TISSUE

Class 9 CBSE Sathvik Prasanna

INTRODUCTION
The living organisms either unicellular like amoeba or multicellular like human beings have different

life processes. In unicellular organism all the life processes are carried out within a single cell.

In multicellular organisms due to increase in body size, it is difficult for each cell to efficiently cope

with the vast variety of the physiological needs of the organisms, so cells differentiate into specific

tissues to perform specific functions. In human being nerve cells carry messages and blood flows

to transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste materials.

In plants vascular tissues conduct food, water and minerals from one part of the plant to other

part. So multicellular organism shows division of labour.

 TISSUE - DEFINITION
A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform common
function is called tissue.

The term tissue was coined by Bichat. The study of internal

structure of any part of an organism is called anatomy. The study
of tissue with the help of microscope is called histology.
Importance of tissues

Workload of individual cell has decreased. Tissues become

organized to form organs and organs into organ systems.
Formation of tissues has brought about division of labour in
multicellular organisms.Multicellular organisms have higher survival
due to improved body organization and higher efficiency of
functions.
PLANT TISSUES
PLANT TISSUE
Plants are stationary so they require more of supportive tissue for
obtaining structural strength.
Most of these tissues are dead and hence they provide more
mechanical strength and they require less energy for their
maintenance.
The growth of plants is limited to certain regions.In these regions,
growing tissues are present, which have capacity to divide
throughout life.
Plant tissues can be classified into two groups on the basis of their
division capacity, meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT TISSUE
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
These are living tissues which are capable of
division.These tissues are found in growing
regions of plants. Cells have thin cell wall. Cells
contain dense cytoplasm and do not have
vacuoles.Cells contain prominent and large
nucleus. Intercellular spaces are
absent.Metabolically active cells and stored food is
absent.

Function- Meristematic tissue is responsible for

the growth in length and width(girth) of plant .
CLASSIFICATION OF MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
PERMANENT TISSUE

They are formed by division and differentiation of

meristematic tissue.

They are composed of those cells which have lost the

power of division (temporarily or permanently) and
attained a permanent shape, size and function. Cells may
be living or dead.

Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent

tissue and complex permanent tissue.
 SIMPLE
PERMANENT
TISSUE
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

These tissues are made up of similar types of

cells, that perform a common function.

They are protective and supportive in nature.

Simple tissues are of three types

(i) Parenchyma

(ii) Collenchyma

(iii) Sclerenchyma
 PARENCHYMA
It is a living and basic packaging tissue which consists of
relatively unspecialised cells.
Parenchyma is the first evolved permanent tissue which is
present in all soft parts of plant (therefore called universal
tissue).
Cells of this tissue have thin cell wall which is made up of
cellulose.
Cells of this tissue have cytoplasm with small nucleus and
large vacuole.
Cells are usually loosely packed so intercellular spaces are
present.
FUNCTION
This tissue provides support to the plant and help in storage
of food.
MODIFICATIONS OF PARENCHYMA
(a) Chlorenchyma (b) Aerenchyma

Chlorenchyma is the type of Parenchyma made up of rounded

cells which surrounds the large air
parenchyma in which chloroplasts cavities.
(contains chlorophylls) are found.
It is found in aquatic plants or
They are present in mesophyll of
hydrophytes.
leaves.
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
It provides buoyancy to the aquatic
Synthesis of food (Photosynthesis). plants to help them float.
 COLLENCHYMA
Cells of this tissue are living, flexible, elongated or vary
in structure. Cells of this tissue are irregularly thickened
at the corners due to the deposition of
pectin.Intercellular spaces are very little or absent It is
present below the epidermis of leaf stalk, herbaceous
dicot stem and at the margin of leaves.

FUNCTIONS

It provides mechanical support (tensile strength) and

elasticity. It allows easy bending in various parts of
plant (leaf and stem) without breaking i.e. it provides
flexibility to plant.
 SCLERENCHYMA
Sclerenchyma cells are dead, narrow and long cells
which are devoid of protoplasm. The walls of cells of
sclerenchyma are greatly thickened with deposition of
lignin. Such cell walls are called lignified. The cells of
sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular
spaces. They are found in stems, roots, veins of leaves
(in vascular bundle), hard coverings of seed and fruits.

FUNCTIONS

They form hypodermis of monocot stem. It is the main

mechanical tissue which provides mechanical support. It
makes the plant hard and stiff.
CLASSIFICATION OF SCLERENCHYMA
1. Sclerenchyma fibres: They constitute 2. Sclereids (grit or stone cells): They are
the major mechanical tissue of the highly thickened and irregularly shaped
plants and are abundantly found in dead cells.They are found in various parts
plants. Commercial fibres obtained from of the plant such as cortex, pith and hard
plants (e.g. jute, flax, hemp, husk of seed coat. Sclereids provide strength to
seed covering and grittiness to the pulp of
coconut) usually are sclerenchymatous
many fruits, such as guava, apple and
fibres.
pear.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA AND SCLERENCHYMA.
 COMPLEX
PERMANENT
TISSUE
 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE

The complex tissues consist of more than

one type of cells.

All these cells coordinate to perform a

common function. Complex tissues are of
the following two types :

(i) Xylem or wood (ii) Phloem or bast

 XYLEM
Xylem fibre- These are dead and lignified
Xylem is made up of four types of cells sclerenchymatous cells which are mainly
supportive in function.
1. Tracheids 2. Vessels 3. Xylem fibres - Dead elements
Xylem parenchyma It is formed of living
4. Xylem parenchyma - Living element
parenchymatous cells which helps in
Tracheids- Tracheids are elongated cells with tapering ends. storage of food and lateral conduction of
water and minerals.
Since tracheids do not have open ends like the vessels, so
the water has to pass from cell to cell via the pits.

Vessels or tracheae- Very long tube like structures formed by

a row of cells placed end to end. The transverse walls
between the vessels are completely dissolved to form
continuous channels or water-pipes. Tracheids and vessels
help in long distance conduction ofnwater and minerals
vertically or upward from the root system to various parts of
plant. Tracheids and vessels provide mechanical support.
PHLOEM
Sieve tubes-Sieve tubes are slender, tube like Phloem parenchyma These are living and thin
structures composed of elongated cells, placed walled cells which helps in sideways conduction
end to end. Their end walls are perforated by of food. They store various materials like resin,
numerous pores and are called sieve plates. The latex and mucilage. They are absent in
monocots.
nucleus of each sieve tube degenerates at
maturity, however cytoplasm persists in the Phloem fibres- are dead sclerenchymatous cells.
mature sieve tube. Thus, nuclei are absent in Phloem or bast fibres of some plants are source
mature sieve tube elements. of commercial fibres e.g. Jute, Hemp, Flax.

Companion cells -These are associated with Function of phloem- Phloem transport
sieve tubes. These are smaller cells having photosynthetically prepared food materials in
dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus. The both the directions from the leaves to the
storage organs and latter from storage organs to
companion cells help the sieve tubes in the
the growing regions of the plant body.
conduction of food material.
XYLEM V/S PHLOEM
EPIDERMIS
It is the outermost layer of all organs of plant body which is formed from
parenchymal cells. In epidermal cell outside walls are thicker than inner wall. It is
mostly single layered but in desert plant it is multi layered for protection against
water loss. It protects the internal tissue from mechanical injuries and entry of
germs.

Cuticle : The outer wall of epidermis of aerial parts of plant secretes and deposits a
waxy substance, called cutin which form a water proof layer called cuticle.
 EPIDERMIS
It checks the loss of water by transpiration and mechanical
injuries and invasion of parasitic fungi. Epidermis of leaves
has large number of microscopic aperture called stomata.

Stomata: Each stomata is an elliptical aperture bounded

by two kidney shaped guard cells which regulate opening
and closing of stomata.Transpiration (loss of water in the
form of water vapours) takes place through stomata.
Stomata helps in exchange of gases.

Root hairs: Epidermis of roots (epiblema) have root hairs

which greatly increase their surface area for absorption of
water and minerals.
Root Hair
 CORK OR PHELLEM
Cork is the peripheral tissue of old stems and roots of
woody trees and is formed due to activity of cork cambium
or phellogen (secondary / lateral meristem).It is made up of
dead cells with thick wall but no intercellular spaces. The
walls of cork cells are heavily thickened by the deposition
of an organic substance (a fatty substance), called suberin.
Suberin makes these cell impermeable to water and gases
and it also helps in conservation of water in the trees.sides,
thus, forming cork (phellem) on the outer side and the
secondary cortex or phelloderm on the inner side.
Commercial importance of cork- Cork is light and highly
compressible and cork is used in the making of a variety of
sports goods such as cricket balls, table tennis,
shuttlecocks, wooden paddles etc.
ANIMAL
TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL TISSUES
EPITHELIUM - NATURE
It is the simplest tissue. It is the protective tissue of animal's body. It covers
most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep
different body systems separate.Epithelial cells are closely packed and
have small amount of cementing material, so there is very little inter-cellular
spaces present between the cells. Due to absence or less intercellular
spaces, blood vessels, lymph vessels and capillaries are unable to pierce
this tissue, so blood circulation is absent in epithelium. Hence cells depend
for their nutrients on the underlying connective tissue. It always rest upon
underlying connective tissue. At the junction of the Epithelial tissue and
connective tissue a layer is present which is called basement membrane
(non cellular fibrous), formed of mucopolysaccharides and collagen fibrils.
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
(i) Squamous

Description: Flattened cells, extremely thin.

Common locations: Blood vessel walls, alveoli of

lungs, Buccal cavity, skin,

Function: Diffusion
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

(ii) Cuboidal
Description: cube like cells, may have microvilli at its
free surface
Common locations: lining of kidney tubules, thyroid
gland, ducts of salivary glands and sweat gland. It
forms germinal epithelium of gonads (testes and
ovaries)
Function: Secretion, absorption, mechanical support
and germ cells formation.
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

(iii) Columnar (Pillar like)

Description: tall slender cells ; may have microvilli
at their free surface.
Common locations: Inner lining of small intestine,
stomach, colon and part of respiratory tract lining.
Border of microvilli present at free surface end of
each cell increases absorption efficiency in small
intestine.
Function: Secretion, absorption.
 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

Ciliated epithelium

Description: It consists of cells that bear hair like

structures (cilia) on its external surfaces. Cells in it
may be cuboidal or columnar in shape. Cilia helps in
the movement of substances.

Common location: It is found in kidney tubules,

trachea, oviduct, etc.

Functions: It helps in movement of substances.

TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

Glandular epithelium
Description: Tall, slender cells, some cells from
the free surface invaginate inside to form
secretory cells – goblet cells.
Common location: Lining of intestine & glands
Function: Secretion of mucus and other
secretions.
CONNECTIVE
TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced
and embedded into a non cellular matrix. The
matrix may be solid (as in bone), soft (as in loose
connective tissue), or liquid (as in blood).

On the basis of nature of matrix, connective tissue

are:-

(1) Connective tissue proper

(2) Fluid / vascular connective tissue

(3) Skeletal connective tissue

 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
(i) Loose connective tissue or Areolar connective
tissue

Loose connective tissue is a mass of widely scattered

cells whose matrix is a loose weave of fibres. Many of
the fibres are strong protein fibres called collagen.
Loose connective tissue is found beneath the skin and
between organs. It is a binding and packing material
whose main purpose is to provide support to hold
other tissue and organs in place.It is found between
the skin and muscles, around blood vessels, nerves
and in bone marrow.
FUNCTIONS OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
(i) It helps to hold various tissues together in any organ.
(ii) It helps in the repair of body tissues after any injury.
(iii) Histocytes (amoeboid cells) of this tissue engulf foreign particles
and protect against diseases. These are also known as macrophages.
(iv) Mast cells in the tissue are concerned with allergic and inflammatory
reactions.
(v) It binds skin with the underlying tissues.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE
It consists of adipose cells (Adipocytes) filled
with fat globules in loose connective tissue.
Each adipose cell stores a large droplet of fat
which is used to provide energy. Adipose tissue
pads and insulates the animal body.

Location: It is found in the subcutaneous layer

below the skin, around the heart,brain and
below the eye balls, blubber of whales &
elephants, hump of camel, etc. It is a prominent
component of skin of mammals living in polar
regions.
FUNCTIONS OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

(i) It acts as insulator and prevents loss of heat from the body.
(ii) It helps in the storage of food in the form of fats.
(iii) It provides body contours (shapes).
(iv) It forms cushion like shock-absorbing structures below the
vital organs such as heart, kidney, eye balls etc.
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES
(a) White fibrous connective tissue
The matrix of this tissue contains
abundant white fibres forming layers or
bundles making it inelastic. The white
fibres are made up of collagen
protein.Sheets of this tissue are found in
the coverings of the bones, cartilages,
kidneys etc.Bundles of this tissue called
tendons, attach muscles to the bones.
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

(b) Yellow fibrous connective tissue

This tissue is very elastic due to the presence
of a network of very elastic yellow fibres in its
matrix. The yellow fibres are made up of
elastin protein. Sheets of this tissue are found
in covering of the blood vessels. Bundles of
this tissue are called ligaments that attach the
bones to each other at the joints.
FLUID / VASCULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUES
It is a special type of connective tissue which maintains link among
different parts of the body.
It receives materials from certain parts of the body and transports them
to the other parts.
It constitutes the transport system of animals.
It consists of two basic components – blood and lymph.
BLOOD
Blood is composed of blood cells present in liquid matrix called
plasma.Blood is approximately 55 percent of plasma and 45 percent blood
corpuscles.Plasma contains water, salts, sugars, lipids and amino acids.
Blood corpuscles are of 3 types:
(A) Red blood cells or Erythrocytes.
(B) White blood cells or leucocytes
(C) Platelets or thrombocytes (These are spindle-shaped non-nucleated
cells numbering 200, 000 to 300,000 per mm3 of blood. They help in the
clotting of blood).
BLOOD
(A) RBC’s or Erythrocytes
These are the most abundant corpuscles out of all the types and are
about 5 million in one mm3 of blood. They are biconcave,
nonnucleated, disc-like in mammals, whereas oval, biconvex and
nucleated in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds. They contain
red-coloured respiratory pigment called haemoglobin that helps in
the transportation of respiratory gases.
BLOOD
(B) WBC’s or Leucocytes
These are irregular, amoeboid, phagocytic cells with one to many
lobed nucleus. These cells protect the body against diseases by
engulfing bacteria and other foreign particles (phagocytosis) and
are hence called ‘soldiers of the body’. They also provide
resistance against diseases by producing proteinaceous
substances called antibodies. Their number is about 6000-8000
per mm3 of blood. They are of five types : monocytes,
lymphocytes, acidophils, basophils and neutrophils.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

Granulocytes
In their cytoplasm granules are present which can be stained by
specific dye.Nucleus is multilobed and lobes are interconnected
by protoplasmic strand.Produced in Bone marrow –
They are (i) Acidophils, (ii) Basophils (iii) Neutrophils
GRANULOCYTES

(i) Acidophils/Eosinophils
Amoeboid in shape.
In their cytoplasm acidophilic granules are
present which can be stained by acidic dye
Eosin.
Nucleus is bilobed.
They protect body against allergy &
parasitic infection.
GRANULOCYTES
(ii) Basophils
Amoeboid in shape.
Smallest granulocytes.

In their cytoplasm basophilic granules are present

which can be stained with basic dye methylene
blue.

Nucleus is 3 lobed. 'S' shaped.

Their main function is to secrete heparin, histamine
& serotonin.
GRANULOCYTES

(iii) Neutrophils
Maximum in number.Amoeboidal in shape. In their
cytoplasm granules can be stained by any dye
(acidic, neutral, basic). Nucleus is multilobed. They
can squeeze & comes out from the wall of blood
capillaries in tissue. This phenomenon is called
Diapedesis. Phagocytic in nature. Destroy bacteria
& viruses by phagocytosis. Due to their smaller size
& phagocytic nature they are called Micropolice
man.
TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES

(2) Agranulocytes
Cytoplasm is clear & granular.
Produced in bone marrow.
They are of 2 types (i) Monocytes (ii) Lymphocytes
AGRANULOCYTES

(i) Monocytes
Largest Blood Corpuscles. Nucleus kidney
shaped/bean shaped.Power of diapedesis is
present. Active motile WBC. Phagocytic in
nature. Destroy bacteria & viruses by
phagocytosis so called Macropoliceman. Also
called scavanger of blood because they engulf
damaged or dead & minute bits of blood
corpuscles.
 AGRANULOCYTES
(ii) Lymphocytes
Amoeboid shape. Life span in blood - 5 - 7 days or less
than 10 days but in connective tissue it may be
month/year/whole life.
Lymphocytes are of two types.
A. T – LYMPHOCYTES
Produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus gland.
B. B – LYMPHOCYTES
Produced in bone marrow and mature in bone marrow. Its
function is to produce, synthesize & transport antibodies.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
(i) It transports nutrients, hormones and vitamins to the tissues and carries
excretory products from the tissues to the excretory organs.

(ii) The RBC's of blood helps in the transport of respiratory gases,(oxygen &
CO2).

(iii) The WBCs fight with diseases by producing antibodies and engulfing the
germs (antigens).

(iv) Blood platelets help in the clotting of blood.

(v) Blood helps in thermoregulation, water balance and maintenance of pH of

body.
LYMPH

Lymph is actually filtered blood which

is similar to blood in composition
except that it is devoid of RBC,
platelets and some blood protein. WBC
are present in abundance in lymph.
Due to the absence of
RBC(haemoglobin), lymph is colourless.
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH
(i) It acts as a "middle man" for exchange of various material between blood
and tissue.
(ii) Helps in the transportation of fat absorbed from intestine to the venous
blood.
(iii) Keeps the tissues and organs of the body moist.
(iv) Lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, spleen) produce lymphocytes which in
turn produce antibodies to strengthen the immune system of the body.
SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Bone- It is a rigid connective tissue that has a matrix

of collagen fibres embedded in calcium and
phosphorous compounds, giving it greater rigidity
and strength. It is the hardest connective tissue that
forms the skeleton of vertebrates. Bone is
surrounded by a thick sheath called periosteum.
Like other connective tissues it is also made of
matrix and cells. The matrix of bone is very hard
because of the presence of salts such as calcium
phosphate( maximum invertebrate bone), CaCO3,
etc. and a protein ossein.
 BONE
The long bones are usually hollow containing a cavity called
marrow cavity. It is full of bone marrow. In the solid matrix are
present longitudinal canals called haversian canals, which are
interconnected by transverse Volkmann’s canal. The matrix is
present in the form of layers called lamellae. These lamellae
are present in the form of concentric rings around the marrow
cavity and around the canals. In these lamellae are present
spaces called lacunae. The lacunae have fine channels called
canaliculi. The lacunae contain bone forming cells osteocytes.
Another type of bone-forming cells called osteoblasts are
present in the form of two layers, one outer and the other
inner to matrix. Growth of bone is bidirectional.
FUNCTIONS OF BONE
(i) It provides support for muscle attachment.
(ii) It protects the internal organs from mechanical injury.
(iii) It serves as a reservoir for calcium.
➢ Immature bone cells (Osteoblast), mature bone cells (Osteocytes),
Immature cartilage cells (Chondroblast), mature cartilage cells
(Chondrocytes). Bone destroying cells (Osteoclast), cartilage destroying
cells (chondroclast)
CARTILAGE

It is a connective tissue with an abundant

number of collagen fibres in a rubbery matrix.
The matrix is made up of proteins and sugars.
It is both strong and flexible but softer than
bone. It forms the embryonic skeleton of
vertebrates and the adult skeleton of sharks
and rays. It also occurs in the human body in
the ear pinna, tip of the nose, trachea, larynx
and surrounding ends of joints such as
knees.
MUSCULAR
TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE

Muscular tissue is distinguished from

other tissues by its unique ability to
contract & relax and thereby perform
mechanical work. It is responsible for
movement of body organs and
locomotion of body.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF MUSCULAR
TISSUE
The structural unit of muscle tissue is the
muscle cells which because of its elongated
shape is also called muscle fibre.
The contractility is due to the presence of
contractile proteins (Actin & Myosin) in the
muscle fibre.
The plasma membrane of muscle cells is called
sarcolemma and endoplasmic reticulum of
muscle cell is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR
TISSUE
(i) It supports the bones and other organs of the body.
(ii) Muscles help in peristalsis of gut, heart beat, etc.
(iii) Muscles cause movements of body parts and locomotion of the
animals.
(iv) Facial expression also depends on muscles.
(v) Contraction of muscles causes birth of a baby.
Types of Muscle
tissue
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

The nervous tissue, contains densely

packed cells called nerve cells or neurons,
is present in the brain, spinal cord and
nerves. The neurons are specialised for
conduction of nerve impulses. They
receive stimuli from within or outside the
body and conduct impulses (signals) which
travel from one neuron to another neuron.
STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Each neuron has following 2 parts :

(i) Cyton or cell body:

Contains a central nucleus and cytoplasm with characteristic deeply stained

particles called Nissl's granules (i.e. clumps of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic
reticulum).

(ii) Cell Processes

(a) Dendrites

(b) Axon
STRUCTURE OF NEURON
(ii) Cell Processes

(a) Dendrites: These may be one to many, generally short and branched
cytoplasmic processes. Dendrites are afferent processes because they receive
impulse from receptor or other neuron and bring it to cyton.

(b) Axon: It is single generally long efferent process which conducts impulse away
from cyton to other neuron. Longest cell in body is neuron because axon can be
more than one metre long. Axon has uniform thickness, but it has terminal thin
branches called telodendria. Terminal end buttons or synaptic knobs occur at the
end of telodendria.
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