SETARA ’11

Rated by MQA

Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Systems
Chapter 5- Pressure Generation: Electric,
Mechanical and Pneumatic
Aircraft Hydraulic System

Power Generation (Hydraulic

Pump)
 Course Outline

• Handpump (Single, double and rotary action)

• Types of Power pump
-Hand pump
-Gear type pump
-Gerotor pump
-Variable displacement pump (Piston Type)
-Vane Type Pump
• Stratopower pump (variable displacement)
 Objectives

The aim of this chapter, the student will be able to:

• familiarize the different types of hydraulic pump.
• understand the purpose, uses and principles of operation
of hydraulic pump.
• understand the effects of fluid entering a hydraulic pump
during normal operation.
 Learning Outcomes

The students will be able to

• describe the purpose, uses and principles of operation of
different types of hydraulic pump
• describe the cause of kickback in an emergency hand
pump handle.
• discuss the effects of air entering a hydraulic pump
during normal operation.
 Hand Pump

• There are three types of manually operated

reciprocating pumps the single-action,
the double-action and rotary action

• The single-action pump provides flow during

every other stroke, while the double-action
provides flow during each stroke.

• Single action pumps are frequently used in

hydraulic jacks
 Hand Pump
• Greater efficiency double-action hand pump also
known as piston rod displacement pump

• These pump is used in some aircraft hydraulic

system as a source of hydraulic power for testing
certain subsystems during preventive maintenance,
for emergencies, servicing, inspection and for
determining the causes of malfunctions in these
subsystems
• Rotary hand pumps- it produces a continuous
action in hydraulic fluid under pressure.
 HAND PUMP (Double Action)
OPERATING HANDLE

OUTLET INLET

PISTON

OUTLET CHECK INLET CHECK VALVE

PUMP BODY VALVE
 HAND PUMP (Double Action)
INLET CHECK VALVE OPENS
UNDER SUCTION PRESSURE
AND GRAVITY

AS THE HANDLE IS MOVED TO THE LEFT THE PISTON MOVES TO THE LEFT. THE INLET CHECK
VALVE OPENS DRAWING FLUID INTO THE RIGHT CHAMBER

THE OUTLET CHECK VALVE REMAINS CLOSED UNDER SPRING PRESSURE BUT THE FLUID IN THE
LEFT CHAMBER IS FORCED OUT OF THE OUTLET
 HAND PUMP (Double Action)
INLET CHECK VALVE CLOSES
AS THE PISTON MOVES TO THE UNDER PISTON PRESSURE
FLUIDIT
RIGHT FLOWS THROUGH
COMPRESSES THETHE
FLUID IN THE OUTLET
RIGHT CHAMBER

THE PRESSURE BUILD UP

OVERCOMES THE OUTLET
CHECK VALVE

AS THE HANDLE IS MOVED TO THE RIGHT THE PISTON MOVES TO THE RIGHT. THE INLET CHECK
VALVE CLOSES

THE PRESSURE IN THE RIGHT CHAMBER OVERCOMES THE OUTLET CHECK VALVE AND THE FLUID
EXITS THROUGH THE OUTLET. AT THE END OF THE STROKE THE OUTLET CHECK VALVE CLOSES
UNDER SPRING PRESSURE
 HAND PUMP (Double Action)

AS THE HANDLE IS MOVED TO THE LEFT THE PISTON MOVES TO THE LEFT. THE INLET CHECK
VALVE OPENS DRAWING FLUID INTO THE RIGHT CHAMBER

THE OUTLET CHECK VALVE REMAINS CLOSED UNDER SPRING PRESSURE BUT THE FLUID IN THE
LEFT CHAMBER IS FORCED OUT OF THE OUTLET
 Power Pump
• Power pumps are classified according to the type
of pumping action used, and may be either the:

– gear type,
– gerotor type, or
– piston type.
– vane type,

• Power pumps may be further classified as:

– positive displacement (constant volume), or

– variable displacement (constant pressure).
 Suction Boost Pumps
• A low-pressure pump, (approx. 100
psi) whose prime function is to
provide a positive pressure to the
inlet side of the main system
pressure pump, to prevent
cavitation
• Located between the reservoir fluid
supply and the EDP inlet
• The pump normally powered by a
3-phase electric motor or a
hydraulic motor driven by system
pressure
• Modern hydraulic pumps have a
“Spur-gear” type pump built into
the body of the main pressure
pumps
• In the event of a boost pump
failure, The EDP (Main pressure
pump) and system will still operate,
but at a possible reduced efficiency
with a risk of cavitation of the EDP
 Power Pump
• A constant displacement (non self idling) pump
is one that displaces or delivers a constant fluid
output for any rotational speed rotational speed

• A pump might be designed to deliver 3 gpm at a

speed of 2800 RPM

• As long as it runs at that speed, it will continue to

deliver at that rate, regardless of the pressure in
the system

• When the constant displacement pump is used in

a system, a pressure regulator or unloading
valve must also be incorporated
 Power Pump
• A variable displacement (self idling) pump has a
fluid output that varies to meet the demand of the
system

• A pump might be designed to maintain system

pressure at 3,000 psi by varying its fluid output
from 0 to 7 g.p.m

• When this type of pump is used, no external

pressure regulator or unloading valve is needed

• This function is incorporated in the pump and

controls the pumping action by maintaining a
variable volume, at near constant pressure,
to meet the hydraulic system demands
 Power Pump
• Hydraulic power pumps are driven by either:

– engine (EDP)
– electric motors (EMDP)
– air turbine motors (ATM)
– ram air turbine (RAT), or
– power transfer unit (PTU)

– Drive shaft of almost all powered pumps

especially EDP has a necked down or waisted
portion called shear section, that will break or
shear under excessive load if the system pressure
relief valve fails or pump seizes. This is to protect
the engine accessory drive
Gear Type Pump
• A gear-type pumps are constant displacement
pumps consists of two meshed gears that revolve
in a housing

• The clearance between the gear teeth as they

mesh and between the teeth and pump housing
is very small

• The inlet port is connected to the reservoir line,

and the outlet port is connected to the pressure
line
 Gear- Type Pump
• The drive gear is turning in a counter clockwise
direction, and the driven (idle) gear is turning in
a clockwise direction

• As the teeth pass the inlet port, fluid is trapped

between the teeth and the housing

• This fluid is carried around the housing to the outlet

port. As the teeth mesh again, the fluid between the
teeth is displaced into the outlet port

• This action produces a positive flow of fluid under

pressure into the pressure line
 Gear- Type Pump
• A very small amount of
fluid is allowed to leak
past the gears and
around the shaft for
lubrication, cooling, and
sealing

• This fluid drains into the

hollow shafts of the gears
where it is picked up by
the low pressure on the
inlet side of the pump
 Gear- Type Pump
• A relief valve holds the oil
in the shafts until it builds
up to about 15 psi, this is
called case pressure

• Case pressure is
maintained so that, in the
event of the shaft, or seal,
becoming scored, fluid will
be forced out of the pump
rather than air being
drawn in
 Gear- Type Pump
• The inside of the gear cavity of some of the pumps
is fitted with a bushing and flange, to minimize the
problem of the case distorting when the output
pressure is high

• Distortion will increase the leakage and cause a loss

of pressure
 Gear- Type Pump
• Spur gear pumps provide a good, non-pulsating,
high flow rate, but are limited to pressures up to
about 800 psi

• Commonly used on smaller aircraft and also as

pressure back-up pumps for the more powerful,
piston-type pumps on larger aircraft hydraulic
systems operating pressures are between 1,200
to 3,000 psi
 Gerotor Pump
Also referred as gear rotor
pump,
uses an external tooth spur gear
that rides inside of and drives an
internal tooth rotor gear
There is one more tooth space
inside the rotor than there are
teeth on the drive gear
 Gerotor Pump

As the gears rotate, the volume

of the space between two of
the
teeth on the inlet side of the
pump increases

While the volume of the space

between two teeth on the
opposite side of the pump
decrease
 GEROTOR TYPE PUMPS
EXTERNAL TOOTH DRIVE COVER PLATE
GEAR

LINER INTERNAL TOOTH

DRIVEN GEAR INLET OUTLET
 Piston Type Pump
• Piston pumps are made in a variety of types and
configurations

• These types of pump capable of producing non

pulsating high pressure

• A basic distinction is made between axial and

radial pumps

• A further distinction is made between pumps

that provide a fixed delivery and those able to
vary the flow of the fluid
 Piston Pump
• The axial piston pump has the cylinders parallel to
each other and the drive shaft

• The radial piston design has the cylinders

extending radially outward from the drive shaft
like the spokes of a wheel
 Piston Type Pump
Piston-type variable displacement pumps consist
of a circular cylinder block with either seven or
nine equally spaced pistons
The main parts of the pump are the drive shaft,
pistons, cylinder block, and valve plate
There are two ports in the valve plate, these ports
connect directly to openings in the face of the
cylinder block
Hydraulic fluid is sucked in one port and forced
out the other port by the reciprocating (back-
and-forth) motion of the pistons
 Piston-Type Pump
There is a fill port in the top of the cylinder
housing, when installing a new pump or newly
repaired one, this plug must be removed and the
housing filled with fluid before the pump is
operated

There is a drain port in the mounting flange to

drain away any leakage from the drive shaft oil
seal

When the drive shaft is rotated, it rotates the

pistons and cylinder block with it
 Piston-Type Pump
The offset position of the cylinder block causes the
pistons to move back and forth in the cylinder
block while the shaft, pistons, and cylinder block
rotate together

As the pistons move back and forth in the cylinder

block, they draw the fluid in one port and force it
out the other

This action creates a steady, non-pulsating flow of

fluid

Certain models of this pump are capable of

developing up to 3,000 psi working pressure
Slots are connected to the fluid inlet and outlet ports
and are arranged so that the pistons draw fluid into the
cylinders on the outward stroke and expel fluid into the
system on the inward stroke
 FIXED ANGLE PISTON TYPE PUMPS

UNIVERSAL DRIVE LINK

PISTON MOVING UP
DRIVE
SHAFT
ROTATING CYLINDER
BLOCK

INLET

OUTLET
PISTON MOVING
DOWN
 Axial Piston or Bent Axis
Pump

The cylinder block and drive shaft rotates together

and because of the fixed angle between the
cylinder
block and shaft axes each piston moves into and
out
of its cylinder once each revolution
Axial Piston or Bent Axis Pump

The stationary valve block (valve plate) has two

circumferential (crescent shape) slots leading
to the top of the cylinder block
 Radial Piston Pump
The cylinder in this pump
are arranged radially around
an eccentric crankshaft,
when the crankshaft is
Rotated A piston moves up
and down once per
revolution
fluid is drawn into the pump
body and enters each
cylinder through ducting
in the cylinder block
whenever the associated
piston is at the bottom of
its stroke
 Radial Piston Pump

As a piston moves outwards

into its cylinder, it cover the
inlet port and forces fluid
out of the top of the
cylinder,
past a delivery valve to the
pump outlet connection
 Vane Type Pump
• Move large volume with a
pressure of up to 300 psi,
pumping action takes place as
rotor drive shaft and eccentric
rotor which are actually one
rotating piece drive the sliding
vanes around

• This rotating assembly is

attached to a drive shaft and is
driven by the engine, or an
electric motor

• The rotating assembly is

mounted “concentrically” in a
ported, steel sleeve which is
pressed into a cast, aluminium
 Vane Type Pump
• The vanes in the pump are
free-floating in the rotor and
are held against the wall of
the sleeve by a spacer

• The space between each

vane pair floods with oil as it
passes the oil inlet opening
and carries this oil to the oil
outlet

• As the rotor turns, the

volume between the vanes
on the inlet side increases,
while the volume between
the vanes on the outlet side
 Vane Type Pump
• This change in volume draws fluid into the pump
through the inlet port and forces it out through the
outlet port

• The down stream, resistance to flow will determine

the pump output pressure (often used as fuel
pump, produce gyro instrument air or operation
pneumatic de-icer boot)
 Unloading (Automatic Cut-Out) Valve
• Also known as pressure regulator used in closed
centre system

• Manage the output of the constant delivery

pumps to maintain system operating pressure
within predetermined range

• Increase the efficiency of pump by permitting

the pump to turn without resistance (unloading
the pump) at times when pressure in the system
is within normal operating range
 Unloading (Automatic Cut-Out) Valve
• Located in the system that pump output can get
into system circuit only by passing through the
regulator

• The combination of a constant delivery type pump

and the pressure regulator is virtually the
equivalent of a compensator controlled, variable
delivery type pump
Note:
 Kick in = cut in (pump on load)
 Kick out = cut out (pump unload)
Cut out pressure greater than cut in pressure
 ACOV Operation During System Demand

ACOV OPERATION DURING PUMP IDLING POSITION

 Variable Displacement Pump
• A variable-displacement pump
does not move a constant
amount of fluid each revolution,
but only the amount the system
will accept

• By varying the pump output, the

system pressure can be
maintained within the desired
range without the use of
pressure regulators or ACOV

• Variable-displacement pumps
can turn without any fluid being
forced into the system, so to
prevent overheating, these
pumps usually bypass some
fluid back to the reservoir so
there will always be some flow
of fluid to cool the pump
 Variable Displacement Pump

• The piston stroke is varied by

a yoke mechanism,
sometimes called a
Swashplate, or Cam
• The pistons are attached to
shoes that rotate against the
stationary yoke
• The angle between the yoke
and cylinder block is varied,
to increase, or decrease the
piston stroke
• This action is carried out by a
servo control piston, which
senses “System Pressure”
 Variable Displacement Pump
• This pressure pushes the
servo control piston against
the return spring pressure,
and reduces the yoke angle,
thereby, reducing the HP
piston strokes

• When the yoke is

perpendicular to the pistons
or at 90° to the drive shaft,
the piston stroke is zero and
there is no flow of fluid,
therefore, no load on the
drive-shaft
 Stratopower Pumps
• This pump uses nine axially orientated pistons and
cylinders

• The pistons are driven up and down in the

cylinders by a fixed-stroke cam

• The stroke of the pistons is the same regardless of

system demand

• The effective length of the piston stroke controls

the amount of fluid delivered to the system
 Stratopower Pumps

• The forces which control

the pump output and
system pressure is between
the compensator spring
and the compensator stem
piston
• Pump out-put pressure is
ported around the
compensator stem which
acts as a piston and
opposes the compensator
spring
• As the pressure increases,
the stem piston compresses
the compensator spring
 Stratopower Pumps
• The spider, which is connected
to the compensator stem,
moves the sleeves up and down
the delivery pistons
• When the pressure is high, the
stem piston moves the spider,
compressing the compensator
spring and uncovers the relief
holes near the bottom of the
delivery pistons during the full
stroke
• This allows the fluid to be
dumped during the
compression stroke to the inlet
side of the pump, preventing
fluid flow through the check-
valves and into the system
Stratopower Pumps
 Stratopower Pumps

• The pump is allowed to

deliver a small amount of
fluid even at it’s minimum
stroke to ensure adequate
lubrication and cooling of the
pump at all times during
operation
• When system pressure drops,
the compensator spring
forces the stem and spider
assembly down the piston,
covering the relief holes at
the bottom of the delivery
piston stroke
• This prevents bleed-off of
fluid during the compression
 Stratopower Pumps

• The compressed fluid is then

forced out through the check
valves and into the system to meet
the fluid demand

• During any intermediate pressure

condition the spider sleeves cover
the relief holes at some point
along the discharge piston’s stroke,
thereby maintaining system
pressure and fluid flow to the
required value

• The value of the compensator

valve is set by the pressure
adjusting screw, which varies the
tension of the compensator spring
 Summary

• Types of Handpump (Single, double and rotary action)

• Types of Power pump
-Hand pump
-Gear type pump
-Gerotor pump
-Variable displacement pump (Piston Type)
-Vane Type Pump
• Stratopower pump (variable displacement)
 Revision Questions

• Compare the different types of hand pump used in the

aircraft.
• Identify which types of pumps are constant displacement
and variable displacement.
• Describe the difference between constant displacement
and variable displacement pump.
THANK YOU