3 Matrices

INTRODUCTION
Matrices owe their origin to various linear problems, the most important of which consists in the
nature of solutions of systems of simultaneous linear equations. In 1857, Arthur Cayley developed
the properties of matrices as a pure algebraic structure. These days, matrices are used in a large
number of disciplines such as Algebra, Geometry, Statistics, Physics, Chemistry, Psychology,
Economics and Industrial management etc. In the present chapter, we shall learn about matrices
and shall confine ourselves to the study of basic laws of matrix algebra.

MATRICES
Consider the systemsof simultaneous linear equations:
2x -3y =7
5x + 4y = 11| ...()
It is a system of two linear equations in two unknowns x, y; and
2x -7y +3z =8
...(i)
3x + 0y + 6z = -11
is a system of two linear equations in three unknowns x, y, z. In the first case,to know L.H.S. we
2-3
need only know the array 5
consisting of the coefficients of x and y, in this particular order.
7
Similarly, the array gives all information.about R.H.S. Thus, the system of equations in () is
|11|
[2 -37
completely specified by the two arrays of numbers 5
|and Similarly, the system of
[2 -7 31 8
equations in () is fully specified by the two arrays |3 0 6| and 11

Each array of the above type is known as a matrix. The numbers, of which each matrix is
constituted, are called the elements or entries. In the above examples, all elements are real numbers.
n fact, the elements can be complex numbers or polynomials.
For each element of a matrix, its value as well as its position are both important. It means that
a matrix is an ordered array of elements.
In the () system of equations, the array [2 -3] specifies the left side of the first equation and
the array 15 4 that of the second equation. Each such horizontal array of amatrix is called arow
ofthe matrix.

Matrices 71
 2 -31
Similarly, the array 5
specifies the coefficients of x and the array
4| specifies the
coefficients of y in the () system of equations. Each such vertical line is called a column of
matrix.
2 -3|
Thus, the matrix consists of two rows and two columns or briefly is a 2 x 2matriy
5 4|
[2 -7 31
while the matrix
3 0 6
corresponding to the () system of equations is a matrix with two
rows and three columns or briefly a 2 x3 matrix. The matrices corresponding to the right side of
the above systems () and (ü) are2 x 1 matrices.
Matrix. Arectangular arrangement of mn elements in the form of an ordered set of mrows, each rou
consisting of an ordered set ofn elements is called an mxn matrix (mxn isrend as mby n).
Such an arrangement is enclosed in the bracket [ Jor parenthesis (). Each of the mn elements
constituting the matrix is called an element or entry of the matrix. To locate the position of a
particular element of amatrix, we have to specify the number of row and that of the column in
which the element occurs.
An element appearing in the ith row and the jth column is referred as (i pth element or
i, pth entry.Usually, a matrix is denoted by a capital letter and an element of a matrix by asmal
letter of the alphabet along with two suffixes, the first one indicating the number of row and the
latter one that of the column in which the element appears. Thus, an mx nmatrix may be written
as

a1
...

A=

:Am1 Am2 Mm3

In compact form, this matrix is written as

A= (4jlmxn 1sism,1sjsn.
Ais called a matrix of order (or type) mx n.
|2 -3 1 V2]
For exanple:A=0 1 -2 7|is a matrix of order 3 x 4.
3 4 9 -V3
It has 3 x4 ie. 12 elements. It has 3 rows and 4 columns. Here a1 = 2, ayg =-2, aa1 =3,
34 =-3 etc.
If a;e R (set of reals), we say that Ais a matrix over Ror Ais a real matrix. Similarly, if a;; e C
(complex numbers), then Ais a complex matrix. In this book, all matrices will have real entries.

The array la; ap lig . a;] is the ith row and the array is the jth column of the
matrix A.

Comparable matrices
columns as the
Too matrices are said to be comparable iff each one of them contains as many rows and
other.
 Equal matrices
tris A=Rani B= [b are said to be egual(urittan asA= B) if
a yrefthe sTE OTiT Le numhfosin A= number of roSin Band rumbr ofolus in

tair arsing elements ar equal ie.a=bfor all i ard j.

For erample : the matrices |a B
are equal iff a= ab= B,c=y and d = 8.
Types of Matrices
1 Row matix

ArIhring olyone rTS Clai a row mairir. Thus, A =[1 5 3 -1 is alx4 row matrix.
2. Column matix

Airi rng crly cne olun s allai a column matri. Thus, A=7 is a 3 x 1olumn

matrix.
|0
3 Zero matrix
Ar m xn iTËË uSe ah elemet s zEN is oallai a zero matrir or a nll
|0 0 07 matriI of oiar
XLThus. is a zeO matrix of onder 2 x3.
0 0 0

4 Square matrix
Aratriz in chit the numher of rous equals the rnimber of aolunis, say n, iscallai a square
matrir of
order n or an n-Towed square matrix.
The elements a= of asquare matrix A =[a< for whichi=jare called the diagonal
elements and
the line along which these elements lie is called the principal diagonal or simply the
the matrix. Thus, theelemenis a1, a, a..-,a, are the diagonal elements of the diagonal of
square matrix
A=(4_lzxr
[2 3 -1
For example : 4 7 9 is a square matrix of order 3 and its diagonal elements are 2,
7,3.
|0 1 3

5 Diagonal matrix
A
squre matrix A = [a-]x is called a diagonal matrir iff all itsnon-diagonal elements are zn. The
diagonal elements may or my not be zero.
3 |5 0 0
For example :[4 and 0 -2 0 are diagonal matrices of order 1,2 and3respectively.
|0-1
0 0
Adiagonal matrix of order n is written as diagonal [a11 a, üz -, anl
6. Scalar matrix
aaiagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrir. Thus in a scalar
matrix, A=[aalrxn. Wwe have
0, whenij
k, wheni=j.
5 0 0
For example : [31, 05 0 are scalar matrices of order1,2 and 3 rspectively.
0 0 5|
Matrices 73
 7. Identity matrix
Ascalar matrix in wlich each diagonal element is unity is called an identity matrix or a unit matrix,
Thus in an identity matrix,A=la;l we have
(0, wheni# j
1, when i =j.
1 01 [1 00| and 3respectively.
For example :[1], |0 01 0 are identity matrices of order 1, 2
|0 0 1|
An identity matrix of order nis usually denoted by I
8. Triangular matrix triangular. matrix if
called an upper
() Upper Triangular matrix. Asquare matrix A=(aluxnis
diagonal are zeo triangular natrixiff
aij =0for all i >ji.e. iff all elements below the principal
natrix A =(ajnxn is called a lower
(ii) Lower Triangular matrix. Asquare
zero.
above the principal diagonal aretriangular
aj =0for all i<j i.e. iffall elements triangular is called a
matri.
lower
(ii) Triangular matrix. Amatrix, upperor iff
triangular matrix A = [a;]v, is called strictly triangular
A
a;=0for all i= 1, 2, 3,..., n.
1 -3 07 [7 0 0| lower triangularmatrices
2 4 and 4 0 0 are upper triangularand
For example:0 -1 2 9
00
of order 3 respectively.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
matrix?
is a row of A, then what is the type ofR as a
type 3 x5 and R elements. Hence, R
Example 1. A is a matrix ofthe therefore, each row of A contains 5
type 3 x 5,
Solution, Since A is a matrix of
of the type 1 x 5.
is a row matrix it has
what are the possible orders it can have? What, if
elements,
Example 2. If a matrix has 12
7elements? elements. Thus to find all
matrix is of order n x n, then it has mn
Solution. We know that if a pairs (of natural
of amatrix with 12 elements, we shall find all ordered
nossible orders
12.
numbers) whose product is
pairs are
All possible ordered
(1,12), (12, 1), (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3).
Hence, the possible orders are
1x12, 12 x 1, 2x 6,6 x 2,3 x 4and 4 x3.
Burther, if the matrix has 7elements, then the possible orders are1 x7 and7x1.
3 7 -1] 9 0 Find the sum of (2, 2) entries of Aand B.
Example 3. Let A = and B=
|0 2 |3 -5 6|
Solution. Here (2, 2) entry of Ais 2 and (2, 2) entry of Bis -5.
The sumof(2, 2) entries of Aand B=2+ (-5) =-3.

74 Applied Mathematics-XII
Evample 4. Construct a2 x 31matrix whose elements a; are given by
() 4j =2i-3j (i) ay=i.j
Solution. () ay=2i-3j, i=1,2 and j=1,2,3
a11 =2.1-3.1 =-1, a12 =2.1-3.2 =-4, a13 =2.1-3.3 =-7;
ay1 =2.2-3.1 =1, ayy =2.2-3.2 =-2, aga =2.2-3.3 =-5.

Hence, the required matrix is [-1 -4 -7|

1 -2 -5|
(i) a; =ij, i= 1,2 andj =1, 2,3
a11 =1.1=1, 412 =1.2 =2, a13 = 13 = 3;
a1 = 2.1=2, ag = 2.2 = 4, aa = 2.3 = 6.

Hence, the required matrix is |1 2 3

2 4 6]
Example 5. Constructa3x3 matrix A= (a;;lwhose elements are given by a;;= (i +2)
5

|11 412 a13

Solution. Let A= | a21 a2 an3
|a31 g2 g3

a:+42;i=1,2,3; j=1,2,3
5

1+2x2
=1, a13 =+2x3_
7
5 5 5

t 2x1 8
22= 5 5 gg 2+2x3
4 2+2x2 6
ag1 5
5 5
3+2x1 3+2×3 9
5 =1, ag2 = 5 5
3
1

4 6 8
Hence, A=
5 5 5
7

|X+y+z
Example 6. Find the value of x-y +zif 5

y+z
Solution. By definition of equality of matrices, we get
*+ y+ Z = 9 ...)
X+ Z = 5
...()
y+Z = 7 ...(iü)
Subtracting (ii) from (), we get y=4.
From (ii), we get 4+z=7’z=3.
From(), we get x +3=5’x=2.
X-y+z=2-4+3=1.

Matrices 75
Example 7. Find the values of a, b, cand dfrom the matrix equation:
[a-b 2a +c] -1 51
|2a -b 3c+ d| 0 13 |
a-b 2a + c
Solution. Given 2a -b 3c + d -
By definition of equality of matrices, we get
a-b=-1, 2a + c=5, 2a - b=0,3c + d = 13.
Now a-b=-1,2a -b=0=a-20 =-1, b= 2a
a=1,b=2 x1=2.
2a + c=5’2x1+c=5’c=3.
3c +d=13 ’3x3 +d=13 ’d=4.
Hence, a=1, b= 2, c=3, d =4.
Example 8. Can you find the values of x and y so that the matrices
3x +7 5 fo y-2|
and
|y+1 2-3x 8 may be equal?

Solution.
3x +7 5
-
y-2|
y+1 2-3x 4

3x +7= 0, 5 =y-2, y +1=8and 2-3x =4

’ =-y=7,y=7
3
and x=-:
We note that x= -7 and x= 2
cannot be true simultaneously, therefore, the given matrices
3
cannot be equal.
Example 9. Find x,y, a and bif
3x + 4y 6 2 6 4
a+b 2a -b -3 |5 -5 -3
Solution. By definition of equality of matrices, we get
3x + 4y = 2 ...()
x- 2y = 4 ...()
a + b = 5
...(m)
2a - b = -5
...(to)
To find x, y;
Multiply (ii) by 2and then add it to (), we get 5x= 10 ’ x=2.
:. From(),3 x 2+4y =2 ’ 4y =-4 ’y=-1.
To find a, b;
Adding (ii) and (iv), we get 3a=0 > a=0.
:. From (ii), 0 + b= 5 ’ b=5.
Hence, x=2,y=-1, a=0, b=5.
Example 10. What is the number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1?
Solution. Since a matrix of order 3 x 3 has 9 elements i.e. 9 entries and each entry can be
in 2 ways (by 0or 1), therefore, the total number of ways of filling these filled
entries is 2 i.e. 512.
76 Applied Mathematics-XII
 Corresponding to every different entry, we get a different matrix.
The total number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0or 1 is 512.

EXERCISE 3.1

1. Identify the type of matrices given below and write the order of each matrix:
3
2 5
() A= [2 3] (i) B= (ii) C=-1 2
1 4 0

3 0 -4 3
(iv) D= [1 3 -4] (v) E= (vi) P= 1 0 -7
|2 2 0

1 0 0
|0 0
(vi)
-0 (oi) R- al (ix) X=0 1 0
|0 0 1|
2 0 01 1 0 07
(x) Y= 0 2 0 (xi) Z=0 -2 0
0 0 2 0 03
-9 4 -31
2. (i) IfA= -1 0 4|, find agg t ag2:
2 2 0

[-5 7 21|
(ii) If B= 8 0 7 , find b1 + bg2-b13
-2 1 3|
3. If A is a matrix of type p x q and R is a row of A, then what is the type of R as a matrix?
4. IfA is a column matrix with 5 rows, then what type of matrix is a row of A?
5. If a matrix has 18 elements, what the possible orders it can have? What, if it has
11 elements?
6. IfA is a 3x3 matrix whose elemernts are given by a; =-3i+tj|, write the value of azg
7. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix A= [a;;] whose elements a;; are given by:
() a =2i -j (ii) a; =|2i- 3j|.
8. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix B= [b;] whose elements b, are given by:
() bij =i-3j (ii) b; =(i+2j)2.
9
3x
find the values ofx and y.
6 4|

(ti) Find the value of x, if [3x + y

| 2y - x
(ii) Ie *-y find the value of (x +y).
2x -y
(iv) IF * +y x+2 5
then write the value of (y -x).
|2x -y 3y +1|

Matrices 77
 10. Find the values of a, b, c and d from the following equations :
2a +b a-2b] 4 -31
|5c - d 4c + 3d 24

|2x -3y a-b -2 3

11. Findx, y, a and
a 1 X+4y 3a + 4b 6 29
12, (i) Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 3 with each entry 1 or 2,
(ii) Write the number of all possible natrices of order 2 x 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3.

Answers
1. () Row matrix, 1 x 2 (ii) Column matrix, 3 x 1
(ti) Rectangular matrix,3 x 2 (iv) Row matrix, 1 x3
(0) Square matrix, 2x2 (vi) Square matrix, 3 x 3
(vii) Null matrix, 2x 2 (vii) Null matrix, 2 x3
(ix) Unit matrix, 3 x3 (x) Scalar matrix, 3 x3
(xi) Diagonal matrix, 3 x 3
2. () 2 (i) 7
3. 1 xq 4. 1x1 5. 1 × 18, 18 x 1, 2x9,9 x 2,3 x 6,6 x 3; 1 x 11, 11 × 1
6. 1 -2 -5-81 9 25 49
(i)
|16 36 64|
9. () x=2,y=-3 (ii) 1 (iü) 3 (iv) 2
10. a= 1, b=2, c=3, d = 4 11. x=2, y =1, a=3, b=5 12. (1) 64 (ti) 81

OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Addition of Matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the sane order, we say that
these are
addition and their sum A + Bis the matrix obtained by adding the compatible (or conformable) for
corresponding elements of Aand B.
Thus, if A=(a;lmxn andB= [b;mxy then A+B= (a, +bjlmxn 1siSm,1sjsn.
2 3 -1 4 9 -111
For example : if A= and B =
5 0 7 |3 1 -2'
then A + B= 2+4 3+9 [6 12 -12]
|5+3 0 +1 7+(-2) 1

Note
If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is
not defined, and we say that A and B are not
compatible for the sum A + B.

Subtraction of Matrices
IfA and Bare two matrices of the same order, we say that these are
difference A- Bis the matrix obtained by subtracting the elements ofcompatible
Bfrom the
for subtraction and their
A corresponding elements of
Thus, if A= (ajmxn and B= [bjlmxn then A-B = [a;;-bjmxn 1Sism, 1
sjsn.
4 -7 -21
For example : if A= 3 0
and B =

78 Applied Mathematics-XII
 4-2
-7-4 -2-(-5)1 2 -11 3
then A-B=
5-(-9) 3-6 0-(-3) -3 3

Negative of a Matrix
TMA= Jam xn bea matrix, then -A=[-ajlmxn is called the negative of matrix A.
2 -3 0
3 01
For exanple, if A : 7 -6
then -A =

Properties of Matrix Addition

4 Addition of matrices is commutative
ie if Aand B are matrices of the same order, then A+B= B + A.
2, Addition of matrices is associative
ie. if A,B and Care matrices of the same order, then (A+ B) + C=A+ (B +C).
3. Existence of additive identity
For any matrix A, there exists a null matrix O of the same order such that
A+0A=0 + A.
4, Existence of additive inverse
For any matrix A = [ajmxpthere exists a matrix-A=-a;mxy Such that
A+(-A) =0= (-A) + A.

Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar (number)

IFkis any scalar (number) and A is any matrix, then the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A
by kis called the scalar multiple of Abykand is denoted by kA.
Thus, if A= lalmxn then kA =[kajlmxn.
25 01
For example : if A
--3
-3 7 9

3A =
3×2 3 x5 3x0 6 15 0
then
|3x(-3) 3x7 3x9 -9 21 27
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
IfA, Bare two matrices of the same order and k, l are any scalars (numbers), then
() (k+1)A= kA+lA (ii) k(A+ B) = kA+ kB (ii) (kI)A= k(lA) =l(kA)
(iv) 1A =A (v) (-1) A=-A.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXXAMPLES

Example 1. I
Verify that A+ (B + C) = (A +B) +C.
Solution. A+ (B +C)=

and (A +B)+C-|
A+ (B + C)= (A+ B) + C.

Matrices 79
 1 2 31 and B= [0 -1 51
Example:
2IfA-2 31 |2 3 -4
find 2A - 3B.

Solution. 2A-3B =2 |0 -1 3 -151

12
[2+0 4+3 6-15] 7 -9
4-6 6 -9 2+12 -2 -3 14
Example 3. IfA =diagonal [1,-2, 5] and B=diagonal (3, 0, -4], then find3A- 2B.
Solution. Given A=diagonal [1,-2, 5] and B= diagonal [3, 0, -4]
1 0 0 T3 0 0
’ A=0 -2 0 and B=0 0
05 0 0 -4

1 0 01 [3 0 01 3
0 06 0 0
3A-2B =30 -2 0-20 0 0 =0 -6 0-0 0
0 5 0 0 -4 |0 0 15o 0 -8
3-6 0-0 0-07 -3 0 0]
=|0-0 -6-0 0-0=0 -6
0-0 0-0 15-(-8)| 0 0 23

= diagonal [-3,-6, 23].

Example 4. If Ithe values ofx and y.

Solution. Given

By definition of equality of matrices, we get

2+ 4x =21 and y+6y =-9
x2+4r-21 = 0and y +6y +9 =0
(x-3) (x +7) =0 and (y+3) =0
’ x=3, -7 and y=-3.
Hence, x =3,y =-3 or x=-7,y=-3.
6| 4 x+y| find the values of x, y, z and w.
Example 5. Given 3 +
2 w |Z+ w 3

Solution. Given 3
x+y|
3

|3x 3y x+46+x+y
3z 3w -1+z+w 2w+3
By definition of equality of matrices, we get
..)
3x = x + 4
3y = 6 + * +y

80 Applied Mathematics-XII
 3z = -1+z + w
...ii)
3w = 2w +3
...(iv)
From (), we get 2r =4’x2.
From (i), we get 2y =6+2’2y =8’y=4.
From (v), we get w=3
From (ii), we get 2z=-1+32%=2’z=1.
Hence, X=2,y=4,z =1,w=3.

Example 6.IfA, Band C are three matrices of the same order, then
B=C’A+ B=A+C.
Solution. Since A, BandCare of the same order, A+Band A+Care also of the same order.
Now B=C’ corresponding elements of Band Care equal
(i,j)th element of B= (i,pth element of C
(:: b=ca+b=a+c)
(i, )th element of (A + B) = (, jth element of (A + C)
corresponding elements of (A +B) and (A +C) are equal
’ A+ B =A+C.

Remark
In view of the above result, if A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then
A-B=C>A=B+C.

Example 7. IfA, Band Care three matrices such that A+B=A+C,then B=C.
Solution. Since A+B=A+C
’ A, B and Care of the same order
’ -A, A, B and Care of the same order.
Now A+B=A+ C (given)
-A)+ (A +B) =(-A) +(A+C) (using example 6)
(-A+A) + B=(-A+ A) +C (Associative law)
O+B=O+C ’ B=C.
[-2 2 01
Example 8. Find a natrix Asuch that 2A3B + 5C= 0, where B=
Solution. Given 2A-3B+5C=0
3 1 4 Mc
and (
2A=3B-5C +0»2A=3B 5C
2 0] 0 T10 0 -10
30

[-6-10 6-0 0-(-10)| 6 10 -8 3 5

2A=
9-35 3-5 12- 30 ’A=-26 -2 -18 |-13 -1 -9
Example 9. IfX and Yare 2x2matrices, then solve the follozvingmatrix equations for Xand Y:
2X + 3Y

2 3|
Solution. Given 2X +3Y=i ...()

Matrices 81
 and 3X + 2Y =
21
..i)
Multiplying () by 2 and (ii) by 3, we get

4X +6Y = 2

9X + 6Y = 3

Subtracting (ii) from (iv), we get

[-6 0
5X =
3 -15 -5 -15 |
01 -2 0

x-4
From (ii), we get 2Y - 3X

2Y =

Y =

Example 10. Tuo booksellers Aand B sellthe books of Mathematicsand Ayplied Mathematics. In the month
of March, bookseller Asold 250 books of Mathematics and 400 books of Ayplied Mathematics where
as bookseller Bsold 230 books of Mathematics and 425 boks of Applied Mathematics. In the month of
April, bookseller Asold 550 books of Mathematics and 300 books of Applied Mathematics and bookseller
Bsold 270 books of Mathematics and 450 books of Applied Mathematics.
Represent the given information into matrix form and find the total sale for both the booksellers in the
month of March and April using matrix Algebra.
Solution. Books sold by both the booksellers in the month of March can be represented in the
matrix form as given below:
Maths Applied
Maths
250 400Bookseller A
P=
230 425 Bookseller B
Also,books sold by both the booksellersin the month of April can be represented in the matrix
form as given below:
Maths Applied
Maths
550 300Bookseller A
Q=
270 450 Bookseller B
(250 400 (550 300
Total sale=P+Q= 230 425 270 450

82 Applied Mathematics-XII
 Answers
10. 9. 8. 5. IfA= 4. 2. IfA=| 1. 700Hence,
1
A= Finda 2X-Y= Find 2B-3C.A+ IfA EXERCISE3.2 ApplMatiehds.books
Find A+
)B
matrices
= total P+Q=
XifY=|1 -3
|2diagonal |23 | |12 3 2 of
matrix Applied sale
4 500 Maths
800 Applied
-606 0
X 1 31 by
X and -1 and kA
= (1, bookseller
such 1|2 4 2 -2, and B= Maths, Maths
Yif 2d|c+d 6 Bookseller
Bookseller
875 B700 A
that 5], 0 3A-C.(i)
3A-2B+X=0,where and and +| ,find -26
B -1 whereas
= 4 2 -13 A
2X |4 the diagonal
8 [3, and C: in
X + -1| the
+ a+b values 3a1
2Y Y
= 3 then 0 by
months
=|-2 1 find , 2| bookseller
of ,then
3 x the 0,-4]andC= find
2 of
2 find a, and values the find ,find March
-7
1 b,
5] y. matrix 2A- B
and c the are
of 500 and
d. k, diagonal B. following
a, A. books April
b
and
[-2, : ofare
c. Maths 800
7, books
0],
Matrices tfihennd and
875Maths of
books
and
83
of
 4. diagonal (13,-23, -3) 5. k=4, a= -4,b=-10, c = 0 6. x=3,y=-4

7. a=2, b=4,c=1, d=3 8. 9. 2

10.
-16 -4|
3-5

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let Aand Bbe two matrices, then the product AB of Aand Bis defined if and only if the number of columts
in A is equal to the number of rows in B, and we say that these are compatible (or conformable) for the
product AB. IfA isamatrix of order mxn and Bis amatrix of order n xp, then AB is amatriz of order
m xp and is defined as AB = [Clmxy uhere

i, k)th element of AB = sum of the products of the elements of the ith row of A
with the corresponding elements of the kth column of B

ie. fA = lamxnand B=(bgnxp, then the product AB is defined as the matrix C=(eal,mxy uhere
C*-4jb
j=1 1sism, 1sksp.
In the product AB, the matrix A is called the pre-factor and the matrix B is called the post
factor. Also we say that the matrix A has been post-multiplied by the matrix Band the matrix Bhas
been pre-multiplied by the matrix A.
For example :
1
() Let A= 2 and B=:
Since A is of order 2 x 2 and Bis of order 2 x 2, therefore, AB is defined and it is a matrix
of order2 x 2.

AB =
[1.0 +(-1).5 1.1+(-1).(-2)1
2.0 + 3.5 2.1+3.(-2)
Also Bis of order 2 x 2 andA is of order 2 x 2, therefore, BA is defined and it is a matrix of
order 2 x 2.
0.1+1.2 0.(-1) + 1.3
BÁ =
5.1+(-2),2 5.(-1) +(-2).3
Note that AB BA.

|2 -1 3 1 0
(i) Let A = and B= 2 1
1 4
l-3 5
Since A is of order 2 x3 and B is of order 3 x 2.therefore, AB is defined and it is a matrix
of order 2 x 2.

2 -1 3 1 0|
AB = 2 1
lo 1 4
-3 5|
[2.1+(-1),2 +3.(-3) 2.0 +(-1),1+ 3.5| -9 14
0.1 + 1.2 + 4.(-3) 0.0 + 1.1+ 4.5
21|
84 Applied Mathematics-XII
 Also Bis of order 3 x 2 and Ais of order 2 x 3, therefore, BA is defined and it is a matrix of
order 3x3.
1 0
2 -1 31
BA = 2
1 4|
-3 5

1.2 + 0.0 1.(-1) + 0.1 1.3 + 0.4 2-1 3|

2.2 + 1.0 2.(-1) + 1.1 2.3 + 1.4 4 -1 10
-3.2 + 5.0 -3.(-1) + 5.1 -3.3 + 5.4 -6 8 11|
Note that AB # BA.

1 1
(iii) Let A = 02
1
-2
and B=

Since Ais of order 3 x 2 and Bis of order 2 x 2, therefore, AB is defined and it is a matrix
of order3 x 2.

1 1r1 21 [1.1+ 1.2 1.2 + 1.21| |3 4|

AB =|01 2|2
1
2|=0.1+ 2.2
|1.1+ 1.2
0.2+ 2.2
1.2 +1.234
4 4

Again B is of order 2 x 2 and A is of order 3 x 2, therefore, BA is not defined.

Remark
From the above examples, we observe that the multiplication of matrices is not commutative. This
does not mean that AB BA for every pair of matrices A, B for which AB and BA are defined.

07 6 0
then AB= = BA.
For example, if A =

In fact, multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order is always commutative.

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

IfA, B, C are any three (suitable) matrices and is any scalar, then
1. Multiplication is distributive over addition
i.e. if A, B, C are suitable matrices, then
() A
(B+ C) = AB + AC and (i) (A + B)C= AC + BC.
The above laws are called distributive laws.
2. Multiplication of matrices is associative
l.e, if A, B, C are suitable matrices, then (AB) C=A(BC).
= A(AB).
r A,Bare suitable matrices and is a scalar, then (AB) = (A)B
4. Existence of multiplicative identity
ItA= a,lis an m x nmatrix, then I,,A=A= AI,
matrix is a null matrix
eproduct of any matrix and a suitable null
tA= la,l is an mx n matrix, then Opxm A= Opxn and AOnxq=Omxq'

Matrices 85
Powers of a Square Matrix
Let Abe a square matrix of order n, then AA makes sense and it is also a square matrix of
We define: order n
A1 = A
A² = AA

Am = A-1 A = AA-, for all positive integers m.

Matrix Polynomial
Letf(r) = agxm + a,x+... t ay-1* + 4 be a polynomial inx and Abe a square matrix of order
n, then
fA) =aA" + a,Am-l+ ... + an-1A + a, is called a matrix polynomial in A. Thus, to obtrin
fA), replace xby Ain f(2) and the constant term is multilied by the identity matrix of the order equal to
that of A.
The polynomial equation f(x) =0is said to be satisfed by the matrix Aiff(A)=0,
where Ois anull matrix of ordernxn.
For example : if f(x) = 2r2 - 3x + 7 and A is a square matrix of order 3, then
fA) = 2A23A +7L.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

2 3
1 -2 3)
Example 1.fA = 25 and B= 4 5 and BA =(6), find b¡Ë t bz2
2 1
(2 3
1 -2 3
Solution. Given A = 4 5 and BA=(b)
-4 2
2 1
1 -2 3
2 5)

By definition of multiplication of matrices, we have

by1 =4.1 +5.(-4) = 4-20 =-16 and
bg =2.(-2) + 1.2 =-4+2=-2.
by1 t bgg =(-16) +(-2) =-18.

2 0 -31
3 1| 4
7
Example 2. IfA=1 4 5s=
, B=-1 0 and C=|2 1|,verify that A(B +C) = AB + AC.
4 2| |1 -1
(T3 11 [4 7 3+4 1+7 7 8
2 0 -37|
Solution. A(B+C) =A|-1 0+|2 1||=A-1+2 0+1 11
4+1 2+(-1)| 55 1)
-
(2.7 +0.1+(-3).5 2.8 +0.1 +(-3).1]-1 131 ...)
1.7+ 4.1+5.5 1.8 +4.1+5.1

86 Applied Mathematics-XII
 -3 3 1]
AB -1 0
5
4 2

[2.3 +0.(-1)+ (-3).4 2.1+ 0.0 +(-3).,21-6 -4

1.3 + 4.(-1) + 5.4
4 7
1.1+ 4.0 +5.2 -
T2 0 -3
and
AC = 2 1

1 -1|
[2.4 + 0.2 +(-3).1 2.7 +0.1 +(-3).(-1)
1.4 + 4.2 +5.1 1.7 +4.1+5.(-1) -
-4
AB + AC= 6

[-6+5 -4+17] [-1 131

19 + 17 11+6 36 17| ...(ii)

From () and (ii), we get

A(B + C) = AB + AC.
Example 3. Find the values of aand bfor which the followinghold :

Solution. Given

2.a+b.(-1)
-a).2+ 2b.(-1)| -1-[-8
2a-b=5 ...)
l-20-2b=4 ie. a+b=-2 ...(ii)
Adding () and (i), we get 3a =3’a=1
From (ii), 1 +b=-2’b=-3
Hence, a=1,b=-3.

Example 4. If matrix A= and A' = pA, then write the value ofp.
2 -27 2 -21 [2.2 +(-2)(-2) 2.(-2) +(-2),2|] 8 -81
Solation.A? =-2 2-2 (-2),2 + 2.(-2) (-2\-2) + 2.2 -
Given A2 =pA’
8-8| 2p -2p
-8 2p|
3 8=2p, -8=-2p’p=4.
Note
However, if we get different values of pthen the question is meaningless.

Matrices 87
 Example 5. IfA = 1 1 and B=| find the value(s) of afor which A2 =B.
Solution. We have, A² =B

O.a +0.1 a.0+0.1|

1.a + 1.1 1.0+ 1.1

a+1 1

a'=1and a +1=5
a=t1 and a =4, which is not possible.
Hence, there is no value of a for which A² = B.

Example 6. fA= 2|1 12 then show that A2 -31 =2A.

|1.1 + 2.2 1.2 + 2.11 5 4]
Solution.
A-A-22i 2.1+1.2 2.2+ 1.1|

A2-2A-31 =

5-2-3 4-4-0] fo 07
4-4-0 5-2-3|
A2-31 = 2A.
1 2
and M2-kM-1, = 0.
Example 7. Find the value ofk if M=|,|2 a3|
1.1+ 2.2 1.2 +2.3| 5 8
Solution. M² = MM= 2.1+3.2 2.2+3.3 8 13

Given M-kM-I, =0

-B--C
T5
|8 13| 2k 3k l0 o
5-k-1 8-2k - 0]
|8-2k - 0 13 -3k-1
4-k 8-2k 1
|8- 2k 12- 3k 0 0
=0
4-k=0, 8-2k = 0, 8-2k = 0 and 12-3k
’ k=4, k= 4, k=4 and k=4.
Hence, the value of k is 4.
 [3 1
ample 8. IfA = |7 5 -na the valiues of xand ysuch that A2 4+ xl, =yA.
[3 113 11 [3.3 + 1.7
Solution.A? =AA = 3.1+1.51 [16 8
7.3 + 5.7 7.1+5.5 |56 32
Given A2 +xl, =yA
[16 8
56 32
16 8
56 32 L7y 5y
16 +x 8+0 |3y y
|56+0 32 +x7y 5y
[16 +x=3y .) 8+0=y ...(t1)
56 +0=7y ..(ti) 32 + x = 5y ...(iv)
From (i), we get y=8.
From (), we get 16 +x=3 x 8’ 16+ x= 24’x=8.
Note that these values of x and y satisfy (iii) and (iv).
Hence, x = 8,y = 8.
Example 9. IfA is asquare matrix such that A= A, then find the value of 7A- (I+ A)3, where I is the
identity matrix.
Solution. (I +A)? =([+A) (I +A) = P+LA +AI+A2
=I+A+A+A
(: A2=A given)
=I+3A.
(+ A = ([+ A) [+ A) = (I + 3A) (I + A)
= P+ IA +3AI + 3A2 = I+A +3A +3A =I+7A.
. 7A- (I + A)³ = 7A- (1+ 7A) = -I.
[1 -1|
Eample 10. jfA-;B= - 1| and (A +B) =A2 +B2, fnd a and b.
Solution. Given (A +B² =A2+ B²
(A + B) (A + B) = A2 + B2
(A+ B)A + (A + B)B = A2 + B2 (Distributive law)
A2 + BA+ AB + B2 = A2 + B2
BA + AB = 0

|a+2 -a-1|
lb-2 -b+1|"|2a -b 3
[2a - b+2 -a+1
2a-2 -b+4
Za -b +2 =0,-a +1=0,2a-2=0,-b +4=0
’ 2a-b+2=0, a= 1, a=1,b=4.
NOte that a=1.b=4 satisfies 2a -b+2=0.
Hence, a=1,b=4.

Matrices 89
 [1 0 21x
Example 11. Find x, if [x -5 -1]|0 2 1 4 =0.
20 3|| 1|
|1 0 2| x
Solution. Given [x -5 -1]|0 2 1|4
|2 0 3

’ x+0-2 0-10 +0 2r-5-3]| 4 =O

1
[x-2 -10 2x8]| 4 = O

[(x-2)x +(-10) x 4+ (2r-8) x 1] = [0]

x2-2x- 40 + 2x8 =0’'= 48
X= t4/3.

Example 12. Find the matrix Xfor which

4 [1 -2|
Solution. Since and are both square matrices of order 2, therefore, Xmust be
1 3

Square matrix of order 2.

Let X = then the given matrix equation becomes
C d

5a + 4c 55 + 4d ] 1 -2
| a+ c b+d
5b + 4d = -2 ...)
5a + 4c = 1 ...)
b+d = 3
C =1 ...(#i)
Solving () and (iii) simultaneously, we get a = -3, C= 4.
Solving (i) and (iv) simultaneously, we get b = -14, d = 17.
[-3 -14|
Hence, X= 17

[5 21 [2 51 CD-AB=0.
Example 13. Let A = andC= Find amatrix D such that
|3 8
matrixof
matrices of order 2, therefore, Dmust be a square
Solution. Since A, B, Care all square
order 2 for CD -AB to be defined.

Let
D
Given CD-AB =O’ CD= AB

90 Applied Mathematics-XII
 2a + 5c 2b + 5d7 10 -7 4-41 01
3a + 8c 3b + 8d 15 + 28 6+ 16| 43 22
Ry the definition of equality of matrices, we get
2a + 5c= 3 .() 2b + 5d = 0 ..()
3a + 8c = 43 ...üi) 3b + 8d = 22 ...o)
Solving () and (ii), we get a =-191, c= 77.
Solving (i) and (iv), we get b =-110,d = 44.
-191 -110
D 77 44

Example 14. Given that X, xy Y3 xk Z2xp Wnx3 and P, xt arematrices of specified order. What are the
conditions:
() for n, kand p so that 3PY + 2WY is defined?
(ii) for the order of the matrix 2X-3Z?
Solution. () For multiplication of Pand Y,
number of columns of P = number of rows of Y
’ k=3
and order of PY=p xk ie. p x3.
Also, for nmultiplication of Wand Y,
number of columns of W = number of rows of Y
’3=3
.. WY existsand order of WY=nxk=n x 3.
()) Then, for addition of 3PY and 2WY,
order of 3PY = order of 2WY
’ px3=n x3’p=n.
(ii) 2X-3Z is defined if
order of X= order of Z
’ 2xn=2 xp’ n=p.
Example 15. Cost of a pen and a notebook are 12 and 27 respectively. On agiven day shopkeeper P sells
5pens and 7 notebooks, whereas shopkeeper Qsells 6pens and 4 notebooks. Find the money received by
both the booksellers using matrix algebra.
Solution. Number of pens and notebooks sold by both the shopkeepers are represented by sale
matrix

Pens Notebooks

S=
5 7) Shopkeeper P
6 4)Shopkeeper Q
Also, cost of apen and anotebook can be represented by acost matrix
C= (12\Pen
T27 )Notebook

Matrices 91
 Now, the amount received by both the shopkeeper can be
obtained by multiplying S
So, amount received
i-sc-7) andc
60 + 189 249
|72 + 108 ) 180
Hence, shopkeeper Preceived 249 and shopkeeper Q received ? 180.

EXERCISE 3.3
2
write the orders of AB and BA.
1. IfA=(-1 2 -5] and B=-1|,

order 2 x3, can you find AB2

TfA is a matTiX of order 3 x 3 and B is a matrixX of
1 2| 3 -2 11
A=-1 1|,B
B= and AB =[cl, find c3 + Cz1
3. If 1 4 2
2 3
find the value of x.
4. If [x
-4 61 write the value of x.

1 0 0| x| 1

Wite the value of x+y+zif |o0 10 o|--1.

0

By.
and A? =I, find the value of a² +
B
7. IfA=

1 11 -1]1,findAB and BA.

8. () ÉA=|and
1 1|
B= 1

matrix.
a 0 show that Bis a scalar
2
,B= and AB= BA, then
(i) 0 b
Hint. (i) Show that a = b.
L. 0 1 0 and A² = B,then find the value(s) of a.
9. IfA= simplified value
1
the
matrix such that A2 = I. then find
10. If A is a square
(A-I)³ + A+ I)3-7A.
2 2| [7 -81
25
11. Write the following as a single matrix: 7 -4 0 2-1|-5 9

2 -1] 0 4 find 3A2- 2B + I.

12. IfA=| 2
and B=
-1 7]

92 Applied Mathematics-XII
 13 Find the values of x and y, given that

, show that A2 -5A-141= 0.

3-2
15.IA= 4 -2
then findk so that A2 = kA-2I.

[-1 2]
16. IA= 3 1 ,find f(A), where f (x)=-2x+3.
2 3 10
17.
HA=1 2 1 2 2]
and I=
1 then find , 4 so that A² = A + L.

18. IfA=|2 1 2|, verify that A2-4A- 51 =0.

2 2 1
19 TfA and B are square matrices of the same order
such that AB = BA, prove that
() (A+ B) (A- B) =A2- B2 (ii) (A+ B² =A2 +2AB +B²
(iüi) (A-B)² = A2-2AB + B2 (iv) (A+ B)³=A3 +3A2B +3AB2 +B3
() (A-B) =A-3A2B+3AB2-B3,
13 21
20. Findx, if [1 x 1]|| 2 5 12 =0.
|15 3 2

21. Finda 2 x 2 matrix B such thatB |1 -27

|1 4 =6l,.
22. Two badminton teams A and B are staying in the same
hotel. Team A has 2 male and
3female players accompanied by 1 coach. Team Bcomprises of 1male, 2
2 coaches. The daily requirement (calories and protein) for each female players and
person is as given below:
Calories Protein
Male player 2500 65g
Female player 1900 50 g
Coach 2000
54g
Use matrix algebra to calculate the total diet requirement of calories and protein for
team. each

Answers
1. Order of AB is 1x1 and order of BA is 3 x 3 2. No 3. 10

4. 2 5. 13 6. 0 7. 1 8. () AB = = BA

9. 1 18 371 4 -20
10. A 11. 12.
19 |38-10| 13. x=1, y=1
15. 1 12 -4 4 2|
16.
|-6
17. =4, p=-1 20. -2,-14 21.-1
1
22. Team A:12700 calories and 334 g protein; Team B: 10300 calories and 273 g protein

Matrices 93