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Feedback Midterms 2

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10 views32 pages

Feedback Midterms 2

Uploaded by

John Railey P. Pamintuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transfer Function

 Transfer functions are commonly used to characterize the input—output


relationships of components or systems that can be described by linear,
time-invariant (LTI), differential equations.
 The transfer function of a linear, time-invariant, system is defined as “the
ratio of the Laplace transform of the output (response function) to the
Laplace transform of the input (driving function) under the assumption
that all initial conditions are zero.

 Transfer function is a useful tool in analyzing a system, as it enables the


study of system’s behavior using simpler equations that can be solved by
algebraic methods instead of differential formulas.
Time-Invariant Differential Equation
 Time-invariance is determined by the factors with which x(t) and y(t) and
their derivatives are multiplied. If they are constant, and, consequently, not
functions of t, then the equation can describe a time-invariant system. From
the example, all the coefficients are constants.
( ) ( )
 Example: 5 +4 + 3𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥(𝑡)

This example can also be written as 5 +4 + 3𝑦 = 2𝑥


 If the coefficients of a differential equation are functions of time, then the
system is time-varying or Time-Variant. From the example, the first and
second terms made the system differential equation time-varying.
( ) ( )
 Example: 5𝑡 + 4𝑡 + 3𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥(𝑡)

This example can also be written as 5𝑡 + 4𝑡 + 3𝑦 = 2𝑥


Linear Differential Equation
 Consider the function 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑥 is the dependent variable and 𝑡 is the independent
variable.
 A linear term is one which is first degree in the dependent variable and its derivatives.
 If any term of a differential equation contains higher powers, products, or
transcendental functions (logarithms, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions) of the
dependent variable, it is non-linear.
 Examples of Non-linear differential equation:
1) 𝑦 +𝑦 =0 Here, y is the dependent variable. The D.E. is non-linear because it contains
product of the dependent variable and its derivative 𝑦
2) +𝑦 =0 Non-linear because it contains higher power of the dependent variable

3) (cosy) + sin(2𝑦) = 0 Non-linear on both terms because of the transcendental function


of the dependent variable. cosy and sin2y

4) (cosx) + sin(2𝑥) = 0 Non-linear on both terms because of the transcendental function of


the dependent variable. Both x and y are dependent variables.
Linear Differential Equation

 Examples of Linear differential equation:


1) 𝑡 +𝑦 =0

2) +3 +𝑦 = + 2𝑥

3) (cost) + sin 2𝑡 𝑦 = 0
Poles and Zeros of
Transfer Function
 Poles are roots of the denominator of a transfer function (Values of 𝑠 such that transfer
function becomes infinite). The location of the Poles will tell the stability of a system. The
symbol for pole is x
 Zeros: are roots of the numerator of a Transfer Function (Values of 𝑠 such that transfer
function becomes 0). Location of the zeros will not affect the stability of a system. The
symbol for zero is circle.
 On Stability:
 A system is considered stable if all the poles of its transfer function lie in the left half of the complex
plane (LHP)
 A system is considered unstable when (1) there is at least one pole in the right half of the complex plane
(RHP), and (2) there are multiple poles (multiplicity 2 or more) on the vertical axis boundary.
 A system is considered marginally stable when there are poles, but no multiple poles, on the vertical axis.
There are to be no poles on the RHP.
Stable and Unstable System
Unstable System
Marginally Stable System
Examples on Poles and Zeros of a
Transfer Function
1) Determine the poles, zeros, and stability of the system described by the transfer
( )
function = . Plot the poles and zeros.
( )

Solution:
Poles: 𝑠 = −0.22
𝑠 = −1.39 ± 1.56𝑗
Zeros: 𝑠 = −2.88
𝑠 = −0.56 ± 1.57𝑗
Stability: Stable since all the poles are on the LHP
Examples on Poles and Zeros of a
Transfer Function
2) Determine the poles, zeros, and stability of the system described by the transfer
( )
function = . Plot the poles and zeros.
( )

Solution:
Poles: 𝑠 = ±2𝑗

Zeros: none

Stability: Marginally stable


Introduction to
Transfer Function of
Electric Network
Impedance is the effective resistance of an electric circuit or component to alternating current
Example #1a

Steps:

1) Redraw the original network


showing all time variables as Laplace
transforms.
2) Replace the component values
with their impedance values
Example #1b
 Referring to Example #1a, calculate the value
of C if the pole is to be at -3. Assume R = 1𝑀Ω
Example #2
Determine the Transfer Function
relating the capacitor voltage to
input voltage.
Steps in solving
Example 1:
a. collapse summing junctions;
b. form equivalent cascaded system
in the forward path and equivalent
parallel system in the feedback path;
c. form equivalent feedback system
and multiply by cascaded G1(s)
Steps in the
block diagram
reduction for
Example 2
Assignment. Reduce the following to single block diagram
1)
2)

3)
Additional exercises
Block Diagram Reduction
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:

𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺 (𝐺 𝐺 − 1)
=
𝑅(𝑠) 1+𝐺 𝐻
Answer:

𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺 𝐺 + 𝐺 + 𝐺 𝐺 + 𝐺 𝐺
=
𝑅(𝑠) 1+𝐺 1+𝐺 𝐺 +𝐺 𝐺
Answer:

𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺 𝐺 +𝐺
=
𝑅(𝑠) 1 + 𝐺 𝐺 + 𝐻 𝐺 𝐺 + 𝐺
Answer:

𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺 𝐺 𝐺 +𝐺
=
𝑅(𝑠) 1+𝐺 𝐺 1 + 𝐺 𝐺 + (𝐺 𝐺 − 𝐺 𝐺 )(𝐺 + 𝐺 )

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