some of the top skills that AI professionals need:
Technical Skills:
• Expertise in neural networks, machine
learning, and deep learning is essential for
developing advanced AI applications.
• Knowledge of big data technologies and
techniques for handling and analysing large
datasets is crucial in AI applications.
29
• Understanding of frameworks and libraries like TensorFlow, SciPy, and NumPy is vital
for building and deploying AI solutions.
• Familiarity with programming languages such as Python, R, Java, and C++ is
necessary for developing AI models and algorithms.
• Proficiency in linear algebra, probability, statistics, and signal processing is essential
for understanding the mathematical principles underlying AI algorithms.
Soft Skills:
• Effective communication skills are crucial for conveying complex technical concepts
to non-technical stakeholders and collaborating with multidisciplinary teams.
• Strong teamwork and collaboration abilities are essential for working effectively in
cross-functional teams to develop AI products and solutions.
• Problem-solving, decision-making, and analytical thinking skills are critical for
identifying and addressing challenges in AI projects.
• Time management and organizational skills are
essential for managing multiple projects and
meeting deadlines.
• Business intelligence and critical thinking skills
are valuable for understanding business
requirements and translating them into AI
solutions that deliver tangible value.
Your Professional Toolkit
In addition to acquiring the necessary skills, it is essential for AI professionals to
familiarize themselves with popular AI tools, platforms, and programming languages. Here
are some essential tools and their purposes:
• Python: A versatile programming language with pre-made libraries for advanced
computing and scientific computation.
• R: A programming language for data collection, organization, and analysis,
particularly useful for machine learning and statistical functions.
• Java: Widely used in AI for implementing intelligence programming, neural networks,
and machine learning solutions.
• C++: Known for its flexibility and object-oriented functions, used for procedural
programming and hardware manipulation in AI.
• TensorFlow: An open-source machine learning platform with tools and libraries for
developing sophisticated AI applications.
• SciPy and NumPy: Python libraries for scientific computing and mathematical
operations, ideal for manipulating and visualizing data.
By acquiring the right combination of technical skills and tools, aspiring AI professionals can
position themselves for success in this dynamic and rapidly growing field. Whether you are
interested in developing AI algorithms or implementing AI solutions in real-world
applications, building a strong foundation of skills and expertise is the key to unlocking
exciting career opportunities in artificial intelligence.
30
Activity 2:
In continuation with the previous activity, list the technical skills and soft skills listed by any
two companies for the specific AI position.
Technical Skills Soft Skills Link to the website

1. Proficiency in 1. Strong problem- (https://www.ibm.com/
programming languages solving abilities and
such as Python, Java, or analytical thinking. employment/)
C++. 2. Excellent
2. Experience with machine communication skills,
learning frameworks such both verbal and
as TensorFlow, PyTorch, or written.
scikit-learn. 3. Collaboration and
3. Knowledge of natural teamwork, including
language processing (NLP) the ability to work
techniques and libraries. effectively in
4. Familiarity with deep interdisciplinary teams.
learning architectures and 4. Adaptability to
algorithms. changing requirements
and environments.
1. Proficiency in 1. Excellent problem- https://careers.cogniza

programming languages solving abilities and
such as Python, Java, or R. analytical thinking. nt.com/global/en)
2. Strong understanding of 2. Strong communication
machine learning skills, both verbal and
algorithms and statistical written.
modeling techniques. 3. Collaboration and
3. Experience with machine teamwork, including
learning frameworks such the ability to work
as TensorFlow, PyTorch, or effectively in
scikit-learn. interdisciplinary teams.
4. Knowledge of natural 4. Attention to detail and
language processing (NLP) commitment to quality.
techniques and libraries
like NLTK or SpaCy.
OPPORTUNITIES IN AI ACROSS VARIOUS INDUSTRIES

1. Think about the different industries we discussed earlier. Can you imagine how AI
might be used to improve or revolutionize any of them? This question gets them
thinking about the broad applicability of AI and encourages them to make connections
between the technology and the real world.
31
2. What are your interests or what subjects do you enjoy in school? How do you think
AI could be used in those fields in the future? This question personalizes the topic
and gets them thinking about potential career paths at the intersection of their
interests and AI.
Artificial intelligence professionals design and develop AI systems that use machine
learning and neural networks to predict trends, provide better customer experiences and
recommendations, and offer solutions to difficult problems. While some AI professionals
work towards the goal of General AI—systems interconnected and able to be nearly as
creative as human beings—others focus on narrower applications. This following table gives
you a variety of opportunities to choose from depending upon your choice of subject.
Employment Relevant Subjects

Industry Some Existing/Expected Job Roles
Opportunities in School
1. Autonomous Vehicle Engineer: Develops
AI algorithms for self-driving cars. Mathematics,
Design,
2. Simulation Engineer: Creates virtual Physics,
manufacturing,
Automobile environments for testing autonomous Computer
and sale of motor
vehicle technologies. Science/Artificial
vehicles.
3. Robotics Engineer: Designs AI-powered Intelligence
robots for automotive tasks.
1. Precision Agriculture Specialist: Uses AI-
powered drones and sensors for monitoring Biology,
Monitoring crop
crops. Mathematics,
health, optimizing
Agriculture 2. Crop Yield Prediction Analyst: Forecasts Computer
irrigation, and
crop yields using AI models. Science/Artificial
maximizing yields.
3. Livestock Monitoring Specialist: Tracks Intelligence
the health and productivity of farm animals.
1. Inventory Management Specialist:
Optimizing Optimizes inventory levels using AI
Business Studies,
inventory, sales algorithms.
Mathematics,
forecasting, and 2. Sales Forecasting Analyst: Forecasts
Retail Computer
enhancing sales using AI models.
Science/Artificial
customer 3. Customer Experience Designer:
Intelligence
experience. Enhances customer experience using AI-
driven insights.
1. Visual Effects Artist: Uses AI tools for
Fine Arts, Media
Creating visual creating visual effects.
Studies,
effects, content 2. Content Creator: Generates content
Media Computer
generation, and using AI-generated insights.
Science/Artificial
audience analysis. 3. Audience Analyst: Analyzes audience
Intelligence
behavior using AI algorithms.
Developing AI Computer
Information 1. Machine Learning Engineer: Develops AI
algorithms, Science/Artificial
Technology algorithms and systems.
systems, and Intelligence,
32
infrastructure for 2. AI Software Developer: Builds AI- Mathematics,
various powered applications. Physics
applications. 3. AI Infrastructure Specialist: Maintains
and optimizes AI infrastructure.
1. Medical Imaging Analyst: Analyzes
Medical imaging Biology,
medical images using AI algorithms.
analysis, Chemistry,
2. Virtual Nurse Assistant: Provides
Healthcare personalized Computer
personalized healthcare recommendations.
healthcare, and Science/Artificial
3. Drug Discovery Researcher: Identifies
drug discovery. Intelligence
potential drug candidates using AI.
1. Quantitative Analyst: Analyzes market
Market analysis, trends using AI algorithms. Economics,
fraud detection, 2. Fraud Detection Analyst: Identifies Mathematics,
Finance risk management, fraudulent activities using AI models. Computer
and investment 3. Financial Advisor: Offers personalized Science/Artificial
recommendations. investment recommendations using AI- Intelligence
driven analytics.
1. National Security Analyst: Uses AI-
Surveillance,
powered surveillance systems. Political Science,
predictive
2. Defense Contractor: Develops AI- Computer
Government analytics, citizen
enabled military technologies. Science/Artificial
& Military services, and
3. Government AI Specialist: Implements Intelligence,
military
AI for citizen services and regulatory Mathematics
technologies.
compliance.
1. Travel Recommendation Engine
Personalized
Developer: Provides personalized travel Geography,
travel
recommendations. Business Studies,
recommendations,
Tourism 2. Chatbot for Customer Service: Assists Computer
customer service,
travelers with booking and inquiries. Science/Artificial
and itinerary
3. Smart Travel Itinerary Planner: Optimizes Intelligence
planning.
travel routes and schedules.
1. AI-powered Skincare Assistant: Provides
Chemistry,
Skincare analysis, personalized skincare recommendations.
Biology,
Beauty & virtual styling, and 2. Virtual Hair Stylist: Simulates different
Computer
Wellness wellness hairstyles using AI.
Science/Artificial
guidance. 3. Wellness Chatbot: Offers guidance on
Intelligence
nutrition and fitness.
1. Loan Approval Specialist: Automates loan
Loan approval Economics,
approval process using AI.
automation, fraud Mathematics,
2. Fraud Detection Analyst: Identifies
Banking detection, and Computer
fraudulent transactions using AI algorithms.
personalized Science/Artificial
3. Financial Advisor: Offers personalized
financial advice. Intelligence
financial advice using AI-driven analytics.
33
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Spatial data Geography,
Specialist: Analyzes spatial data using AI.
analysis, remote Geology,
2. Remote Sensing Analyst: Interprets
Geospatial sensing, and Computer
satellite imagery using AI algorithms.
mapping Science/Artificial
3. Mapping Technician: Uses AI-enabled
technologies. Intelligence
drones for mapping.
1. AI-powered Fabric Design Specialist:
Creates innovative textile patterns using AI.
Fabric design, 2. Textile Quality Control Inspector: Chemistry, Art &
quality control, Ensures product quality using AI-enabled Design, Computer
Textile
and inventory systems. Science/Artificial
management. 3. Smart Inventory Management Specialist: Intelligence
Optimizes inventory levels using AI
algorithms.
1. Generative Design Assistant: Optimizes
Design Art & Design,
design solutions using AI algorithms.
optimization, user Computer
2. AI-powered UX Designer: Enhances user
Design experience Science/Artificial
experience using AI-driven insights.
enhancement, and Intelligence,
3. AI-powered Content Creator: Generates
content creation. Mathematics
content using AI tools.
1. Marketing Campaign Automation
Specialist: Automates marketing
Campaign Business Studies,
campaigns using AI.
automation, Mathematics,
Sales & 2. Customer Segmentation Analyst:
customer Computer
Marketing Segments customers based on behavior
segmentation, and Science/Artificial
using AI.
sales forecasting. Intelligence
3. Sales Forecasting Analyst: Forecasts
sales using AI models.
1.AI-powered Fashion Stylist:
Personalized Recommends personalized clothing Fashion Design,
fashion combinations using AI. Mathematics,
Fashion recommendations, 2. Trend Analyst: Analyzes fashion trends Computer
trend analysis, and using AI algorithms. Science/Artificial
virtual try-on. 3. Virtual Clothing Try-on Specialist: Allows Intelligence
virtual try-on of clothing using AI and AR.
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES:

Here are some resources you can explore, bookmark, and keep in mind if you would
like to explore more about AI and stay in touch with the latest developments in the field.
This is a curated listing. There are many organizations and websites to explore, depending
on your interests.
34
News and blogs to stay current
• Analytics Insight offers insights, latest news, and a magazine featuring opinions and
views of top industry leaders and executives who share their journeys, experiences,
success stories, and knowledge to grow profitable businesses.
• Towards Data Science is an online publication in which independent authors who
follow their rules and guidelines can publish their work, share their knowledge and
expertise, and engage a wide audience on Medium.
• KDnuggets is a leading site on data science, machine learning, AI, and analytics. It
contains excellent tutorial materials, courses, webinars, online events.
• Data Science Central is a leading online resource for data practitioners. From
statistics and analytics to machine learning and AI, Data Science Central provides a
community experience that includes a rich editorial platform, social interaction,
forum-based support, and the latest information on technology, tools, trends, and
careers.
• Datanami is a news portal dedicated to providing insight, analysis, and up-to-the-
minute information about emerging trends and solutions in big data.
Free learning opportunities to build skills
Note: You will need to sign up for a free account for the following online learning opportunities.
• You can take advantage of IBM SkillsBuild to power your future in tech with job skills,
courses, digital credentials, and more.
• Kaggle offers free online micro courses to help you gain the skills you need to do
independent data science projects. Kaggle also allows you to grow your data science
and machine learning skills by competing in Kaggle competitions. Find help in
the documentation or learn about Community Competitions.
• Udemy offers a variety of free video-based courses on artificial intelligence, including
a short, practical hands-on course on artificial intelligence, called Kickstart Artificial
Intelligence. Udemy also offers a course called Artificial Intelligence: Preparing Your
Career for AI, which covers what you should be doing now to prepare for the coming
of AI.
• freeCodeCamp.org offers a rundown of All the Math You Need to Know in Artificial
Intelligence. Jason Dsouza gives you an overview of the core math principles you
need to focus on to work in AI.
• DataCamp offers a free, two-hour Machine Learning for Everyone course which
introduces machine learning without coding involved.
• W3Schools is the world’s largest web developer site that offers a variety of free online
tutorials with hands-on practice. The site includes tutorials on some popular data
science programming languages, such as Python, R, and SQL.
• Codecademy offers free coding classes on 12 different programming languages
including Python, Java, and C++.
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Additional information regarding colleges offering professional course in AI.
✓ IIT Madras – Four year Bachelor of Science Degree in Data Science and Applications
https://study.iitm.ac.in/ds/
✓ AICTE – All India Council for Technical Education’s unique website – “Digital Skilling”.
Explore this site for a wide variety of course and internships. https://1crore.aicte-india.org/
✓ Most of the top colleges in India now offer B.Tech courses in AI and Ml, Data Science,
Robotics and Computer Science with specializations. Students can visit college websites to
know more about these courses. Also, some colleges are offering BSc in AI and ML.
REFERENCES : IBM Skills Build

EXERCISES:
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is a job role in AI related to the automobile industry?
A. Robotics Engineer
B. Virtual Nurse Assistant
C. Sales Forecasting Analyst
D. Autonomous Vehicle Engineer
2. Identify the important soft skill required for AI professionals.
A. Expertise in neural networks
B. Effective communication
C. Proficiency in Python
D. Knowledge of big data technologies
3. Which industry uses AI for personalized travel recommendations?
A. Tourism
B. Banking
C. Healthcare
D. Geospatial
4. What is the purpose of the website “Data Science Central”?
A. Providing a community experience for data practitioners
B. Offering free video-based courses on AI
C. Analyzing market trends using AI algorithms
D. Providing insight into emerging trends in big data
5. Which industry uses AI for market analysis and fraud detection?
A. Finance
B. Media
C. Textile
D. Design
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ANSWERS
1. D. Autonomous Vehicle Engineer
2. B. Effective communication
3. A. Tourism
4. A. Providing a community experience for data practitioners
5. A. Finance
B. Short answer questions:

1. Name some common job roles in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
Some common Job roles in AI are Machine Learning Engineer, Data Scientist, Business
Intelligence Developer, Robotics Engineer, Software Engineer, NLP Engineer, Computer
Vision Engineer, AI ethicist, AI consultant
2. What are some essential technical skills required for a successful career in AI, and why
are they important?
Some important technical skills required are expertise in neural networks, machine
learning, and deep learning, knowledge of big data technologies and techniques,
understanding of frameworks and libraries like TensorFlow, SciPy, and NumPy, familiarity
with programming languages such as Python, R, Java, and C++, proficiency in linear
algebra, probability, statistics, and signal processing.
By acquiring the right combination of technical skills and tools, aspiring AI professionals
can position themselves for success in this dynamic and rapidly growing field.
3. What is the role of AI professionals in healthcare, finance, and retail industry?

In Healthcare:
1. Medical Imaging Analyst: Analyzes medical images using AI algorithms.
2. Virtual Nurse Assistant: Provides personalized healthcare recommendations.
3. Drug Discovery Researcher: Identifies potential drug candidates using AI.
In Finance
1. Quantitative Analyst: Analyzes market trends using AI algorithms.
2. Fraud Detection Analyst: Identifies fraudulent activities using AI models.
3. Financial Advisor: Offers personalized investment recommendations using AI-driven
analytics.
In Retail Industry
1. Inventory Management Specialist: Optimizes inventory levels using AI algorithms.
2. Sales Forecasting Analyst: Forecasts sales using AI models.
3. Customer Experience Designer: Enhances customer experience using AI-driven insights.
4. List some popular AI tools and programming languages used by AI professionals.

Some of the popular AI tools are Tensor Flow, SciPy and NumPy. Programming Languages
used by AI professionals are Python, R, Java, C++.
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5. What soft skills do AI professionals need, and how do they help them succeed?
Soft skills needed by AI professionals are:

• Effective communication skills
• Strong teamwork and collaboration
• Problem-solving, decision-making, and analytical thinking skills
• Time management and organizational skills
• Business intelligence and critical thinking skills
Acquiring soft skills helps professional develop the personality and thus work better
6. Why is continuous learning crucial in AI, and how do professionals stay updated with the
latest advancements?
Continuous learning is crucial in AI due to the rapid pace of advancements and innovations
in the field. Evolution of techniques, new research findings, addressing ethical and social
implications have made continuous AI learning crucial.
Professionals stay updated with the latest advancement through continuous education,
research and publications, online resources, community involvement, Handson projects.
C. Long answer questions.

1. How does the global demand for AI professionals affect career opportunities in the field?
The global demand for AI talent is skyrocketing, driven by the rapid pace of technological
advancements and the increasing integration of AI solutions into diverse sectors. From
healthcare and finance to transportation and retail, organizations are harnessing the power
of AI to streamline operations, optimize processes, and deliver enhanced services to
consumers.
One of the most significant advantages of pursuing a career in AI is the sheer breadth of
opportunities it offers. Whether you are passionate about machine learning, natural
language processing, robotics, or data analytics, there is a niche within the AI field suited to
your interests and skills.
Moreover, as AI technologies continue to mature, new specialties and job roles are
emerging, creating avenues for specialization and expertise.
2. What are some common job roles in the field of AI, and how do they contribute to the
development and implementation of AI solutions across various industries?
Some common job roles include:
• Machine Learning Engineer: Machine learning engineers bridge software engineering
and data science, utilizing big data tools and programming frameworks to develop
scalable data science models capable of handling vast volumes of real-time data.
• Data Scientist: Data scientists leverage machine learning and predictive analytics to
extract insights from large datasets, informing business decisions.
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• Business Intelligence Developer: Business intelligence (BI) developers design,
model, and maintain complex data sets to analyse business and market trends,
enhancing organizational profitability and efficiency.
• Robotics Engineer: They design and maintain AI-powered robots, develop
mechanical devices capable of performing tasks with human commands.
• Software Engineer: AI software engineers build and maintain software products for
AI applications, staying updated on the latest artificial intelligence technologies.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) Engineer: NLP engineers specialize in human
language processing, working on voice assistants, speech recognition, and document
processing.
• Computer Vision Engineer: Computer vision engineers specialize in developing
algorithms and systems that enable computers to analyse and interpret visual
information from images or videos.
• AI Ethicist: AI ethicists address ethical considerations and implications related to the
development and deployment of AI technologies, ensuring that they are used
responsibly and ethically.
• AI Consultant: AI consultants offer expert guidance and advice to organizations on
how to leverage AI technologies to solve business challenges and drive innovation.
Competency Based Questions
1.Medha just finished her Class X exams and dreams of a career in AI for Finance. She's
unsure what subjects to choose in higher studies (Class XI & XII) to prepare for this future
goal. What subjects would you recommend for Medha to take in school, and are there any
additional courses she can consider to strengthen her profile?
Ans- Medha can combine her AI aspirations with a finance career. In school, she should
focus on Math, Computer Science, and Commerce subjects (Accountancy, Economics,
Business Studies). Additionally, online courses on platforms like Kaggle, Udemy, and Data
Science programs can provide valuable technical skills and bridge the gap between finance
and AI. This combination will equip her for a successful future in AI for Finance.
2.Akash, a recent graduate, just joined the IT and AI startup company as a software
developer. He's brilliant at coding but feels a bit nervous about collaborating with his new
team. He feels explaining technical concepts to non-technical team members and clearly
documenting code could be a challenge. Also, he’s not sure how to effectively collaborate
with others and handle situations where there might be disagreements about the best
approach. List some soft skills that can help him excel in this environment:
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Ans:
• Effective Communication: Being able to explain complex technical ideas in clear and
concise language, both verbally and in writing, is crucial.
• Teamwork and Collaboration: Success in an AI startup often depends on working
effectively with others. Actively listen to your colleagues, share ideas openly, and be
willing to compromise when necessary.
• Problem-solving: AI projects often involve unexpected hurdles. Develop a logical
approach to problem-solving, considering different solutions and collaborating with
your team to find the best approach.
3. Saloni, a career counselor, is visiting a Class XII assembly to talk about exciting career
opportunities in Artificial Intelligence (AI). After explaining various AI fields, a student
named Aditya raises his hand and asks, "This all sounds fascinating, but how is AI being
used in healthcare specifically?" How will Saloni address Aditya's query?
Ans- Saloni addressed Aditya's query by showcasing how AI is revolutionizing healthcare
through tasks like medical image analysis, drug discovery, virtual assistants, robotic
surgery, predicting health risks, and automating administrative tasks. This highlights the
vast potential of AI careers at the intersection of technology and medicine.
4. Naveen is a student. Help him to differentiate the commonly used AI tools, platforms and
programming languages used for the development of AI applications.
Python, GW-BASIC, R, MS-Word, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, MS-Paint, SciPy, Perl.
Ans: Python, R, IBM Watson, TensorFlow and SciPy.
5.Mr. Sourav Shukla is a journalist and owns a media house. He wants to leverage AI in his
field. List some employment opportunities and some job roles related to the field of media.
Ans: Visual effects, content generation, and audience analysis. Job roles are: Visual Effect
Artist, Content Creator, Audience or Data Analyst, and targeted advertising.
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UNIT 3: Python Programming
Title: Python Programming Approach: Group Discussion, Hands on

Practice using the software
Summary: This unit will introduce students to the fundamentals/ basics of Python
programming language its history, evolution, operators, variables, constants, lists,
strings, iterative and select statements. Students will explore three essential Python
libraries: NumPy, Pandas, and Scikit-learn. Students will learn how Python is used to
create programs. They will also learn how to use NumPy for numerical computing,
Pandas for data manipulation and analysis, and Scikit-learn for implementing machine
learning algorithms.
Students will be able to
1. Understand the basics of python programming language- tokens, data types, lists,
string manipulation, iterative and decision statements.
2. Learn how to use NumPy for mathematical operations and numerical computing.
3. Explore Pandas for data manipulation, analysis, and exploration of structured data.
4. Gain proficiency in using Scikit-learn for implementing machine learning algorithms,
including classification.
5. Develop the skills necessary to use Python libraries effectively in Data Science and
machine learning projects.
Key concepts:
1. Basics of python programming language
2. Understanding of character sets, tokens, modes, operators and data types.
3. Control Statements
4. CSV Files
5. Libraries – Numpy, Pandas, Scikitlearn
Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to –
1. Explain the basics of python programming language and write programs with basic
concepts of tokens
2. ⁠Use selective and iterative statements effectively
3. Gain practical knowledge on how to use the libraries efficiently.
Pre-requisites: Reasonable fluency in English language and basic computer skills
41
Unveiling the Power of Python: A Teacher's Guide
This lesson equips you to introduce students to the wonders of Python, a powerful and
versatile programming language.
1. Demystifying Python:
• Comprehensive Introduction: Begin with a thorough explanation of the Python

language, highlighting its key features:
o Easy to Read and Learn: Python's syntax is clear and readable, making it
approachable for beginners.
o Versatile: Python can be used for various tasks, including data science, web
development, scripting, and more.
o Large Community: Python boasts a vast and supportive community, offering
resources and assistance.
2. Jupyter Notebook: Your Interactive Playground:
• Showcase Jupyter Notebook: While you can choose any code editor, demonstrate
Jupyter Notebook as an interactive environment for students to learn and experiment
with Python code and visualizations.
3. Exploring Development Tools:
• Introduce Options: Introduce students to popular development tools like Anaconda,

Github, and Colab. These tools offer features for project management, version
control, and cloud-based coding environments respectively. However, emphasize
their choice of using any preferred editor.
4. Leveraging Learning Resources:
• Website and Course Links: Provide a curated list of websites and online courses at
the chapter's end to encourage further exploration. Be transparent about potential
sign-up requirements for specific resources.
5. Sample Programs for AI Applications:
• Real-World Focus: Present sample Python programs that demonstrate its

capabilities in AI applications. Explain how these programs can be used as building
blocks for future AI projects.
6. Deepening Understanding with Practice:
• Hands-on Exercises: Supplement the curriculum with in-lab practical exercises

tailored to the chapter's concepts. This reinforces learning and boosts confidence in
using Python.
• Extra Challenges: Offer additional programs for students to practice independently,
pushing their skills further.
42
7. Expanding the Toolkit:
• While Loops: While not explicitly mentioned, you can incorporate While Loops into
the curriculum if deemed beneficial for a more comprehensive understanding of
control flow.
8. Tuples: A Note on Immutability:
• Focus and Simplicity: For a concise lesson, consider omitting Tuples as they share
similarities with Lists (but are immutable). You can introduce them later or as an
optional topic for advanced students.
9. Dive Deeper with Built-in Functions:
• Seminar or Activity: Consider offering a seminar or activity where students explore

built-in functions for basic data types (e.g., strings, integers, lists). This encourages
independent learning and fosters curiosity.
10. Project-Based Learning:
• Building with Knowledge: Assign small projects that utilize Python programs and
libraries like Scikit-learn. This project-based approach allows students to apply their
knowledge and gain valuable experience.
Remember, this is a guideline. Tailor it to your classroom dynamics and adjust the pace
based on students' progress. Encourage exploration, experimentation, and a spirit of inquiry
to make learning Python an engaging and rewarding journey for your students.
43
Introduction to Python
Python is a general-purpose, high level programming language. It was created by Guido

van Rossum, and released in 1991. Python got its name from a BBC comedy series – “Monty
Python’s Flying Circus”
Features of Python
High Level language

Interpreted Language
Free and Open Source
Platform Independent (Cross-Platform) – runs virtually in every platform if a
compatible python interpreter is installed.
Easy to use and learn – simple syntax similar to human language.
Variety of Python Editors – Python IDLE, PyCharm, Jupyter, Spyder
Python can process all characters of ASCII and UNICODE.
Widely used in many different domains and industries.
Python Editors
There are various editors and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) that you
can use to work with Python. Some popular options are PyCharm, Spyder, Jupyter
Notebook, IDLE etc. Let us look how we can work with Jupyter Notebook.
Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that allows you to create and share
documents containing live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text. It's widely
used in data science and research. It can be installed using Anaconda or with pip.
For more details of installation use the link
https://docs.jupyter.org/en/latest/install/notebook-classic.html
Those who are familiar with Python, open the command prompt in administrative mode and
type
pip install notebook
To run the notebook, Open the command prompt and type
jupyter notebook
Following window will open
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You can type the code in the cell provided. Then click to see the output just
below it.
Getting Started with Python Programs

Python program consists of Tokens. It is the smallest unit of a program that the
interpreter or compiler recognizes. Tokens consist of identifiers, keywords, literals,
operators, and punctuators. They serve as the building blocks of Python code, forming the
syntactic structure that the interpreter parses and executes. During lexical analysis, the
Python interpreter breaks down the source code into tokens, facilitating subsequent parsing
and interpretation processes.
https://www.studytrigger.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Tokens-in-Python.jpg
Keywords
Reserved words used for special purpose. List of keywords are given below.
45
Identifier
An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other
object. Generally, keywords (list given above) are not used as variables. Identifiers cannot
start with digit and also it can’t contain any special characters except underscore.
Literals:
Literals are the raw data values that are explicitly specified in a program. Different
types of Literals in Python are String Literal, Numeric Literal(Numbers), Boolean Literal(True
& False), Special Literal (None) and Literal Collections.
Operators:
Operators are symbols or keywords that perform operations on operands to produce a
result. Python supports a wide range of operators:
• Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) • Logical operators (and, or, not)
• Relational operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, • Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
>=) • Identity operators (is, is not)
• Assignment operators (=, +=, -=) • Membership operators (in, not in)
Punctuators:
Common punctuators in Python include
: ( ) [ ] { } , ; . ` ' ' " " / \ & @ ! ? | ~ etc.
Example
output
Tokens in the above program are given below
Keyword - import
Identifier - num , root (Here it can be said as variables also)
Literal - 625
Operator - =
Punctuator - “ ” , ( ) .
In the above program

print () is used to display the output on the screen
# symbol is used to write comments which are used to increase readability and
will not be executed
import statement is used to load the functions from the library (math)
Variables – Named labels whose value can be used and processed during the
execution of the program .
46
Sample Program-1
Display the string “National Animal-Tiger” on the screen
Sample Program-2
Write a program to calculate the area of a rectangle given the length and breadth are 50
and 20 respectively.
Data Types:
Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the
kind of value that tells what operations can be performed on a particular data. Python
supports Dynamic Typing. A variable pointing to a value of certain data type can be made to
point to a value/object of another data type. This is called Dynamic Typing.
The following are the standard or built-in data types in Python:
Data Type Description

Integer Stores whole number a=10
Boolean is used to represent the truth values of the Result = True
Boolean
expressions. It has two values True & False
Floating point Stores numbers with fractional part x=5.5
Complex Stores a number having real and imaginary part num=a+bj
immutable sequences (After creation values cannot name= “Ria”)
String be changed in-place)
Stores text enclosed in single or double quotes
mutable sequences (After creation values can be lst=[ 25, 15.6, “car”,
changed in-place) “XY”]
List
Stores list of comma separated values of any data
type between square [ ]
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Immutable sequence (After creation values cannot tup=(11, 12.3, “abc”)
be changed in-place)
Tuple
Stores list of comma separated values of any data
type between parentheses ( )
Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, s = { 25, 3, 3.5}
Set
with no duplicate entry.
Unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs dict= { 1 : “One”, 2:
Dictionary
within braces {} “Two”, 3: “Three”}
Accepting values from the user

The input() function retrieves text from the user by prompting them with a string
argument. For instance:
name = input("What is your name?")
Return type of input function is string. So, to receive values of other types we have to use
conversion functions together with input function.
Sample Program-3
Write a program to read name and marks of a student and display the total mark.
output
In the above example float( ) is used to convert the datatype into floating point. The explicit
conversion of an operand to a specific type is called type casting.
48
Control flow statements in Python
Till now, the programs you've created have followed a basic, step-by-step progression,
where each statement executes in sequence, every time. However, there are many
practical programs where we have to selectively execute specific sections of the code or
iterate over parts of the program. This capability is achieved through selective statements
and looping statements.
Selection Statement
The if/ if..else statement evaluates test expression and the statements written below
will execute if the condition is true otherwise the statements below else will get executed.
Indentation is used to separate the blocks.
Syntax:
Let’s check out different examples to see the working of if and if-else statements
Sample Program-4
Asmita with her family went to a restaurant. Determine the choice of food according to the
options she chooses from the main menu.
Case 1: All Members are vegetarians. They prefer to have veg food. No other options.
(menu-veg)
Program & Output
49
Case 2: Family members may choose non-vegetarian foods also if veg foods are not
available. (menu-veg/Nonveg)
Case 3: Family members can choose from variety of options
Sample Program-5
Write a program to get the length of the sides of a triangle and determine whether it is
equilateral triangle or isosceles triangle or scalene triangle,
50
Looping Statements
Looping statements in programming languages allow you to execute a block of code
repeatedly. In Python, there are mainly two types of looping statements: for loop and while
loop.
For loop
For loop iterates through a portion of a program based on a sequence, which is an ordered collection
of items.
The “for” keyword is used to start the loop. The loop variable takes on each value in the specified
sequence (e.g., list, string, range). The colon (:) at the end of the for statement indicates the start of
the loop body. The statements within the loop body are executed for each iteration. Indentation is
used to define the scope of the loop body. All statements indented under the for statement are
considered part of the loop. It is advisable to utilize a for loop when the exact number of iterations
is known in advance.
Syntax
for <control-variable> in <sequence/items in range>:
<statements inside body of the loop>
Example -1 Example-2

range (5) returns the values 0,1,2,3,4
For each iteration of the loop variable i receives these values.
First iteration of the loop i=0 (one time print(“Python”) executes, similarly with
i=1,2,3,4 also print statement works.
Whatever is given inside the loop executes repeatedly. In the first example 5 times
Python was printed, but in example-2, as i is to be printed it displayed 0 1 2 3 4
Example -3
The for loop iterates over each item in the sequence

until it reaches the end of the sequence or until the
loop is terminated using a break statement. Here
when the value of i is greater than 3, for loop is
terminated.
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For loop is a powerful construct for iterating over collections of data and performing
operations on each item.
Sample Program-6
Write a program to display even numbers and their squares between 100 and 110.
Sample Program-7
Write a program to read a list, display each element and its type. (use type( ) to display the
data type.)

the control variable word gets each element of the list. Hence in print statement
each element and its type is displayed
Same program can be written using the following code also
for i in range (len (lst)):
print ( lst[i] , type ( lst[i] )
Here we take i as index number, lst[0]= 25 & lst[-1] = 100
len(lst) gives the length of the list (total number of elements in the list)
52
Sample Program-8
Write a program to read a string. Split the string into list of words and display each word.
Sample Program-9
Write a simple program to display the values stored in dictionary
UNDERSTANDING CSV file (Comma Separated Values)
CSV files are delimited files that store tabular data (data stored in rows and columns). It
looks similar to spread sheets, but internally it is stored in different format. In csv file, values
are separated by comma. Data Sets used in AI programming are easily saved in csv format.
Each line in a csv file is a data record. Each record consists of more than one fields(columns).
The csv module of Python provides functionality to read and write tabular data in CSV
format.
Let us see an example of opening, reading and writing formats for a file student.csv with
file object file. student.csv contains the columns rollno, name and mark.
importing library import csv
Opening in reading mode file= open(“student.csv”, “r”)
Opening in writing mode file= open(“student.csv”, “w”)
closing a file file.close( )
writing rows wr=csv.writer(file)
wr.writerow( [ 12, “Kalesh”, 480] )
Reading rows details = csv.reader(file )
for rec in details:
print(rec)
(Note: -csv files can be created easily using spreadsheets saved with extension .csv)
53
Sample Program-10
Write a Program to open a csv file students.csv and display its details.
INTRODUCING LIBRARIES
A library in Python typically refers to a collection of reusable modules or functions that

provide specific functionality. Libraries are designed to be used in various projects to
simplify development by providing pre-written code for common tasks. Concept of libraries
are very easy to understand.
In Python, functions are organized within libraries similar to how library books are arranged
by subjects such as physics, computer science, and economics. For example, the "math"
library contains numerous functions like sqrt(), pow(), abs(), and sin(), which facilitate
mathematical operations and calculations. To utilize a library in a program, it must be
imported. For example, if we wish to use the sqrt() function in our program, we include the
statement "import math". This allows us to access and utilize the functionalities provided
by the math library.
Python offers a vast array of libraries for various purposes, making it a versatile language for
different domains such as web development, data analysis, machine learning, scientific
computing, and more. Now, let us explore some libraries that are incredibly valuable in the
realm of Artificial Intelligence.
54
NUMPY
NumPy, which stands for Numerical Python, is a powerful library in Python used for
numerical computing. It is a general-purpose array-processing package. NumPy provides
the ndarray (N-dimensional array) data structure, which represents arrays of any
dimension. These arrays are homogeneous (all elements are of the same data type) and can
contain elements of various numerical types (integers, floats, etc.)
Where and why do we use the Numpy library in Artificial Intelligence?
Suppose you have a dataset containing exam scores of students in various subjects, and you want
to perform some basic analysis on this data. You can utilize NumPy arrays to store exam scores
for different subjects efficiently. With NumPy's array operations, you can perform various
calculations such as calculating average scores for each subject, finding total scores for each
student, calculating the overall average score across all subjects., identifying the highest and
lowest scores. NumPy's array operations streamline these computations, making them both
efficient and convenient. This makes NumPy an indispensable tool for data manipulation and
analysis in data science applications.
NumPy can be installed using Python's package manager, pip.
pip install numpy
Creating a Numpy Array - Arrays in Numpy can be created by multiple ways. Some of the
ways are programmed here:
Using List of Tuples
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Using values from the user (using empty( )-- The empty() function in Python is used to
return a new array of a given size)
PANDAS
The name "Pandas" has a reference to both "Panel Data", and "Python Data Analysis"
. Pandas is a powerful and versatile library that simplifies tasks of data manipulation in
Python . Pandas is built on top of the NumPy library which means that a lot of structures of
NumPy are used or replicated in Pandas and Pandas is particularly well-suited for working
with tabular data, such as spreadsheets or SQL tables. Its versatility and ease of use make
it an essential tool for data analysts, scientists, and engineers working with structured data
in Python.
Where and why do we use the Pandas library in Artificial Intelligence?
Suppose you have a dataset containing information about various marketing campaigns
conducted by the company, such as campaign type, budget, duration, reach, engagement metrics,
and sales performance. We use Pandas to load the dataset, display summary statistics, and
perform group-wise analysis to understand the performance of different marketing campaigns.
We then visualize the sales performance and average engagement metrics for each campaign type
using Matplotlib, a popular plotting library in Python.
Pandas provides powerful data manipulation and aggregation functionalities, making it easy to
perform complex analysis and generate insightful visualizations. This capability is invaluable in AI
and data-driven decision-making processes, allowing businesses to gain actionable insights from
their data.
Pandas can be installed using:

pip install pandas
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Pandas generally provide two data structures for manipulating data, They are: Series and
Data Frame.
Series
A Series is a one-dimensional array containing a sequence of values of any data type (int,
float, list, string, etc.) which by default have numeric data labels starting from zero. The data
label associated with a particular value is called its index. We can also assign values of other
data types as index. We can imagine a Pandas Series as a column in a spreadsheet as given
here.
In data science, we often encounter datasets

with two-dimensional structures. This is where
Pandas Data Frames come into play.
A Data Frame is used when we need to work on
multiple columns at a time, i.e., we need to process
the tabular data.
For example, the result of a class, items in a

restaurant’s menu, reservation chart of a
train, etc.
A DataFrame is a two-dimensional labeled
data structure like a table of MySQL. It
contains rows and columns, and therefore
has both a row and column index. Each
column can have a different type of value
such as numeric, string, boolean, etc., as in
tables of a database.
Creation of DataFrame
There are several methods to create a DataFrame in Pandas, but here we will discuss two
common approaches:
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Using NumPy ndarrays-
Using List of Dictionaries
➔ Dictionary keys become column labels by default in a DataFrame, and the list
elements become the row values.
➔ NaN (Not a Number) is inserted if a corresponding value for a column is missing.
➔ Pandas uses isnull() function to identify NaN values in a DataFrame.
Dealing with Rows and Columns

Based on the DataFrame 'Result' provided below, we can observe various operations
related to rows and columns. Each operation statement is accompanied by its
corresponding output from the Result DataFrame
DataFrame: Result
Adding a New Column to a DataFrame:

We can add a new column ‘Fathima’, by mentioning column name as given below
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Adding a New Row to a DataFrame:
We can add a new row to a DataFrame using the DataFrame.loc[ ] method. Let us add marks
for English subject in Result ➔
Deleting Rows and Columns from a DataFrame:

We need to specify the names of the labels to be dropped and the axis from which they need
to be dropped. To delete a row, the parameter axis is assigned the value 0 and for deleting
a column, the parameter axis is assigned the value 1.
Deleting a row “Hindi”
Delete the columns having labels ‘Rajat’, 'Meenakshi' and ‘Karthika’’:
During Data Analysis, DataFrame.drop() method is used to remove the rows

and columns.
59
Accessing DataFrame Elements
Data elements in a DataFrame can be accessed using different ways. Two common ways of
accessing are using loc and iloc. DataFrame.loc[ ] uses label names for accessing and
DataFrame.iloc[ ] uses the index position for accessing the elements of a DataFrame. Let us
check an example
Understanding Missing Values

Missing Data or Not Available data can occur when no information is provided for one
or more items or for a whole unit. During Data Analysis, it is common for an object to have
some missing attributes. If data is not collected properly it results in missing data.
In DataFrame it is stored as NaN (Not a Number). For example, while collecting data,
some people may not fill all the fields while taking the survey. Sometimes, some attributes
are not relevant to all.
Pandas provide a function isnull() to check whether any value is missing or not in the
DataFrame. This function checks all attributes and returns True in case that attribute has
missing values, otherwise returns False.Now, we can explore different operations related to
missing values based on the DataFrame 'listDict' provided below.
Dance Music Painting

listDict . isnull( ) X True True False
XI True Tre True
XII False False True
Finding any missing value in a column ➔ listDict[‘Music’] . isnull() . any( ) →True

Finding total number of NaN ➔ listDict . isnull() . sum() → 3
Deleting entire row with NaN values ➔ listDict . dropna( )
Replacing NaN values (here by 1) ➔ listDict . fillna ( 1 )
Attributes of DataFrames
Attributes are the properties of a DataFrame that can be used to fetch data or any
information related to a particular dataframe.
The syntax of writing an attribute is:
DataFrame_name . attribute
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Let us understand the attributes of Dataframes with the help of DataFrame Teacher
DataFrame:Teacher
Displaying Row Indexes - Teacher.index
Displaying column Indexes - Teacher.columns
Displaying datatype of each - Teacher.dtypes
Displaying data in Numpy Array form - Teacher.values
Displaying total number of rows and columns (row, column) - Teacher.shape
Displaying first n rows ( here n = 2) - Teacher. head (2)
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Displaying last n rows ( here n = 2) - Teacher. tail (2)
Importing and Exporting Data between CSV Files and DataFrames

We can create a DataFrame by importing data from CSV files. Similarly, we can also
store or export data in a DataFrame as a .csv file.
Importing a CSV file to a DataFrame
Using the read_csv() function, you can import tabular data from CSV files into pandas
dataframe by specifying a parameter value for the file name
Syntax: pd.read_csv("filename.csv")
Example: Reading file students.csv
● read_csv() is used to read the csv file with its correct path
● sep specifies whether the values are separated by comma, semicolon, tab, or any other character.
The default value for sep is a space.
●The parameter header marks the start of the data to be fetched. header=0 implies that column
names are inferred from the first line of the file. By default, header=0.
Exporting a DataFrame to a CSV file

We can use the to_csv() function to save a DataFrame to a text or csv file.
For example, to save the DataFrame Teacher into csv file resultout, we should write
Teacher.to_csv(path_or_buf='C:/PANDAS/resultout.csv', sep=',')
When we open this file in any text editor or a spreadsheet, we will find the above data along
with the row labels and the column headers, separated by comma.
62
Scikit-learn (Learn)
Note to Teacher: This topic can be taught after teaching the Machine Learning Unit.
Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine learning in Python.
It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical modeling via a
consistent interface in Python. Sklearn is built on (relies heavily on) NumPy, SciPy and
Matplotlib. .
Key Features:
● Offers a wide range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms.
● Provides tools for model selection, evaluation, and validation.
● Supports various tasks such as classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality
reduction, and more.
● Integrates seamlessly with other Python libraries like NumPy, SciPy, and Pandas.
Install scikit-learn using the statement
pip install scikit-learn
load_iris (In sklearn.datasets)
The Iris dataset is a classic and widely used dataset in machine learning, particularly for
classification tasks. It comprises measurements of various characteristics of iris flowers,
such as sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width, along with the
corresponding species of iris to which they belong. The dataset typically includes three
species: setosa, versicolor, and virginica.
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris importing iris dataset

iris = load_iris() calls the “load_iris()” function to load the Iris
dataset
X = iris.data X is a variable and assigned as feature vector.The
feature vectors contain the input data for the
machine learning model
y= iris.target Y is a variable and assigned as target variable.The
target variable contains the output or the variable
we want to predict with the model.
Sample output – First 10 rows of X
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Here, each row represents a sample (i.e., an iris flower), and each column represents a
feature (i.e., a measurement of the flower).
For example, the first row [ 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 ] corresponds to an iris flower with the
following measurements:
● Sepal length: 5.1 cm
● Sepal width: 3.5 cm
● Petal length: 1.4 cm
● Petal width: 0.2 cm
train_test_split (In sklearn.model_selection)

Datasets are usually split into training set and testing set. The training set is used to train
the model and testing set is used to test the model.
Most common splitting ratio is 80 : 20 . (Training -80%, Testing-20%)
from sklearn.model_selection import importing train_test_split

train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size = 0.2, random_state = 1)
X_train, y_train the feature vectors and target variables of the
training set respectively.
X_test, y_test the feature vectors and target variables of the
testing set respectively.
test_size = 0.2 specifies that 20% of the data will be used for
testing, and the remaining 80% will be used for
training.
random_state = 1 Ensures reproducibility by fixing the random
seed. This means that every time you run the
code, the same split will be generated.
KNeighborsClassifier (In sklearn.neighbors)

Scikit-learn has wide range of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms which have a consistent
interface for fitting, predicting accuracy, recall etc. Here we are going to use KNN (K nearest
neighbors) classifier.
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from sklearn.neighbors import importing KneighboursClassifier
KNeighboursClassifier (type of supervised learning algorithm
used for classification tasks.)
knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors =3) we create an instance of the
KNeighborsClassifier class . n_neighbors =
3 indicates that the classifier will consider
the 3 nearest neighbors when making
predictions. This is a hyperparameter that
can be tuned to improve the performance
of the classifier.
knn.fit(X_train, y_train) trains the KNeighborsClassifier model
using the fit method. it constructs a
representation of the training data that
allows it to make predictions based on the
input features.
y_pred = knn.predict(X_test) The knn object contains the trained
model, make predictions on new, unseen
data.
metrics
from sklearn import metrics
Accuracy = metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))
This calculates the accuracy of the model by comparing the predicted target values (y_pred)
with the actual target values (y_test). The accuracy_score represents the proportion of
correctly predicted instances out of all instances in the testing set.
Scikit-learn offers a variety of modules that simplify the process of building, training,
and evaluating machine learning models, making it a popular choice for various tasks in this
domain. In our session, we utilized the 'load_iris()' function to load the Iris dataset. Upon
loading, we split the dataset into training and test sets using the 'train_test_split' function.
Subsequently, we trained our model using the K-Nearest Neighbors Classifier
('KNeighborsClassifier') and evaluated its performance using appropriate metrics. This
workflow represents a typical data analysis pipeline in AI project development.
Now, to validate the model's predictive accuracy, we can use some sample data.
sample = [[5, 5, 3, 2], [2, 4, 3, 5]]
preds = knn.predict(sample)
for p in preds:
pred_species.append(iris.target_names[p])
print("Predictions:", pred_species)
The provided code snippet demonstrates how to use the trained classifier to make
predictions on sample data. After initializing the sample data as [5, 5, 3, 2], the classifier
predicts the species of iris flowers based on these measurements. Finally, the predicted
species are printed to the console.
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This is a program that combines different parts of our project to make it complete and
understandable.
Output-
Using this model, we can identify the type of flower in the iris dataset. By analyzing the length and
width of the sepals and petals, we can compare them with the features of the setosa, versicolor, and
virginica species to determine the flower's species.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Links to explore python more
Tutorials
1. https://www.programiz.com/python-programming
2. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/05/data-types-in-python/
3. https://www.w3schools.com/python/default.asp
4. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pandas-tutorial/
5. https://www.learnpython.org/en/Pandas_Basics
6. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/
7. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/tutorial/basic/tutorial.html
8. https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/user_guide/10min.html
Courses
1. https://aistudent.community/single_course/2021
2. https://www.kaggle.com/learn/pandas
3. https://www.udemy.com/course/pandas-with-python/
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Step-by-Step guide for students to use the IBM Skills Build website to learn Python:
Step 1: Visit the IBM SkillsBuild

website using the link -
https://skillsbuild.org/ and sign
up for an account.
Step 2: Locate and click on the

"High School Student" option,
then proceed to click on the
"Sign Up" button.
Step 3: Fill in the required information to

create an account. You can sign up using
your email address, LinkedIn ID, or IBM
ID.
Step 4: Upon successfully completing

this, you will be redirected to your
dashboard. This is where you can explore
a variety of courses.
Step 5: To start learning Python, use the

search option at the top of the page and
type in "Python" to find relevant courses.
Step 6: Browse, select a course,

complete the tutorial and exercise.
Step 7: Monitor your progress on the IBM

Skills Build platform and feel free to
explore additional courses or resources
to further enhance your understanding
of Python and other related topics.
67
EXERCISES
A. Multiple choice questions

1. Identify the datatype L = “45”
a. String b. int c. float d. tuple
2. Which of the following function converts a string to an integer in python?
a. int(x) b. long(x) c. float(x) d.str(x)
3. Which special symbol is used to add comments in python?
a. $ b.// c. /*.... */ d.#
4. Which of the following variable is valid?
a. Str name b.1str c._str d.#Str
5. Elements in the list are enclosed in _____ brackets
a. ( ) b. { } c. [ ] d. /* */
6. Index value of last element in list is ____________________
a. 0 b.-10 c. -1 d.10
7. What will be the output of the following code?
a = [10,20,30,40,50]
print(a[0])
a.20 b.50 c. 10 d.40
8. Name the function that displays the data type of the variable.
a. data( ) b. type( ) c. datatype( ) d. int( )
9. Which library helps in manipulating csv files?
a. files b.csv c. math d. print
10. Which keyword can be used to stop a loop?
a. stop b.break c. brake d. close
11. What is the primary data structure used in NumPy to represent arrays of any
dimension?
a) Series b) DataFrame c) ndarray d) Panel
12. Which of the following is not a valid method to access elements of a Pandas
DataFrame?
a) Using column names as attributes.
b) Using row and column labels with the .loc[] accessor.
c) Using integer-based indexing with the .iloc[] accessor.
d) Using the .get() method.
13. What is the purpose of the head() method in Pandas?
a) To display the first few rows of a DataFrame.
b) To display the last few rows of a DataFrame.
c) To count the number of rows in a DataFrame.
d) To perform aggregation operations on a DataFrame.
14. Which method is used to drop rows with missing values from a DataFrame in Pandas?
a) drop_rows() b) remove_missing() c) dropna() d) drop_missing_values
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15. Which is not a module of Sklearn?
a) load_iris b)train_test_split c)metrics d)Scikit
ANSWERS
1. a. String
2. a. int(x)
3. d. #
4. c. _str
5. c. [ ]
6. c. -1
7. c. 10
8. b. type( )
9. b. .csv
10. b. break
11. c. ndarray
12. d. Using the .get( ) method
13. a) To display the first few rows of a DataFrame
14. c. dropna( )
15. d. Scikit
B. Answer the following questions

1. input() function accepts the value as string only. How can you convert string to int?
Using int( ) function together with input( ), we can convert string to int.
2. What are variables? What are the rules of declaring variables in Python?
Named labels whose value can be used and processed during program run.
Generally, keywords (list given above) are not used as variables. Variable names
cannot start with digit and also it can’t contain any special characters except
underscore.
3. What do you mean by type casting?

A variable of particular datatype can be converted into another datatype using some
functions. The explicit conversion of an operand to a specific type is called type
casting.
4. “Python supports dynamic typing”, True or False. Justify your answer.

True.
A variable pointing to a value of certain data type can be made to point to a
value/object of another data type. This is called Dynamic Typing. Python supports
Dynamic Typing.
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5. Name any four features of python language.
❖ High Level language
❖ Interpreted Language
❖ Free and Open Source
❖ Platform Independent (Cross-Platform)
6. Give examples for keywords.

and, as, continue, if, not try, del, pass
7. Expand CSV.
Comma Separated Values
8. How do you read data from a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame?
import pandas as pd
pd.read_csv("filename.csv")
C. Long Answer Questions

1. Describe the data types supported by Python, providing relevant examples.
Integer Stores whole number a=10
Floaing Stores numbers with fractional part x=5.5

Point
Complex Stores a number having real and imaginary part num=a+bj
String immutable sequences name= “Ria”)

Stores text enclosed in single or double quote
or triple quotes
List mutable sequences lst=[ 25, 15.6, “car”,
Stores list of comma separated values of any “XY”]
data type between square [ ]
Tuple Immutable sequence tup=(11, 12.3, “abc”)
Stores list of comma separated values of any
data type between parentheses ( )
Dictionary Unordered set of comma-separated key:value dict= { 1 : “One”, 2:
pairs within braces {} “Two”, 3: “Three”}
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2. Define an operator and provide examples of different operators along with their
functions.
Operators are symbols or keywords that perform operations on operands to produce a
result. Python supports a wide range of operators:
• Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %)
• Relational operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
• Assignment operators (=, +=, -=)
• Logical operators (and, or, not)
• Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
• Identity operators ( is, is not)
• Membership operators (in, not in)
D. Practice Programs
1. Write a Tipper program where the user inputs the total restaurant bill. The program
should then display two amounts: 15 percent tip and 20 percent tip.
2. Write a program to check whether the user is eligible for driving license or not.
3. Your father always gives his car for service after 15000 km. Check whether his car needs
service or not. Read the kilometer reading from the user and give the output.
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4. Write a program to display the first ten even natural numbers (use for loop).
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5. Write a program to accept the Basic salary from the user and calculate the Net Salary.
Net Salary= Basic Salary + HRA + DA -PF
HRA=30% of Basic DA=20% of Basic PF=12% of Basic
6. Write a program to create series from an array in Python.
73
7. Consider the following admission.csv and answer the following questions:
Name CLASS Gender Marks
Amit 10 M 75
Ashu 9 F 95
Abhinav 9 M 86
Ravi 10 M 57
Rashmi 11 F 78
Ramesh 10 M 72
Mohit 9 M 53
Manavi 10 F 47
Dhruv 9 M 76
a. Create a dataframe from the admission.csv
import pandas as pd
import csv
df=pd.read_csv(“admission.csv”)
print(df)
b. Display first 3 rows of the dataframe
print(df.head(3))
c. Display the details of Ravi
print(df . loc[‘Ravi’])
d. Display the total number of rows and columns in the data frame
print(df.shape)
e. Display the column “Gender”
print(df[‘Gender’])
E.Competency Based Questions

1. Help Priya to differentiate the given information into various datatypes of Python.
Name of the student, email id, student id, marks in 5 subjects which can be changed
at any point, 3 extra subjects chosen which cannot be changed later.
Ans: The different datatypes of Python for the given information are:
a. Name of the student-String type
b. Email id-String type
c. Student id-Integer type
d. Marks in 5 subjects which can be changed at any point-List type
e. Extra 3 subjects which cannot be changed later-Tuple type.
2. For any analysis to be done, a huge amount of data needs to be collected and stored
in a proper format. Rohan has stored the information in a delimited file that stores
tabular data which is separated by comma. Which type of file is Rohan using?
Ans: CSV file (Comma Separated Values)
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3. Athrav is confused about the different libraries of Python. Help him choose the
correct library for the following tasks.
a. Data manipulation and aggregation functionalities
b. Numerical computing
c. Mathematical operations like square root, cosine values
d. Machine learning and statistical modeling
Ans: a. pandas b. numpy c. math d. scikit-learn
4. Rohit wants to input the data about the runs scored by his 50 classmates. Which is
the most appropriate loop to be used in this case?
Ans: ‘for’ loop
5. Samhita needs guidance to identify these concepts related to Python. As a Python

language expert, help her.
a. ___ is inserted if a corresponding value for a column is missing. (NaN).
b. ____ is used when we need to work on multiple columns at a time. (Data Frame).
c. Unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs within braces {} – dictionary.
d. ______ are symbols or keywords that perform operations on operands to produce
a result. (Operators)
e. ______ is a dataset which is classic and widely used in ML, particularly for
classification tasks. (Iris dataset)
f. It is a type of supervised learning algorithm used for classification tasks. (KNN –
K nearest neighbors).
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UNIT 4: Introduction to Capstone Project
Title: Introduction to Capstone Project Approach: Hands on, Team Discussion, Web
search, Case studies
Summary: In this unit, students will be able to understand the concept of Capstone project
and its importance as a final project of an academic program. They will understand that all
the knowledge gathered will be integrated in the form of a project known as Capstone Project.
The chapter will help the students understand how real-life simple day to day problems or
situations can be handled and solved using a methodology known as Design Thinking and how
to leverage AI in addressing these issues. The students will also learn to associate the issues
with Sustainable Development Goals. They will be able to exchange their points of view based
on experiences and discuss potential solutions to the problem.
● Understand the meaning of the Capstone Project and its goals.
● Understand how problems can be identified, decomposed and solved using Design
Thinking Methodology.
● Learn the steps of Design Thinking and apply for solving simple issues.
● Learn to create Empathy maps.
● Understand the importance of 5W1H in Design Thinking and Capstone Project
development.
● Relate the importance of Sustainable Development Goals and how these issues can be
aligned with Capstone Project.
Key Concepts: Design Thinking, Empathy Map, SDG’s, Capstone Project
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this unit, students will be able to
● Decompose any problem using the 5W1H method
● Apply Design thinking methodology
● Create empathy maps
● Align problems to SDGS
● Apply all the learnings in solving real world problems
● Comfortably express their solution to a problem in non-technical words
Pre-requisites: Basic knowledge about problem solving, issues around them, good
communication skills to express their views about any issue, basic knowledge about AI,
scientific temper.
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Launching Your Journey: A Teacher's Guide to the Capstone Project
Introduction
This lesson equips you to introduce the exciting Capstone Project, a cornerstone of the
course and their final assessment.
1. Setting the Stage:
• Capstone Overview: Begin by explaining the Capstone Project – a student-driven

project they will develop throughout the course and submit for their final
examination.
• Long-term Focus: Emphasize the project's importance and how it allows them to
integrate and apply skills learned throughout the course.
2. Early Start, Strong Finish:
• Spreading the Workload: Highlight the benefit of starting the project early in Class
XI. This allows for a more manageable workload and avoids last-minute pressure in
Class XII.
3. Considering Different Viewpoints:
• Multiple Perspectives: Encourage students to approach the project from various

viewpoints:
o User Perspective: Who will benefit from the project?
o Business Perspective: How does the project address a business need or
opportunity?
o Project Developer Perspective: What are the technical considerations and
limitations?
This multi-faceted approach fosters well-rounded project development.
4. Building the Foundation (Class XII):
• Detailed Methodology: Explain that Class XII Unit 1 (Data Science Methodology) will
delve deeper into the steps involved in developing a Capstone Project. This includes:
o Data Collection Methods: Exploring various ways to gather data for the project.
o Data Storage Options: Discussing different methods to store the collected
data.
o Data Analysis Techniques: Examining various tools and approaches for
analyzing data.
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5. The Power of the Project Logbook:
• Introducing the Logbook: Introduce the concept of a project logbook – a dedicated

notebook or digital document where students will track their progress.
• Starting Early: Encourage students to begin completing portions of the logbook in
Class XI itself. This might include:
o Brainstorming project ideas.
o Researching the chosen topic.
o Defining initial project goals and objectives.
Additional Tips:
• Facilitate brainstorming sessions to spark project ideas aligned with student

interests.
• Invite guest speakers from relevant fields to share their project development
experiences.
• Provide opportunities for students to present their initial project ideas and receive
feedback from peers and instructors.
By implementing these strategies, you can ignite student enthusiasm for the Capstone
Project, set them up for success, and empower them to create insightful and impactful
projects.
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Introduction to Capstone Project
1. Can you think of a problem or challenge

in your everyday life, schoolwork, or
hobbies that you might be able to solve
using technology? Is there a pattern
involved in this problem? This gets them
thinking about how AI can be applied to
real-world problems and introduces the
concept of patterns being crucial for AI
solutions.
2. Imagine you are working on a team for
an AI Capstone project. What skills
would be important for each team
member to have in order to be
successful? This gets them thinking about
the collaborative nature of AI projects and
the different skills needed beyond just
technical knowledge.
A capstone project is a project where students must research a topic, deeply understand
the subject matter and integrate all their knowledge gathered about a particular subject to
develop a solution to a problem.
The AI Capstone project will give learners an opportunity to implement the AI skills
as a final step in the learning path to showcase their expertise in the subject matter.
While doing a Capstone project, students will learn more about problems which they can
solve to improve lives and make the world a better place. Also, they learn many important
skills including:
● how to work as a team member?
● how to clearly identify an issue? and how it is affecting (the user)?
● how to brainstorm solutions and select the best one?
● how to decide which type of AI may be useful for the proposed solution?
● how to ethically gather and use data to train a computer to help solve the issue?
● how to test the prototype with users and use their feedback to improve the solution?
● how to pitch their solution to people who will be able to help them take action?
Some Examples for Capstone Project are given below:
1. Stock Prices Predictor
2. Develop A Sentiment Analyzer
3. Movie Ticket Price Predictor
4. Students Results Predictor
5. Human Activity Recognition using Smartphone Data set
6. Classifying humans and animals in a photo
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The list of Examples is huge as every year students are coming up with new ideas and
innovations for new projects.
Asking the right question before starting the AI Capstone Project
Before Starting a Project, one should analyze whether a problem has a pattern
associated with it. If there is no pattern, then the problem cannot be solved with AI
technology. It is fundamental that this question, “Is there a Pattern?” is asked before
deciding to embark on an AI development journey.
There are various AI techniques which can be applied to check for patterns and solve
the problems. Predictive Analysis helps in identifying the patterns by asking different
questions which fall into different approaches. Some of the questions are given below:
1) Which category? (Classification)
2) How much or how many? (Regression)
3) Which group? (Clustering)
4) Is this unusual? (Anomaly Detection)
5) Which option should be taken? (Recommendation)
Now, once these questions are answered, we can decide that the problem can be solved
using AI. Complex problems cannot be dealt with as such. Then we try to simplify the
complex problem to analyze it. This is known as Problem Decomposition.
Problem decomposition steps
1. Understand the problem and then restate the problem in your own words
● Know what the desired inputs and outputs are
● Ask questions for clarification (in class these questions might be to your
instructor, but most of the time they will be asking either yourself or your
collaborators)
2. Break the problem down into a few large pieces.
● Write these down, either on paper or as comments in a file.
3. Break complicated pieces down into smaller pieces.
● Keep breaking down until all of the pieces are small.
4. Code one small piece at a time.
● Think about how to implement it and write the code/query
● Test it on its own and Fix problems, if any
1. Many people are facing serious issues with traffic jams during office hours which may be
caused due to multiple reasons. Considering this as a major issue to resolve, write down
the problem decomposition steps to make it simple to solve.
First Step → Understand the Problem and Restate it.
Public is facing difficulty due to the problem of traffic jams especially during the busy
office hours.
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Second Step → Break the problem down into a few large pieces.
Split the traffic issue separately for each reason
a. Bad Roads
b. Accidents
c. Office Hours
d. Rash Driving
e. Inappropriate Signals
f. Over Crowded Area
Third Step → Break complicated pieces down into smaller pieces.
From the above sub steps (reasons), if any reason is of complicated type, we can split
it into more simpler units. For example, Rash Driving can be further split into
a. Over Speed
b. New Drivers with less experience
c. Careless Driving
Fourth Step –>Take each issue at a time and try to find the solution
2. Critical and Creative Thinking
Definition: Critical thinking is the ability to analyze a situation and make a judgment
based on facts and data. Creative thinking on the other hand refers to the ability to come up
with new ideas or rather solutions.
So, these two skills are very important to raise questions against problems, gather
and assess relevant information, brainstorm ideas and formulate well-reasoned
conclusions and solutions. Creative thinking and critical thinking are necessary skills for
equipping individuals to be the social change makers, leaders and innovators. Complex
problems can be easily solved using critical and creative thinking which has a systematic
approach to address any problem which has to be solved. This approach is known as Design
Thinking.
Introduction to Design Thinking
Definition: Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that expert teams use to
understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative
solutions to prototype and test.
Design Thinking framework

Design Thinking is a design methodology that provides a solution-based approach to solving
problems. It’s extremely useful in tackling complex problems that are ill-defined or
unknown.
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The five stages of Design Thinking are as follows: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and
Test.
Figure 1: Stages of Design Thinking Framework
i) Empathize
Design thinking begins with empathy. This requires doing away with any
preconceived notions and immersing oneself in the context of the problem for better
understanding. In simple words, through empathy, one is able to put oneself in other
people's shoes and connect with how they might be feeling about their problem,
circumstance, or situation.
There is a challenge one needs to solve. How does one approach it? Empathy
starts from here. As a designer of the solution to a challenge, one should always
understand the problem from the end-user perspective. This is done by observation,
interaction or by imagination.
Designers are expected to interact with customers / users very frequently to gather
detailed facts about the problems and user’s expectations. A detailed analysis of these facts
leads to approaching the problem in the best possible way.
Empathy MapAn extremely useful tool for understanding the users’ needs and gaining a
deeper insight into the problem at hand is the empathy map. It also helps in deepening that
understanding, gaining insight into the user’s behavior.
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To create a “persona” or profile for the user, you can use the empathy map activity to
create a realistic general representation of the user or users. Personas can include details
about a user’s education, lifestyle, interests, values, goals, needs, thoughts, desires,
attitudes, and actions.
An Empathy Map is divided into 4 quadrants. —Says, Thinks, Does, Feels

● Says – This quadrant contains whatever the user says aloud
● Thinks – This quadrant depicts the thoughts which user have about the problem
● Does –This quadrant depicts the actions of user
● Feels – This quadrant displays the emotional status of the user.
Creating Empathy Map

Draw the Empathy map grid as shown above. Write down the respective observations
in corresponding quadrants. These observations can be written directly or can paste a sticky
note with the observations in the quadrants. Let us understand through an example. Anakha
is having a desktop computer. She is planning to buy one new Laptop for her educational
purpose. Let us create an Empathy map for Anakha.
Empathy Map for Anakha
Online tool to create Empathy Map

https://online.visual-paradigm.com/diagrams/features/empathy-map-template/
Reference:https://www.ibm.com/design/thinking/page/toolkit/activity/empathy-map
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1. Ashmitha daily drives to her office and back. The Office is hardly 30 minutes’ drive from
her home. However, due to traffic jams, it takes more than 1 hour. Ashmitha is hoping for
a solution to this traffic issue. Prepare an Empathy map related to Ashmitha.
ii) Define
In the Define stage, information collected during Empathize is used to draw insights
and is instrumental in stating the problem that needs to be solved. It's an opportunity for
the design thinker to define the challenge or to write the problem statement in a human-
centered manner with a focus on the unmet needs of the users.
In order to extract / gather relevant facts and information from users/customers, it is
recommended to use this simple and reliable method of questioning: the 5W1H method–
i.e. asking questions starting with Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How?
For Example,
For the traffic issue in a city, we could define the problem in detail after getting the answers
of 5W1H questions. Sample questions of the problem is given below
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1. Considering Ashmitha’s traffic issue answer the following questions given below in order
to help define the problem.
a. Who is the sufferer of the Problem?

All the people who travel through the traffic area.
b. What is the Problem?
Due to heavy traffic, people are not able to reach the office on time, all are wasting a lot
of time.
c. Where does it happen?
In busy streets, places with bad roads, Accident prone areas.
d. When can it happen usually?
Especially during the morning and evening hours when schools/offices start and ends.
e. Why does it happen?
It may happen due to many reasons such as:
a. Bad Roads, b. Accidents, c. Office Hours, d. Rash Driving, e. Inappropriate Signals,
f. Over Crowded Area
f. How can it be solved?
It can be solved by developing a system which could prevent intense traffic by giving
some suggestions
iii) Ideate
By now the problem is obvious and it is time to brainstorm ways and methods to solve
it. At this stage, numerous ideas are generated as a part of the problem-solving exercise. In
short, ideation is all about idea generation. During brainstorming, one should not be
concerned if the generated ideas are possible, feasible, or even viable. The only task of the
thinkers is to think of as many ideas as possible for them. It requires "going wide" mentally
in terms of concepts and outcomes. There are many brainstorming tools that can be used
during this stage. Here is an overview of the most essential ideation techniques employed
to generate numerous ideas.
Brainstorm
During a Brainstorming session, students leverage the synergy of the group to generate
new innovative ideas by building on others’ ideas. Participants should be able to discuss
their ideas freely without fear of criticism. A large number of ideas are collected so that
different options are available for solving the challenge.
Brain dump
Brain dump is very similar to Brainstorm; however, it’s done individually. It allows the
concerned person to open the mind and let the thoughts be released and captured onto a
piece of paper. The participants write down their ideas onto paper or post-it notes and
share their ideas later with the larger group.
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Brain writing
Brain writing is also very similar to a Brainstorm session and is known as ‘individual
brainstorming’. At times only the most confident of team members share their ideas while
the introverts keep the ideas to themselves. Brainwriting gives introverted people time to
write them down instead of sharing their thoughts out loud with the group. The participants
write down their ideas on paper and, after a few minutes, pass on their own piece of paper
to another participant who then elaborates on the first person’s ideas and so forth. In this
way all participants pass their papers on to someone else and the process continues. After
about 15 minutes, the papers are collected and posted for instant discussion.
During brainstorming, one should not be concerned if the generated ideas are
possible, feasible, or even viable. The only task of the thinkers is to think of as many ideas
as possible for them. It requires "going wide" mentally in terms of concepts and outcomes.
It is all about creativity and imagination; all types of ideas are encouraged, whether stupid
or wise – it hardly matters as long as the solution is imagined.
After everyone shares their ideas, specific measures are applied to evaluate the ideas
without being judgmental or critical to narrow the list. It may so happen that the solution
comes from the unlikeliest of ideas. So, at this point focus is on quantity over quality of
ideas. The most feasible ideas are chosen for further exploration. Storyboarding, or making
a visual mock-up of an idea, can also be useful during ideation.
1. For the traffic problems in a city, brainstorm and generate different ideas as a team.
Some of the ideas generated by brainstorming a team is given below

1. Give alternate route suggestions through Digital boards kept at important junctions
identifying the traffic so that it could control traffic getting worsen
2. Make some system so that the percentage of road issues and the severity of traffic
issue can be predicted. It may be seriously taken by officials and they will consider
repairing of roads.
3. Keep track of rash driving persons. If more than one time the rash driving person
causes traffic issues, his/her license can be cancelled.
4. Make some systems to clear the area immediately when accidents occur, so that traffic
doesn’t cause issue
5. Signaling system should be rearranged if found inappropriate
6. Announce the traffic areas live, so other people won’t drive into traffic area
7. Introduce Intelligent Traffic Signal.
[ All these are ideas and does not require to be implemented]
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iv) Prototype
The prototype stage involves creating a model designed to solve consumers'
problems which is tested in the next stage of the process. Creating a prototype is not a
detailed process. It may include a developing simple drawing, poster, group role-playing,
homemade “gadget, or a 3d printed product.” The prototypes must be quick and easy to
develop and cheap. Therefore, prototypes are visualized as rudimentary forms of what a
final product is expected to look like. Prototyping is intended to answer questions that get
you closer to your final solution. Prototypes, though quick and simple to make, bring out
useful feedback from users. Prototypes can be made with everyday materials also.
1. Through a poster or simple drawing depict a prototype for any one solution for the traffic
issue.
v) Test
One of the most important parts of the design thinking process is to test the prototypes
with the end users. This step is often seen going parallel to prototyping. During testing, the
designers receive feedback about the prototype(s), and get another opportunity to interact
and empathize with the people they are finding solutions for. Testing focuses on what can
be learned about the user and the problem, as well as the potential solution.
1. Show the prototype made by you to your parents/teachers/relatives who usually get
stuck in traffic issues. Collect the feedback from them and understand whether your
prototype will work or not. Write down the views your users shared and the conclusion
you arrived.
Response after Testing the Prototype:
• Very good if it controls the traffic
• What happens if from all sides equal traffic block comes in a road
• Will be good before traffic jam.
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3. Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. The global
community is witnessing a transition
towards a sustainable future. To
achieve a sustainable future, 17
goals have been announced by the
United Nations which are termed as the Sustainable Development Goals.
Projects undertaken all over the world play a crucial role in fulfilling this task by aligning
their strategies and vision with the sustainable development goals and targets.
Students can select any problem based on SDG to find an AI solution for it.
For example:
SDG 2 was adopted to achieve “Zero Hunger”. That means it is essential to recognize that
the successful transformation of our current food systems (shift to a sustainable food
system) should tackle the main global challenges in a sustainable, healthy, and inclusive
manner. Healthy food habits, food Supply to all areas, consumption of food as per the
production, Seasonal Foods etc. are the areas where students can concentrate for
identifying problems and try to derive simple AI based solution.
Some other use cases of the SDGs are given below
● Good health and well being
● Gender equality
● Renewable energy
● Combating hunger and poverty
● Protecting resources
● Promoting responsible consumption and production
● Providing access to education
● Sustainable and safe cities and communities
1. Write down a few problems which you notice from any five SDGs which can be taken up
as a Capstone project.
a. Quality Education:
i. Providing education remotely, leveraging hi-tech, low-tech and no-tech approaches;
ii. Ensure coordinated responses and avoid overlapping efforts;
iii. Ensuring return of students to school when they reopen to avoid an upsurge in dropout
rates.
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b. Reduced inequalities:
i. Reduction of relative economic inequalities inequality in some countries having poorest
and most vulnerable communities.
ii. Improving the situations in countries with weaker health systems.
c. Life on Land:
i. Prevention of Deforestation caused by humans and restoration of land
ii. Preventions and cure of diseases that are transmissible between animals and humans
d. No Poverty
i. Creation of Strong social protection systems to prevent people from falling into poverty
ii. Reduction of social exclusion, and high vulnerability of certain populations to disasters
and diseases.
iii. Responsible distribution of resources.
e. Clean Water and Sanitation

i. To increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation mostly in rural areas
ii. Managing our water sustainably to manage our production of food and energy
4. Project Abstract Creation Using Design Thinking Framework

We can now choose a problem (capstone project) and check how it can be detailed
using Design Thinking Framework.
Format for Project Abstract Creation
1. Project Name:
2. Team Members Name:
3. Problem Selection –Important issue which you think can be solved using AI by doing
survey or interview and which is aligned to any of the SDGs.
4. Users Affected by the Problem
5. Empathise – create Empathy Map
6. Define the Problem – Write down the 5W1H questions and write the problem statement
7. Ideate – Brainstorm and write down the ideas
8. Prototype- create prototype by simple drawing, poster, group role-playing, homemade
“gadget, or a 3d printed product.”
9. Test (optional at this stage)
Now let us see an example

1. Project Name: {Suitable name related to your problem and your creativity}
2. Team Members Name: { Students can fill by themselves}
3. Problem Selection: After doing a survey amongst the school students who are in Class
X, it was observed that most of the students are confused about the subjects that they
have to choose in future.
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Details about the issue:
While taking admission to plus-two courses, students are confused with subject selection.
To provide quality education students should be provided with the subjects in which they
have aptitude. A system to analyze their interests, choose subjects from the available
options and choose the institutions which provide those subjects are a big problem.
After seeing the issue, it was aligned to SDG-4, Quality Education.
4. Users:
All the students who pass class X face the issue of selecting an appropriate subject for their
higher studies as it is their turning point to move on according to their interest.
5. Empathise:
Two categories of students can be met and interviewed.
● First—Those students who are studying in plus-two (to know how difficult it was to
choose a subject and a school)
● Second—Those students who are going to take admission (can know about their
anxieties and expectations)
After the discussion with students, Team members can sit together and finalize the points
they understood from the users(students). They can write each in a chit of paper, classify it
into the categories SAYS, THINKS, DOES & FEELS. Now they can create an Empathy Map.
A sample empathy map is given below.
6. Define
After Empathetically understanding the students, the problem may be defined.
Get the Answers of 5W1H Questions. Write down the Problem Statement.
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5W1H Questions & Answers
Who?
1. Who are the users?
Students seeking admission in plus-two course
2. Who else can be the users?
Parents/well-wishers who seek admission for their wards
3. What do you know about the users?
Users are students who are interested in taking plus-two admissions. Students have well
defined future plans. Now they have to select the appropriate subject as per their plan.
What?
1. What is the Problem?
Not able to select the subject of their choice
2. What else are the Problems?
They can't choose the school which provides these subjects.
Where?
1.Where is the problem/ In which situation does the problem arises.?
All the places where admission takes place & all the place where students wish to take
admission the problem persists.
When?
1. When does the problem occur?
Problem occurs during the time of admission
Why?
1. Why does the problem occur?
Problem occurs due to the lack of knowledge of subjects available as part of the
curriculum
2. Why should it be solved?
Only if students pursue the course, they have aptitude, a well-developed society can be
built in future.
How
1. How can we solve it?
Through a system which will analyze a student's aptitude and suggests the subject to take.
After checking the database, the system can suggest the schools giving the subject
combinations also.
2. How will the solution improve the situation?
The solution could help students in choosing the appropriate subjects and could give
effective education.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Our students have the problem of not being able to choose the subjects of their interest
while taking admission to their plus-two course and it can be solved by developing a
system which will analyze students’ aptitude and suggest the subject to take.
7. Ideate
As a team students can discuss and put forward different ideas to implement the solution
1. Create an application to input the interest and get suggestions on subjects
2. Create a chatbot to converse with
3. Make a robot to discuss with and give advice
4. Create a mobile application where through different sources queries can be given
and the application will give the result.
8. Prototype
Select any one idea and prepare the prototype of the solution - Here we select the idea of
creating a chatbot to give the solution
Prototype of Working of a chatbot

Details of intents and entities can be drawn separately to display the prototype in
detail. (Leaving it to the creativity of students)
Note for Teachers

• Students can elaborate any part of the Prototype if they wish.
• Students should Write some intents and its entities and the expected outcomes. They
can compare these expected outcomes with others opinion who checks these. Thus,
testing phase can be conducted. (if needed)
EXERCISES
A. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which is NOT correct about the Capstone project?
a. It is a project where students must research independently
b. Students can integrate all their knowledge to develop a solution to the
problem
c. It is the final project of an academic program.
d. Students are made to look at real world situations, exchange their point of
view and discuss potential solutions to the problem.
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2. Which is the fundamental question which is asked before deciding to embark on an
AI development journey?
a. Should we do the project?
b. Is there a solution?
c. Can we leave the problem?
d. Is there a pattern?
3. The question, 'which option should be taken?' comes under which category?
a. Classification
b. Regression
c. Anomaly detection
d. Recommendation
4. Which stage in Design Thinking is missing (Prototype, Ideate, Test, Define)?
a. Evaluation
b. Empathise
c. Evolution
d. Enrichment
5. Real computational tasks are complicated. To accomplish them, you need to _____
before coding.
a. Test the problem causing variables
b. Ask for finance help from stakeholders
c. Break down the problem into smaller units
d. write it in a paper and read it to your partners
6. Which one is not a part of the 5W1H method?
a. Who
b. While
c. Where
d. When
7. _______ is the process of generating ideas and solutions through sessions such as
sketching, brainstorming etc.
a. Define
b. Empathise
c. Ideate
d. Prototype
8. Which one among the following is known as individual brainstorming?
a. Brainwriting
b. Brain dump
c. Brainstorm
d. Brain explore
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9. _____ is a useful process during ideation.
a. Storyboarding
b. Empathy map
c. Prototyping
d. Data collection
10. The _____ stage involves creating a model designed to solve consumer’s problems
in Design Thinking.
a. Modeling
b. Prototype
c. Training
d. Deployment
11. _________ Analysis helps in identifying the patterns by asking different questions
which fall into different approaches.
a. Predictive
b. Prescriptive
c. Probability
d. Prototype
ANSWERS
1. a. It is a project where students must research independently
2. d. Is there a pattern?
3. d. Recommendation
4. b.Empathise
5. c. Break down the problem into smaller units
6. b.While
7. c.Ideate
8. a.Brain Writing
9. a.Storyboarding
10. b. Prototype
11. a.Predictive
B. Short Answer Questions

1. What do you mean by a capstone project
The final project of an academic program, typically integrating all of the learning from the
program is called the Capstone Project. A capstone project is a project where students must
research a topic, deeply understand the subject matter and integrate all their knowledge to
develop a solution to a problem.
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2. Name some the skills which students will acquire by doing capstone project
While doing a Capstone project, students will learn many important skills including:
• how to work as a team member
• how to clearly identify an issue and who it is affecting (the user)
• how to brainstorm solutions and select the best one
• how to decide which type of AI may be useful for the proposed solution
• how to ethically gather and use data to train a computer to help solve the issue
• how to test the prototype with users and use their feedback to improve the solution
• how to pitch their solution to people who will be able to help them take action
3. Give some examples of use case of SDG’s

Some use cases of the SDGs are given below
• Renewable energy
• Reporting and communicating
• Combating hunger and poverty
• Protecting resources
• Promoting responsible consumption
• Providing access to education
4. Students are promoted to develop critical and creative thinking. Why?

Students must be taught to think critically and creatively so that they could communicate
and work together effectively. They could raise vital questions against problems, gather and
assess relevant information, brainstorm ideas and formulate a well-reasoned conclusions
and solutions. Creative thinking and critical thinking are necessary skills for equipping
individuals to be the social change makers, leaders and innovators.
5. Define Design Thinking

Design Thinking is a design methodology that provides a solution-based approach to solving
problems. It’s extremely useful in tackling complex problems that are ill-defined or
unknown.
C. Long Answer Questions

1. Write down the steps of Problem decomposition
Problem decomposition steps
1. Understand the problem and then restate the problem in your own words
• Know what the desired inputs and outputs are
• Ask questions for clarification (in class these questions might be to your
instructor, but
most of the time they will be asking either yourself or your collaborators)
2. Break the problem down into a few large pieces.
• Write these down, either on paper or as comments in a file.
3. Break complicated pieces down into smaller pieces.
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• Keep breaking down until all of the pieces are small.
4. Code one small piece at a time.
• Think about how to implement it and write the code/query
• Test it on its own and Fix problems, if any
2. Explain briefly the different stages of Design thinking

There are five stages of Design Thinking. They are: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype,
and Test.
i)Empathize:
Design thinking begins with empathy. It allows designers to understand, empathize and
share the feelings of the users. As a designer of the solution to a challenge, one should
always understand the problem from the end-user perspective. This is done by observation,
interaction or by imagination.
Designers interact with customers / users very frequently to gather detailed facts about the
problems and user’s expectations. A detailed analysis of these facts leads to approaching
the problem in the best possible way.
ii) Define
In the Define stage, information collected during Empathize is used to draw insights and is
instrumental in stating the problem that needs to be solved. It's an opportunity for the
design thinker to define the challenge or to write the problem statement in a human-
cantered manner with a focus on the unmet needs of the users. 5W1H method of asking
questions can be implemented here.
iii) Ideate
Ideation is the process of generating ideas and solutions through sessions such as
sketching, brainstorming etc. At this stage, numerous ideas are generated as a part of the
problem-solving exercise. In short, ideation is all about idea generation. Brainstorm, Brain
write and Brain dump can be used for ideate stage.
iv) Prototype
The prototype stage involves creating a model designed to solve consumers' problems
which is tested in the next stage of the process. Creating a prototype may include a
developing simple drawing, poster, group role-playing, homemade “gadget, or a 3d printed
product.” The prototypes must be quick and easy to develop and cheap. Therefore,
prototypes are visualized as rudimentary forms of what a final product is expected to look
like.
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v) Test
During testing, the designers receive feedback about the prototype(s), and get another
opportunity to interact and empathize with the people they are finding solutions for. Testing
focuses on what can be learned about the user and the problem, as well as the potential
solution.
3. Explain the different types of Ideation techniques

Different ideation techniques are brainstorm, brain dump and brain writing
Brainstorm
During a Brainstorming session, students leverage the synergy of the group to generate new
innovative ideas by building on others’ ideas. Participants should be able to discuss their
ideas freely without fear of criticism. A large number of ideas are collected so that different
options are available for solving the challenge.
Brain dump
Brain dump is very similar to Brainstorm; however, it’s done individually. It allows the
concerned person to open the mind and let the thoughts be released and captured onto a
piece of paper. The participants write down their ideas onto paper or post-it notes and share
their ideas later with the larger group.
Brain writing
Brain writing is also very similar to a Brainstorm session and is known as ‘individual
brainstorming’. At times only the most confident of team members share their ideas while
the introverts keep the ideas to themselves. Brainwriting gives introverted people time to
write them down instead of sharing their thoughts out loud with the group. The participants
write down their ideas on paper and, after a few minutes, pass on their own piece of paper
to another participant who then elaborates on the first person’s ideas and so forth. In this
way all participants pass their papers on to someone else and the process continues. After
about 15 minutes, the papers are collected and posted for instant discussion.
D. Case Study
1. Based on SDG-7, Affordable and clean energy, formulate a Problem and write down the
Design thinking steps associated with it
SDG-7, Affordable and clean energy
Problem – Inefficient usage of Electric/Electronic Appliances and wastage of energy
Design Thinking Steps
Empathize: Talk with people and understand how they are using the electric/electronic
devices. Are they using it whole day or in a limited. Do they know how to use. Whether they
are using it smoothly or roughly without knowing the usage. Understand whether there is
wastage of energy and people are aware of it.
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Define: To particularly understand the problem, ask 5W1H questions and with the answers
of those questions understand that the problem to be solved is “Not knowing the efficient
usage of Appliances”
Ideate: Brainstorm and list down the ideas generated. From these ideas one of the ideas
can be selected as solution for implementation
Solution Selected: An AI machine can be made which will monitor all the appliances and
controls the usage of electricity.
Prototype: The prototype of the solution can be drawn like this
Test: This Prototype can be tested by analysing it with Parents and Teachers. Feedback
collected could improve the previous stages.
E. Competency Based Questions

1. As you near the completion of your Artificial Intelligence program, you are eager to put
your newfound skills to good use. You have always been fascinated by the potential of
AI to improve healthcare. Recently, you have learned about the challenges of early
detection for certain diseases, leading to poorer prognoses. What do you call the project
in which you must research a topic, deeply understand the subject matter, and integrate
all their knowledge gathered about a particular subject to develop a solution to a
problem?
Ans: Capstone Project
2. Shilpa Balagangadharan, a psychology teacher, is concerned about the negative impact

of low exam scores on student mental health. To address this, she is implementing a
multi-step process to develop and pilot a program that promotes resilience and reduces
feelings of depression. Here, the tasks are NOT arranged in a logical order:
a. Conduct interviews and focus groups with students, parents, teachers, and mental
health professionals.
b. Develop mockups of potential solutions like support groups, scripts for intervention
training, or pilot programs for mindfulness exercises.
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c. Arrange peer support programs based on the feedback and best practices identified.
Create a "help-seeking is cool" campaign to encourage students to utilize available
resources. Continuously monitor and adapt the program based on its effectiveness.
d. Analyze the empathy map to define the core problem statement.
e. Implement the training materials (scripts, mockups) in small groups and gather
feedback from participants.
Arrange the steps in the correct order.
Ans- The correct order for the steps in Shilpa's student wellbeing initiative, aligned
with the design thinking process, is:
a. Conduct interviews and focus groups with students, parents, teachers, and mental
health professionals. (Empathize Stage)
d. Analyze the empathy map to define the core problem statement. (Define Stage)
b. Develop mockups of potential solutions like support groups, scripts for intervention
training, or pilot programs for mindfulness exercises. (Ideate Stage)
e. Implement the training materials (scripts, mockups) in small groups and gather
feedback from participants. (Prototype Stage)
c. Arrange peer support programs based on the feedback and best practices identified.
Create a "help-seeking is cool" campaign to encourage students to utilize available
resources. Continuously monitor and adapt the program based on its effectiveness.
(Test Stage)
3. You live in Darjeeling, a beautiful hill station. Due to heavy rains, landslides have
damaged the roads, leaving the town temporarily isolated. Your school is closed, and
online learning is the only option available. How do you feel about not being able to
attend school in person and facing challenges with remote learning? Draw an empathy
map to illustrate your thoughts, feelings, and experiences during this unexpected
situation.
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4. Mr. Muthu Kumar is facing a serious issue of high electricity bill every month. He
is trying a lot to reduce it. Considering his issue is worth solving, draw an empathy
map related to Muthu Kumar.
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5. A small island nation in the Pacific Ocean, known for its beautiful beaches and
colorful coral reefs, is in trouble. The sea level is rising, which is causing the shores
to erode and making the land salty where plants used to grow. Most of the buildings
and roads are near the coast, so they are at risk from the rising sea and strong
storms. Because of these problems, it is harder for people to grow food like they
used to, and they might not have enough to eat.
Which Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can you align the above scenario
with?
Ans:
• Zero Hunger (SDG 2)
• Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11)
• Climate Action (SDG 13).
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UNIT 5: Data Literacy – Data Collection to Data Analysis
Title: Data Literacy - Data Collection to Approach: Team Discussion, Web

Data Analysis search, Case studies
Summary: This unit will introduce students to the basics of data literacy, focusing on data
collection and its sources, Level of Measurements, Statistical analysis of data, Matrices
and Data preprocessing. Students will learn how to collect different types of data, how to
store data effectively and visualise it.
1. To understand the importance of data literacy in AI.

2. To explore various data collection methods and their applications.
3. To analyse data using basic Statistical analysis techniques.
4. To identify matrices and their role in representing data like images.
5. To understand the preparation of data to suit the models.
Key Concepts:
1. What is Data Literacy
2. Data Collection
3. Exploring Data
4. Statistical Analysis of data
5. Representation of data, Python Programs for Statistical Analysis and Data
Visualization
6. Knowledge of matrices
7. Data Pre-processing
8. Data in Modelling and Evaluation
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the importance of data literacy in AI.
2. Identify different data collection methods and their applications.
3. Apply basic data analysis techniques to analyse data.
4. Visualize the data using different techniques.
Pre-requisites: Basic computer skills and basic maths skills
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Unveiling the Many Faces of Data: A Teacher's Guide
This lesson equips you to introduce students to the diverse world of data and its analysis
in Python.
Demystifying Data Types:
Before diving into projects, establish a strong foundation by exploring data types:
• Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio: Unveil the different scales of measurement for
data points. Nominal (category labels), Ordinal (ranked order), Interval (consistent
units but no true zero), and Ratio (true zero allows meaningful comparisons).
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Distinguish between data that is numerical
(quantitative) and data that describes characteristics (qualitative).
• Discrete vs. Continuous: Help students differentiate between data with distinct
values (discrete) and data that can take any value within a range (continuous).
• Structured, Semi-structured, Unstructured: Introduce the various data
organization formats. Structured data follows a predefined schema, semi-
structured allows some flexibility, and unstructured data has no fixed format.
The Cyclical Nature of Data Projects:
Emphasize the iterative nature of data projects. Data is used at every stage of the cycle:
• Problem Definition: Data informs the problem you're trying to solve.

• Data Collection: Gathering the right data is crucial for analysis.
• Data Cleaning and Preparation: Data is processed to ensure accuracy and
usability.
• Data Analysis and Exploration: Data is analysed to uncover patterns and insights.
• Visualization and Communication: Findings are communicated through
visualizations.
Coding for Data Analysis:
• Python Environments: Introduce Python programming environments like IDLE or

Jupyter Notebook. Jupyter Notebook provides a user-friendly interface for
interactive coding and visualization.
Essential Libraries:
• Statistics Library: Introduce the 'statistics' library for performing common

statistical calculations on data (e.g., mean, median, standard deviation).
• Matplotlib Library: Showcase the 'matplotlib' library for creating various data
visualizations (e.g., histograms, scatter plots) to represent data insights effectively.
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Critical Thinking in Data Analysis:
Nurturing critical thinking is vital for responsible data analysis. Encourage students to:
• Question Assumptions: Challenge underlying assumptions in data collection and

analysis.
• Evaluate Sources: Critically assess the credibility and potential biases of data
sources.
• Consider Alternative Explanations: Explore other interpretations of data to avoid
oversimplification.
The Power of Scepticism and Curiosity:
Emphasize the importance of scepticism and intellectual curiosity throughout the data
analysis process. These qualities pave the way for robust and unbiased insights.
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1. WHAT IS DATA LITERACY?
• Think about all the information you encounter daily – online, in books, from friends.
Can you categorize this information in any way? Is it all the same? (This question
primes students to think about data as information and how it can be presented in
different forms.)
• Imagine you're trying to solve a mystery. What kind of clues would you need to
gather and analyse to figure things out? (This question connects data analysis to real-
world problem-solving, making it relatable to students.)
Data can be defined as a representation of facts or instructions about some entity (students,
school, sports, business, animals etc.) that can be processed or communicated by human or
machines. It is a widely known fact that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is essentially data-driven.
AI involves converting large amounts of raw data into actionable information that carry
practical value and is usable.
Data literacy means being able to find and use data effectively. This includes skills
like collecting data, organizing it, checking its quality, analysing it, understanding the results
and using it ethically.
Data may be structured, semi structured or unstructured. It should be collected,
organized and analysed properly to know whether the input for AI models is valid and
appropriate or not. AI data analysis involves using AI techniques and data science to
improve the processes of cleaning, inspecting, and modelling both structured and
unstructured data. The primary objective is to extract valuable information that can support
decision-making and drawing conclusions.
2. DATA COLLECTION
• Think about your favourite movie recommendation platform. How do you think they
use data to suggest movies you might like? (This question primes students to think
about data collection for predictions in a familiar context)
• Imagine you wanted to build a robot that could sort recycling. What kind of data
would you need to collect to train it to recognize different materials? (This question
introduces the concept of data collection for a specific purpose and the importance of
diverse data.)
Data collection allows you to capture a record of past events so that we can use data analysis
to find recurring patterns. From those patterns, you build predictive models using machine
learning algorithms that look for trends and predict future changes.
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Data collection means pooling data by scraping, capturing, and loading it from
multiple sources, including offline and online sources. High volumes of data collection or
data creation can be the hardest part of a machine learning project, especially at scale.
How much data you need depends on how many features there are in the data set. It
is recommended to collect as much data as possible for good predictions. You can begin
with small batches of data and see the result of the model. The most important thing to
consider while data collection is diversity. Diverse data will help your model cover more
scenarios. So, when focusing on how much data you need, you should cover all the scenarios
in which the model will be used.
The quantity of data also depends on the complexity of your model. If it is as simple
as license plate detection then you can expect predictions with small batches of data. But if
you are working on higher levels of Artificial intelligence like medical AI, you need to
consider huge volumes of data.
Before collecting the data, data scientists may understand the problem, its
preferable solution and the data requirements. Based on these data requirements, sources
of data will be identified and data will be collected. Data is the main ingredient of any Project.
throughout the development of the project, data is required. Hence the process of
identifying the data requirements, its collection and analysis will be done iteratively.
There are mainly two sources of data collection: Primary and Secondary.
Primary Sources are sources which are created to collect the data for analysis. Some of the
examples are given below
Method Description Example
Gathering data from a population through A researcher uses a
interviews, questionnaires, or online forms. questionnaire to understand
Survey
Useful for measuring opinions, behaviors, consumer preferences for a new
and demographics. product.
Direct communication with individuals or An organization conducts an
groups to gather information. It can be online survey to collect
Interview
structured, semi-structured, or employee feedback about job
unstructured. satisfaction.
Watching and recording behaviors or events
Observing children's play
as they occur. Often used in ethnographic
Observation patterns in a schoolyard to
research or when direct interaction is not
understand social dynamics.
possible.
Manipulating variables to observe their Testing the effectiveness of
Experiment effects on outcomes. Used to establish different advertising campaigns
cause-and-effect relationships. on a group of people.
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Marketing A company personalizes email
Utilizing customer data to predict behavior
Campaign marketing campaigns based on
and optimize campaign performance.
(using data) past customer purchases.
A specific tool used within surveys - a list of A questionnaire might ask
questions designed to gather data from respondents to rate their
Questionnaire respondents. You can collect quantitative satisfaction on a scale of 1 to 5
(numerical) or qualitative (descriptive) and also provide open-ended
information. feedback.
Secondary data sources are where the data is already stored and ready for use. Data given
in Books, journals, News Papers, Websites, Internal transactional databases, etc can be
reused for data analysis. Some methods of collecting secondary data are:
Method Description Example

Collecting data from social media Analyzing social media sentiment to
Social Media
platforms like user posts, understand audience reception towards
Data Tracking
comments, and interactions. a new product launch.
Using automated tools to extract Scraping product information and prices
Web Scraping specific content and data from from e-commerce websites for price
websites. comparison.
Gathering information about the Monitoring weather patterns and
Satellite Data
Earth's surface and atmosphere environmental changes using satellite
Tracking
using satellites. imagery.
Online Data Websites offering pre-compiled Kaggle, GitHub etc.
Platforms datasets for various purposes.
3. EXPLORING DATA
• Imagine you're collecting data on student’s favourite movie genres. Could you rank the
genres from most to least popular (ordinal)? Or would you just be able to say which genre
is the favourite (nominal)?
• When measuring temperature, we can say it's 20 degrees Celsius today, which is 10
degrees warmer than yesterday. Can we say it's twice as hot today (interval)? Why or why
not?
Exploring data is about "getting to know" the data: and its values - whether they are
typical, unusual, spread out, or whether they are extremes. More importantly, during the
process of exploration one gets an opportunity to identify and correct any problems in the
data that would affect the conclusions drawn in any way during analysis.
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Levels of Measurement
The way a set of data is measured is called the level of measurement. Not all data can be
treated equally. It makes sense to classify data sets based on different criteria. Some are
quantitative, and some qualitative. Some data sets are continuous and some are discrete.
Qualitative data can be nominal or ordinal. And quantitative data can be split into two
groups: interval and ratio.
Discrete
Quantitative
Continuous
Levels of
Measurement
Nominal
Qualitative
Ordinal
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8137745/
1. Nominal Level
Nominal variables are like categories such as Mercedes, BMW or Audi, or like the four
seasons – winter, spring, summer and autumn. They aren’t numbers, and cannot be used in
calculations and neither in any order or rank. The nominal level of measurement is the
simplest or lowest of the four ways to characterize data. Nominal means "in name only".
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Colours of eyes, yes or no
responses to a survey,
gender, smartphone
companies, etc all deal
with the nominal level of
measurement. Even some
things with numbers
associated with them,
such as a number on the
back of a cricketer’s T-
shirt are nominal since
they are used as "names"
for individual players on the field and not for any calculation purpose.
2. Ordinal Level
Ordinal data, is
made up of groups and
categories which follow a
strict order. For e.g. if you
have been asked to rate a
meal at a restaurant and
the options are:
unpalatable,
unappetizing, just okay,
tasty, and delicious.
Although the restaurant
has used words not
numbers to rate its food, it
is clear that these
preferences are ordered
from negative to positive or low to high, thus the data is qualitative, ordinal. However, the
difference between the data cannot be measured. Like the nominal scale data, ordinal scale
data cannot be used in calculations. A Hotel industry survey where the responses to
questions about the hotels are accepted as, "excellent," "good," "satisfactory," and
"unsatisfactory." These responses are ordered or ranked from the excellent service to
satisfactory response to the least desired or unsatisfactory. But the differences between the
two pieces of data as seen in the previous case cannot be measured. Another common
example of this is the grading system where letters are used to grade a service or good. You
can order things so that A is higher than a B, but without any other information, there is no
way of knowing how much better an A is from a B.
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3. Interval Level
Data that is
measured using the interval
scale is similar to ordinal
level data because it has a
definite ordering but there is
a difference between the
two data. The differences
between interval scale data
can be measured though the
data does not have a
starting point i.e. zero value. Temperature scales like Celsius (° C) and Fahrenheit (° F) are
measured by using the interval scale.
In both temperature measurements, 40° is equal to 100° minus 60°. Differences
make sense. But 0 degrees does not because, in both scales, 0 is not the absolute lowest
temperature. Temperatures like -20° F and -30° C exist and are colder than 0. Interval level
data can be used in calculations, but the comparison cannot be done. 80° C is not four times
as hot as 20° C (nor is 80° F four times as hot as 20° F). There is no meaning to the ratio of
80 to 20 (or four to one)
4. Ratio Scale Level

Ratio scale data is
like interval scale data,
but it has a 0 point and
ratios can be calculated.
For example, the scores of
four multiple choice
statistics final exam
questions were recorded
as 80, 68, 20 and 92 (out of a maximum of 100 marks). The grades are computer generated.
The data can be put in order from lowest to highest: 20, 68, 80, 92 or vice versa. The
differences between the data have meaning. The score 92 is more than the score 68 by 24
points. Ratios can be calculated. The smallest score is 0. So, 80 is four times 20. The score
of 80 is four times better than the score of 20. So, we can add, subtract, divide and multiply
the two ratio level variables. Egg: Weight of a person. It has a real zero point, i.e. zero weight
means that the person has no weight. Also, we can add, subtract, multiply and divide
weights at the real scale for comparisons
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Activity-1
Student Health Survey – Fill in the response and mention appropriate Level of Measurement
Activity-2.
Indicate whether the variable is ordinal or not. Write the variable type, if it is not ordinal.
❖ Opinion about a new law (favour or oppose) Not Ordinal -- Nominal
❖ Letter grade in an English class (A, B, C, etc.) Ordinal
❖ Student rating of teacher on a scale of 1 – 10. Not Ordinal -- Interval
4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

• Imagine you have a dataset of the heights of all students in your class. How would you
find the "average" height? Is there just one way, or could there be different ways to
measure it depending on the data?
• We often hear about data being "spread out" or "clumped together." How can we
describe how spread out the data in a set is, besides just knowing the average value?
Measure of Central Tendency

Statistics is the science of data, which is in fact a collection of mathematical
techniques that helps to extract information from data. For the AI perspective, statistics
transforms observations into information that you can understand and share. Usually,
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Statistics deals with large dataset and Central tendency is used for the understanding and
analysis purpose of data. “Central tendency” is stated as the summary of a data set in a
single value that represents the entire distribution of data domain (or data set).
We can perform Statistical Analysis using Python programming language. For that we have to
import the library statistics into the Program. Some important functions which we will use in
future programs in this module are
mean ( ) →returns the mean of the data

median ( ) →returns the median of the data
mode ( ) →returns the mode of the data
variance ( ) →returns the variance of the data
stdev ( ) →returns the standard deviation of the data
Mean
In statistics, the mean (more technically the arithmetic mean or sample mean) can
be estimated from a sample of examples drawn from the domain. It is a quotient obtained
by dividing the total of the values of a variable by the total number of their observations or
items.
M = ∑ fx / n
where M = Mean
∑ = Sum total of the scores
f = Frequency of the distribution
x = Scores
n = Total number of cases
Example -1
The set S = {5,10,15,20,30}
Mean of set S = 5+10+15+20+30/5 = 80/5 = 16
Example- 2 Calculate the mean of the following grouped data.
Class Frequency
2-4 3
4-6 4
6–8 2
8 – 10 1
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Program-1
There are 25 students in a class. Their heights are given below. Write a Python Program to
find the mean.
heights → 145, 151, 152, 149, 147, 152, 151,149, 152, 151, 147, 148, 155, 147,152,151,
149,145, 147, 152,146, 148, 150, 152, 151
Median
The median is another measure of central tendency. It is positional value of the
variables which divides the group into two equal parts, one part comprising all values
greater than median and other part smaller than median.
Example-3
Following series shows marks in mathematics of students learning AI
17 32 35 15 21 41 32 11 10 20 27 28 30
We arrange this data in an ascending or descending order.
10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 21, 27, 28, 30, 32, 32, 35, 40
As 27 is in the middle of this data position wise, therefore Median = 27
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Program-2
There are 25 students in a class. Their heights are given below. Write a Python Program to
find the median.
heights → 145, 151, 152, 149, 147, 152, 151,149, 152, 151, 147, 148, 155, 147,152,151,
149,145, 147, 152,146, 148, 150, 152, 151
Mode
Mode is another important measure of central tendency of statistical series. It is the value
which occurs most frequently in the data series. It represents the highest bar in a bar chart
or histogram. An example of a mode is presented below:
Example-4 Age of 15 students of a class

Age (years) 22, 24, 17, 18, 17, 19, 18, 21, 20, 21, 20, 23, 22, 22, 22,22,21,24
• We arrange this series in ascending order as
17,17,18,18,19,20,20,21,21,22,22,22,
• An inspection of the series shows that 22 occurs most frequently, hence
Mode=22
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Program – 3
Write a program to find the mode
(heights → 145,151, 152, 149, 147, 152, 151,149, 152, 151, 147, 148, 155, 147,152,151,
149, 145, 147, 152,146, 148, 150, 152, 151)
In summary, when do we use mean, median and mode:
Mean Median Mode
• The mean is a • The median is a • Mode is used when you

good measure of good measure of need to find the
the central the central value distribution peak and
tendency when a when the data peak may be many. For
data set contains include example, it is important
values that are exceptionally high to print more of the
relatively evenly or low values. The most popular books;
spread with no median is the because printing
exceptionally most suitable different books in equal
high or low measure of numbers would cause a
values. average for data shortage of some books
classified on an and an oversupply of
ordinal scale. others.
Variance and Standard Deviation

Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) provide the central value of
the data set. Variance and standard deviation are the measures of dispersion (quartiles,
percentiles, ranges), they provide information on the spread of the data around the centre.
Let us understand these two using a diagram:
Measure the height (at the shoulder) of 5 dogs (in millimetres)
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As you can see, their heights are:
600mm,
470mm,
170mm,
430mm and
300mm.
Let us calculate their mean,
Mean = (600 + 470 + 170 + 430 + 300) / 5 = 1970 / 5 = 394 mm
Now let us plot again after taking mean height (The green Line)
Now, let us find the deviation of dogs’ height from the mean height
Calculate the difference (from mean height), square them, and find the average. This average
is the value of the variance.
Variance = [ (206) 2 + (76) 2 + (-224) 2 + (36) 2 + (-94) 2] / 5 = 108520 / 5 = 21704
And standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
Standard deviation = √𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟒 = 147.32
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FORMULA
Some important facts about variance and standard deviation

• A small variance indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean,
and to each other.
• A high variance indicates that the data points are very spread out from the mean,
and from one another.
• A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean.
• A high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large
range of values.
Program -4
Write a program to find the variance and standard deviation. (heights → 145,151, 152,
149, 147, 152, 151,149, 152, 151, 147, 148, 155, 147,152,151, 149,145, 147, 152,146,
148, 150, 152, 151)
5. REPRESENTATION OF DATA
• Imagine you have a big bag of colourful candies. How would you easily describe the
different colours and how many candies there are of each colour without counting
them all one by one? (This question relates data to something familiar and prompts
students to think about summarizing information)
• Have you ever seen a weather map or a graph in a book? Why do you think people
use pictures and charts instead of just writing out numbers? (This question introduces
the concept of data visualization and its benefits over raw data)
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According to Wikipedia, “Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection,
organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. To achieve this task,
statisticians summarize a large amount of data in a format that is compact and produces
meaningful information. Without displaying values for each observation (from populations),
it is possible to represent the data in brief while keeping its meaning intact using certain
techniques called 'data representation'. It can also be defined as a technique for presenting
large volumes of data in a manner that enables the user to interpret the important data with
minimum effort and time.
Data representation techniques are broadly classified in two ways:
Non-Graphical technique:
Tabular form and case form: This is the old format of data representation not suitable for
large datasets. Non-graphical techniques are not so suitable when our objective is to make
some decisions after analysing a set of data.
Graphical Technique:
The visual display of statistical data in the form of points, lines, dots and other geometrical
forms is most common. For a complex and large quantity of data, human brain is more
comfortable in dealing if represented through visual format means Graphical or pictorial
representation of the data using graph, chart, etc. is known as Data visualization.
It would not be possible to discuss the methods of construction of all types of diagrams and maps
primarily due to time constraint. We will, therefore, describe the most commonly used graphs and the
way they are drawn.
• Line graphs • Bar diagrams • Pie diagram • Scatter Plots • Histogram
Data Visualization is possible in python using the library Matplotlib. It is a

comprehensive library that can be used to create a wide variety of plots, including line plots,
bar charts, histograms, scatter plots, and more. Matplotlib is also highly customizable,
allowing users to control the appearance of their plots in great detail. pyplot is a submodule
of Matplotlib that provides a MATLAB-like interface to the library. pyplot also provides a
number of convenience functions that make it easy to create simple plots.
Installing Matplotlib
pip install matplotlib
or
python – m pip install – U matplotlib
In the program we have to import the library.
import matplotlib.pyplot
Some of the common functions and its description is given below
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Function Name Description
title ( ) Adds title to the chart/graph
xlabel ( ) Sets label for X-axis
ylabel ( ) Sets label for Y-axis
xlim ( ) Sets the value limit for X-axis
ylim( ) Sets the value limit for Y-axis
xticks ( ) Sets the tick marks in X-axis
yticks( ) Sets the tick marks in Y-axis
show ( ) Displays the graph in the screen
savefig(“adrress”) Saves the graph in the address specified as
argument.
figure ( figsize = value in tuple Determines the size of the plot in which the graph is
format) drawn. Values should be supplied in tuple format to
the attribute figsize which is passed as argument.
List of Markers and its descriptions:
List of Graph Colour Codes:
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1. Line Graph
A line graph is a powerful tool used to represent continuous data along a numbered
axis. It allows us to visualize trends and changes in data points over time. Line graphs are
suitable for data that can take on any value within a specific range. The line can slope
upwards, indicating an increase, or downwards, signifying a decrease, reflecting the
changes in the data over time.
Example-5:
Kavya’s AI marks for 5 consecutive tests is given below. Draw a line graph to
Analyse her performance.
Test-1 Test-2 Test-3 Test-4 Test-5

25 34 49 40 48
Activity -3: Construct a simple line graph to represent

the rainfall data of Kerala as shown in the table below
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Rainfall 7.5 6.3 3.5 1.8 1.2 25. 19.7 20.3 15. 22. 18.6 11.2
(cm) 8 9 4
Line chart is plotted in python using the function plot ( ). Colour of the line can be mentioned
by giving the colour codes inside the plot function.
Attributes of plot function which are used inside plot ( ) function are:
line width Sets the width of the line
line style determines the style of line (solid, dashed,
dot, dashdot)
marker, markersize, markeredgecolor determines the marker’s shape, size and
marker edge colour respectively
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Program-5
Write a program to draw a line chart, we use plot function (use Example 1)
OUTPUT
Program -6
Write a program to draw a line chart to visualize the comparative rainfall data for 12
months in Tamil Nadu using the CSV file "rainfall.csv".
OUTPUT
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2. Bar Graph
A bar chart or bar graph is a graph that presents categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. It is a good way
to show relative sizes, i.e., to show comparison between different categories. The relative
sizes of the bars allow for easy comparison between different categories.
Example-6
Create a bar graph to illustrate the distribution of students from various schools who
attended a seminar on “Deep Learning”. The total number of students from each school is
provided below.
Oxford Delhi Public Jyothis Central Sanskriti School Bombay Public

Public School School School
School
123 87 105 146 34
Bar chart is plotted in python using the function bar ( ).

Attributes of bar function which are used inside bar ( ) functions are:
color determines the color of the bars
edgecolor determines the colour of the bar edges
width determines the width of the bars
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Program – 7
Write a program to draw a bar chart to visualize the comparative rainfall data for 12
3. Histogram
Histograms are graphical representations of data distribution, with vertical
rectangles depicting the frequencies of different value ranges. They are drawn on a natural
scale, making it easy to interpret the central tendency, such as the mode, of the data.
Despite their simplicity and ease of understanding, histograms have a limitation: they can
only represent one data distribution per axis.
Example -7
Given a dataset containing the heights of girls in class XII, construct a histogram to visualize
the distribution of heights.
141,145,142,147,144,148,141,142,149,144,143,149,146,141, 147, 142, 143
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Solution:
To draw a histogram from this, we first need to organize the data into intervals. These
intervals are also called logical ranges or bins. After computing the number of girls in each
interval, draw the graph. Histogram is plotted in python using the function hist ( ).
4. Scatter Graph
Scatter plots visually represent relationships between two variables by plotting data
points along both the x and y axes. They reveal correlations, whether positive or negative,
within paired data, showcasing trends and patterns. Essentially, scatter plots illustrate
connections between variables through ordered pairs, making them useful for analyzing
paired numerical data and situations where the dependent variable varies across different
values of the independent variable. Their strength lies in their ability to clearly depict trends,
clusters, and relationships within datasets.
Example-8 A student had a hypothesis for a science project. He believed that the more the
students studied Math, the better their math scores would be. He took a poll in which he
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asked students the average number of hours that they studied per week during a given
semester. He then found out the overall percentage that they received in their Math classes.
His data is shown in the table below:
To understand this data, he decided to make a scatter plot. The independent variable, or
input data, is the study time because the hypothesis is that the Math grade depends on the
study time. That means that the Math grade is the dependent variable, or the output data.
The input data is plotted on the x-axis and the output data is plotted on the y-axis.
Scatterplot is plotted using the function scatter ( )

Program-8
Write a program to draw a scatter chart to visualize the comparative rainfall data for 12
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OUTPUT
5. Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular graph divided into segments or sections, each representing a
relative proportion or percentage of the total. Each segment resembles a slice of pie, hence
the name. Pie charts are commonly used to visualize data from a small table, but it is
recommended to limit the number of categories to seven to maintain clarity. However, zero
values cannot be depicted in pie charts.
While useful for illustrating compositions or comparing parts of a whole, pie charts
can be challenging to interpret and compare with data from other charts. They are not
suitable for showing changes over time. Pie charts find applications in various domains such
as business, education, and personal finance. In business, they can indicate the success or
failure of products or services. In education, they can depict time allocations for different
subjects. At home, pie charts can help visualize monthly expenses relative to income.
Example-9
Below given is a Pie chart drawn with the periods allotted for each subject in a week.
Subject Periods Allotted

English 6
Maths 8
Science 8
Social Science 7
AI 3
PE 2
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Pie Chart is plotted using the function pie ( )
Program-9
Write a program to draw a pie chart to visualize the comparative rainfall data for 12
6. INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
The knowledge of matrices is necessary in all branches of mathematics. Matrix is one
of the most powerful tools in Mathematics. In mathematics, matrix (plural matrices) is
a rectangular arrangement of numbers. The numbers are arranged in tabular form as rows
and columns. Matrices play a huge role in computer vision domain of AI. On the computer,
the image is represented as a combination of pixels. This is represented mathematically as
matrices!
Let us understand with the help of an example: Consider
Aditi bought 25 pencils 5 erasers
Adit bought 10 pencils 2 erasers
Manu bought 5 pencils 1 eraser
The above information can be arranged in tabular form as follows
Pencils Erasers
Aditi 25 5
Adit 10 2
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Manu 5 1
And this can be represented as
Row1 25 5
Row2 [10 2]
Row3 5 1
The entries in the rows represent number of pencils and erasers bought by Aditi, Adit and
Manu respectively. Or in another form as
Col1 Col2 Col3
Row1 25 10 5
[ ]
Row2 5 2 1
Here, the entries in the columns represent number of pencils and erasers bought by Aditi,
Adit and Manu respectively. We denote matrices by capital letters, for example
5 15
A = [−7 √2]
12 0
Order of a matrix
A matrix has m rows and n columns. It is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m
× n matrix (read as an m by n matrix). So, the matrix A in the above example is a 3 × 2 matrix.
The number of elements are m x n => 3 x 2 = 6 elements. Each individual element is
represented as aij where i represents row and j represents column. In general aij, is an
element lying in the ith row and jth column. We can also call it as the (i, j)th element of the
matrix.
𝑎11 𝑎12
P = [𝑎21 𝑎22]
𝑎31 𝑎32
Operations on Matrices
1. Addition of matrices - the sum of two matrices is obtained by adding the

corresponding elements of the given matrices. Also, the two matrices have to be of
the same order. Example:
3 2 6 3
A = [4 −1] B = [5 9]
2 0 3 2
3+6 2+3 9 5
A+B = [4 + 5 −1 + 9] = [9 8]
2+3 0+2 5 2
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2. Difference of matrices - The difference A – B is defined as a matrix where each
element is obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements (aij – bij). Matrices A
and B must be of the same order. Example
−2 1 −1 3
A = [ 6 10] B = [ 2 9]
5 3 3 1
−2 + 1 1 − 3 −1 −2
A-B = [ 6 − 2 10 − 9] = [4 1]
5−3 3−1 2 2
3. Transpose of a matrix – a matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns.

Transpose of a matrix A is denoted by A’ or AT. Example
8 7
8 2 4
A = [2 5] AT = [ ]
7 5 6
4 6
Order = 3x2 Order = 2x3
Applications of matrices in AI
Matrices are used throughout the field of machine learning for computing:
• Image Processing – Digital images can be represented using matrices. Each pixel on
the image has a numerical value. These values represent the intensity of the pixels.
A grayscale or black-and-white image has pixel values ranging from 0 to 255. Smaller
values closer to zero represent darker shades, whereas bigger ones closer to 255
represent lighter or white shades. So, in a computer, every image is kept as a matrix
of integers called a Channel.
• Recommender systems use matrices to relate between users and the purchased or
viewed product(s)
• In Natural Language processing, vectors depict the distribution of a particular word in
a document. Vectors are one-dimensional matrices.
7. DATA PREPROCESSING
Teachers can ask the following:
• Imagine you have a giant bag of mixed candies. How can we sort through the
candies to make it easier to find the Flavors we want? (This relates to data cleaning
and organization)
• Sometimes data can be like a bag of candy with a few weird pieces mixed in. How
can we make sure all the data makes sense of what we're trying to learn from it?
(This relates to identifying and handling outliers and inconsistencies)
Data preprocessing is a crucial step in the machine learning process aimed at making
datasets more machine learning-friendly. It involves several processes to clean, transform,
reduce, integrate, and normalize data:
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1. Data Cleaning
1. Missing Data:
Missing data occurs when values are absent from the dataset, which can happen due
to various reasons. Strategies for handling missing data include deleting rows or
columns with missing values, inputting missing values with estimates, or using
algorithms that can handle missing data.
2. Outliers:
Outliers are data points that significantly differ from the rest of the data, often due to
errors or rare events. Dealing with outliers involves identifying and removing them,
transforming the data, or using robust statistical methods to reduce their impact.
3. Inconsistent Data
Data with typographical errors, different data types etc are corrected and consistency
among the data is observed.
4. Duplicate Data
Duplicate data will be identified and removed to ensure data integrity.
2. Data Transformation
Categorical variables are converted to Numerical variable. New features are identified and
existing features are modified if needed
3. Data Reduction
Dimensionality reduction, i.e. reducing the number of features of data set is done. If data
set is too large to handle sampling techniques are applied
4. Data Integration and Normalization
If data is stored in multiple sources or formats, they are merged or aggregated together.
Then the data is normalized to ensure that all features have a similar scale and distribution
which can improve machine learning models.
5. Feature Selection
The most relevant features that contribute the most to the target variable are selected and
irrelevant data are removed.
8. DATA IN MODELLING & EVALUATION

Teachers can ask the following:
• Imagine you're lost in a new city. You have a map, but it might be helpful to have
a separate practice map to try figuring things out before using it on the actual
streets. Why do you think splitting data into training and testing sets might be
similar to this idea? (This question connects the concept of data splitting to a familiar
scenario and highlights the purpose of each set)
• When making a decision, do you consider all the information available or just
some of it? Why do you think using techniques like cross-validation might be
important when evaluating how well a machine learning model performs? (This
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question relates the importance of evaluating models to make informed decisions
and introduces the concept of cross-validation)
After the data is pre-processed, it is splitted into two --Training data set and Testing data
set. The training set is used to train the machine learning models, while the testing set is
used to evaluate the performance of the trained models. While modelling, appropriate
machine learning algorithms are chosen based on the nature of the problem (e.g.,
classification, regression, clustering) and the characteristics of the dataset.
Techniques such as train-test split, cross-validation, and error analysis are employed
to estimate the model's generalization ability and identify areas for improvement. Train-Test
Split trains the model with its training set and evaluates using the test set. Cross Validation
ensures that the model's performance is consistent across different subsets of the data.
Different types of evaluation techniques are applied on the model depending on the data.
For classification problems, metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC curve
are commonly used. For regression problems, metrics like mean squared error (MSE), root
mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R-squared are often used.
In today's world, knowing how to work with data is important. As artificial intelligence
becomes more and more common, understanding data helps us use information better. It
is like having a map to find your way through a big city. Being good with data helps us make
smart decisions and use technology wisely.
EXERCISES:
I. Multiple-choice questions
1. Which of the following best defines data literacy?
A) The ability to read and write data
B) The ability to find and use data effectively
C) The ability to analyse data using AI
D) The ability to collect and store data securely
2. What is the purpose of data preprocessing?

A) To make data more complex
B) To make data less accessible
C) To clean and prepare data for analysis
D) To increase the size of the dataset
3. How can missing data be handled in a dataset?

A) By ignoring it
B) By replacing missing values with estimates
C) By deleting rows or columns with missing values
D) By converting missing values to zero
4. Which of the following statements about the quantity of data needed for machine learning
projects is true?
A) More data is always better for good predictions.
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B) Small batches of data are sufficient for complex models.
C) Data quantity depends solely on the number of features.
D) Data diversity is not essential for model performance.
5. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of data collection?
A) Web scraping B) Social media data tracking
C) Surveys D) Kaggle datasets
6. What method of data collection involves direct communication with individuals or groups
to gather information?
A) Observations B) Experiments C) Interviews D) Marketing campaigns
7. Which of the following is an example of ratio scale data?

A) Grading students' exam papers as "A," "B," "C," "D," and "F"
B) Measuring the temperature in Celsius
C) Rating a meal at a restaurant as "unpalatable," "unappetizing," "just okay," "tasty,"
and "delicious"
D) Recording the weight of a person in kilograms
8. What is the distinguishing feature of ratio scale data?

A) It involves categories without a specific order
B) It has a zero point and allows for ratios to be calculated
C) It involves categories with a strict order but no measurable differences between
categories
D) It has a definite order, but the differences between categories cannot be measured
9. Which statistical measure is most suitable for data sets with evenly spread values and
no exceptionally high or low values?
A) Mean B) Median C) Mode D) Variance
10. What is the term used to describe the graphical or pictorial representation of data?
A) Statistical summary B) Data organization
C) Data visualization D) Data interpretation
ANSWERS
1. B) The ability to find and use data effectively
2. C) To clean and prepare data for analysis
3. B) By replacing missing values with estimates
4. A) More data is always better for good predictions.
5. C) Surveys
6. C) Interviews
7. C) Rating a meal at a restaurant as "unpalatable," "unappetizing," "just okay," "tasty,"
and "delicious"
8. B) It has a zero point and allows for ratios to be calculated
9. A) Mean
10. C) Data visualization
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II. Short answer questions:
1. Explain the concept of data literacy and its importance in today's digital age.
Data literacy refers to the ability to find, understand, and use data effectively. In today's
digital age, where data is abundant, data literacy is crucial for making informed decisions,
understanding trends, and solving complex problems. It helps individuals and organizations
extract valuable insights from data to drive innovation and growth.
2. What is data preprocessing?

Data preprocessing is the process of cleaning and preparing raw data before it is used for
analysis or modelling. It involves handling missing data and outliers to ensure the data is
accurate and reliable.
3.What is data visualization and why is it important?
Data visualization is the graphical representation of data to help people understand the
significance of data by summarizing and presenting it in a visual form such as charts, graphs,
or maps.
Data visualization is important because it allows for the exploration and understanding of
data patterns, trends, and outliers that may not be apparent in raw data. It helps in making
data-driven decisions and communicating information clearly and efficiently.
4. How does a line graph differ from a bar graph?

A line graph is used to show trends over time with continuous data, while a bar graph is used
to compare different categories of data with discrete values.
5. When would you use a scatter plot?

A scatter plot is used to show the relationship between two variables in a set of paired data,
helping to identify correlations or trends between the variables.
6. What is data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts or instructions about some entity (students,
school, sports, business, animals etc.) that can be processed or communicated by human
or machines.
7. What do you mean by web scraping?

Web scraping is the process of using bots to extract content and data from a website. Web
scraping extracts underlying HTML code and, with it, data stored in a database. The scraper
can then replicate entire website content elsewhere.
8. If a matrix has 6 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Answer: 4 orders – (1x6), (6x1), (2x3) and (3x2)
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9.Construct a 3x2 matrix where each element is given by 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 ∗ 𝑗
Answer: 3x2 matrix means 6 elements

a11 = 1x1 a12 = 1x2
a21=2x1 a22=2x2
a31=3x1 a32=3x2
Putting all elements in matrix form we get:
1 2
A=[2 4]
3 6
5 −1 4
9. Find the transpose of the matrix B = [ ]
2 3 6
5 2
Answer: B = [−1 3]
4 6
III. Long answer questions:
1. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using a pie chart in data visualization. Provide
examples to illustrate your points.
One advantage of using a pie chart is that it can effectively show the proportion of each
category in a dataset. For example, a pie chart can be used to visualize the market share of
different companies in a specific industry. However, pie charts have limitations, such as
difficulty in comparing multiple datasets or showing trends over time. For example, a pie
chart would not be suitable for visualizing changes in sales over the course of a year, as it
cannot effectively convey this type of information.
2. Explain the terms mean, median and mode.
Mean Median Mode
The mean is a good The median is a good Mode is used when you
measure of the measure of the need to find the distribution
central tendency central value when peak and peak may be
when a data set the data include many.
contains values that exceptionally high or
For example, it is important
are relatively evenly low values. The
to print more of the most
spread with no median is the most
popular books; because
exceptionally high or suitable measure of
printing different books in
low values. average for data
equal numbers would cause
classified on an
a shortage of some books
ordinal scale.
and an oversupply of
others.
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3. Explain the four levels of measurement.
Four levels of measurements are Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio
The nominal level of measurement is the simplest or lowest of the four ways to characterize
data. Nominal means "in name only". Colours of eyes, yes or no responses to a survey,
gender, smartphone companies, etc all deal with the nominal level of measurement.
Ordinal data, is made up of groups and categories which follow a strict order. For e.g. if you
have been asked to rate a meal at a restaurant and the options are: unpalatable,
unappetizing, just okay, tasty, and delicious. The options is Ordinal and the data is
qualitative,. Like the nominal scale data, ordinal scale data cannot be used in calculations.
Data that is measured using the interval scale is similar to ordinal level data because it has
a definite ordering but in interval scale data does not have a starting point i.e. zero value.
Temperature scales like Celsius (oC) and Fahrenheit (F) are measured by using the interval
scale. Ratio scale data is like interval scale data, but it has a 0 point and ratios can be
calculated. We can add, subtract, divide and multiply the two ratio level variables. Eg: Weight
of a person. It has a real zero point. Hence it can be considered as ratio value.
4. Given the matrices A and B. Calculate A+ B and B – A.
2 7 −2 4
A=[4 12 ] B = [ 12 6]
15 −3 7 0
Answer:
0 11 −4 −3
A+B = [16 18 ] B–A=[ 8 −6]
22 −3 −8 3
IV. Python Programs
1. The ages of a group of people in a community are: 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65.
Write a program to calculate the mean, median, and mode of the ages.
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2. A company recorded the daily temperatures (in degrees Celsius) for five consecutive days:
20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 18°C, and 23°C. Determine the variance and standard deviation of the
temperatures.
3. Plot a line chart representing the weekly number of customer inquiries received by a
customer service center:
• Week 1: 150 inquiries
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4. Plot a bar chart representing the number of books sold by different genres in a bookstore:
• Fiction: 120 books
• Mystery: 90 books
• Science Fiction: 80 books
• Romance: 110 books
• Biography: 70 books
5. Visualize the distribution of different types of transportation used by commuters in a city

using a pie chart:
• Car: 40%
• Public Transit: 30%
• Walking: 20%
• Bicycle: 10%
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V. Competency Based Questions
1. Anakha is working on a project involving mood analysis of individuals experiencing

depression. She plans to visit hospitals, yoga instructors, mental health care
providers, and healthcare institutes. How can Anakha collect data from these
organizations and individuals for her project?
Ans: Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire
2. Kalaimathi and her friend are planning to build an admission chatbot for her school.
They have collected data from different sources with the help of their friends. Now,
they need to arrange it in proper order to analyse it. They plan to classify the data
based on the levels of measurement. The data they have collected is as follows:
Student Name, Age, Gender, GPA (Grade Point Average), ECA (Extra-Curricular
activities), Place, Parent Name, Parent Education level, Distance from school, Fees,
Interview rating, No. of years in last school, Admission Test score
Ans:
NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO
Parent No. of years in last
Student Name Age
Educational level school
Gender Interview rating Admission test score GPA
Place Distance from school ECA
Parent Name to home Fees
3. During a sales analysis, metrics such as sales revenue per month, average sales
revenue, and the most popular products sold are examined to comprehend overall
performance and aid in decision-making regarding marketing strategies, inventory
management, and resource allocation. Which measurements in statistics will
facilitate the sales analysis process?
Ans: Mean, Median & Mode
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4. Selvan’s Textiles operates multiple showrooms in a city. Fahad is working on a project
to predict the annual sales percentage for the upcoming year. He intends to analyse
the trend of sales percentage over time and also the sales percentages in different
regions. To facilitate data analysis, he plans to visualize the data using graphs.
a. Which type of graph would be most appropriate for visualizing the trend of
sales percentage over time?
b. Which type of graph would be most suitable for comparing sales percentages
across different regions?
Ans:
a. Line Chart
b. Pie Chart
5. Akshith wrote a program to visualize the data analysis of five test and marks got.
The program did not have any errors. But the line graph was not showing up. Could you find
the reason why the graph is not shown even though the program has no errors?
Ans:
In order to view the graph we have to use show( ) function in the program. If we write
pl.show( ), the graph window will be displayed.
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UNIT 6: Machine Learning Algorithms
Title: Machine Learning Algorithms Approach: Interactive/ Collaborative /

Hands on Activity
Summary: In this unit, the students will be able to understand the concept of Machine
Learning and its connection with AI. They will understand the different ways in which
machines can learn or can be taught using different methodologies. The main types of
machine learning methods- Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement methods will
be introduced to the students.
1. Understand Machine Learning and the various machine learning algorithms
2. Understand regression as a type of supervised learning.
3. Understand classification as a type of supervised learning.
4. Understand clustering as a type of unsupervised learning.
5. List of algorithms for regression, classification and clustering
6. Differentiate between regression problem, classification problem and clustering
problem.
Key Concepts:
1. Machine Learning in a nutshell
2. Types of Machine Learning
3. Supervised Learning
Regression – Understanding Correlation, Regression, Finding the line, Linear
Regression algorithm
Classification – How it works, Types, k – Nearest Neighbour algorithm
4. Unsupervised Learning
Clustering – How it works, Types, k -means Clustering algorithm
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
1. Differentiate the different types of machine learning methods.
2. They will be able to understand the concept behind each machine learning methods.
3. Apply these methods to develop simple solutions for some day-to-day situations.
4. Build up this knowledge to the next level to apply during Capstone Project
development.
Pre-requisites: Basic Knowledge about Al, domains of AI, applications of AI.
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Unveiling the Magic of Machine Learning: A Teacher's Guide
This lesson equips you to introduce students to the fascinating world of Machine Learning
(ML) and its applications in our daily lives.
Hooking Students with Everyday ML:
• Start with a bang! Discuss familiar experiences where AI and ML play a role:
o Shopping apps recommending socks after a shoe purchase.
o Entertainment platforms suggesting similar movies based on viewing history.
o Social media platforms using facial recognition for tagging friends in photos.
Machine Learning: The Core Concepts:
• Explain the basic principles of Machine Learning: how machines learn from data to
make predictions or decisions without explicit programming.
Ethics in AI and ML: A Debate Worth Having:
• Spark critical thinking with class debates or discussions on the ethical considerations
surrounding AI and ML. Explore topics like:
o Algorithmic bias and fairness.
o Data privacy and security concerns.
o The potential impact of AI on jobs and society.
Demystifying Machine Learning Approaches:
• Introduce the three main types of Machine Learning:

o Supervised Learning: Machines learn from labeled data (data with predefined
outputs) to make predictions for new, unseen data.
o Unsupervised Learning: Machines identify patterns and relationships in
unlabeled data (data without predefined outputs) for tasks like grouping or
anomaly detection.
o Reinforcement Learning: Machines learn through trial and error, receiving
rewards for desired actions to optimize their behavior in a given environment.
Exploring Real-World Applications:
• Illustrate how each type of Machine Learning tackles real-world problems:

o Supervised Learning: Spam filtering, medical diagnosis, stock price prediction.
o Unsupervised Learning: Customer segmentation, image categorization, fraud
detection.
o Reinforcement Learning: Self-driving cars, game playing AI, robot control.
Diving Deeper: Supervised Learning
• Define Supervised Learning and its key components: data, algorithms, and models.
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• Explain how labeled data is used to train the model, allowing it to learn the
relationship between inputs and outputs.
Supervised Learning Tasks:
• Discuss common supervised learning tasks:

o Classification: Predicting a category for new data points (e.g., email spam or
not spam).
o Regression: Predicting a continuous value for new data points (e.g., house
price prediction).
Supervised Learning Algorithms:
• Introduce popular supervised learning algorithms:

o Linear Regression: A simple yet powerful algorithm for predicting continuous
outputs based on a linear relationship with the input data. (e.g., predicting
sales based on marketing spend)
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN): A Closer Look
• Explain the KNN algorithm and its core concept of similarity.

• Discuss how KNN classifies new data points based on the class of their nearest
neighbors (k most similar data points in the training data).
• Emphasize the importance of choosing the optimal value for K (number of neighbors)
to achieve accurate classification.
Unsupervised Learning and Clustering:
• Move on to Unsupervised Learning and the concept of clustering.

• Provide real-life examples like customer segmentation (grouping customers with
similar characteristics) or image categorization (categorizing images based on
content).
K-Means Clustering: Grouping Similar Data
• Introduce K-Means clustering, an unsupervised learning technique that aims to

group similar data points together.
• Explain the steps involved in the K-Means algorithm:
o Initialization: Choosing an initial set of cluster centers (centroids).
o Assignment: Assigning each data point to the nearest cluster center.
o Update: Re-computing the cluster centers based on the assigned data points.
• Highlight the importance of choosing the optimal value for K (number of clusters) to
achieve meaningful groupings.
This lesson provides a foundation for students to explore the exciting world of Machine
Learning further.
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• Think about the examples mentioned earlier (online shopping recommendations,

facial recognition). Can you guess how these technologies might work? What kind
of information do you think they might use? This gets them thinking about the
underlying concepts behind the AI they encounter daily and activates their prior
knowledge.
• Imagine you have a huge pile of data, like all the movies ever made and how many
people watched them. Can you think of any way a computer program could learn
from this data and make predictions? This question introduces the concept of data
and how machine learning can use it to learn and make decisions.
Students, you have likely experienced the following scenarios in your daily lives:
● When browsing through online shopping apps, you receive recommendations to
purchase socks immediately after looking at shoes.
● Online entertainment platforms suggest movies similar to ones you have previously
watched.
● Facial recognition technology identifies you in photos on social media platforms.
● Chatbots engage in conversations with you in a natural manner.
MACHINE LEARNING IN A NUTSHELL

Machine Learning (ML) is a part of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on teaching
computers to learn from data and make decisions without being explicitly programmed.
Unlike traditional programming where developers provide precise instructions, ML
algorithms learn from patterns and relationships in data. This allows them to generalize and
make decisions on new, unseen data.
● ML algorithms learn from various types of data, including images, text, sensor
readings, and historical records. Instead of hardcoding rules, ML models identify
patterns and relationships within the data to make predictions or decisions.
● Some common ML algorithms include decision trees, neural networks, and support
vector machines. Trained models serve as representations of the learned data, such
as recognizing handwritten digits using a neural network.
● The applications of ML are vast and diverse. It powers recommendation systems like
those used by Netflix, speech recognition, medical diagnosis, and autonomous
vehicles. ML is also behind chatbots, personalized ads, and fraud detection systems.
● However, ML also presents challenges. Overfitting, where models become too
specialized on training data, can lead to poor performance on new data. Bias in
training data can result in biased predictions, and some models are difficult to
interpret, acting as black boxes. Despite these challenges, ML transforms data into
knowledge, enabling computers to learn, adapt, and make decisions autonomously.
● Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have significantly impacted
various aspects of our lives. From transportation and finance to healthcare and
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entertainment, AI algorithms are pervasive. They power self-driving cars, fraud
detection systems, personalized shopping experiences, and virtual assistants like Siri
and Alexa. As technology continues to evolve, the influence of AI and ML is only
expected to grow, shaping the future of our society and culture.
Activity 1: Autodraw - Experience the power of machine learning with Autodraw! Autodraw
combines machine learning with the creativity of talented artists, allowing you to draw
things quickly and effortlessly. Visit the following link to play the game:
TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING
1. Think back to the different AI applications we discussed earlier (e.g.,

recommendation systems, facial recognition). Can you imagine how they might learn
from data? Do they all learn in the same way? This prompts them to make connections
between real-world applications and the concept of machine learning. It also primes
them for the idea of different learning approaches.
2. Imagine you have a dataset with pictures of different animals. How could a
computer program learn to group these pictures into categories like cats, dogs, and
birds? (supervised vs unsupervised learning) This is a specific scenario that introduces
the concept of labelled data (supervised learning) vs. unlabelled data (unsupervised
learning).
3. Can you think of a situation where learning by trial and error might be a good
approach for a machine learning program? This taps into their understanding of
learning through experience and lays the groundwork for reinforcement learning.
In Chapter 1, we introduced you to the fascinating world of artificial intelligence (AI)

and its various learning mechanisms. We discussed three main types of machine learning:
supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. These terms
represent the algorithms that drive AI systems, serving as the building blocks for
programming intelligent behavior and decision-making processes. Now, let us delve deeper
into how these algorithms shape the landscape of AI applications.
● Supervised learning involves the model learning from labeled data, where the input
data is accompanied by the correct output. The algorithm learns to map input data
to output labels based on example input-output pairs provided during training. The
goal is to learn a mapping function so that the model can make predictions on unseen
data. Examples include linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support
vector machines, and neural networks.
● Unsupervised learning, on the other hand, deals with unlabelled data, where the
algorithm tries to find hidden patterns or structure without explicit guidance. The
goal of this is to explore and discover inherent structures or relationships within the
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data, such as clusters or associations. Examples include k-means clustering,
hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and autoencoders.
● Finally, reinforcement learning involves an agent learning to make decisions by
interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards. Through trial and
error, the agent learns a policy or strategy to take actions that lead to the highest
cumulative reward over time. These rewards serve as feedback, guiding the agent
towards favorable actions, while penalties discourage undesirable behavior. This
iterative learning approach is particularly effective in scenarios requiring a sequence
of decisions, such as game-playing or robot control, where the agent adapts behavior
based on past experiences and outcomes. Examples include Q-learning, deep Q-
networks, policy gradients, and actor-critic methods.
A. SUPERVISED LEARNING
Supervised learning stands out as one of the foundational types of Machine Learning.
It is a powerful approach that allows machines to learn from labeled data, making
predictions or decisions based on that learning. Within supervised learning, two primary
types of algorithms emerge:
1. Regression – works with continuous data
2. Classification – works with discrete data
1. REGRESSION
Understanding Correlation: The Foundation of Regression Analysis
In data analysis, correlation is a fundamental concept that helps us grasp the
relationship between variables, laying the groundwork for predictive modeling and insightful
analysis. Correlation is a measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two
quantitative variables (e.g. price, sales). If the change in one variable appears to be
accompanied by a change in the other variable the two variables are said to be correlated
and this inter dependence is called correlation.
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Types of Correlation:
1. Positive Correlation: In a positive

correlation, both variables move in the
same direction. As one variable
increases, the other also tends to
increase, and vice versa.
2. Negative Correlation: Conversely, in a

negative correlation, variables move in
opposite directions. An increase in one
variable is associated with a decrease
in the other, and vice versa.
3. Zero Correlation: When there is no

apparent relationship between two
variables, they are said to have zero
correlation. Changes in one variable do
not predict changes in the other
Correlation can have a value:

● 1 is a perfect positive correlation
● 0 is no correlation (the values don't seem linked at all)
● -1 is a perfect negative correlation
Causation
Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event.
Example: Since there is hot weather, the person will use more sunscreen or eat more ice
cream.
Sometimes, these two events may be correlated also. Example: smoking causes an increase
in the risk of developing lung cancer or it can correlate with another like-smoking is
correlated with alcoholism, but it does not cause alcoholism. Therefore, we can say
causation is not always correlation.
PEARSON’S R
Pearson's correlation coefficient (often denoted as Pearson's r) is one of the crucial
factors to consider when assessing the appropriateness of regression analysis. Pearson's r
measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous
variables. In the context of regression analysis, a high degree of correlation between the
independent and dependent variables suggests that there may be a meaningful relationship
to explore using regression techniques.
The requirements when considering the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient are:
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1. Scale of measurement should be interval or ratio.
2. Variables should be approximately normally distributed.
3. The association should be linear.
4. There should be no outliers in the data.
Pearson’s r is calculated using the formula:
r can take a range of values from +1 to -1
● A value of 0 indicates that there is no association between the two variables.

● A value greater than 0 indicates a positive association; that is, as the value of one
variable increases, so does the value of the other variable.
● A value less than 0 indicates a negative association; that is, as the value of one variable
increases, the value of the other variable decreases.
Example 1
In the example below of 6 people with different ages and different weight, let us try
calculating the value of the Pearson r.
Solution:
For the Calculation of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, we will first calculate the
following values:
Here the total number of people is 6 so, n=6
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Now the calculation of the Pearson R is as follows:
r = (n (∑xy)- (∑x)(∑y))/(√ [n ∑x2-(∑x)2][n ∑y2– (∑y)2 )

r = (6 * (13937)- (202)(409)) / (√ [6 *7280 -(202)2] * [6 * 28365- (409)2 )
r = (6 * (13937)- (202) * (409))/(√ [6 *7280 -(202)2] * [6 * 28365- (409)2 )
r = (83622- 82618)/(√ [43680 -40804] * [170190- 167281 )
r = 1004/(√ [2876] * [2909 )
r = 1004 / (√ 8366284)
r = 1004 / 2892.452938
r = 0.35
The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.35
It is important to note that, regression analysis may not be suitable in certain situations:
1. No Correlation: If there is no correlation between the variables, meaning they change
independently of each other, regression analysis will not provide meaningful insights or
predictions.
2. Non-linear Relationships: While regression can model linear relationships well, it may
not capture more complex, non-linear relationships effectively. In such cases,
alternative techniques like polynomial regression or non-linear regression may be more
appropriate.
3. Outliers: Outliers, or extreme data points, can disproportionately influence the
regression model and lead to inaccurate predictions. In the presence of outliers, it is
essential to assess their impact and consider alternative modeling approaches.
4. Violation of Assumptions: Regression analysis relies on certain assumptions, such as
the linearity of relationships and the absence of multicollinearity (high correlation
between predictor variables). If these assumptions are violated, the results of the
regression analysis may be unreliable.
REGRESSION
Regression is a statistical technique used to model the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Its primary objective is to
understand and predict the value of the dependent variable based on the values of the
independent variables. In simpler terms, regression helps us understand how changes in
one or more variables are associated with changes in another variable.
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Regression analysis is particularly useful when dealing with continuous data, where
variables can take on any value within a certain range. For example, variables such as height,
temperature, salary, and time are all continuous, meaning they can be measured along a
continuous scale. In regression, these continuous variables are used to predict or explain
the variability in another continuous variable, known as the dependent variable. By
analyzing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, regression
allows us to make predictions and understand how changes in one variable may impact the
other. This makes regression a powerful tool for forecasting, prediction, and understanding
complex relationships in various fields such as economics, social sciences, and healthcare
When we make a distribution in which there is an involvement of more than one
variable, then such an analysis is called Regression Analysis. It generally focuses on
finding or rather predicting the value of the variable that is dependent on the other.
Let there be two variables x and y. If y depends on x, then the result comes in the form of a
simple regression. Furthermore, we name the variables x and y as:
y – Regression / Dependent / Explained Variable.
It is the variable we want to predict or understand.
x – Independent /Predictor / Explanator Variable

It is used to predict or explain changes in the dependent variable.
Therefore, if we use a simple linear regression model where y depends on x, then the
regression line of y on x is:
y = a + bx + e
In this equation,
● a represents the intercept of the regression line with the y-axis.
● b represents the slope of the regression line, indicating the rate of change in y for a
unit change in x.
● e represents the error or residual, which accounts for the difference between the
observed values of y and the values predicted by the regression equation.
FINDING THE LINE
Regression analysis relies on the concept of the regression line or curve, which
represents the best-fit relationship between the variables involved. This line or curve is
determined by minimizing the differences between the observed values of the dependent
variable and the values predicted by the regression model.
The least squares method is commonly employed to find this best-fit line or curve.
This method minimizes the squared differences between observed and predicted values,
ensuring that the regression line captures the overall trend or pattern in the data as
accurately as possible. By systematically estimating the parameters of the regression
model, such as the intercept and slope, the least squares method provides a precise
description of the relationship between the variables.
Through the least squares method, regression analysis yields estimate of the
regression coefficients that define the best-fit relationship between the variables. These
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coefficients allow for making predictions about the dependent variable based on the values
of the independent variable(s) with greater accuracy and reliability. As a result, this is widely
used in regression analysis.
Properties of the Regression line:
● The line minimizes the sum of squared
difference between the observed values
(actual y-value) and the predicted value (ŷ
value)
● The line passes through the mean of
independent and dependent features.
Example 1
In the example of 6 people with different ages and different weight, let us draw the line of
best fit in Excel.
Solution:
Step 1: Select the Age and Weight.
Step 2: Insert a scatter chart and make changes to the following:
Trendline Name: Linear, check Display Equation on Chart
X axis minimum: 20
Step 3: Let us verify the values of slope and intercept using slope() and intercept() function
in excel.
Step 4: Click on any cell and type =slope (Now, select the values of Weight, and then type
comma. Now, select the values of Age and press enter.
Step 5: Click on any cell and type =intercept (Now, select the values of Weight, and then
type comma. Now, select the values of Age and press enter.
Some of the regression algorithms include Linear Regression, Logistic Regression,

Decision Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression. Let us learn about Linear Regression.
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Linear Regression
Linear regression is one of the most basic types of regression in machine learning.
The linear regression model consists of a predictor variable and a dependent variable
related linearly to each other. In case the data involves more than one independent variable,
then linear regression is called multiple linear regression models.
Linear regression is further divided into two types:
a) Simple Linear Regression: The
dependent variable's value is
predicted using a single independent
variable in simple linear regression.
b) Multiple Linear Regression: In
multiple linear regression, more than
one independent variable is used to
predict the value of the dependent
variable.
Applications of Linear Regression:
● Market Analysis: Linear regression helps understand how different factors like
pricing, sales quantity, advertising, and social media engagement relate to each other
in the market.
● Sales Forecasting: It predicts future sales by analyzing past sales data along with
factors like marketing spending, seasonal trends, and consumer behavior.
● Predicting Salary Based on Experience: Linear regression estimates a person's
salary based on their years of experience, education, and job role, aiding in
recruitment and compensation planning.
● Sports Analysis: Linear regression analyzes player and team performance by
considering statistics, game conditions, and opponent strength, assisting coaches
and team management in decision-making.
● Medical Research: Linear regression examines relationships between factors like
age, weight, and health outcomes, helping researchers identify risk factors and
evaluate interventions.
Advantages of Linear regression
● Simple technique and easy to implement
● Efficient to train the machine on this model
Disadvantages of Linear regression
1. Sensitivity to outliers, which can significantly impact the analysis.
2. Limited to linear relationships between variables.
https://www.javatpoint.com/linear-regression-in-machine-learning
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For Advanced Learners – Python program for Linear regression
Import scipy and draw the line of Linear Regression:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Sample data
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
y = np.array([2, 4, 5, 4, 5])
# Calculate mean and standard deviation
x_mean = np.mean(x)
y_mean = np.mean(y)
x_std = np.std(x)
y_std = np.std(y)
# Calculate covariance and slope
covariance = np.sum((x - x_mean) * (y - y_mean)) / (len(x) - 1)
slope = covariance / (x_std**2)
# Calculate y-intercept (b)
intercept = y_mean - slope * x_mean
# Predicted values
y_pred = slope * x + intercept
# Plot data and regression line
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.plot(x, y_pred, color='red')
# Add labels and title
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.title('Simple Linear Regression')
# Show the plot
plt.show()
# Print slope and intercept
print(f"Slope: {slope:.2f}")
print(f"Intercept: {intercept:.2f}")
This program:
● Imports numpy for numerical calculations and matplotlib.pyplot for plotting.

● Defines sample data for x and y. You can replace this with your own data.
● Calculates mean, standard deviation, covariance, and slope.
● Calculates y-intercept based on slope and mean.
● Predicts y values for given x using the linear equation.
● Plots the data points and the regression line.
● Prints the estimated slope and intercept values.
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The expected output of the above program would be
REFERENCES
Video links:
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHeaoaiBM6Y
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWCRDH1_rv0
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUPagM-OB_M
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtsRRUddV2s&t=70s
2. CLASSIFICATION
Classification is a fundamental concept in artificial intelligence and machine learning

that involves categorizing data into predefined classes or categories. The main objective of
classification is to assign labels to data instances based on their features or attributes. In
classification, the data is typically labeled with class labels or categories, and the goal is to
build a model that can accurately assign these labels to new, unseen data instances. This
process is supervised learning, where the model learns from labeled training data to make
predictions on unseen data.
For example, let us say, you live in a gated housing society and your society has
separate dustbins for different types of waste: paper waste, plastic waste, food waste and so
on. What you are basically doing over here is classifying the waste into different categories
and then labeling each category. In the picture given below, we are assigning the labels
‘paper’, ‘metal’, ‘plastic’, and so on to different types of waste.
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Look at the two graphs below and suggest which graph represents the classification
problem.
Graph 1 Graph 2
____________________________________ ____________________________________
How Classification Works

In classification tasks within machine learning, the process revolves around
categorizing data into distinct groups or classes based on their features. Here is how it
typically works:
● Classes or Categories: Data is divided into different classes or categories, each
representing a specific outcome or group. For example, in a binary classification
scenario, there are two classes: positive and negative.
● Features or Attributes: Each data instance is described by its features or attributes,
which provide information about the instance. These features are crucial for the
classification model to differentiate between different classes. For instance, in email
classification, features might include words in the email text, sender information, and
email subject.
● Training Data: The classification model is trained using a dataset known as training
data. This dataset consists of labelled examples, where each data instance is
associated with a class label. The model learns from this data to understand the
relationship between the features and the corresponding class labels.
● Classification Model: An algorithm or technique is used to build the classification
model. This model learns from the training data to predict the class labels of new,
unseen data instances. It aims to generalize from the patterns and relationships in
the training data to make accurate predictions.
● Prediction or Inference: Once trained, the classification model is used to predict the
class labels of new data instances. This process, known as prediction or inference,
relies on the learned patterns and relationships from the training data.
Types of classification
The four main types of classification are:
1) Binary Classification
2) Multi-Class Classification
3) Multi-Label Classification
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4) Imbalanced Classification
Classification Binary Multi-Class Multi-Label Imbalanced
Type Classification Classification Classification Classification
Classification Classification tasks
Classification tasks where each with unequally
Classification
tasks with more example may distributed class
Description tasks with two
than two class belong to labels, typically with
class labels.
labels. multiple class a majority and
labels. minority class.
• Email spam
• Face
detection -
classification
spam or not
• Plant species • Photo
• Conversion
classification classification
prediction -
• Optical - objects • Fraud detection
buy or not
character present in • Outlier detection
Example • Medical test
recognition the photo • Medical
- Cancer
• Image (bicycle, diagnostic tests
detected or
classification apple,
not
into person, etc.)
• Exam
thousands of
results -
classes
pass/fail
K- Nearest Neighbour algorithm (KNN)

The K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm, commonly known as KNN or k-NN, is a versatile
non-parametric supervised learning technique used for both classification and regression
tasks. It operates based on the principle of proximity, making predictions or classifications
by considering the similarity between data points.
Why KNN Algorithm is Needed:

KNN is particularly useful when dealing with classification problems where the
decision boundaries are not clearly defined or when the dataset does not have a well-
defined structure. It provides a simple yet effective method for identifying the category or
class of a new data point based on its similarity to existing data points.
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Steps involved in k-NN
● Select the number K of the neighbors
● Calculate the Euclidean distance of K number of neighbors
● Take the K nearest neighbors as per the calculated Euclidean distance.
● Among these k neighbors, count the number of the data points in each category.
● Assign the new data points to that category for which the number of the neighbor is
maximum.
● Our model is ready.
Applications of KNN:
● Image recognition and classification
● Recommendation systems
● Healthcare diagnostics
● Text mining and sentiment analysis
● Anomaly detection
Advantages of KNN:
● Easy to implement and understand.
● No explicit training phase; the model learns directly from the training data.
● Suitable for both classification and regression tasks.
● Robust to outliers and noisy data.
Limitations of KNN:
● Computationally expensive, especially for large datasets.
● Sensitivity to the choice of distance metric and the number of neighbors (K).
● Requires careful preprocessing and feature scaling.
● Not suitable for high-dimensional data due to the curse of dimensionality.
For advanced learners – Python Program for K Nearest Neighbor Algorithm
# importing libraries
import numpy as nm
import matplotlib.pyplot as mtp
import pandas as pd
#importing datasets
data_set= pd.read_csv('user_data.csv')
#Extracting Independent and dependent Variable

x= data_set.iloc[:, [2,3]].values
y= data_set.iloc[:, 4].values
# Splitting the dataset into training and test set.
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test= train_test_split(x, y, test_size= 0.25, random_state=0)
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#feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
st_x= StandardScaler()
x_train= st_x.fit_transform(x_train)
x_test= st_x.transform(x_test)
Reference: https://www.javatpoint.com/k-nearest-neighbor-algorithm-for-machine-
learning
Note to the teacher: Can introduce Teachable Machine to develop any image classifier
problem.
Website: https://teachablemachine.withgoogle.com/
REFERENCES
Video Session:
Classification: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBKI7XvD8R8
KNN Algorithm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p0o5cmgLdE
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B. UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
3. CLUSTERING
Clustering, or cluster analysis, is a machine learning technique used to group unlabeled
dataset into clusters or groups based on similarity. Clustering aims to organize data points
into groups where points within the same group are more similar to each other than to those
in other groups. It involves finding patterns or structures in the data without the need for
predefined class labels. It does it by finding some similar patterns in the unlabelled dataset
such as shape, size, color, behavior, etc., and divides them as per the presence and absence
of those similar patterns. It is an unsupervised learning method, hence no supervision is
provided to the algorithm, and it deals with the unlabeled dataset.
The clustering technique is commonly used for statistical data analysis.
Example: Let us consider the clustering technique using a real-world example. Imagine you
are visiting a shopping center where items are grouped together based on their similarities.
For instance, in the fruits section, you will find apples, bananas, and grapes neatly arranged
together. This organization makes it convenient for shoppers to locate specific items they
are looking for.
Based on colour
Based on size
In a similar way, clustering algorithms group similar data points together based on common
characteristics or features. This approach helps in organizing and making sense of large
datasets in various tasks, such as market segmentation, image recognition, and customer
segmentation.
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How Clustering Works:
To cluster data effectively, follow these key steps:
1) Prepare the Data: Select the right features for clustering and make sure the data is
ready by scaling or transforming it as needed.
2) Create Similarity Metrics: Define how similar data points are by comparing their
features. This similarity measure is crucial for clustering.
3) Run the Clustering Algorithm: Apply a clustering algorithm to group the data. Choose
one that works well with your dataset size and characteristics.
4) Interpret the Results: Analyze the clusters to understand what they represent. Since
clustering is unsupervised, interpretation is essential for assessing the quality of the
clusters.
Types of Clustering Methods
Some of the common clustering methods used in Machine learning are:
1) Partitioning Clustering
2) Density-Based Clustering
3) Distribution Model-Based Clustering
4) Hierarchical Clustering
1. Partitioning Clustering
It is a type of clustering that divides the data into non-
hierarchical groups. It is also known as the centroid-
based method. The most common example of
partitioning clustering is the K-Means Clustering
algorithm. In this type, the dataset is divided into a
set of k groups, where k is used to define the number
of pre-defined groups. The cluster center is created
in such a way that the distance between the data
points of one cluster is minimum as compared to
another cluster centroid.
2. Density-Based Clustering
The density-based clustering method connects the
highly-dense areas into clusters, and the arbitrarily
shaped distributions are formed as long as the dense
region can be connected. This algorithm does it by
identifying different clusters in the dataset and
connects the areas of high densities into clusters.
The dense areas in data space are divided from each
other by sparser areas. These algorithms can face
difficulty in clustering the data points if the dataset
has varying densities and high dimensions.
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3. Distribution Model-Based Clustering
In the distribution model-based clustering method,
the data is divided based on the probability of how a
dataset belongs to a particular distribution. The
grouping is done by assuming some distributions
commonly Gaussian Distribution.
The example of this type is the Expectation-
Maximization Clustering algorithm that uses
Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM).
4. Hierarchical Clustering
Hierarchical clustering can be used as an alternative
for the partitioned clustering as there is no
requirement of pre-specifying the number of clusters
to be created. In this technique, the dataset is
divided into clusters to create a tree-like structure,
which is also called a dendrogram. The observations
or any number of clusters can be selected by cutting
the tree at the correct level. The most common
example of this method is the Agglomerative
Hierarchical algorithm.
K- Means clustering
K-Means Clustering is an unsupervised learning algorithm that is used to solve the
clustering problems in machine learning or data science. The k-means algorithm is one of
the most popular clustering algorithms. It classifies the dataset by dividing the samples into
different clusters of equal variances. The number of clusters must be specified in this
algorithm.
Steps involved K-Means Clustering:

The working of the K-Means algorithm is explained in the below steps:
● Select the number K to decide the number of clusters.
● Select random K points or centroids. (It can be other from the input dataset).
● Assign each data point to their closest centroid, which will form the predefined K
clusters.
● Calculate the variance and place a new centroid of each cluster.
● Repeat the third steps, which means reassign each datapoint to the new closest
centroid of each cluster.
● If any reassignment occurs, then go to step-4 else go to FINISH.
● The model is ready.
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Activity: Visual AI: This tool allows you to visualize K-means clustering in real-time. Upload
your own data or use provided examples, adjust parameters, and see how clusters change
visually using the link Visualise k-means
Applications of K-Means Clustering:

● Market Segmentation: group customers based on similar purchasing behaviours or
demographics for tailored marketing strategies.
● Image Segmentation: partition images into regions of similar colours to aid in tasks
like object detection and compression.
● Document Clustering: categorize documents based on content similarity, aiding in
organization and information retrieval.
● Anomaly Detection: identify outliers by clustering normal data points and detecting
deviations.
● Customer Segmentation: segment customers for targeted marketing and
personalized experiences.
Advantages of K-Means Clustering:

● Easy to implement, making it suitable for users of all levels.
● Handles large datasets with low computational resources.
● Works well with numerous features and data points.
● Are easy to understand, aiding in decision-making.
● Applicable across various domains and data types.
Limitations of K-Means Clustering:

● Results can vary based on initial centroid placement.
● Assumes clusters are spherical, which is not always true.
● Number of clusters must be known beforehand.
● Outliers can distort clusters due to their influence on centroids.
● May converge to suboptimal solutions instead of the global optimum.
For advanced Learners – Python Program for K Means Clustering

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
# Generate synthetic data

X, _ = make_blobs(n_samples=300, centers=4, cluster_std=0.60, random_state=0)
# Apply K-means clustering

kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=4)
kmeans.fit(X)
y_kmeans = kmeans.predict(X)
# Plot the data points and centroids
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plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y_kmeans, s=50, cmap='viridis')
centers = kmeans.cluster_centers_
plt.scatter(centers[:, 0], centers[:, 1], c='red', s=200, alpha=0.75)
plt.title('K-means Clustering')
plt.xlabel('Feature 1')
plt.ylabel('Feature 2')
plt.show()
Output
This program does the following:

1. Generates synthetic data using make_blobs from sklearn.datasets.
2. Applies K-means clustering with n_clusters=4.
3. Plots the data points colored by their cluster assignments and shows the centroids
as red circles.
You can adjust the parameters like the number of clusters, standard deviation, and
number of samples in make_blobs to observe different clustering scenarios.
REFERENCES
Video Session
Videos: Clustering: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wk2ylI1qgU0
K-means clustering: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4b5d3muPQmA&t=119s
EXERCISES
1. Which of the following are the types of correlation?
a. Positive correlation
b. Negative Correlation
c. No correlation
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following techniques is an analysis of the relationship between
two variables to provide the prediction mechanism?
a. Standard error
b. Correlation
c. Regression
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d. None of the above
3. Which of the given plots is suitable for testing the linear relationship between
a dependent and independent variable?
a. Bar chart
b. Scatter plot
c. Histograms
d. All of the above
4. Which of the following scatter plots represents a positive correlation?
a. points scattered randomly with no apparent trend
b. points forming a diagonal line and bottom left to top right
c. points forming a diagonal line from top left to bottom right
d. points clustered around a central point
5. Which regression technique is used when there is only one independent
variable?
a. logistic regression
b. multiple linear regression
c. simple linear regression
d. polynomial regression
6. What is one advantage of linear regression analysis?
a. it is robust to outliers
b. it can capture nonlinear relationships between variables
c. it is simple and easy to interpret
d. it is suitable for classification tasks
7. What is supervised learning in Artificial Intelligence?
a. training a computer algorithm on input data that is not labelled.
b. training a computer algorithm on input data that has been labelled for
a specific output.
c. training a computer algorithm without any input data
d. training a computer algorithm to perform unsupervised tasks.
8. Which type of classification involves categorizing data into two distinct classes?
a. multi-class classification
b. binary classification
c. unsupervised classification
d. regression classification
9. What is logistic regression commonly used for in binary classification?
a. categorizing observations into multiple classes
b. predicting continuous values for input data
c. categorizing observations into two distinct classes
d. identifying unstructured data patterns
10. What is the primary goal of classification in AI?
a. categorizing data into random groups
b. locating and classifying things or concepts into predefined groups
c. predicting continuous values for input data
d. identifying unstructured data patterns
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11.Which algorithm is commonly used for binary classification?
a. Decision trees
b. Support Vector Machine
c. Logistic Regression
d. k-Nearest Neighbors
12. The K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm assigns a class to new data point by
considering:
a. Distance from the data point to a predefined decision boundary
b. Majority vote of its K nearest neighbors in the training data
c. Similarity of the data point to a cluster centroid
d. probability of each class given the data point’s features.
13. What does a classification model in AI ultimately want to achieve?
a. to identify patterns and associations in data
b. to predict continuous numerical values
c. to categorize input data into predefined classes or labels
d. to optimize decision-making processes
14.What are some challenges in applying classification models to real-world
problems?
a. Data bias and fairness
b. Interpretability and explainability
c. overfitting and underfitting
d. All of the above
15.What is clustering?
a. Grouping labeled dataset
b. Dividing data into different clusters
c. Finding linear association between variables
d. Predicting future behaviors of a dependent variable
16. Which type of learning does clustering belong to?
a. Supervised learning
b. Unsupervised learning
c. Semi-supervised learning
d. Reinforcement learning
17. Which method is used to group highly dense areas into clusters?
a. Partitioning clustering
b. Density-based clustering
c. Distribution model-based clustering
d. Hierarchical clustering
18. Which algorithm is an example of partitioning clustering?
a. Mean-shift algorithm
b. DBSCAN algorithm
c. K-Means algorithm
d. Fuzzy clustering algorithm
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19.Which clustering method allows data objects to belong to more than one group or
cluster?
a. Partitioning clustering
b. Density-based clustering
c. Distribution model-based clustering
d. Fuzzy clustering
20.Which clustering algorithm is sensitive to outliers?
a. K-Means algorithm
b. Mean-shift algorithm
c. DBSCAN algorithm
d. Hierarchical clustering
B. Fill in the blanks

1. In ___________ type of ML, the models are not trained in labeled data sets.
2. The ___________________ measures the linear relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
3. _________________predicts continuous numerical
values, while Logistic regression predicts discrete categories.
4. _____________ are data points on the scatterplot that do not follow the pattern of
the dataset.
5. _______________ algorithm operates based on the principle of proximity, making
predictions by considering the similarity between data points.
6. Clustering is a machine learning technique used to group ____________ dataset.
7. Partitioning clustering divides the data into non-hierarchical groups, also known as
____________ method.
8. Density-based clustering connects highly dense areas into clusters, separated by
areas of ____________.
9. The primary requirement for the number of clusters in K-Means algorithm is
____________ beforehand.
10.Clustering is widely used in applications such as market segmentation and
____________.
C. True or False:
1. Clustering is a supervised learning technique.
2. Hierarchical Clustering requires pre-specifying the number of clusters.
3. Fuzzy clustering is a hard clustering method.
4. Classification is an unsupervised learning technique.
5. In k-NN algorithm, k is the number of nearest data points.
6. K-Means algorithm requires specifying the number of clusters.
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ANSWERS
1. a. All of the above
2. c. Regression
3. b. Scatter plot
4. b. points forming a diagonal line and bottom left to top right
5. c. simple linear regression
6. c. it is simple and easy to interpret
7. b. training a computer algorithm on input data that has been labelled for a specific
output.
8. b. binary classification
9. c. categorizing observations into two distinct classes
10. b. locating and classifying things or concepts into predefined groups
11. c. Logistic Regression
12. b. Majority vote of its K nearest neighbors in the training data
13. c. to categorize input data into predefined classes or label
14. d. All of the above
15. b. Dividing data into different clusters
16. b. Unsupervised learning
17. c. Distribution model-based clustering
18. c. K-Means algorithm
19. d. Fuzzy clustering algorithm
20. a. K-Means algorithm
B. Fill in the blanks
1. Unsupervised Learning
2. Correlation coefficient
3. Linear Regression
4. Outlier
5. K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm
6. unlabelled dataset
7. centroid-based method
8. low point density
9. Specified
10. Data Analysis
C. True or False:
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True
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D. Short answer type questions:
1. What is Machine learning? Name the three methods of machine learning.
Ans. Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) focused on building
computer systems that learn from data. It uses algorithms that learn from data to
make predictions. The predictions can be generated through three methods known
as supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. In
supervised learning algorithms learn patterns from existing data, in unsupervised
learning, they discover general patterns in data and reinforcement learning where
they learn through reward and punishment methods.
2. How are correlation measures used in AI applications?
Ans. Feature selection: Identify features highly correlated with the target variable,
potentially indicating relevance for prediction. Exploratory data analysis:
Understand relationships between variables and identify potential or anomalies.
Recommender systems: Recommend items based on past user behaviour and
correlations between items purchased together.
3. Name some examples of regression algorithms?
Ans. Examples of regression algorithms include Linear Regression, Polynomial
Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Elastic Net Regression, Support
Vector Regression (SVR), Decision Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression,
and Gradient Boosting Regression. These algorithms are used to predict
continuous numerical values are widely applied in various fields such as finance,
economics and engineering.
4. What are regression algorithms used for?
Ans. Regression algorithms are used for predicting continuous numerical values based
on input features. They are widely applied in various fields such as finance for stock
price forecasting, economics for predicting economic indicators, healthcare for
disease progression estimation, and engineering for predicting product
performance. Regression analysis helps uncover relationships between variables
and make informed predictions for future data points.
5. What is Linear regression? Give two applications of regression in machine
learning?
Ans. Linear Regression is a supervised learning algorithm. It makes use of one
independent variable X to predict the outcome of a second dependent variable Y.
In machine learning, regression is used to predict outputs and forecast trends.
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6. How can outliers impact regression analysis?
Ans. An outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations. An outlier
may be due to a variability in the measurement, an indication of data which may be
collected or it may be the result of experimental error. They can significantly skew
the results of regression analysis by distorting the regression line and affecting the
accuracy of predictions.
7. What is the primary difference between classification and regression?
Ans. Classification predicts discrete values, while regression predicts continuous
values.
8. Provide examples of classification problems in real-life scenarios.
Ans. Examples of classification problems include email spam detection, handwritten
character recognition, and sentiment analysis in social media posts.
9. What are some common applications of clustering techniques?
Ans. Common applications of clustering techniques include market segmentation,
statistical data analysis, social network analysis, image segmentation, and anomaly
detection.
10. List the types of clustering methods.
Ans. Types of clustering methods include partitioning clustering, density-based
clustering, distribution model-based clustering, hierarchical clustering, and fuzzy
clustering.
E. Long Answer Questions:
1. How does classification model work?
Ans.
• Classes or Categories: Data is organized into different groups, such as "positive"
and "negative," representing distinct outcomes.
• Features or Attributes: Each data instance is described by specific
characteristics or attributes, providing information about the instance.
• Training Data: The classification model learns from a dataset containing labeled
examples, associating each instance with a class label.
• Classification Model: An algorithm or technique is applied to the training data to
build a model that can predict the class labels of new instances.
• Prediction or Inference: Once trained, the model is used to classify new data
instances based on the patterns learned during training.
2. Explain the types of clustering.

Ans.
• Partitioning Clustering: This method divides data into non-hierarchical groups
using a centroid-based approach, where data points are grouped into k clusters
based on the proximity to cluster centroids. Eg: K-Means Clustering algorithm.
• Density-Based Clustering: This technique identifies clusters by connecting
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highly dense areas in the dataset, allowing for arbitrarily shaped clusters to form
as long as dense regions are connected. Eg: DBSCAN algorithm.
• Distribution Model-Based Clustering: Here, data is clustered based on the
probability of belonging to a particular distribution, often assuming Gaussian
distributions. Eg: Expectation-Maximization Clustering algorithm, using Gaussian
Mixture Models (GMM).
• Hierarchical Clustering: This approach creates a tree-like structure, or
dendrogram, to cluster data without requiring the pre-specification of the number
of clusters. Eg: Agglomerative Hierarchical algorithm.
3. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of linear regression.

Ans:
Advantages of Linear regression
• Simple technique and easy to implement
• Efficient to train the machine on this model
Disadvantages of Linear regression
• Sensitivity to outliers, which can significantly impact the analysis.
• Limited to linear relationships between variables.
4. What are the steps involved in k-NN algorithm?
Ans:
● Select the number K of the neighbors
● Calculate the Euclidean distance of K number of neighbors
● Take the K nearest neighbors as per the calculated Euclidean distance.
● Among these k neighbors, count the number of the data points in each
category.
● Assign the new data points to that category for which the number of the
neighbor is maximum.
● Our model is ready.
5. What are the steps involved in k-means clustering?
Ans:
● Select the number K to decide the number of clusters.
● Select random K points or centroids. (It can be other from the input dataset).
● Assign each data point to their closest centroid, which will form the predefined
K clusters.
● Calculate the variance and place a new centroid of each cluster.
● Repeat the third steps, which means reassign each datapoint to the new
closest centroid of each cluster.
● If any reassignment occurs, then go to step-4 else go to FINISH.
● The model is ready.
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F. Competency Based Questions
1. Asmita is developing an AI-driven recommendation system for a retail e-commerce
platform. What type of machine learning method might she have used to:
a. Train the model with details of past purchases, user interactions, and product
ratings?
b. Identify groups of similar users or products based on their browsing
behavior?
Ans:
a. Supervised Learning
b. Unsupervised Learning
2. Suppose you are a sales manager tasked with forecasting sales for the upcoming
quarter. Describe how you would use linear regression in this scenario, including the
data you would collect and the steps involved in the analysis.
Ans. In sales forecasting, linear regression can be used to predict future sales based
on historical sales data, marketing spends, seasonality, and other factors. The sales
manager would collect historical sales data along with relevant variables such as
advertising expenditures, promotional activities, and economic indicators. By
analysing this data using linear regression, the sales manager can forecast future
sales trends and adjust strategies accordingly.
3. Observe the scatter plot showing the amount of sleep needed per day by age.
What type of correlation is shown here?
Ans. As age increases (moving along the x-axis toward greater numbers), the amount
of sleep needed decreases (y-values decreasing). This is a negative correlation.
This indicates that as individuals grow older, they generally require less sleep.
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4. Ramesh is working on an assignment where he needs to categorize real-world
applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into two groups: Classification and
Clustering. While his initial attempt seems partially correct, his teacher identified
a mistake.
Classification Clustering
Medical Diagnosis E-mail Spam Detection
Sentiment Analysis Identifying high risk patient groups
Fraud Detection Anomaly detection in network traffic
Identify the mistake
Ans: E-mail Spam Detection is categorized under Clustering, but it should be under
Classification.
5. Researchers are developing a new blood test to detect cancer early. The test
analyzes various biomarkers (indicators) in a patient's blood sample. The test
results need to be categorized accurately. A positive result should indicate the
presence of cancer cells, while a negative result should indicate no cancer. Which
type of classification algorithm would be most suitable for this new cancer
detection blood test?
Ans: Binary Classification
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UNIT 7: Leveraging Linguistics and Computer Science
Title: Leveraging linguistics and Approach: Interactive/ Collaborative /

computer science Activity
Summary:
Combining the methods and ideas from computer science with linguistics allows for
the improvement of many applications pertaining to language understanding and
processing. Significant progress is made in natural language processing, machine
translation, sentiment analysis, information retrieval, speech recognition, syntax
parsing, computational semantics, and dialogue systems by fusing linguistic
theories with computer approaches. Computers can now comprehend, analyze, and
produce human language more effectively because to this multidisciplinary
approach, which also improves their performance in tasks like sentiment analysis,
speech recognition, search engine optimization, translation, and conversation
interaction.
1. Understand the challenges of natural language processing (NLP) and
its importance in modern technology.
2. Explore the components and processes involved in NLP, including
lexical analysis, syntactical analysis, semantic analysis, discourse
integration, and pragmatic analysis.
3. Learn about the applications of NLP in various fields such as
sentiment analysis, smart assistants, email filtering, predictive text,
document analysis, and automatic summarization.
Key Concepts:
1. Understanding Human Language Complexity
2. Introduction to Natural Language Processing (NLP) - Emotion Detection and
Sentiment Analysis, Classification Problems, Chatbot
3. Phases of NLP
4. Applications of NLP
Learning Outcomes:
Develop a better understanding of the complexities of language and the challenges
involved in NLP tasks. Learn new techniques and algorithms for NLP tasks.
Pre-requisites: Knowledge in language, NLP, Data, AI, ML, NLP
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Unlocking the Secrets of Language: A Teacher's Guide to Natural Language
Processing (NLP)
This lesson equips you to introduce students to the fascinating world of Natural Language
Processing (NLP) – how computers understand and process human language.
Hooking Students with the Challenges of Communication:
• Break the Ice: Start with a fun activity! Play a classic game of telephone or try deciphering
a coded message. Discuss how even simple communication can be easily misunderstood.
Lost in Translation? Computers and Human Language:
• Spark curiosity with a discussion on how computers, unlike humans, struggle to understand
the complexities of human language. Explore challenges like:
o Ambiguity: Words can have multiple meanings depending on context.
o Sarcasm and Humor: Computers struggle to interpret these subtleties.
o Informal Language: Slang and colloquialisms pose difficulties for machines.
Introducing NLP: Bridging the Gap:
• Enter NLP! Introduce Natural Language Processing – the field that bridges the gap between
human language and computers.
Demystifying NLP Concepts:
• Explain key NLP concepts with real-world applications:

o Tokenization: Breaking down text into individual units like words or phrases. (e.g.,
"This is a sentence" becomes ["This", "is", "a", "sentence"])
o Sentiment Analysis: Extracting opinions and emotions from text. (e.g., Analysing
product reviews to understand customer sentiment)
Looking Beyond Words: Recognizing Emotions in Text:
• Explore how NLP goes beyond words to analyze attitudes and emotions in text. Discuss:
o Applications: Social media monitoring, customer service chatbots, market research.
o Challenges: Understanding context, sarcasm, and cultural nuances.
Chatbots: Conversational AI in Action:
• Introduce chatbots – computer programs that simulate conversation with humans. Explore
examples like virtual assistants or customer service bots.
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Applying NLP in the Real World:
• Guide students in exploring how NLP tackles real-world tasks:

o Sentiment Analysis: Analyzing online reviews or social media posts to understand
public opinion.
o Text Summarization: Automatically creating concise summaries of lengthy
documents.
o Language Translation: Breaking down language barriers with machine translation.
o Chatbot Development: Building interactive chatbots for various applications.
Designing Your Own Chatbot:
• Take it to the next level! Guide students through the design process for their own chatbot:
o User Personas: Define who the target user of the chatbot is.
o Goals: Determine what the chatbot should accomplish.
o Conversational Flows: Map out the conversation flow and responses.
o Implementing NLP: Integrate NLP techniques for understanding user input.
o Iteration and Feedback: Test, refine, and improve the chatbot based on user
feedback.
This lesson provides a captivating introduction to NLP and empowers students to explore its
potential applications in our ever-evolving world.
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1. Understanding Human Language Complexity
1. What are some challenges people face when communicating with each other, even
if they speak the same language? (This question primes students to think about the
complexities of human language that the passage will address.)
2. Have you ever interacted with a technology that seems to understand what you say?
What is it? (This question activates students' prior knowledge about virtual assistants
and NLP, which will be discussed later in the passage.)
Linguistics is a field of study that focuses on the strategic application of linguistic

principles and practices to meet specific objectives or goals. The field of linguistics is often
used in marketing, advertising, communications, education, natural language processing,
etc. Understanding how language works (including its structure, semantics and pragmatics,
as well as sociolinguistics) allows individuals and organizations to tailor their messages,
improve communication and influence behavior.
Understanding human language is difficult, even for people who have grown up with
it. Human language is incredibly complex, full of strange expressions that seem to contradict
each other, metaphors that require cultural knowledge to understand, and grammatical
structures that sometimes turn simple ideas into tongue-twisters. Machines require
systems that research scientists call Natural Language Processing, or NLP, to understand
human language.
NLP is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that allows computers to understand,
create, and manipulate human speech. NLP has the capability to query the data with natural-
language text or voice. It is also known as “language in”. Most consumers have interacted
with NLP. For example, NLP is at the core of the technology behind virtual assistants like
ODA, Siri, Cortana, Alexa, etc. NLP can be applied to both written text and speech. Some
examples of tools that are powered by NLP are: Web search, Email spam filtering, Auto-
translate text or speech Document summarization Sentiment analysis Grammar/spell
checking.
Activity 1: Find five interesting facts about “IBM Project Debater” and write in the space
provided below.
Answer: Real-Time Argument Generation, Massive Data Processing, Natural Language
Understanding, Debate with Humans, Speech Synthesis and Delivery
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2. Introduction to Natural Language Processing
1. What are some ways that computers typically organize information? (This question
primes students to think about structured data, which will be contrasted with
unstructured human language in the passage.)
2. Can you think of any examples from your own experience where language can be
confusing or misleading? (This question activates students' prior knowledge about
ambiguity in language, which will be discussed later in the passage.)
Computers are best at working with structured data, in which everything is neatly grouped
and labelled. Unfortunately for machines, human language is anything but structured. You
have been using language for most of your life. Your brain accomplishes this through some
of the most complicated neural circuitry on Earth. But it is very difficult to create machines
that can work with human language.
In NLP, machines segment sentences and extract meaning from “tokens” of
human language. Human language is unstructured. Although it is loosely held together by
rules of grammar, our language expresses information in many confusing ways. Unlike
structured information, which can be arranged in tables or matrices with neatly labeled rows
and columns, unstructured information is messy and difficult to understand. To see why,
consider this famous joke by Groucho Marx.
“One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don’t know.”
-Adapted from Groucho Marx, 20th century comedian and movie star
To deal with the “messiness” of unstructured information, computers begin with one
sentence at a time. This is called sentence segmentation. Computers then break the
information into small chunks of information, called tokens, that can be individually
classified. Once the tokens in text have been sorted into a structure based on what they
mean, NLP can work with them.
The following activities show you how Groucho Marx’s joke can be tokenized into
useful categories called entities and relationships.
● An entity is a noun representing a person, place, or thing. It is not an adjective, verb,
or other article of speech.
Activity 2:
Now keeping this in mind, identify the entities in the sentence “I shot an elephant in my
pajamas.”
Answer: I, elephant, pajamas
● A relationship is a group of two or more entities that have a strong connection to one
another.
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Activity 3:
Recall Groucho Marx’s quote:
“One morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got my pajamas, I don’t know.”
Now keeping this in mind, identify the relationship between the entities in Groucho Marx’s
statement:
I + elephant, I + pajamas, in + pajamas, elephant + pajamas, I + shot
Relationship between two entities Not a relationship between two entities

I + elephant, I + pajamas I + shot
elephant + pajamas in + pajamas
Once an AI has classified entities and relationships in text or speech, the AI can begin
structuring the information as a step toward understanding it. Your brain, by the way, does
the same thing, which might have helped you find entities and relationships in the previous
activities. For example, consider the following two sentences: “Manu broke the toy. He
always breaks toys.” Notice that there is a relationship between the two sentences: the
word he is related to the word Manu. The machine uses NLP to identify this relationship.
● A concept is something implied in a sentence but not actually stated. This is trickier
because it involves matching ideas rather than the specific words present in the
sentence.
Activity 4:
Recall, once more, Groucho Marx’s statement:
“One morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got my pajamas, I don't know.”
Based on this statement, select the words that are concepts implied, but not stated.
 Safari
 Rifle
 Photographed
 Pajamas
Answers: Rifle, Photographed, Safari
Emotion Detection and Sentiment Analysis

Aspect Emotion Detection Sentiment Analysis
Identifies distinct human emotion
Definition Measures the strength of an emotion.
types.
Determining if an expression is Assessing if data is positive, negative,
Examples
anger, happiness, etc. or neutral.
Analyzing user ratings, comments Reading social media posts, customer
Use Cases
in surveys, etc. service chats, etc.
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Aspect Emotion Detection Sentiment Analysis
Can be trained to classify Utilizes a sliding scale between
AI Training
emotions. positive and negative.
Identifying emotional tokens to Assessing the overall tone or
Purpose
understand context. sentiment of text data.
Classification Problem
Here is an old-fashioned riddle:
Why does your nose run and your feet smell?
Human language is full of terms that are vague or have

double meanings. This is called a classification problem.
In this riddle, the phrases "your nose run" and "your
feet smell" are used in a humorous way to highlight the ambiguity of language, which poses
a classification problem. For instance, "a runny nose" typically refers to having a cold and
needing tissues to wipe one's nose, while "a smelly foot" indicates that one's foot has an
unpleasant odour. The challenge arises because the words "run" and "smell" have multiple
meanings.
Similarly, in everyday language, phrases like "shipping a box by train" or "filling in a
form by filling it out" may seem contradictory or confusing due to the double meanings of
the words used. While humans can quickly grasp the intended meaning based on context, AI
systems may struggle to accurately classify such phrases without a comprehensive
understanding of language nuances and context.
To address this problem,
● An AI system utilizes machine learning techniques such as supervised learning.
● By feeding the system with a large dataset containing examples of language usage
and their corresponding classifications, the AI system learns patterns and
relationships between words, phrases, and their meanings.
● Over time and with exposure to more data, the AI system improves its
classification accuracy by adjusting its internal parameters based on the observed
patterns.
● AI systems may not achieve perfect classification accuracy. There will always be
some degree of uncertainty or error associated with the system's classifications.
To address this, well-designed AI systems not only provide a response but also a
confidence value, indicating the system's level of certainty in its classification.
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Chatbots
1. Imagine you are playing a game with a friend where you can only give pre-
programmed responses. What are some challenges you might face in
communicating with your friend? (This question primes students to think about the
limitations of rule-based systems, which will be introduced in the context of
chatbots later in the passage.)
2. Have you ever interacted with a voice assistant or messaging bot? What did you
find interesting or challenging about your experience? (This question activates
students' prior knowledge about chatbots and conversational interfaces, which will
be discussed in detail in the passage.)
Chatbots are software applications or computer programs designed to simulate

conversation with human users, typically through text-based or voice-based interactions.
They use artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning
techniques to understand user queries and provide appropriate responses. Chatbots can be
integrated into various platforms such as websites, messaging apps, and voice assistants,
and they serve a wide range of purposes including customer support, information retrieval,
task automation, and entertainment.
Chatbots, utilized in various fields from retail to healthcare, offer constant availability
for online engagement. While not always capable of providing answers, they serve to listen
and respond to repetitive inquiries, relieving businesses from the need to allocate human
resources for such tasks. Chatbots operate effectively with small-scale data, catering to
specific needs like movie queries for a cinema chain or broader inquiries for AI systems
scanning social media.
Chatbots Rule-based Chatbots AI-powered Chatbots
Operate on predefined rules and Utilize natural language processing (NLP) and
Description decision trees. Follow programmed machine learning algorithms. Also known as
rules to respond to user input. chat agents or virtual assistants.
- 24/7 availability for immediate and consistent
support.
- Easy to develop and maintain.
- Offer personalized interactions based on user
Advantages - Provide consistent and accurate
preferences and history.
answers to specific questions.
- Improve efficiency and cost savings by
automating tasks and reducing service costs.
- High development costs and resource
- Struggle with understanding requirements.
complex language. - Prone to biases from training data and lack of
Limitations
- Unable to adapt to situations beyond transparency in decision-making.
programmed rules. - Ethical considerations regarding privacy,
manipulation, and responsible use.
- Entertainment and Gaming: Engage users
- Customer service tasks like
Use Cases with interactive stories and personalized
answering common questions and
gaming experiences.
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Chatbots Rule-based Chatbots AI-powered Chatbots
providing order updates. - Guiding - Finance and Banking: Answer queries about
users through specific processes. accounts, transactions, and financial products,
and process simple requests.
Structure of a chatbot
A chatbot has a “frontend” and a “backend”.
● The frontend of a chatbot serves as the
messaging channel through which users
interact, providing a user-friendly interface.
However, one limitation of the frontend is that it
may lack contextual understanding, meaning it
might struggle to grasp the full meaning or
context of user messages beyond the immediate
input.
● The backend of a chatbot is where the hard
work takes place. The backend operates
application logic and has enough memory to remember earlier parts of a conversation
as dialog continues.
Chatbots understand a question by breaking it into parts and relating those parts to things
in its memory. A chatbot’s goal is to identify entities and intents, then use what it is found
to trigger a dialog. Let us understand what intent means.
Intent
An intent is a purpose: the reason why a user is contacting the chatbot. Think of it as
something like a verb: a kind of action. Users may have various intents when interacting with
a chatbot, such as filing a complaint, asking for directions, or speaking to a salesperson.
Institutions often have multiple intents that they want their chatbots to address.
For instance, imagine you are tasked with creating a chatbot for a restaurant chain.
One potential intent could be to inquire about the restaurant's operating hours. To ensure
the chatbot can effectively handle this intent, you might interview a staff member who
frequently fields such queries over the phone. Then, your goal would be to compile a
comprehensive list of the diverse ways in which customers might inquire about the
restaurant's opening hours. The following table provides many examples of possible user
inputs that map to this kind of intent.
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Intent Possible user inputs
When do you open?
What are your hours?
Open You open now?
How late are you open?
Can I walk in at 7 pm?
Entity
An entity is a noun: a person, place, or thing. Once you have a list of the intents you want
your chatbot to fulfill, you are ready to continue. If a user asks, “What are the hours for the
Bangalore office?”, then providing business hours is the intent and Bangalore is the entity.
A chatbot needs a full list of entities to be helpful. The following table lists examples of
entities that map to the intent and possible user inputs of the previous restaurant chain
example.
Intent Possible user inputs Entities
When do you open? Bangalore
What are your hours? Schedule
You open now? Time
Open
How late are you open?? Time
And so forth; there are And so forth; there are
many inputs mapping to this intent. many entities implied by this intent.
Dialog
A dialog is a flowchart—an IF / THEN tree structure that illustrates how a machine will
respond to user intents. A dialog is what the machine replies after a human asks a question.
Even if a human uses run-on sentences, poor grammar, chat messaging expressions, and so
on, artificial intelligence allows the NLP to understand well enough to provide a response.
The dialog represents each possible word or phrase a user
might enter, the matched response for the chatbot, and the
many possible subsequent replies a user might make next.
That is too much for an ordinary flowchart to show (you
might need three or four dimensions!), so chatbot software
condenses each moment of the conversation into a node. A
node contains a statement by the chatbot and a long,
expandable list of possible replies.
Creating the flowchart for a chatbot's responses entails a comprehensive process. Each
potential user input following the chatbot's initial greeting must be assigned a corresponding
reply. For instance, in the case of inquiries about a restaurant's operating hours, all
conceivable questions would trigger a single response. This mapping of a vast array of
possible questions to a limited number of responses persists throughout the conversation
until its conclusion.
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Natural Language Processing – Converting Speech to Text & analysing its intent
Natural language processing (NLP) involves a series of five phases that enable
machines to analyse, categorize, and understand both spoken and written language. These
steps utilize deep neural network-style machine learning techniques to mimic the brain's
ability to process data accurately. Businesses leverage tools and algorithms aligned with
these NLP stages to extract insights from vast amounts of data and facilitate informed
decision-making. Effective comprehension of these NLP stages is essential for optimizing
the use of NLP in text and voice applications. Let's explore each step-in detail:
1. Lexical analysis
This step involves understanding and examining the structure of words in a language. It
breaks down the text into paragraphs, phrases, and words. Lexical normalization
techniques like stemming and lemmatization are commonly used to reduce words to their
base forms.
• Stemming reduces words to their root form, such as removing suffixes like "ing",
"ly", "es", and "s".
• Lemmatization reduces words to their dictionary form, considering factors like parts
of speech (POS) to determine their meaning in context.
2. Syntactical Analysis
Syntactic Analysis is used to check grammar, word layouts, and word relationships.
Example: Mumbai travels to the Anuj.
The line "Mumbai travels to Anuj" makes no sense, hence it is rejected by the Syntactic
Analyzer. Syntactical parsing is the analysis of words in a sentence for grammar.
Dependency Grammar and Part of Speech (POS) tags are significant syntactic elements.
3. Semantic Analysis
Semantic analysis aims to understand the various meanings conveyed by a sentence in
a clear and contextually appropriate manner. It extracts relevant insights from the text
to comprehend its intended message.
4. Discourse Integration
This involves understanding the context of a statement or word based on preceding
sentences or words. It helps interpret references like pronouns and proper nouns by
identifying their connections with earlier parts of the conversation.
Example- Arti wants it.
We can observe from the following sentence that the "it" keyword makes no sense. In
reality, it applies to anything we don't know. That is all this "it" word depends on the
prior sentence, which is not provided. So, if we know what "it" is, we can simply find the
reference.
5. Pragmatic Analysis
It denotes the study of meanings in a particular language. Process of extracting insights
from a text. It involves verbal repetition, such as "who said what to whom?"
It recognizes how individuals communicate with one another, the context in which they
are speaking, and many other factors.
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Video Session: Five Phases of NLP (Natural Language Processing) (with Tools and
Applications) -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SSAliFwCy8
Applications of NLP
Businesses can use natural language processing tools to analyse data, discover insights,
automate time-consuming operations, and gain a competitive advantage.
• Sentiment Analysis: Natural language processing (NLP) may evaluate consumer

comments, social media posts, product reviews, and other text data to determine the
sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral) associated with a specific brand, product or
service. This data aids firms in understanding client impressions and sentiments.
• Voice Assistants: Voice assistants are becoming increasingly popular! Whether it's
Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant, practically everyone uses one to make calls, create
reminders, plan meetings, set alarms, browse the internet, and so on. How do they
work? They use a complicated blend of voice recognition, natural language
interpretation, and natural language processing to understand and respond to what
humans say. The long-term purpose of voice assistants is to serve as a bridge between
humans and the internet, providing a variety of services through simple speech
interaction. However, they are still a long way from achieving that aim, as Siri
occasionally fails to grasp what you are saying!
• Email Filtering: Email is a part of our daily lives. We find ourselves bombarded with
emails about job, study, and a variety of other topics. We receive emails from a variety
of sources; some are work-related or from our dream school or institution, while
others are spam or promotional in nature. Here, Natural Language Processing comes
into play. It classifies incoming emails as "important" or "spam" and assigns them
accordingly.
• Document Analysis: Document analysis is another use of natural language
processing. Companies, institutions, and schools, among other places, are constantly
inundated with data that must be properly organized, stored, and searched. All of this
may be accomplished with NLP. It not only searches a keyword but also categorizes it
according to the instructions, saving us from the tedious and time-consuming task of
searching for a single person's information from a large number of files. It is not only
restricted to this, but it also assists users in making informed decisions about claims
and risk management.
• Automatic Summarization: Data has grown in line with technological advancements.
This rise of data has broadened the scope of data processing. Still, manual data
processing is time-consuming and error-prone. NLP provides a solution for this as
well; it can not only summarize the meaning of information but also identify the
emotional meaning hiding within it. As a result, the summary process becomes more
efficient and precise.
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Activity: Check out https://sites.research.google/versebyverse/
This is an experimental AI-powered muse that helps you write poetry inspired by
classic American poets!
Activity: Creating a Chatbot

Create a chatbot on ordering ice-creams using any of the following platforms:
● Google Dialogflow
● Botsify.com
● Botpress.com
Video session (for Google Dialogflow) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIXkqDZMgaI
Activity: For advanced learners. The following program prints the POS tags of a statement.
pip install nltk
import nltk
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk import pos_tag
nltk.download('punkt')
nltk.download('averaged_perceptron_tagger')
# Sample sentence
sentence = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
# Tokenize the sentence into words

words = word_tokenize(sentence)
# Perform part-of-speech tagging

pos_tags = pos_tag(words)
# Print the tokens with their respective parts of speech

for word, pos in pos_tags:
print(f"Word: {word}, POS: {pos}")
Output:
Word: The, POS: DT
Word: quick, POS: JJ
Word: brown, POS: NN
Word: fox, POS: NN
Word: jumps, POS: VBZ
Word: over, POS: IN
Word: the, POS: DT
Word: lazy, POS: JJ
Word: dog, POS: NN
Word: ., POS: .
Activity: For Advanced Learners Creating a simple rule based chatbot using Python
import random
def get_response(user_input):
user_input = user_input.lower()
if "hello" in user_input:
return "Hi there! How can I assist you?"
elif "how are you" in user_input:
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return "I'm just a bot, but thanks for asking!"
elif "bye" in user_input:
return "Goodbye! Have a great day!"
else:
return "I'm sorry, I didn't understand that."
def main():
print("Welcome to the Simple Chatbot!")
print("Type 'bye' to exit.")
while True:
user_input = input("You: ")
if user_input.lower() == 'bye':
print("Chatbot: Goodbye! Have a great day!")
break
else:
response = get_response(user_input)
print("Chatbot:", response)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Output:
Welcome to the Simple Chatbot!
Type 'bye' to exit.
You: hello good afternoon
Chatbot: Hi there! How can I assist you?
You: how are you
Chatbot: I'm just a bot, but thanks for asking!
You: bye
Chatbot: Goodbye! Have a great day!
EXERCISES
A. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following is NOT a common task in NLP?
a) Machine translation
b) Text summarization
c) Speech recognition
d) Image recognition
2. What is the main challenge/s of NLP?
a) Handling Ambiguity of Sentences
b) Handling Tokenization
c) Handling POS-Tagging
d) All of the mentioned
3. What is a chatbot?
a) A physical robot used for chatting purposes.
b) A computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially
over the internet.
c) An advanced form of search engine.
d) A tool used for sending automated emails.
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4. Which of the following is an application of Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
a. Autonomous vehicles
b. Predicting stock prices
c. Sentiment analysis
d. Virtual reality gaming
5. Which of the following statements about Voice Recognition Interfaces is true?
a. They solely rely on text-based inputs.
b. They are incapable of understanding multiple languages.
c. They convert spoken language into text or commands.
d. They require a physical keyboard for interaction.
ANSWERS
1. d. Image recognition
2. a. Handling Ambiguity of Sentences
3. b. A computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially
over the internet.
4. c. Sentiment analysis
5. c. They convert spoken language into text or commands.
B. Short answer questions:

1. How does NLP help in email filtering? Give a real-life example.
Ans. NLP plays a crucial role in classifying incoming emails as "important" or "spam,"
improving email sorting and enhancing user experience. It utilizes language processing
techniques to analyze email content, identify patterns, and make accurate filtering
decisions.
Real-life Example:
Scenario: Imagine a professional's inbox flooded with various emails, including work-
related messages, promotions, and potential spam.
NLP algorithms can scan through the email content, looking for indicators of importance
like keywords, sender reputation, and email structure. By leveraging NLP for email
filtering, important work emails are prioritized and separated from less critical or spam
messages.
2. List the steps of NLP Processing.

Ans. The steps of Natural Language Processing (NLP) processing include:
Lexical Analysis, Syntactic Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Discourse Integration, Pragmatic
Analysis
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3. Briefly explain the two types of chatbots.
Ans.
Rule-based Chatbots: AI-powered Chatbots
They work on predefined rules and Utilize natural language processing (NLP)
decision trees to provide and machine learning algorithms to
consistent and accurate respond based on learned patterns
answers to specific questions. and interactions, providing
personalized responses.
Advantages: Advantages:
Offer personalized interactions based on
Easy to develop and maintain, user preferences and history.
Provide 24/7 availability for Improve efficiency and cost savings by
immediate and consistent automating tasks and reducing
support. service costs.
Limitations: Limitations:
Struggle with understanding complex Prone to biases from training data and lack
language of transparency in decision-making
High development costs and Ethical considerations regarding privacy,
resource requirements. manipulation, and responsible use.
4. Briefly explain the classification problem. Give at least two examples.

Ans. Classification is a type of machine learning problem where the goal is to predict the
categorical class labels of new observations based on past data. In classification, the
output variable is a category or class label.
Two examples of classification problems are:
Email Spam Detection: Given a set of emails labeled as spam or not spam, the task is to
classify new email messages as either spam or not spam.
Handwritten Digit Recognition: Classifying images of handwritten digits (0-9) into their
corresponding numeric values.
5. Define the following:
(a) Intent (b)Entity (c) Dialog
Ans. (a) In the context of the provided document summaries, the term "intent" primarily
refers to the purpose or objective behind a user's contact with chatbots or the
desired outcome of a particular communication.
(b) An entity is a noun: a person, place, or thing. Eg: . If a user asks, “What are the
hours for the Bangalore office?”, then providing business hours is the intent and
Bangalore is the entity.
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(c) A dialog is a flowchart—an IF / THEN tree structure that illustrates how a
machine will respond to user intents. A dialog is what the machine replies after
a human asks a question.
C. Long Answer Questions:
1. Explain the structure of a chatbot.
Ans. A chatbot has a “frontend” and a “backend”.
● The frontend of a chatbot serves as the messaging channel through which users
interact, providing a user-friendly interface. The one limitation of the frontend is that
it may lack contextual understanding, meaning it might struggle to grasp the full
meaning or context of user messages beyond the immediate input.
● The backend of a chatbot is where the hard work takes place. The backend operates
application logic and has enough memory to remember earlier parts of a conversation
as dialog continues.
● Chatbots understand a question by breaking it into parts and relating those parts to
things in its memory. A chatbot’s goal is to identify entities and intents, then use what
it is found to trigger a dialog.
2. “A syntax tree is created as part of the procedure to visually represent semantic
links.” Identify the phase of NLP processing?
Ans. The phase of NLP processing that involves the creation of a syntax tree to visually
represent semantic links is the Syntactical Analysis phase.
In syntactical analysis, the aim is to check the grammar, word layouts, and word
relationships in a given text. One of the key tasks in this phase is to create a syntax tree,
also known as a parse tree, which represents the grammatical structure of the sentence
and visually displays the relationships between words. This helps in understanding the
syntactical constructs and semantic relationships within the text, thereby aiding in the
overall comprehension and analysis of the language.
D. Case Study questions:

1. Imagine you are a customer service manager at a global e-commerce company facing
increasing customer inquiries across multiple channels. To alleviate the strain on your
support team and enhance customer satisfaction, you decide to implement a chatbot
solution. Develop a case study outlining the challenges you faced, the criteria you used
to select a chatbot platform.
Ans.
• High Volume of Customer Inquiries: Managing the increasing number of customer
inquiries across various channels, including email, live chat, and social media, was
overwhelming for the support team.
• Response Time and Availability: Ensuring timely responses and 24/7 availability
for customer queries without round-the-clock human support.
• Scalability: The need for a solution that could scale with the company's growth and
handle a diverse range of customer queries effectively.
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• Consistency in Responses: Maintaining consistency in responses across different
channels and ensuring accurate information delivery to customers.
➢ Criteria for Selecting a Chatbot Platform:

• Natural Language Processing (NLP) Capabilities: A chatbot platform with
advanced NLP capabilities to understand and respond effectively to natural
language queries.
• Integration with Multiple Channels: Ability to seamlessly integrate with various
communication channels like website chat, social media etc.
• Customization and Personalization: Platform that allows customization to reflect
the brand tone and offers personalized experiences to customers.
• Analytics and Reporting: Provision for detailed analytics on chatbot interactions,
customer satisfaction metrics etc.
• Scalability and Flexibility: Platform that can scale with the company's growth and
adapt to evolving customer needs.
• Training and Support: Adequate training resources and customer support from the
chatbot platform provider to ensure smooth implementation and ongoing
maintenance.
2. Imagine you are a customer experience lead at a telecommunications company,

currently relying on a rule-based chatbot to handle customer queries. However, due
to limitations in scalability and adaptability, you are considering a transition to an AI-
based chatbot solution. Detail the challenges faced during the transition, and the
observed impact on customer service efficiency and satisfaction.
Ans. Challenges Faced During Transition:
➢ Knowledge Base Transition

➢ Training Data Quality
➢ Technical Integration
➢ Training and Skill Development
➢ Regulatory Compliance
Observed Impact on Customer Service Efficiency and Satisfaction:
➢ Enhanced Scalability
➢ Adaptability to Varied Queries
➢ Personalized Customer Interactions
➢ Reduced Response Time
➢ Analytics and Insights
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E.Competency Based Questions:
1.Reena’s e-commerce website struggles with a high volume of customer inquiries. They're
considering a chatbot to help. Should it be rule-based or AI-powered?
Here's how Reena can decide:
Rule-based chatbot:
• Pros: Faster development, lower cost, perfect for answering simple, repetitive
questions (e.g., order tracking, delivery status).
• Cons: Limited understanding of complex questions, can't adapt to new inquiries,
frustrating for users if it can't answer their specific needs.
AI-powered chatbot:
• Pros: Handles complex questions and learns over time, improves customer
experience with more natural conversations.
• Cons: Higher development cost, requires training data and ongoing maintenance, may
not be perfect initially and could misunderstand complex inquiries.
What factors Reena must evaluate to decide which chatbot best suits their needs and
budget.
Ans- Factors to consider:
• Types of customer inquiries: If most questions are repetitive (tracking, returns), a
rule-based chatbot might suffice. Complex inquiries (product recommendations,
troubleshooting) would benefit from AI.
• Budget: AI chatbots require more investment.
• Technical expertise: Implementing and maintaining AI chatbots might require
additional resources.
2.You're a compliance officer for a bank launching a new chatbot for customer service. The
chatbot can answer basic questions about accounts, transfers, and suspicious activity.
However, some customers might ask for specific account details like balances or transaction
history. How can you ensure the chatbot complies with data protection regulations and
protects sensitive financial information, while still being helpful to customers?
Ans-To address this, you can implement a two-pronged approach:
1. Security: Require multi-factor authentication (PIN, password, etc.) before revealing

sensitive information. The chatbot can also deflect requests for specific details by
offering alternative solutions (e.g., suggesting the mobile app for checking balances).
2. Transparency: Inform users upfront that the chatbot can't share sensitive data
without authentication. Additionally, provide an easy option to connect with a live
customer service representative for complex issues requiring such information
disclosure.
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3.Rahul's marketing team developed an app that understands text input. He wants to use
the app to analyse customer reviews and improve the clarity of their promotional messages.
How can Rahul leverage discourse integration techniques based on customer conversations
to craft more effective marketing messages?
Ans- Rahul can analyse references and connections within reviews to understand what
features resonate with customers (e.g., long battery life) and how they talk about their needs
(e.g., "perfect for travel"). By using techniques like reference ("We heard you need a long-
lasting battery...") and connectives ("This phone boasts a powerful battery, therefore
keeping you connected all day"), Rahul can create clear and relevant messages that address
customer priorities.
4. Jyoti is tasked with improving a healthcare chatbot for a hospital. Patients often ask the
chatbot repetitive questions about symptoms, appointment scheduling, and basic medical
information. How can Jyoti leverage NLP techniques to make the chatbot more helpful and
engaging for patients?
Ans- Jyoti can use techniques like intent recognition and entity recognition to understand
the user's goal (e.g., scheduling an appointment) and specific details (e.g., type of doctor).
By implementing information retrieval from a medical knowledge base, the chatbot can
answer basic medical questions accurately.
5. Ashmita's cinema chain is launching a new mobile app with a chatbot for ticket purchases
and movie recommendations. Moviegoers often ask repetitive questions about showtimes
and struggle to discover new movies they might enjoy. How can Ashmita leverage the chatbot
functionalities to address these issues and improve customer experience?
Ans- Ashmita can focus on functionalities that answer FAQs with a clear interface (e.g.,
showtimes, ticket prices) and integrate a recommendation engine. The chatbot can analyze
user data (past purchases) to suggest similar movies or upcoming releases that align with
their preferences. This personalized approach can help users discover new favorites while
addressing their most common questions, leading to a more engaging and satisfying
moviegoing experience.
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UNIT 8: AI Ethics and Values
Title: AI Ethics and Values Approach: Team discussion, Web search, Case
studies
Summary: In the present age of extensive use of AI tools by people of different walks of
life, this chapter will guide the students to keep the guidelines in mind during the
development and usage of AI. Also, students will be able to understand the ethical
implications of different AI tools which have created a lot of commotion in the community
because of different types of bias. They will understand the present-day challenges
related to AI ethics.
● Understand the fundamental concepts of ethics and its relevance in the context of
artificial intelligence (AI).
● Identify bias arising from various sources present in AI systems and understand
their societal implications.
● Understand the importance of mitigating bias in AI systems and be able to identify
strategies for reducing bias in AI technologies.
● Understand the importance of developing AI policies.
Key Concepts:
1. Ethics in Artificial Intelligence
2. The five pillars of AI Ethics
3. Bias, Bias Awareness, Sources of Bias
4. Mitigating Bias in AI Systems
5. Developing AI Policies
6. Moral Machine Game
7. Survival of the Best Fit Game
Learning Outcomes:
● Demonstrate an understanding of the fundamental principles of ethics and gain
insight into ethical considerations related to AI technologies.
● Develop an understanding of AI bias, its sources, and its real-world implications, as
well as the ethical considerations.
● Identify and apply strategies for mitigating bias in AI systems to promote fairness
and transparency in technology.
● Recognize the significance of AI policies in promoting responsible, safe, and ethical
use of AI technologies.
Pre-requisites: Understanding the concept of data and reasonable fluency in English

language. Ability to understand visual data.
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The Moral Compass of AI: A Teacher's Guide to AI Ethics
This lesson equips you to introduce students to the critical topic of AI ethics and how it shapes
responsible AI development.
1. The Importance of AI Ethics:
• Introduction: Begin by defining AI ethics and its crucial role in ensuring responsible AI
development.
• Key Considerations: Discuss core ethical challenges surrounding AI:
o Bias: How can AI systems perpetuate or amplify biases present in data or
algorithms?
o Fairness: How can we ensure AI decisions are fair and don't discriminate against
specific groups?
o Privacy: How can we protect user privacy when AI systems collect and analyse
data?
o Transparency: How can we understand how AI systems reach their decisions?
2. AI Bias: Real-World Consequences:
• Exploring Examples: Present real-world scenarios where AI bias caused issues:

o Facial recognition systems misidentifying people of colour.
o Algorithmic discrimination in the credit domain- loan decisions unfairly impacting
certain demographics.
3. The Pillars of AI Ethics:
• Defining the Framework: Introduce the key pillars of AI ethics and their practical
application:
o Accountability: Who is responsible for the actions and decisions of AI systems?
(e.g., Developers, users, regulators)
o Transparency: How can we understand how AI systems arrive at their conclusions?
(e.g., Explainable AI techniques)
o Fairness: How can we ensure AI systems are just and unbiased? (e.g., Auditing data
for bias, diversifying data sets)
o Privacy: How can we protect user data privacy when AI interacts with it? (e.g.,
Strong data security practices)
o Safety: How can we ensure AI systems operate safely and securely? (e.g., Rigorous
testing and risk assessments)
4. Fostering Critical Thinking in Ethics:
• Moral Dilemmas: Encourage students to analyse ethical dilemmas related to AI.

• Decision-Making: Guide discussions on how to approach difficult ethical decisions in the
context of AI development and use.
5. Identifying Bias in AI:
• Unveiling Bias Sources: Educate students on potential sources of bias in AI:
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o Data Collection: How data selection and representation can lead to biased
outcomes.
o Algorithm Design: How algorithms might inherit biases from their creators.
o Decision-Making Processes: How human intervention could introduce bias.
• Mitigating Bias: Discuss strategies to identify and mitigate bias in AI systems.
6. Understanding AI Policies:
• The Purpose of AI Policies: Explain the role of AI policies in promoting responsible

development.
• Key Areas Addressed: Explore the main areas addressed by AI policies:
o Data Privacy: Protecting user data rights and ensuring responsible data collection
practices.
o Security: Mitigating risks associated with AI vulnerabilities and cyberattacks.
o Bias: Implementing strategies to address bias in AI systems.
o Accountability: Defining who is responsible for the actions and decisions made by
AI.
7. Moral Game Design for AI:
• Ethical Games: Introduce the concept of moral game design.

• Emphasize Consequences: Discuss how games can be used to explore ethical dilemmas
in AI and highlight the consequences of AI decisions.
• Critical Thinking and Moral Reasoning: Utilize games to promote critical thinking and
moral reasoning skills in the context of AI.
By incorporating these elements, your lesson will spark insightful discussions and equip students
to become responsible participants in the evolving world of AI.
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ETHICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Imagine you create a new game with your classmates. What rules would you
establish to make sure the game is fair and everyone has a chance to win? (This
question primes students to think about the concept of fairness, which is a key ethical
principle in AI.)
2. Can you think of a situation where a seemingly objective decision might have
unintended consequences? (This question activates students' prior knowledge about
bias and its potential impact, which will be connected to the ethical considerations of AI
later in the passage.)
In today's rapidly evolving technological

landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as
a transformative force with the potential to
revolutionize various aspects of human society.
However, with this technological advancement
comes a myriad of ethical considerations and
challenges. This chapter serves as a foundational
exploration into the ethical dimensions of AI, aiming
to equip students with the necessary knowledge and tools to navigate the complex ethical
landscape of AI technologies.
Ethics refers to the moral principles that govern human behavior and decision-making. It
encompasses concepts such as right and wrong, fairness, justice, and accountability. Ethical
considerations guide individuals and organizations in making responsible choices that align with
societal values and norms. In the context of AI, ethics
play a crucial role in ensuring that AI technologies are
developed and deployed in a manner that upholds
ethical principles and respects human rights. Ethical
considerations are essential in addressing issues such
as bias, transparency, accountability, privacy, and the
societal impact of AI.
AI ethics refers to the ethical principles and
guidelines that govern the design, development, and
deployment of AI technologies. AI ethics aims to ensure that AI systems are developed and used in
ways that are fair, transparent, accountable, and aligned with human values.
Example 1:
Suppose a CCTV camera was to spot your face in a crowd outside a sports stadium. In the police
data center somewhere in the city/ country, an artificial neural network analyzes images from the
CCTV footage frame by-frame. A floating cloud in the sky causes a shadow on your face and the
neural network (by mistake) finds your face similar to the face of a wanted criminal.
● If the police were to call you aside for questioning and tell you they had reason to detain
you, how would you defend yourself?
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● Was it your fault that your shadowed face has resemblance by few degrees with a person
in the police record?
Example 2:
This happened in the USA in 2018. An AI system was being used to allocate care to nearly
200 million patients in the US. It was discovered later that the AI system was offering a lower
standard of care to the black patients. Across the board, black people were assigned lower risk
scores than white people. This in turn meant that black patients were less likely to be able to
access the necessary standard of care.
The problem stemmed from the fact that the AI algorithm was allocating risk values using
the predicted cost of healthcare. Because black patients were often less able to pay or were
perceived as less able to pay for the higher standard of care, the AI essentially learned that they
were not entitled to such a standard of treatment. Though the system was fixed / improved after
being discovered, the big question is – whose problem was this? The AI system developers or the
US black people data (which was true to an extent)?
THE FIVE PILLARS OF AI ETHICS

● Explainability refers to the transparency and interpretability of AI systems,
allowing users to understand how algorithms make decisions and predictions.
Explainable AI enables stakeholders to comprehend the underlying logic, factors,
and considerations driving algorithmic outcomes, fostering trust, accountability,
and ethical use of AI technologies. Explainability is essential for ensuring that AI
systems are transparent, accountable, and aligned with ethical principles.
● Fairness in AI seeks to remove bias and discrimination from algorithms
and decision-making models. Machine learning fairness addresses and
eliminates algorithmic bias from machine learning models based on
sensitive attributes like race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation,
disability, and socioeconomic class.
● Robustness in AI systems indeed refers to their ability to consistently
provide accurate and reliable results regardless of the conditions they
encounter and for extended periods. It is all about making sure that AI
algorithms and systems operate as expected without any unexpected
errors or deviations from their intended behavior. This involves ensuring
stability in the algorithms, being able to reproduce results, and
maintaining consistent performance across different datasets and
environments. Achieving reliability in AI systems requires thorough
testing, validation, and quality assurance at every stage of development.
● Transparency involves openness and disclosure about the design,
operation, and implications of AI systems. Transparent AI frameworks
provide clear documentation, disclosure, and communication about the
data, algorithms, and decision-making processes used in AI applications.
Transparency promotes accountability, scrutiny, and informed decision-
making, enabling users and stakeholders to assess the ethical
implications and societal impacts of AI technologies.
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● Privacy refers to the right of individuals to control their personal information and to be free
from unwanted intrusion into their lives. It encompasses the ability to keep certain aspects
of one's life private, such as personal communications, activities, and personal data.
Privacy is essential for safeguarding personal autonomy, dignity, and freedom from
unwarranted interference.
Activity:
Organize the class into groups. Reflect on the following points based on the video links given
• Video: AI for Good
• Reflect on the video "The Ethical Robot" and identify two ethical dilemmas that stood out
to you. Document these questions.
• Using "How to build a moral robot" as a reference point, list the moral and ethical principles
you wish to embed in your robot. Consider the video as inspiration, but do not feel
constrained by its content. Feel free to expand your thoughts with creativity and
innovation.
• Assemble a team of five students and collectively watch the video "Humans need not
apply." It is recommended to view the video multiple times. Following your discussions,
compile a group paper summarizing your insights and interpretations from the video.
BIAS, BIAS AWARENESS, SOURCES OF BIAS
Bias, in simple terms, means having a preference or tendency towards something or
someone over others, often without considering all the relevant information fairly. It can lead to
unfair treatment or decisions based on factors like personal beliefs, past experiences, or
stereotypes. In everyday life, bias can affect how we perceive and interact with people,
situations, or ideas. In the context of artificial intelligence, bias refers to when AI systems make
unfair or inaccurate decisions due to flawed data or built-in assumptions, which can result in
unfair outcomes for certain groups of people.
In today's interconnected world, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies play an
increasingly prominent role in various aspects of our lives, from healthcare to finance to criminal
justice. However, as AI systems become more pervasive, it is essential to recognize and address
the presence of bias in these technologies. Bias awareness means understanding that AI
systems might have unfair preferences because of different things like the information they were
taught with, the rules they follow, or the ideas they were built upon. So, being aware of bias in AI
is like knowing that sometimes AI might make unfair choices or judgments because of how it was
trained or made.
Activity:
Question. 1: Why are most images that show up when you do an image search for “vacation” seen
as beaches?
Question 2: Why are most images that show up when you do an image search for “nurse” seen as
females?
Question 3: Organize students into groups and ask them to find answers for the questions given
below after going through the link Amazon Recruitment Tool.
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Discussion Questions:
● How do algorithmic hiring systems function, and what criteria are typically used to
evaluate job applicants?
● What are the ethical implications of using biased algorithms in hiring processes,
particularly regarding fairness, equal opportunity, and diversity?
● How might biased hiring algorithms perpetuate systemic inequalities in
employment and hinder efforts to promote inclusivity in the workforce?
Reference: https://www.ibm.com/blog/shedding-light-on-ai-bias-with-real-world-examples/
AI bias, also referred to as machine learning bias or algorithm bias, refers to AI systems
that produce biased results that reflect and perpetuate human biases within a society, including
historical and current social inequality. Bias can be found in the initial training data, the algorithm,
or the predictions the algorithm produces. When bias goes unaddressed, it hinders people’s
ability to participate in the economy and society. It also reduces AI’s potential.
The source of bias in AI
1. Imagine you are training a new dog trick. How can you make sure your training data
is fair and clear so your dog understands what you want it to do? (This question
primes students to think about the importance of fair and unbiased training data, which is
crucial for AI systems as well.)
2. Have you ever played a game where the rules seemed unfair to one player or
another? Why is it important to have fair rules in games and activities? (This question
activates students' prior knowledge about fairness and its connection to bias. This will be
helpful when they learn about how bias can affect AI systems.)
Eliminating AI bias requires drilling down into datasets, machine learning algorithms and other
elements of AI systems to identify sources of potential bias.
1. Training data bias
AI systems learn to make decisions based on training data, so it is essential to assess datasets
for the presence of bias. One method is to review data sampling for over- or underrepresented
groups within the training data. For example, training data for a facial recognition algorithm that
over-represents white people may create errors when attempting facial recognition for people of
color. Similarly, security data that includes information gathered in geographic areas that are
predominantly black could create racial bias in AI tools used by police. Bias can also result from
how the training data is labeled. For example, AI recruiting tools that use inconsistent labeling or
exclude or over-represent certain characteristics could eliminate qualified job applicants from
consideration.
2. Algorithmic bias
Using flawed training data can result in algorithms that repeatedly produce errors, unfair
outcomes, or even amplify the bias inherent in the flawed data. Algorithmic bias can also be
caused by programming errors, such as a developer unfairly weighting factors in algorithm
decision-making based on their own conscious or unconscious biases. For example, indicators
198
like income or vocabulary might be used by the algorithm to unintentionally discriminate against
people of a certain race or gender.
3. Cognitive bias
When people process information and make judgments, we are inevitably influenced by our
experiences and our preferences. As a result, people may build these biases into AI systems
through the selection of data or how the data is weighted. For example, cognitive bias could lead
to favoring datasets gathered from Americans rather than sampling from a range of populations
around the globe.
Examples of AI bias in real life
● Healthcare—Underrepresented data of women or minority groups can skew predictive AI
algorithms. For example, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been found to
return lower accuracy results for black patients than white patients.
● Online advertising—Biases in search engine ad algorithms can reinforce job role gender
bias. Independent research at Carnegie Mellon University revealed that Google’s online
advertising system displayed high-paying positions to males more often than to women.
● Image generation—Academic research found bias in the generative AI art generation
application Midjourney. When asked to create images of people in specialized professions,
it showed both younger and older people, but the older people were always men,
reinforcing gender bias of the role of women in the workplace.
Activity: Role Play

Share the following examples of biased AI systems and their potential consequences and ask
students to do a role play to present each scenario:
● Facial Recognition Technology:
○ Example: Facial recognition systems have been shown to exhibit bias against certain
demographic groups, particularly people with darker skin tones and women.
○ Consequences: Biased facial recognition algorithms can lead to misidentification and
wrongful arrests, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities and eroding
trust in law enforcement.
● Predictive Policing Algorithms:
○ Example: Predictive policing algorithms use historical crime data to forecast future
criminal activity and allocate law enforcement resources. However, studies have found
that these algorithms can perpetuate racial and socioeconomic biases, leading to over-
policing of minority neighborhoods.
○ Consequences: Biased predictive policing algorithms may exacerbate racial profiling
and discrimination, fueling tensions between law enforcement agencies and
communities of color and undermining public trust in the criminal justice system.
● Algorithmic Hiring Systems:
○ Example: AI-powered hiring systems are used by companies to screen job applications
and identify potential candidates. However, research has shown that these systems can
perpetuate gender and racial biases, favoring certain demographic groups over others.
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○ Consequences: Biased hiring algorithms may reinforce existing disparities in
employment opportunities, leading to discrimination against underrepresented groups
and hindering efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in the workforce.
● Healthcare Algorithms:
○ Example: AI algorithms are increasingly used in healthcare for tasks such as diagnosing
diseases and predicting patient outcomes. However, studies have identified biases in
healthcare algorithms that can result in differential treatment recommendations based
on factors such as race or socioeconomic status.
○ Consequences: Biased healthcare algorithms may lead to disparities in patient care,
with certain demographic groups receiving suboptimal or inequitable treatment. This can
contribute to worsened health outcomes and perpetuate healthcare inequalities.
● Credit Scoring Systems:
○ Example: AI-powered credit scoring systems are used by financial institutions to assess
individuals' creditworthiness and determine their eligibility for loans and other financial
products. However, these systems have been found to exhibit biases that
disproportionately disadvantage certain demographic groups, such as low-income
individuals and people of color.
○ Consequences: Biased credit scoring algorithms may limit access to financial
opportunities for marginalized communities, perpetuating socioeconomic inequalities
and hindering economic mobility.
MITIGATING BIAS IN AI SYSTEMS

Mitigating bias in AI systems is essential for several reasons. Firstly, when AI systems have
bias, they can make existing problems like unfairness and discrimination even worse. For
example, biased algorithms used in hiring processes may unfairly disadvantage certain groups,
leading to systemic discrimination. Secondly, biased AI makes people trust technology less. If
people don't trust AI to make fair decisions, they might not want to use it, which can cause
problems for everyone. Lastly, addressing bias is essential for upholding ethical principles and
ensuring that AI technologies are developed and used responsibly.
Strategies for Mitigating Bias

There are several strategies and techniques for mitigating bias in AI systems:
● Using Diverse Data: To reduce bias, we should use lots of different kinds of information
to teach AI. This way, the AI can learn from many different examples and viewpoints,
making it less likely to be biased.
● Detecting Bias: We need ways to find and measure bias in AI systems before they are
used. This could mean looking at how the AI makes decisions for different groups of people
or using special tools to see if the AI is being fair.
● Fair Algorithms: We can make AI systems fairer by using special algorithms that are
designed to be fair. These algorithms make sure to consider fairness when making
decisions, helping to reduce bias.
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● Being Transparent: It is important for AI systems to be clear and explain how they make
decisions. When people understand how AI works, they can see if there is any bias and fix
it.
● Inclusive Teams: When creating AI, it is helpful to have a team of people from different
backgrounds and experiences. This way, they can spot biases that others might miss and
make sure the AI is fair for everyone.
Activity:
Allow students to examine various forms of media, such as news articles, advertisements,
or social media posts, and identify instances of bias based on factors like race, gender, or socio-
economic status. Encourage them to discuss how bias can influence perceptions and
stereotypes.
Do you know?
IBM’s AI Fairness 360 is an open-source and comprehensive toolkit that offers a wide
range of tools and resources for addressing bias in machine learning models. The toolkit includes
over 70 fairness metrics which help users detect bias in their models. This suggests that AI
Fairness 360 provides robust mechanisms for identifying potential sources of bias. The toolkit
offers over 10 algorithms for mitigating bias once it has been detected. These bias mitigating
algorithms include optimizing the preprocessing stage, prejudice remover, and regular
algorithms, among others. With its diverse set of features, educational resources, and validation
mechanisms, it aims to support users in promoting fairness and equity in AI applications.
DEVELOPING AI POLICIES
Developing AI policies is essential for ensuring that AI technologies are used responsibly,
safely, and ethically, while also promoting innovation and public trust.
● Rules for AI should start with being good to people and respecting their rights. This means
treating everyone fairly, being honest about how AI works, making sure it is safe, and being
accountable if something goes wrong.
● We need clear rules and standards for how AI is used. These rules should cover important
things like protecting people's information, making sure AI does not have unfair biases,
keeping it safe, and making sure people can ask questions about how AI works.
● When making these rules, it is important to talk to lots of different people. This includes
government people, business leaders, scientists, community groups, and regular people.
Everyone's opinion matters because AI affects everyone.
● Before using AI, we should check to see if there are any problems or risks. This means
thinking about what could go wrong and making plans to fix it.
Understanding the components of AI policies involves examining guidelines and principles
established by various organizations and regulatory bodies.
1. IBM AI Ethics Board:
Focus: Ethical development and deployment of AI technologies across various industries.
Components:
● Development of ethical principles and guidelines for AI research and development.
● Recommendations for addressing ethical considerations such as fairness,
transparency, accountability, and bias mitigation in AI systems.
201
● Engagement with stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, and industry
partners, to promote dialogue and collaboration on ethical AI practices.
● Support for educational initiatives and resources to raise awareness and
understanding of AI ethics among developers, users, and the public.
2. Microsoft’s Responsible AI Page:
Focus: Corporate responsibility and ethics in AI
Components:
● Principles for responsible AI development and deployment, including fairness,
reliability, privacy, and inclusivity.
● Tools and resources for integrating ethical considerations into AI projects, such as
fairness assessments and bias detection algorithms.
● Case studies and best practices for implementing responsible AI practices across
various industries and domains.
3. Artificial Intelligence at Google:
Focus: Corporate AI ethics and governance
Components:
● Google's principles for ethical AI development, encompassing areas such as
fairness, safety, privacy, and accountability.
● Guidelines for designing AI systems that prioritize human values and societal well-
being.
● Commitments to transparency, collaboration, and continuous improvement in AI
governance and decision-making.
4. European Union’s Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI—Press Release:
Focus: Ethical guidelines for AI development and deployment in the EU
Components:
● Principles for trustworthy AI, including respect for human autonomy, prevention of
harm, fairness, and accountability.
● Requirements for transparency, explainability, and auditability in AI systems.
● Recommendations for ensuring human oversight and accountability mechanisms in
AI applications with high societal impact.
Further reading:
● IBM 's AI Ethics Board
● Microsoft’s Responsible AI page
● Artificial Intelligence at Google: Our Principles
● European Union’s Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI—Press Release
MORAL MACHINE GAME

An ethical dilemma is a situation in which a person or group is faced with conflicting moral
principles or choices. In other words, it is a scenario where there is no clear "right" or "wrong"
decision, and any action taken may have both positive and negative consequences. Ethical
dilemmas often involve difficult choices between two or more options, each of which may involve
values or principles that are important to the decision-maker.
202
An ethical dilemma in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) arises when there is a
conflict between moral principles or values in the design, development, deployment, or use of AI
technologies. These dilemmas often emerge due to the complex and multifaceted nature of AI
systems, which can have far-reaching implications for individuals, society, and the environment.
The Moral Machine, developed by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), is an online platform designed to explore ethical dilemmas in AI through
interactive decision-making scenarios. Users are presented with various hypothetical situations
where autonomous vehicles must make split-second decisions that could result in harm or even
loss of life. The scenarios often involve difficult choices, such as deciding whether to prioritize
the safety of passengers or pedestrians, obey traffic laws, or consider factors like age, gender,
and social status.
The Moral Machine presents users with a series of thought-provoking scenarios, each with
its own set of moral considerations and trade-offs. For example, imagine you are the operator of
a self-driving car that encounters a situation where it must choose between swerving to avoid
hitting a group of pedestrians, potentially endangering its passengers, or staying the course and
risking harm to those on the road. What decision would you make? And more importantly, why?
While the scenarios presented on the Moral Machine are hypothetical, they reflect real-
world ethical dilemmas that AI developers, policymakers, and society at large must grapple with.
As AI continues to advance and become more pervasive, it is essential that we engage in
meaningful dialogue and reflection on the ethical implications of these technologies. The Moral
Machine serves as a powerful tool for sparking conversation, raising awareness, and promoting
ethical awareness in the age of AI.
Activity:
1. Begin with: The Ethical Challenges of Autonomous Vehicles
Discussion Points:
● What ethical issues are highlighted by the presenter concerning the application of AI in
military contexts, and how do these resonate with your viewpoints?
203
● What steps can legislators take to tackle the ethical dilemmas presented by
autonomous weaponry, particularly regarding accountability and the preservation of
human dignity?
2. Present the Moral Machine game as a tool for delving into ethical decision-making
challenges related to AI - accessible at https://www.moralmachine.net/
SURVIVAL OF THE BEST FIT GAME

Activity:
Survival of the Best Fit is an educational game about hiring bias in AI. We aim to explain
how the misuse of AI can make machines inherit human biases and further inequality.
Students can do this activity in the practical class to understand the concept of bias while
people are hired.
Present this tool for deeper understanding of bias during hiring of people in any company
or organization- https://www.survivalofthebestfit.com/
EXERCISES
1. What is the primary focus of AI ethics?
a. Ensuring AI systems are efficient and error-free
b. Guiding the development and use of AI technologies according to ethical principles
c. Maximizing the profitability of AI technologies
d. Focusing solely on the technological advancements in AI
2. Which ethical principle is concerned with fairness and justice in AI systems?
a. Transparency
b. Accountability
c. Bias and fairness
d. Privacy
3. What role does transparency play in AI ethics?
a. Ensuring AI systems are invisible to users
b. Making the AI decision-making process clear and understandable
c. Keeping the AI technologies a secret
4. What is a major ethical concern related to AI and privacy?
a. AI systems improving data security automatically
b. AI technologies accessing and using personal data without consent
c. AI enhancing user privacy by default
5. How can bias in AI systems impact society?
a. By making AI systems more efficient
b. By perpetuating and exacerbating existing inequalities
c. By improving fairness and justice automatically
204
6. Which of the following strategies is suggested for mitigating bias in AI systems?
a. Ignoring the bias
b. Increasing the complexity of AI algorithms
c. Regular audits and inclusive data practices
d. Focusing solely on the technological aspects
7. What is the purpose of ethical frameworks and guidelines in AI?
a. To restrict the development of AI technologies
b. To ensure AI development aligns with human values and ethical principles
c. To make AI systems less transparent
8. Who is responsible for ensuring the ethical use of AI systems?
a. AI developers only
b. Government bodies only
c. Users only
d. All stakeholders, including developers, governments, and users
9. What is an example of AI assisting humanity as mentioned in the unit?
a. Reducing energy efficiency in buildings
b. Enhancing mental health care through AI-powered chatbots
c. Increasing bias in hiring processes
d. Decreasing crop yield predictions accuracy
10. What is the role of AI ethics in the context of autonomous vehicles?
a. To ensure vehicles are aesthetically pleasing
b. To navigate ethical dilemmas such as decision-making in critical situations
c. To make autonomous vehicles less safe
B. True/False
1. Ethical considerations in AI are only relevant for AI researchers and developers.
2. Bias in AI systems can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes.
3. Transparency in AI systems means making the algorithm's code publicly available.
4. Bias in AI systems can lead to unfair outcomes and reinforce existing societal inequalities.
5. Transparency is not important in AI decision-making processes as long as the outcomes
are beneficial.
6. Understanding the fundamental concepts of ethics is irrelevant in the context of artificial
intelligence.
7. Analyzing real-world examples of AI bias provides insights into the ethical challenges in
AI development.
8. Identifying bias in AI systems has no impact on society.
9. Evaluating strategies to mitigate bias in AI systems is unnecessary.
10. The ability to critically analyze the ethical implications of AI technologies does not require
considering their impact on society.
205
C. Fill in the Blanks
1. Understanding the fundamental principles of ethics is crucial to applying ethical
considerations in the field of _________________________.
2. The ability to critically analyze the ethical implications of AI decision-making processes
requires a deep understanding of their ______ on individuals and society.
3. Investigating various types of bias in AI systems enables students to understand their
___________ implications.
4. ________ in AI systems can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes, making it
essential to address issues of bias, fairness, and equity.
5. In the context of AI, _________ is important for making the decision-making processes
of AI systems clear and understandable to users.
ANSWERS

1. b. Guiding the development and use of AI technologies according to ethical principles
2. c. Bias and fairness
3. b. Making the AI decision-making process clear and understandable
4. b. AI technologies accessing and using personal data without consent
5. b. By perpetuating and exacerbating existing inequalities
6. c. Regular audits and inclusive data practices
7. b. To ensure AI development aligns with human values and ethical principles
8. d. All stakeholders, including developers, governments, and users
9. b. Enhancing mental health care through AI-powered chatbots
10. b. To navigate ethical dilemmas such as decision-making in critical situations
B. True/False
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False
6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False
C. Fill in the Blanks

1. Artificial Intelligence 2. Individuals 3. Societal
4. Bias 5. Clear
D. Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is algorithmic bias, and can you give an example?

Ans. Algorithmic bias occurs when AI systems display prejudice in their output, such as facial
recognition software misidentifying individuals from certain ethnic groups more
frequently than others.
2. How can bias in AI systems be reduced?
Ans. Implementing regular audits of AI algorithms and training data can identify and correct
biases, ensuring the AI's decisions are fair and equitable across all user groups.
206
3. Define AI ethics.
Ans. AI ethics involves the principles and values guiding the development, deployment, and
use of artificial intelligence technologies to ensure they benefit society while minimizing
harm and respecting human rights.
4. Why is transparency important in AI systems?
Ans. Transparency in AI systems is crucial for users to understand and trust AI decision-
making processes, ensuring accountability and enabling scrutiny for potential biases or
errors.
5. How can AI impact privacy and data protection?
Ans. AI technologies can infringe on privacy by collecting, analyzing, and sharing personal
data without adequate consent, highlighting the need for robust data protection
measures.
6. What role does fairness play in AI systems?
Ans. Fairness in AI systems aims to ensure equitable treatment and outcomes for all
individuals, preventing discrimination based on race, gender, or other characteristics.
7. How can ethical dilemmas in AI be addressed?
Ans. Ethical dilemmas in AI can be addressed through the application of ethical frameworks,
stakeholder engagement, and the development of policies that prioritize human
welfare.
8. What strategies can mitigate bias in AI?
Ans. Mitigating bias in AI involves diverse data collection, algorithmic transparency, fairness
audits, and continuous monitoring to identify and correct biases.
9. What challenges do policymakers face in regulating AI?
Ans. Policymakers face challenges in regulating AI, including keeping up with rapid
technological advancements, balancing innovation with ethical considerations, and
addressing global disparities in AI governance.
E. Case Study Analysis

Scenario:
A technology company has been contracted to develop a sophisticated facial recognition system
intended for law enforcement applications. This system is designed to assist in identifying
suspects by matching their facial features against a database. Initially celebrated for its high level
of accuracy and efficiency in processing and identifying faces, the system, however, has come
under scrutiny after reports emerged that it disproportionately misidentifies people of color.
Investigations revealed that the misidentification rate for individuals of color was significantly
higher than for white individuals, leading to a higher incidence of wrongful detentions and arrests
among these communities. Further analysis indicated that the training data used to develop the
algorithm lacked sufficient diversity, predominantly featuring faces of white individuals. This
oversight has not only raised questions about racial bias inherent in AI technologies but also
about the ethical implications of deploying such systems in sensitive areas like law enforcement
without thorough vetting for fairness and impartiality.
207
1. What ethical problems are evident in this scenario?
Ans. The scenario highlights ethical concerns including racial bias in technological
applications, the risk of wrongful arrests due to biased AI, and the potential violation of
rights for people of color.
2. What is one ethical approach to mitigate the bias found in the facial recognition system
without compromising its accuracy?
Ans. An ethical solution involves enhancing the diversity of the dataset used to train the facial
recognition system, ensuring it accurately represents all racial groups. This would
reduce bias while preserving the system's overall accuracy.
3. How does the lack of diversity in training data contribute to the problem of algorithmic
bias in this scenario?
Ans. The lack of diversity in the training data has directly contributed to the algorithmic bias
by failing to accurately represent the variety of human facial features across different
races, leading to the system's inability to correctly identify individuals of color.
4. What measures can be taken to ensure that the deployment of AI systems in law
enforcement is both ethical and effective?
Ans. To ensure the ethical and effective deployment of AI systems in law enforcement,
comprehensive measures such as implementing strict regulatory standards, conducting
regular bias audits, and involving diverse groups in the system's development and
evaluation process are crucial.
5. Discuss the potential long-term impacts on public trust and societal fairness if biases in
AI systems like facial recognition are not addressed.
Ans. If biases in AI systems remain unaddressed, it can lead to a significant erosion of public
trust, particularly among marginalized communities disproportionately affected by such
biases. Over time, this may exacerbate social inequalities and injustice, undermining
the legitimacy of law enforcement agencies and the broader justice system.
F. Ethical Dilemma
Read the following ethical dilemma and provide your response:
In a complex urban environment, an autonomous vehicle faces an imminent collision dilemma.
The vehicle's path is obstructed by a pedestrian who has unexpectedly entered the roadway,
violating traffic signals. Simultaneously, to the vehicle's side, a group of cyclists legally occupies
the bike lane. The vehicle's AI must make an instantaneous decision: continue on its trajectory,
risking harm to the pedestrian, or alter its course, endangering the cyclists. This decision-making
process involves critical ethical considerations, including the valuation of human life, the
assessment of potential harm, and the prioritization of legal and moral obligations in split-second
scenarios.
Discussion Question: Consider the ethical dilemmas presented by AI technologies and explore
how lawmakers, business leaders, and the public can work together to tackle these issues and
encourage the ethical creation and implementation of AI.
208
Ans. Reflecting on the ethical challenges posed by AI technologies, especially in autonomous
vehicle dilemmas, requires a multifaceted approach from policymakers, industry
stakeholders, and the public. To navigate these challenges and foster responsible AI
development and deployment, collaboration across these groups is essential.
Policymakers should establish clear ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks that
mandate safety, transparency, and accountability in AI systems. Industry stakeholders
must commit to ethical AI development practices, prioritizing inclusivity in testing phases
to ensure diverse scenarios and outcomes are considered. Moreover, public engagement
through education and dialogue can inform more nuanced AI ethics policies and encourage
societal acceptance of AI technologies. Together, these efforts can lead to the
development of AI systems that are not only technologically advanced but also ethically
responsible and socially beneficial.
G. Competency Based Question

1. Imagine you are a data scientist working on training an AI model for facial recognition.
During the development phase, you discover that the AI system shows a significant bias
against individuals with darker skin tones, leading to higher error rates in identifying
them accurately. As an ethical data scientist, how would you approach this issue to
ensure fairness and minimize discrimination in the facial recognition AI model?"
Ans -Train the AI model with a diverse dataset including samples from various skin
tones to address bias.
2. You're developing an AI for self-driving cars. In an emergency, the car must decide
between hitting pedestrians or swerving and risking passenger safety. What factors
would you consider when programming this ethical dilemma?
Ans- When programming an AI system for autonomous vehicles to make split-second
ethical decisions, several factors need consideration to prioritize between the safety
of passengers and pedestrians:
Safety Metrics and Risk Assessment, Ethical Principles and Guidelines, Contextual
Awareness, Legal and Regulatory Compliance
3. A company develops an AI algorithm for automated hiring processes. Concerns are

raised about the lack of transparency in how the algorithm makes hiring decisions,
leading to potential biases and discrimination. As an AI ethics expert, how would you
advocate for greater transparency in AI algorithms used for hiring? What measures
would you recommend to ensure fairness and accountability in automated hiring
systems?
Ans- Here's how we can push for fairer AI hiring:
• Show, don't tell: Let candidates see the factors the AI considers during selection.
Explain why they were chosen or not (when possible).
• Measure for fairness: Track how the AI treats different groups of applicants.
Regularly check for hidden biases.
• Many minds are better: Include HR professionals, ethics experts, and even job
seekers in developing and testing the AI. This ensures it's fair and accountable.
209
4. As a product manager for a gaming company, you are tasked with designing an AI-
powered chatbot to engage users with interactive stories and personalized gaming
experiences. How would you approach the design process to ensure the chatbot
provides engaging and personalized experiences? Additionally, what strategies would
you implement to address potential biases in the chatbot's decision-making
algorithms, particularly concerning fairness and inclusivity?"
Ans - Designing an AI-powered chatbot for a gaming company would involve creating
interactive stories, personalized gaming experiences, and engaging user interactions.
This could include features such as character customization, in-game assistance and
tips, progress tracking, and social integration for multiplayer experiences. To address
potential biases in decision-making algorithms, the chatbot's training data would be
curated carefully to avoid stereotypes or discriminatory patterns. Regular testing and
user feedback would also be essential to refine the chatbot's performance and ensure
an immersive gaming experience for users.
5. Scenario: You are presented with a scenario on the Moral Machine where an
autonomous vehicle must choose between swerving to avoid hitting a group of elderly
pedestrians or staying the course and potentially harming younger pedestrians.
Question: How would you approach making such a decision in the context of
programming AI systems for autonomous vehicles? What ethical principles would you
prioritize?
Ans- Consider factors like age, vulnerability, and potential impact of injuries to make a
balanced decision
210
Class XI| Artificial Intelligence |Teacher Handbook

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ARTIFICIAL

Curriculum Planning Team

Lead Curriculum Curator

AI Teacher Advisory for Curriculum Revision

TOPICS PAGE NO.

Unit 1: Introduction- AI for Everyone 1

Unit 2: Unlocking your Future in AI 24

Unit 3: Python Programming 41

Unit 4: Introduction to Capstone Project 76

Unit 5: Data Literacy -Data Collection to Data Analysis 102

Unit 6: Machine Learning Algorithms 140

Unit 7: Leveraging Linguistics and Computer Science 172

Unit 8: AI Ethics and Values 192

1. Technology Habits - A Revealing Look:

• Engaging Warm-Up: Begin with an interactive activity. Ask students a series of

2. A Journey Through AI History:

• Time Travel Through AI Evolution: Provide a captivating overview of AI's journey:

Encourage critical thinking by prompting students to analyze:

• How AI has impacted society throughout history.

• Unlocking the AI Landscape: Introduce the different categories of AI:

Spark a discussion by posing questions about:

4. Unveiling the Three AI Domains:

• The AI Ecosystem: Introduce the three fundamental domains of AI:

Engage students by discussing:

• AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning: A Ladder of Complexity: Introduce the

6. Machine Learning Demystified:

• Exploring Machine Learning Types: Guide students through various types of

7. A Balanced Perspective: Benefits and Challenges of AI:

• Weighing the Impact: Discuss the advantages AI offers:

However, foster balanced thinking by addressing AI limitations:

• Potential job displacement due to automation.

Encourage critical analysis by facilitating a discussion on these benefits and challenges,

Teachers can ask the following questions:

Teachers can ask the following questions:

10.Recommendation systems 5. Google Translate 7.Augmented reality

Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning, Reasoning)

2. The platform (Cognitive computing) uses

3.Cognitive computing improves human 4.Cognitive computing tries to mimic the

In summary, Cognitive Computing integrates Data Science, Natural Language Processing,

• Can you think of any machines that seem really

● Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make

B. Fill in the Blanks:

D. Short Answer Questions:

E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:

B. Fill in the Blanks:

D. Short Answer Questions:

F. Competency Based Questions

• Understand about AI : https://youtu.be/ad79nYk2keg?feature=shared

1. Staying Ahead of the Curve:

• Continuous Learning: Emphasize the importance for teachers themself to stay

2. AI and Jobs: A Shifting Landscape:

• Frame the discussion to emphasize that AI is more likely to create a job

• Bringing AI to Life: Organize group discussions or role-plays to showcase the diverse

Teachers can ask the following questions:

SOME COMMON JOB ROLES IN AI:

• Natural Language Processing (NLP) Engineer: NLP engineers specialize in human

IBM, Deloitte, Accenture, Google, Amazon, Microsoft EFF, Amnesty International

ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND TOOLS FOR PROSPECTIVE AI CAREERS

A successful career in artificial intelligence requires a diverse set of skills that

Technical Skills Soft Skills Link to the website