7 Tissues - Notes

Class- IX Sub: - Biology

Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together to achieve a particular
function forms a tissue.

Histology: - Study of tissues.

Significance of Tissues: -
1. Tissues brought about division of labor in multicellular organisms.
2. Tissues are organized to form organs and organs into organ systems.
3. It increases efficiency of the organism.

Difference between Plant Tissues and Animal Tissues: -

S.No. Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

1 Most of the tissues are supportive. They are not supportive.
2 Most of the tissues are dead as they can Most of the tissues are living.
provide more mechanical strengths.
3. Growth is confined to some areas only. Growth is not limited to any area.
4. Some tissues divide throughout their lives. After reaching maturity they don’t divide.
5. Organization is simple. Organization is more complex.
6. Tissue organization is targeted towards Tissue organization is targeted towards
stationery habit of plants mobility in animals.

Meristematic Tissue: - These are undifferentiated actively dividing tissue found in the growing regions of
the plants. These tissues are living and brought about increase in the length and girth of the plant.
x

Characteristics of Meristematic Tissues:

1. -Cells are active (living).
2. -Have dense cytoplasm.
3. -Thin cellulose walls.
4. -Prominent nuclei and lack vacuole.

Types of Meristematic Tissue

1. Apical Meristems: - These are present at the growing tips of stems and roots which helps in
increasing length of stem and root.
2 Lateral Meristems: -They are present on the lateral side of the stem and root. They increase the girth
of stem during secondary growth.
3. Intercalary Meristems: -). Intercalary meristem is the meristem at the base of the leaves or
internodes (on either side of the node) on twigs. They lie at the base of the leaves or internodes they
help in the longitudinal growth of plants.

Permanent Tissue: - These tissues are derived from the meristematic tissues. They take up a specific
role and lose the ability to divide. As a result, they form a permanent tissue.

Differentiation: -The process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called
differentiation. Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.

T.S. of Stem:
Any part of the plant contains different kinds of tissues depending upon the location where they have
different functions.

Difference between Meristematic Tissue and Permanent Tissue

S.No. Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

1. Continuously dividing tissues. Lost the power of division.
2. Cells are small and similar Bigger cells with lots of differentiation in
shape and size.
3. Nuclei are large Nuclei are small
4. Vacuoles are absent Vacuoles are present.
5. Intercellular space absent Intercellular space present.
6. Metabolic activities are at high rate. Metabolic activities are at low rate.
7. Cells are undifferentiated. Cells are differentiated, carry out specific
functions.
8. Always living cells Living or dead tissues.

Permanent Tissues: Characteristics: -

1. They don't divide as they lost the power of division.

2. They are differentiated cells and carry out specific functions.
3. They may be living or dead cells.
4. They may have thin or thick cell walls.
5. The cells are large with big vacuoles.

Simple permanent Tissue: These tissues are composed of only one type of cells only. The cells are
structurally and functionally similar.

Types of Simple Permanent Tissues

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
1. Parenchyma:
 1. The cells are living and thin walled.
2. There may or may not be intercellular spaces.
3. They are the most unspecialized cells.
4. The cell wall consists only of cellulose.
5. There is a prominent nucleus, cytoplasm & vacuoles.
6. They are basic packaging tissue; some tissues contain food and storage.

Function of parenchyma Tissues: -

1. This tissue provides support to plants

2. They also stores food.
3. It contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis, and then it is called chlorenchyma.
4. In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants to help
them float. Such a parenchyma type is called aerenchyma.
The parenchyma of stems and roots also stores nutrients and water.
Collenchyma

1.

The cells are living elongated having less intercellular spaces and irregularly thickened at the
corners.
2. They give flexibility and allows easy bending of 4.
various parts like stem, leaf etc. without breaking.
3. They also give mechanical support to the plant.

3. Sclerenchyma
Characteristics:

1.. It is the tissue which makes the plant hard, stiff and provide mechanical strength to the plant. Ex: -
husk of the coconut.
2. The cells of this tissue are dead.
3. They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin (a chemical substance which acts as
cement and hardens.
4.Their walls are so thick that there is no internal space inside the cell.
5. This tissue is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering
of seeds and nuts.
Difference Between Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

S. No. Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

1. The cells are living and The cells are living and thick at The cells are dead and thick
thin walled. the corners. walled due to lignin
deposition.
2. The cells are oval, The cells are elongated and The cells are long and
spherical or polygonal in thickened at the corner. narrow.
shape.
3. There is large intercellular There is very little intercellular There is no intercellular
space between the cells. space. space.

Protective Tissue: -

The outermost part of root, stem and leaves are modified into protective tissue.
They protect the plant from loss of water and mechanical injuries.
They are of two types: Epidermis and Cork.
Epidermis:

1. It is the outermost protective layer of all soft parts of the plant like young stems, roots, leaves and
flowers.
2.It is one celled thick and covered with cuticle.
3. The Epidermis protects against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
4.Often their outer and side walls are thicker than the inner wall.
5. In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with waterproof
quality) on its outer surface to check the loss of water.

Stomata:
Stomata: Stomata are small pores present in the epidermis of the leaf.
Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.

The main functions of stomata are:

1. Gaseous exchange (CO2 or O2 with the atmosphere)
2. For Transpiration (Loss of water in the form of vapor from the aerial part of plant.

Transpiration: -Loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial part of the plant.

In monocot stomata is present on both the surface of the leaves and in dicot plant stomata is present in
the lower epidermis of the leaf.

Cork:

1. It is the outermost protective dead tissue in older stem and root.

2. This is formed by secondary lateral meristem called cork cambium.
3. It protects loss of water by transpiration.
4. They have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and
water.
5. It also protects inner part from the entry of microorganisms and from extreme temperature.

Complex Permanent Tissue

1. These are tissues made up of more than one type of cells. They coordinate to perform a common
function.
2. There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem.
3. They are called vascular or conducting tissues.
4. They transport water, minerals salts and food to various parts of plant body.
Xylem: - Xylem tissue consists of four types of cells.
1. Tracheides
2. Vessels
3. Fibers
4. Parenchyma
Tracheid and vessels are tubular structure which transport water and minerals vertically.
Xylem parenchyma is the only living tissue which stores food and helps in sideways conduction of water.
Fibers help in mechanical support.

Phloem: - Phloem conducts nutrients and hormones from leaves to the storage organs and later from
storage organ to growing part of the plant.
-It is composed of four types of cells
1. Sieve tubes,
2.Companion cells,
3.Fibers
4. Parenchyma.
Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
It is mainly living tissue and doesn’t help in mechanical support.

Difference Between Xylem and Phloem

S.No Xylem Phloem

1 It transports water and minerals from It transports food and hormones from the leaves
roots to the aerial parts of the plant. to growing parts of the plants.
2. Xylem consists of tracheid, vessels, Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells,
fibers and parenchyma phloem fibers and phloem parenchyma.
3. Only xylem parenchyma is living Sieve tubes, companion cells and parenchyma
are living.
4. Tracheid, vessels, xylem fibers and Phloem fibers are dead tissues.
dead tissues.
5. Xylem gives mechanical strength to Phloem does not give mechanical strength to
the plant. the plant.
6. Xylem occupies the center of the Phloem occurs in the outer side of the vascular
vascular bundles. bundles.
7 Hard walled cells Soft Walled Cells.

Animal Tissue and its Types

Animal tissues are of four main types
i) Epithelial tissues: - are of several types. They are: - Squamous, Columnar, Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
ii) Muscular tissues: - are of three types. They are: - Striated, Unstriated and Cardiac.
iii) Connective tissues: - are of several types. They are:- Blood, Bone, Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage,
Areolar, Adipose etc.
iv) Nervous tissue: - Consists of nerve cells called neurons.

Function and Nature of Epithelial Tissue

1. Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals.

2. It forms the outer covering like skin, the lining of blood vessels outer covering of organs, inner
lining of blood vessels, lungs alveoli, esophagus, etc.
3. It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
4. It protects the body and controls the movement of materials between the d the surroundings
and between the parts of the body.
5. The cells are closely arranged with a small amount of cementing materials and have a
extracellular fibrous basement membrane.

Types of Epithelial Tissues

1.Squamous epithelial tissue: -It consists of a layer of thin flat cells. It is present in the linings of blood
vessels, lungs alveoli, mouth, esophagus etc. The skin has several layers of epithelial cells. This tissue is
called Stratified squamous tissue which is present in the skin.

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue:Skin

ii) Columnar epithelial tissue: - Consists of tall pillar like cells. This tissue is present in the places where
absorption and secretion occur. It is present in the walls of the intestine.
iii) Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue has cilia. These
cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is
called ciliated columnar epithelium.

iii) Cuboidal epithelial

tissue :- Consists of cube shaped cells having a basement membrane. It forms the lining of kidney,
tubules and ducts of salivary glands and provide mechanical support.

iv)Glandular epithelial tissue: - Sometimes epithelial tissue folds inwards and forms a multicellular
gland which secretes substances. This tissue is called Glandular epithelial tissue.

Connective Tissue: -

1. Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body together.
2. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely spaced.
3. The space between the cells are filled with a matrix.
4. The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
5. The nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of the particular connective tissue.

i) Blood: - Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which contains red blood cells (RBC), white
blood cells (WBC) and platelets.

Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of
the body.
ii) Bone :-

1. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports the body and the main organs.
2. It’s a strong and non-flexible tissue.
3. It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body.
4. Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds.

iii) Cartilage:- It is solid but soft and flexible connective tissue . They contain chondrocyte cell
scattered in a matrix made up of protein and sugar.

Cartilage smoothens bones surface at joints and is also present in the nose tips, ear trachea and
larynx.

iv) Ligaments: -Two bones are connected to each other by a connective tissue called ligaments.
This tissue is very elastic and considerable strength.
Ligaments contain very little matrix.
v) Tendons: -These are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to bones.

Tendons are fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexibility are flexible tissues which joins
bones. Together and helps in movements.

vi) Areolar tissues: Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs
and helps in repair of tissues.

vii) Adipose tissue: - It is found below the skin and between internal organs. It contains fats and
helps to store fats. The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules. Storage of fats also lets it act as
an insulator.

Muscular Tissue:
Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells, also called muscle fibers. This tissue is responsible for
movement in our body. Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract
and relax to cause movement.

1. Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle): -

-Under the microscope, these muscles show alternate light and dark bands or striations -The cells are
long, cylindrical and are multinucleated.
- They are also called skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones. They help in voluntary
movements of the body.

ii) Unstriated muscles (Smooth muscles): - These are involuntary muscles having no striations. The cells
are long and spindle shaped and are uninucleate. They are present in alimentary canal, blood vessels,
bronchi of lungs, iris of eye etc. They help in involuntary movements.

iii) Cardiac muscles: - These are involuntary muscles having faint striations. The cells are long,
cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. They are present in the heart and helps in the contraction and
relaxation of the heart.

Nervous Tissue: - Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then
transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
- The brain, spinal cord and nerve fibers are all composed of the nervous tissue.
The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons.
 Neuron (Nerve cell): - has a cell body containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has hair like structures
called dendrites and a long part called axon having nerve endings. The axon has a protective covering
called myelin sheath. The neurons are joined together to form nerve fibers. The junction between two
neurons is called synapse.

Synapse

The End