MIGRATION

ANALYSIS
Outline
 I. Introduction
 II. Definition
 III. Migration Theories
 IV. Types of Migration
 V. Characteristics of Migrants
 VI. Why do people migrate?
 VII. Push Factor
 VIII. Pull Factor
 IX. Human Migration Guide
 X. Basic Sources/Measures
 XI. Origin and Destination Factors
 XII. Framework for the Analysis to Migrate
 XIII. Migration Process
 XIV. Effects of Migration
 XV. Filipinos Abroad
 XVI. CFO
 XVII. Tables
 XVIII. References
Introduction

“The irony is that, although longing for home,

Filipinos now belong to the world.”
Epifanio San Juan, Jr., 1998
Definition
 Migration
 permanent change of residence that requires crossing an
administrative boundary from place of origin to place of
destination
 Migration Rate
 the ratio of migrants to the total mid-year population during a
given period expressed per 1,000 population
 Rate of migration (assumed) = Population growth rate of
municipality/city/province – national population growth rate
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’S Law of Migration (1834)
 Most migrants travel sort distance and with increasing distance the
number of migrants decrease. This law is based on the assumption that
the higher travel cost and lack of knowledge of more distant places acts
against large volumes of migration
 Migration occurs in stages and with a wave-like motion. Base on his
observations the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries that migration
occurred in steps with people gradually moving up the settlement
hierarchy-from rural areas to villages, to towns, to cities, and finally the
capital city.
 Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and
transport improves, and the major direction of movements is from
agricultural areas to centers of industry and commerce.
 Most migration are adult. Families rarely migrate out of their country of
birth.
 Women are more migratory than men within their country of birth but
men more frequently venture beyond it.
 Urban dwellers are likely to move than their rural counterparts.
Source: Michael P. Todaro, Internal Migration in Developing Countries
Migration Theories
Todaro’s migration model (1960’s) – economic theory
 Migration proceeds in response to urban-rural differences
is expected rather than actual earnings
 Migrants as decision-makers consider the various labour
market opportunities available to them as between, the
rual and urban sectors, and choose the one which
maximixes their “expected” gain from migration.
 ‘Expected gains” measured by:
(a) the difference in real incomes between rural and
urban job opportunities
(b) probability of a new migrant obtaining an urban job
Types of Migration

 Internal Migration = Moving to a new home

within a state, country, or continent.
 External Migration = Moving to a new home in
a different state, country, or continent.
 Emigration = Leaving one country to move to
another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from
England).
 Immigration = Moving into a new country
(e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
Types of Migration

 Population Transfer = When a government forces a

large group of people out of a region, usually based on
ethnicity or religion; also known as an involuntary or
forced migration.
 Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant" or
"imposed" migration) = Individuals are not forced out of
their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations
such as warfare, political problems, or religious
persecution.
 Step Migration = A series of shorter, less extreme
migrations from a person's place of origin to final
destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to
a town, and finally to a city.
Types of Migration

 Chain Migration= A series of migrations within a family or

defined group of people; which often begins with one family
member who sends money to bring other family members to the
new location. Chain migration results in migration fields—the
clustering of people from a specific region into certain
neighborhoods or small towns.
 Return Migration= The voluntary movements of immigrants
back to their place of origin; also known as circular migration.
 Seasonal Migration= The process of moving for a period of
time in response to labor or climate conditions (e.g., farm
workers following crop harvests or working in cities off-season;
"snowbirds" moving to the southern and southwestern United
States during winter).
 Source: www.national geographic.com/xpeditions
Characteristics of migrants

 Migration is selective, i.e. migrants are not random samples of

the population at the origin.
 Migrants responding primarily to plus factors at destination tend
to be “positively” selected, i.e. they are of a higher “quality’
(more educated, healthier, more ambitious, etc.) than the origin
population at large.
 Migrants responding primarily to minus factors at origin tend to
be “negatively” selected
 The degrees of “positive” selection increases with the difficulty
of the intervening variables
Why do People Migrate?

 People move for a variety of reasons. They consider the advantages and disadvantages
of staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel costs, travel time,
modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers.

 Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a
food shortage, war, flood, etc.).

 Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable
(such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).

 Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their movements
(sometimes at the same time), including:

 1. Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters)

 2. Political (e.g., war)
 3. Economic (e.g., work)
 4. Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)

www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions © 2005 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.

 Push Factor: Reasons for migrating (leaving a
place) because of a difficulty (such as a food
shortage, war, flood, etc.).
PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS
FOOD SHORTAGE

PUSH WAR

FEW OPPORTUNITIES

NOT ENOUGH JOBS

POOR MEDICAL CARE EARN HIGHER INCOMES

 Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place)
because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate,
better food supply, freedom, etc.).
BETTER FOOD SUPPLY

EDUCATION
PULL
Factor
FAMILY
LINKS

NETWORK OF FAMILY AND FRIENDS IN THE NEW COUNTRY

FREEDOM
Human Migration Guide
 Place Utility: The attraction of a particular place is usually
based on its social, economic, or environmental situation.
These attributes are often used as basis for comparison in the
people’s choice a better living condition.

 Intervening Opportunities: Opportunities nearby are usually

considered more attractive than equal or slightly better
opportunities farther away, so migrants tend to settle in a
location closer to their point of origin if other factors are equal.

 Distance Decay: People tend to gravitate towards a closer

distance from their given location. (ex. Boat people in
Sabah/Kota Kinabalu). Since it would be more practical to
travel close, aside from the familiarity with the condition and
culture.
Basic Sources / Measures

 Gross Migration
= [(people in + people put/midyear population)] X 1000
 Net migration
= [(# incoming - #outgoing/midyear population)] x 1000
 In-migration
= (# immigrants/mid-year population of destination) x
1000
 Out-migration (for those leaving a country)
= no. of emigrants/mid-year population of origin
Origin and Destination Factors and
Intervening Obstacles in Migration

+ +
-
+ ++ +
+
+
+ Intervening Obstacles - +
- _

Origin Destination

Fig. 1 Intervening Obstacles

 Psychic returns Rural-Urban
(e.g. urban amenities) Contacts
Complementary factors
(e.g. land)
Distance Education Media
Rural income
Government Policies
(e.g. taxes) Returns to
Migration

Social System Urban-Rural

Education Information
(e.g. decision unit) Remittance
Flows

Expected
Perceived
Present value
Urban Wage Value of migration
of migration

Self-employed Urban income

earnings Opportunity
Cost
Probability
of a job Cost of Migration
Cost of Living Migration
Decision
Transport Cost Psychic cost
(e.g. risks, social
adjustment, etc.)

Fig. 2 - A Framework for the analysis of the decision to migrate

Source: Byerlee (1974) p.553
Migration Process

 Demographic
Gender - Migration is generally male dominated and should
also be true for the Philippines. However, proportion of
migrating women is on the rise.
Age - Generally young adults, single males between ages of
15-25.
 Social Factors – the desire to break away from traditional
constraints
 Physical Factors – to include climatic and meteorological
disasters such as flood, draught and famine
 Cultural – including the extended families
 Communication factors – improved transport and
communication technology
 Educational - possess some qualities that attract the host
country, such as high skilled labor.
Source: Michael P. Todaro, Internal Migration in Developing Countries
Effects of Migration

 People who migrate tend to seek an environment similar to the one

they left, but they are influenced by natural barriers, such as large
rivers, seas, deserts, and mountain ranges. Stimulates further
migration through the displacement of people living in the area.
 Reduces the numbers of the migrating group because of hardship
and warfare.
 Decimates indigenous populations through warfare with invaders
and through vulnerability to new diseases.
 Alters physical characteristics of ethnic groups through
intermarriage.
 Changes cultural characteristics through adoption of the cultural
patterns of peoples encountered.
 Modifies language.
 Many native groups, such as the Aborigines of Australia and
Native Americans, have lost their traditional homelands, their
languages, and many of their traditions as they have been
absorbed into larger societies.Early Migrations
Filipinos Abroad

“Migration if the oldest

action against Poverty”
GK Galbraith

OFW remittances hit record $1.5B in June

By Doris Dumlao
PDI 08/16/2008
MANILA, Philippines—Money sent home by overseas
Filipino workers (OFWs) through banks hit an all-time
high of $1.5 billion in June, up 30 percent from a year
earlier, reflecting a strong season for remittances for
school year opening.
The January-June total reached $8.2 billion, up 17.2
percent from the same period last year, said Governor
Amando Tetangco Jr. of the central bank.
Citing data from the Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration, Tetangco said OFWs sent abroad in the
six months increased 33.5 percent to 640,401 as
compared with the same period last year.
Bay Area
 Financial Contribution

Fig. 3 - Remittances of Overseas Filipinos

Commission of Filipinos Overseas

 Board of Commissioners The CFO is composed of an eigth-man Board of Commissioners:

Chairman: Appointed by the President with Cabinet Rank
Vice-Chairman: Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Members: Secretary of Trade and Industry
Secretary of Labor and Employment
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Justice
Secretary of Tourism
Press Secretary
Executive Director, Commission on Filipinos Overseas


The Commission on Filipino
Overseas
 The Commission on Filipinos Overseas is an agency of
the Philippine Government which
 Established 16 June 1980 through the enactment of
Batas Pambansa (Republic Act) 79
 to promote and uphold the interests and well-being of
Filipinos Overseas
 Presidential Decree No. 1412 creating the Office of
Emigrant Affairs (OEA)
 created the Commission on Filipinos Overseas, replacing
OEA

 Copyright 2004 © Commission on Filipinos Overseas

Source: www.cfo.gov.ph
General Conclusions

1. Migration patterns became more

diversified.
2. There is an increasing number of
female migrants.
3. There is a direct economic link to
migration.
References

 Migration and Remittances – A Case Study of the Philippines, Peter

Holmvall
 Lundt University, School of Economics
 Human migration, Wikipedia
 The Low and Slow Ageing in the Philippines: Auspicious or
Challenging?, Nimfa B. Ogena, University of the Philippines Population
Institute (UPPI), 30 June 2006
 THE PHILIPPINES Salvador P. Catelo, Dean, College of Economics
and Management
 Michael P. Todaro, Internal Migration in Developing Countries
 W.T.S. Gould and A.M. Findlay, Population Migration and the Changing
Order
 Final Conference on “Rural-Urban Migrants and Mteropolitan
Development”, Istnabul, Turkey Town Drift: Social and Policy
Implications of Rural-Urban Migration in Eight Developing Countries
 Prof. Carmeli Chaves, SURP, Lecture notes
 Migration Report, Mr. Allan de los Santos, SURP, 2007
Thank you.
