Antenna and Radio Wave

Propagation
Chapter Three
Linear Wire and Loop Antennas
Contents:

Introduction

Calculation of Radiation Fields by an Infinitesimal Dipole

• Determining of Infinitesimal Dipole Parameters

 Introduction:

• Wire antennas are made of thin, conducting, straight or curved wire

segments or hollow tubes
• Very ease to construct (many YouTube videos)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNgu9nd7fmA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwKM7OEzdAM
Introduction:

• These antennas are classified based on the shape of the wire as well as
according to length
Based on shape of the wire

Linear or Straight Wire Curved Wire

Example: Dipole antenna, Example: Loop Antenna
and Monopole antenna
 Introduction:

• These antennas are classified based on the shape of the wire as well as
according to length
According to length of
wire

Infinitesimal Dipole Quarter wavelength

monopole
Half wavelength
Small Dipole
ℓ ≤ 𝝀/𝟓𝟎 Dipole ℓ = 𝝀/𝟒

𝝀/𝟓𝟎 ≤ ℓ ≤ 𝝀/𝟏𝟎 ℓ = 𝝀/𝟐

Introduction:

• Assumptions made for this class of antennas are:

1. The radius of the wire is very small compared to
the operating length
2. The current has only one component along the wire
• The variation of the current along the wire
depends on the length and shape of the wire
• The assumed current distribution on the wire
enables us to compute the electric & magnetic
fields in the far-field region of the antenna using
the magnetic vector potential.
• With the knowledge of the fields, we can
compute the antenna characteristics (directivity
radiation resistance, …etc)
Infinitesimal Dipole:
The infinitesimal dipole is a dipole whose length ℓ is much smaller than the
wavelength λ of the excited wave, i.e.
l    l   / 50
• The wire, in addition to being very
small (l <<λ), is very thin (a<< λ).
• It is positioned symmetrically at the
origin and orientated along the z-axis End plates (very small), so their
radiation is usually negligible
• Infinitesimal dipoles are used to
represent capacitor-plate, and also
referred to as top-hat-loaded antennas Also called a Hertzian dipole
Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields
• The end plates are used to provide capacitive loading in order to maintain
the current on the dipole nearly uniform
 The spatial variation of the current is assumed to be constant and given by:
, where I0 = constant
 So the source only carries an electric current Ie so only the magnetic vector
potential function A is exist, while magnetic current Im and the electric vector
potential function F is zero.
To find magnetic vector potential A, 2 

k    
 c

where (x, y, z ) represent the observation point coordinates, (x’, y’, z’) represent the
coordinates of the source, R is the distance from any point on the source to the
observation point.
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Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields

10
 Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields
We need to determine:

Ie(x’, y’, z’) = ˆaz I0

x’= y’ = z’ = 0 (infinitesimal dipole)

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Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields

Ax = Ay = 0
The transformation between rectangular and spherical components is
given, in matrix form, by:

Now, you can find

the magnetic field
using

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Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields
The magnetic field intensity H is found by:

Symmetric about ∅ ,
hence differentiation
with respect to ∅ is
always zero

This lead to magnetic

filed has component
only in∅

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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiated Fields
The electric field E can now be found using

1   H  sin   1   rH 
Expanded form   H    ar     a
r sin     r r 

verify

μ   2 
where, η     η  120   377 in free space, k     
ε k k  14 c
Infinitesimal Dipole, Power Density & Radiation Resistance

The time-average complex Poynting vector (time average

complex power density) is written as:

𝐸𝑟 and 𝐸𝜃 exists 𝐸∅ exists only

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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Power Density & Radiation Resistance
The complex power moving in the radial direction is obtained
by integrating W over sphere of radius r.

4
 sin ( )d 
3

0
3

 The transverse component Wθ of the power density does not contribute

to the last integral. Thus P does not represent the total complex power
radiated by the antenna. Total reactive
 Since Wθ is purely imaginary, it will not contribute to any real radiated power of the
power. However, it does contribute to the imaginary (reactive) power antenna
which along with the second term of P can be used to determine the total
reactive power of the antenna.
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Infinitesimal Dipole, Power Density & Radiation Resistance
   I 0l  j 
2

P    1  
3 
3   (kr) 

  I l    I 0l
2 2
j
P    0  
3  
3  (kr)  3  
   I 0l
2

 P    
3 
Time-average power radiated is the real part of P. rad

 The imaginary part of P is the time-average imaginary (reactive)

power in radial direction which is:
  I l
2
1
- j   0
 3   (kr)
3
You can see now, why
 For large values of kr (kr >>1 or r >> λ), the reactive power it called reactive only
when it is very close
diminishes and vanishes when kr = ∞.
to antenna
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Infinitesimal Dipole, Power Density & Radiation Resistance
Since the antenna radiates its real power through the radiation resistance, it is
found by:
 
2 2
   I 0l
2
1 2   0 I l j   0I l
 Prad      I 0 Rr P      
3  
     
3  2 3 ( kr ) 3

where Rr is the radiation resistance, and it is found by:

 2  l 
2 2
2 l 
Rr       80  
 3    
Example: Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole whose overall length
is l = λ/50.
Solution:

Since the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole is about 0.3 ohms, it will present a very
large mismatch when connected to practical transmission lines, many of which have characteristic
impedances of 50 or 75 ohms. The reflection efficiency (er ) and hence the overall efficiency
(e0) will be very small.
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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Field Regions
Reactive Near Field (kr<<1) Region
2 1
r    r  2  kr  1   1
 kr

 neglect 1 in H
1 1
  1  2
 1
kr (kr )
1 1 1
  1  
kr (kr ) 2 kr
1
 neglect 1 in E r , neglect 1 and in E θ
kr

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Infinitesimal Dipole, Field Regions
Reactive Near Field
(kr<<1) Region

The time-average power density

is zero

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Infinitesimal Dipole, Field Regions
Radiating Near Field (kr>1) (Fresnel) Region
This is intermediate field region
2 1
r  r  2  kr  1  1
 kr
1 
 neglect in H
kr
1 1
  1   1
kr (kr) 2
1 1
 neglect 2
, in E
(kr) kr
1
 neglect in Er
kr

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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Field Regions
Far Field (kr>>1) Region
Er will be smaller than Eθ because Er is inversely
proportional to r2 , where Eθ is inversely proportional
to r → Er ≈ 0.
2
r    r  2  kr  1

1 1 
  1  neglect in H
kr kr
1 1
  1  2
 1
kr (kr)
1 1 1
 neglect in E r , and , 2
in E
kr kr (kr)
 E r will be smaller than E

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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Field Regions
Far Field (kr>>1) Region

The ratio of Eθ to Hφ is equal to

E
Zw  
H
where
Zw = wave impedance
η = intrinsic impedance (377 ≈120π ohms for free-space)

 The E and H field components are perpendicular to each other,

transverse to the radial direction of propagation (TEM).

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 Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiation Intensity & Directivity
The average power density is given by:

The radiation intensity U is given by:

The maximum value occurs at θ = π/2 and it is equal to

The directivity is given by

   I 0l
2

Prad   
,
3  13
Infinitesimal Dipole

Three-dimensional radiation pattern of infinitesimal dipole

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