1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Handwriting is writing done by hand with a pen, pencil, digital stylus, or

another instrument. Handwriting skill is practiced when we first learn to write. As
students, we follow a copybook style of writing that our teachers demonstrated in the
classroom. As each individual is unique, handwriting relies on the mental image of
what we are trying to writer, combined with the neuro-muscular act of the writing act
itself. These three things combine to make handwriting unique. Handwriting is
formative while at school and gradually, a writer reaches a point of graphic maturity
where handwriting habits are fixed and change very little. Skill level can improve a
little bit with practice however, a writer who has reached graphic maturity cannot
demonstrably improve their writing skill overnight

Handwriting is a dynamic process made up of the mental image of what you

are trying to say, and the neuro muscular coordination of the writer to imitate the
copybook form learned at school with their own individual habits. Because we are not
robots, handwriting does not look exactly alike from one writer. Thus, natural
variation is part of the handwriting process and serves to make handwriting unique. It
is these habits and variations in a person’s writing that can assist to make handwriting
identifiable.

In this research we used wrist and finger to move your pen rather than your
fingers. Excessive finger motions can result in tighter grips and tired muscles. Write
using neutral or straight wrist positions. Move your entire forearm while writing; your
hand should float over the paper.

Movement of wrist, the wrist region is concerned with movements of the carpus
of the hand on the distal ends of the radius and ulna of the forearm. The range of
 2

movement is increased by the movement of the carpal bones on each other,

particularly between the proximal and distal rows.

Movement of finger, Kanji-culture individuals often move their finger as if they

are writing when they are solving cognitive tasks, for example, when they try to recall
the spelling of English words. This behaviour is called kusho, meaning air-writing in
Japanese. However, its functional role is still unknown.

Handwriting is a conscious act but the repeated act of writing each word and letter
becomes almost automatic. The writer concentrates more on what they are trying to
say than on the writing process itself. It is at this time that handwriting demonstrates
numerous habitual subconscious patterns. It is these repeated patterns that makes
handwriting individual and unique.

Principle of Handwriting

1. No two persons can have similar handwriting.

2. Single person doesn’t have similar handwriting.
1.1 Handwriting Characteristics
The master pattern of the writer includes all the characteristics, patterns and
peculiarities used by the writer during the act of writing. The writing characteristics
which are almost personally have more identifying value. There are individual and
class characteristics.
1.2 Individual Characteristics: -
These are defined as those discriminating elements that serve to differentiate
between members within any of or all groups (Choudhary, 2017). The individual
characteristics include:
1. Formation of initial and final stroke: the first or beginning stroke of a character is the
initial stroke while the final or ending stroke of a character is the final stroke. It is also
known as terminal stroke.
 3

2. Tittle formation: the dot in letter ‘i and j’ is called tittle. It can be pointed, circular or
extended dot.
3. Cross bar in ‘t and f’: the horizontal line that crosses the stem of letter ‘t’. The
formation of cross bar can be pre-placed, post-placed or at centre.
4. Formation of humped letters (m, n and h): it can be pointed, rounded or square topped.
5. Formation of loop: It is the closed oblong curve in the letter, such as upper parts of ‘I’
or of ‘h’ or the lower parts of ‘y’ or ‘g’.
6. Buckle: A small knot shaped loop or oval specifically found in letter A or K or F
sometimes. This is a kind of improvisation in an individual’s handwriting which
develops with practice.

1.3 Class Characteristics: -These are those qualities of writing that distinguish a person
within a group of words. These may result from influences such as writing system,
studied family association, trade, training, or education. The class characteristics include;

1.4 Writing movement: -

The manner in which the finger, hand, forearm or whole arm move to produce
writing. The movement are of four types;

➢ Finger movement
➢ Wrist movement
➢ Forearm movement
➢ Whole arm movement
1.5 Slant: -
The inclination of letters or their strokes with the actual or imaginary baseline is
called writing slant. The slant may be vertical, towards right or towards left.
 4

• Style: -
Everybody has a unique style of handwriting that is crafted in an efficient way
to form letters and numbers. There are many styles of handwriting, but they are
mainly categorized into two.
• Printed handwriting: also known as block letters, print script, ball and
stick or manuscript, is a Gothic writing style where letters are individual
and not conjoined.
• Style: - Everybody has a unique style of handwriting that is crafted in an
efficient way to form letters and numbers. There are many styles of
handwriting, but they are mainly categorized into two.
• Printed handwriting: also known as block letters, print script, ball and
stick or manuscript, is a Gothic writing style where letters are individual
and not conjoined.
• Cursive handwriting: cursive means a running hand, where pen lifts are
minimized and some characters are written in a flowing manner joined
together.
1.6 Alignment: -
The relation of a word or written line to the actual or imaginary base line is
referred to as alignment. The alignment may be ascending, descending, arched,
garland and irregular.
• Size: -
The size of the letters varies from person to person. The size may be long,
medium, small and irregular.
• Spacing: -
The spacing usually deserved by space between letters between the words and
between the lines.
• Tremor: - unusual departures of line from its intended course are called tremors.
They may be natural or artificial.
 5

• Pen pressure: - it is the force applied by the writer on the writing instrument. It
may be light, medium or heavy.
• Shading: - the variation in the width of the stroke due to the application of varying
pen
• pressure is called shading. It is individualistic in nature occurring due to pen hold,
pen position and pen pressure used while writing.
• Pen position: - the position or angle of pen with respect to the writing surface and
to the line of writing is called pen position.
• Pen lifts: - it refers to the pen pauses or lifts that a writer makes while certain
letter formation.
 6

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Handwriting is a unique property of an individual. Handwriting at crime

scene also helps the investigators to find out the identity of suspect and criminal. It
may also disclose the circumstances as well as social and physical environment of
crime. The handwriting investigations involve various analytical parameters such as
pen pressure, line quality, spacing between the words and letters, alignment etc. These
parameters may help to reveal the mode, circumstances, and environment of crime.
Currently many of the handwriting evidence have been found on the unusual surfaces
at crime scenes. This may lead to the difficulties in investigation as unusual surfaces
may distort / deform the natural handwriting of the victim. The transformation in the
natural handwriting required more sophisticated analytical tools with rigorous
investigations. Current review encompasses the forensic investigations, their findings
and success rate of such analysis including different writing instruments on
handwriting over unconventional and unusual surfaces Tripthy (2020).
 7

• Contemporary handwriting research has focused on skilled performance, the

developing capabilities of children, atypical development, the effectiveness of various
letter forms, instructional techniques, and the construction and evaluation of
assessment instruments. This paper critically reviews and synthesizes research
conducted between 1980 and 1994 in each of these areas, providing suggestions for
future research. Considerable progress was made during this time period in
understanding the processes involved in handwriting control and development as well
as in teaching students with handwriting difficulties. In addition, advances in theory,
experimental procedures, on-line recording devices, and computerized instructional
programs resulted in an increased level of sophistication. Thus, the prospects for future
research in this area are promising. Naomi (2016).
 8

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to investigate the properties of the

corticomotor pathway and to map the primary motor cortex projection to hand and
forearm muscles during a sustained isometric contraction in a group of subjects with
writer’s cramp of varying duration. Corticomotor threshold, motor evoked potential
amplitude and latency, and silent-period duration were normal on both sides in all
subjects. The maps of the corticomotor projection were displaced relative to normal
in all subjects, and in some cases were distorted in shape, with extensions of the
lateral borders and the emergence of almost discrete secondary. motor areas. The
degree of map distortion and displacement was greatest in subjects with long-
standing writer’s cramp (>5 years) and was bilateral in some cases. Injection of
botulinum toxin into affected muscles demonstrated that the alterations in map
topography were not fixed and could be temporarily reversed during the period when
the clinical effects of the injection were greatest, with the maps returning to their
original positions as the effects of the injection wore off. It is concluded from this
study that there are slowly evolving reorganizational changes in the primary motor
cortex in writer’s cramp, and that these changes may be secondary to altered afferent
inputs from both clinically affected and unaffected muscles. Studies were
performed on eight subjects with Simple writer’s cramp and seven with dystonic
writer’s cramp (aged 26–65 years, six female and nine male) (Table 1). The duration
of the disorder ranged from 1 to 35 years. Five of the 15 subjects were studied 1
week before and again 4–6 weeks after their first injection of botulinum toxin.
Eighteen normal right-handed subjects (aged 21–56 years) served as control subjects
for studies of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle, and nine normal right-
handed subjects (aged 23–40 years) served as control subjects for studies of the first
dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. M. L. Byrnes et al. November (1998).
 9

• Study of muscle signal variability based in wrist and thumb movements during
handwriting activity by Script is produced through the combined operation of finger,
wrist, and arm movements. The shape of each letter is produced by the fine
movement of the fingers while movement at the wrist and forearm produce the
horizontal movement across the page. Various muscles are involved in these
movements. Other than muscles to abduct, adduct, flex, and extend the fingers,
Flexor Carpi Ulnar is (FCU) and Flexor Carpi Radials (FCR) have roles in wrist
movement and Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) functions as an abductor of the
thumb. The purpose of this study is to probe the importance and role of these three
muscles in handwriting activity by studying the muscles’ signal variability. Fifteen
college students were selected as the subjects of this study. The subjects were
required to perform writing task in two different forms: uppercase letters and
lowercase letters. During writing, the muscles’ activities due to wrist and thumb
movement were recorded. The Root Mean Square (RMS) values were extracted and
the variability of muscle activity during writing based on letter types were analysed.
It has been found that the APB muscle showed higher variability than FCU and FCR
muscles. This leads to the inference that the APB muscle was actively involved in
dynamic process of handwriting whereas the FCR and FCU muscles were just act as
the stabilizer. However, the differences in signal variability among the three muscles
were not significant. This indicates that even though both wrist and thumb
movements have different functions in handwriting activity, they are equally
important. No significant difference in muscle activity between the two writing tasks
was observed. This study concludes that the APB, FCR and FCU muscles can be
considered when studying muscle performance due to handwriting activity. For that
purpose, any letter case can be used in the writing task. Nurul A. Ishak, Puspa Inayat
Khalid, Nasrul Hum aimi Mahmood, Mokhtar Harun. (2015).
 10

• The anatomy and mechanics of the human hand briefly, constitutes the anatomical
basis of hand mechanics, from which it can be seen that normal hand function is
the result not only of a highly complex and versatile structural arrangement but
also of an equally elaborate and fully automatic system of controls. Such
considerations lay down the principal requirements and limiting factors in the
design of reasonably successful hand substitutes. When, in the normal hand, any
functional feature, either mechanical or sensory motor, is impaired, manipulative
characteristics are reduced correspondingly. In the arm amputee, hand structural
elements have been wholly lost, and the most delicate neuromuscular features,
those in the hand itself, have been destroyed. Although the lost bone and joint
mechanism can be simulated, adequate re-placement of the control system defies
present ingenuity. Lacking control comparable to that in the natural hand, present-
day artificial hands are necessarily limited in the mechanical details that can be
utilized, which accounts for the fact that the regain in function currently possible
in hand prostheses falls far short of duplicating the natural mechanism. Craig L
Taylor et al Robert J. Schwarz (1955)
 11

• Two aspects of the variability of handwriting are considered. In the first part there is
a discussion of the effects of variability in the shapes of letters on their legibility. An
experiment to compare the relative advantages of cursive and block capital writing is
summarised. The second part summarises experiments concerned with the time taken
to prepare handwriting movements and with the variability of the timing of
movements in the execution of handwriting. To a psychologist handwriting is a
particularly fascinating subject for study; several different sub-skills must be
temporally coordinated if coherent output is to result. In addition to the control of
movement, letters must be placed in the correct sequence to form words, and words
chosen to convey the desired meaning must be placed in grammatically acceptable
constructions. Elsewhere I have considered what may be termed the higher levels of
processing with an analysis of errors in letter sequencing in handwriting this paper I
consider variability in the forms of handwritten letters. The function of handwriting is
primarily one of communication. I therefore start with a consideration of the efficiency
of handwriting as a means of communication. I then turn to the control processes
underlying individual handwriting movements and review work on the timing of these
movements. Variability in Handwritten Characters. Wing (1979)

• Handwriting Movement Abnormalities in Symptomatic and Premanifest

Huntington's Disease Kinematic measures of handwriting movements are sensitive
to mild subclinical motor abnormalities stemming from a wide range of disorders
involving the basal ganglia including Huntington's disease (HD). Prior research has
not investigated handwriting movements in at‐risk individuals in the premanifest
stage of HD. Chaligiuri (2019)
 12

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3:1 AIM

To determine the variation of handwriting with respect to the movement of wrist and
finger.

3:2 Objective

➢ To determine the relationship between slant of the handwriting with respect to finger
and wrist movement.

➢ To determine the relationship between spacing between words of the handwriting with
respect to finger and wrist movement.

➢ To determine the relationship between spacing between sentence of the handwriting

with respect to finger and wrist movement.

➢ To determine the relationship between alignment of the handwriting with respect to

finger and wrist movement.
 13

3:4 Hypothesis

• There is no association between slant of the handwriting from the wrist movement the
finger movement.
• There is no association between the spacing between words of the handwriting from
the wrist movement the finger movement.
• There is no association between the spacing between sentence of the handwriting from
the wrist movement the finger movement.
• There is no association between the alignment of the handwriting from the wrist
movement the finger

3:5 Scope of the study

Handwriting is highly individualistic and unique to an individual. Handwriting

requires the concerted effort of the brain, muscle and nerve, an individual person
cannot reproduce the same thing repeatedly in the same fashion. The scope of this
study is to probe the importance and role of these two wrist and finger in handwriting
variation.

3:6 Research design

This research follows experimental method. In this method the handwriting samples
were taken for the observation of variation in handwriting with respect to the
movement of wrist and finger.
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3:7 Universe of the study

The samples are collected from Noorul Islam Arts and Science collage Thuckalay
Kanyakumari District Tamil Nadu.

3:8 Method and tools of data collection

This research employs one tool data collection. To determine writing

movement – wrist and fingers we will give a written sample to the person and ask
them to copy it. By this method we collect and analyse the data.

3:9 SAMPLES AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sampling done through purposive sampling. A total number of 100

samples are present in this study. The handwriting samples are collected and analysed
manually for writing movements from samples. This is subjected to evaluate under
the Individual Characteristics, comprising twelve subcategories.
 15

Fig3:1 the above given sample is writing sample of handwriting with

respect writing movement of wrist.
 16

Fig3:2 the above given sample is writing sample of handwriting with

respect writing movement of finger.
 17

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The study was basically carried out to ascertas whether there is any similarity between the wrist
and finger

Establishing the handwriting movement with the respect wrist and finger of a
person based on handwriting is somewhat a time, consuming process. individuality of a person
can be identified through between the wrist and finger, but its admissibility as forensic evidence
can be questioned but can act as corroborative evidence. Other than handwriting; fingerprint,
DNA comparison…etc. are probably per most used evidence that are used for identification.
The present study is conducted to identifying the handwriting with the respect of wrist and
finger of a person by the analyzing the 4 class characteristics of handwriting namely slant,
alignment, spacing b/w sentence and spacing b/w word.

• A total of 100 samples were collected randomly and were analyzed manually to check
whether any association between wrist and finger and could be established or not
• Here, the handwriting samples were analyzed with respect to 4 class characteristics till
here.
 18

Frequency Table

The table 4:1 indicates the frequency and percentage of slant in letters using finger movement.
38 per cent of slant is right, 22 per cent of slant is left and 40 per cent of slant is showing straight

The table 4.1 frequency and percentage of slant 1

slant 1
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid right 38 38.0 38.0 38.0
left 22 22.0 22.0 60.0
straight 40 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
 19

The 4.2 table indicates the frequency and percentage of slant in letters using wrist movement.
38 percentage of slant is right, 22 percentage of slant is left and 40 percentage of slant is
straight

The table 4.2 frequency and percentage of slant 2

Slant 2

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid right 44 44.0 44.0 44.0
left 28 28.0 28.0 72.0
straight 28 28.0 28.0 100.0
 20

The table4:3 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between words in letters using
finger movement. 16 percentage of the spacing between words is small, 58 percentage of the
spacing between words is medium and 26 percentage of the spacing between words is large

The table 4.3 frequency and percentage of spacing b/w word 1

Spacing btw word 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

. Valid 0.1-0.5 16 16.0 16.0 16.0

0.6-1 58 58.0 58.0 74.0
1.1-1.5 26 26.0 26.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
 21

The table 4:4 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between words in
letters using finger movement,16 percentage of the spacing between words is small, 58
percentage of the spacing between words in medium and 26 percentage of the spacing between
words is large
The table 4.4 frequency and percentage of spacing b/w word 2

Spacing btw word 2

Frequenc Valid
y Percent Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 0.1-0.5 30 30.0 30.0 30.0

0.6-1 59 59.0 59.0 89.0

1.1-1.5 11 11.0 11.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 22

The table 4.5 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in
letters using finger movement. 4 percentage of the spacing between sentences is small, 71
percentage of the spacing between sentences is medium and 21 percentage of the spacing
between sentences is large.

The table 4.5 frequency and percentage of spacing b/w sentence 1

Spacing between sentence 1

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 0.1-0.5 4 4.0 4.0 4.0
0.6-1 71 71.0 71.0 75.0
1.1-1.5 21 21.0 21.0 96.0
4 4 4.0 4.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
 23

The table 4.6 indicates the frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters
using wrist movement. 8 percentage of the spacing between sentences is small, 71 percentage
of the spacing between sentences is medium and 21 percentage of the spacing between
sentences is large.
The table 4.6 frequency and percentage of spacing b/w sentence 2

spacing b/w sentence 2

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid 0.1-0.5 8 8.0 8.0 8.0
0.6-1 71 71.0 71.0 79.0
1.1-1.5 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
 24

The table 4.7 indicates the frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger
movement. 50 percentage of the alignment is upward, 29 percentage of the alignment is
downward and 21 percentage of the alignment is straight.

The table 4.7 frequency and percentage of alignment 1

Alignment 1
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid upward 50 50.0 50.0 50.0
downward 29 29.0 29.0 79.0
straight 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0

The table 4.8 indicates the frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger
movement. 50 percentage of the alignment is upward, 29 percentage of the alignment is
downward and 21 percentage of the alignment is straight

The table 4.8 frequency and percentage of alignment 2

Alignment 2
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid upward 59 59.0 59.0 59.0
downward 35 35.0 35.0 94.0
straight 6 6.0 6.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
 25

4:9 illustrate the association between slant in wrist movement and finger movement in
percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of letter is 56.979 and the
p value obtained here found to be .000, which lesser that 0.005, which indicates that there is an
association in slant of letters with respect to finger and wrist movement. Thus, rejecting the
null hypothesis.
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected countless than5 the minimum expected count is 6.16. Table.
Table 4.9 The chi-square of slant 1&2
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 56.979a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 57.011 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear 26.854 1 .000
Association
N of Valid Cases 100
 26

.
Table 4:10 illustrate the association between spacing between words in wrist movement and
finger movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of
letter is19.242 and the p value obtained here found to be .001, which is lesser than 0.005, which
indicates that there is an association in spacing between words of letters with respect to finger
and wrist movement. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis.
a. 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.76.

Table 4.10 The chi-square of Spacing b/w words 1&2

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 19.242a 4 .001
Likelihood Ratio 17.985 4 .001
Linear-by-Linear 14.337 1 .000
Association
N of Valid Cases 100
 27

Table 4:11 illustrate the association between spacing between sentence in wrist movement and
finger movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of
letter is 13.980 and the p value obtained here found to be .030, which is greater than 0.005,
which indicates that there is no association in spacing between sentence of letters with respect
to finger and wrist movement. Thus, accepting the null hypothesis.
a. 8 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .32.

Table 4.10 The chi-square of Spacing b/w sentence 1&2

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 13.980a 6 .030
Likelihood Ratio 15.014 6 .020
Linear-by-Linear 9.917 1 .002
Association
N of Valid Cases 100
 28

Table 4:12illustrate the association between alignment in wrist movement and finger
movement in percentage handwriting. Here the chi square value obtained for slant of letter
is32.136 and the p value obtained here found to be .000, which indicates that there is an
association in alignment of letters with respect to finger and wrist movement. Thus, rejecting
null hypothesis.
a. 3 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.26.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 32.136a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 28.915 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear 21.946 1 .000
Association
N of Valid Cases 100
 29

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK

Background

Handwriting is a dynamic process made up of the mental image of what you

are trying to say, and the neuro muscular coordination of the writer to imitate the
copybook form learned at school with their own individual habits. Because we are not
robots, handwriting does not look exactly alike from one writer. Thus, natural
variation is part of the handwriting process and serves to make handwriting unique. It
is these habits and variations in a person’s writing that can assist to make handwriting
identifiable.

Major findings

The sampling done through purposive sampling. A total number of 100 samples are
present in this study. The handwriting samples are collected and analysed manually
for writing movements from samples.

Slant 1 &2

The frequency and percentage of slant1 in letters using finger movement. 38 per cent
of slant is right, 22 per cent of slant is left and 40 per cent of slant is showing straight. The
frequency and percentage of slant 2 in letters using wrist movement. 38 per cent of slant is
right, 22 per cent of slant is left and 40 per cent of slant is straight.
 30

Spacing b/w words 1&2

The frequency and percentage of spacing between words in letters using finger
movement. 16 per cent of the spacing between words is small, 58 per cent of the spacing
between words is medium and 26 per cent of the spacing between words is large. The frequency
and percentage of spacing between words in letters using finger movement. 16 per cent of the
spacing between words is small, 58 per cent of the spacing between words is medium and 26
per cent of the spacing between words is large

Spacing b/w sentence 1&2

The frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters using finger
movement. 4 percent of the spacing between sentences is small, 71 per cent of the spacing
between sentences is medium and 21 per cent of the spacing between sentences is large. The
frequency and percentage of spacing between sentence in letters using wrist movement. 8 per
cent of the spacing between sentences is small, 71 per cent of the spacing between sentences is
medium and 21 per cent of the spacing between sentences is large.

Alignment 1&2

The frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger movement. 50

percent of the alignment is upward, 29 per cent of the alignment is downward and 21 per cent
of the alignment is straight. The frequency and percentage of alignment in letters using finger
movement. 50 per cent of the alignment is upward, 29 per cent of the alignment is downward
and 21 per cent of the alignment is straight.
 31

Limitation of the study

➢ As this study had limited sample size of 100, it will be beneficial to conduct studies
with larger size.
➢ Time limit was found to be one of the constraints faced that prevented the study to
expand further.

Future Work
• For feature studies and research on this topic, larger sample can be considered.
• If individual characteristics would have been considered for the study, the result would
have been more reliable.
 32

Reference

1. Tripthy.et al (2020). The transformation in the natural handwriting et al Wilkinson-

journal of handwriting vol 13 pp 35-55
2. Naomi.et al (2016). Contemporary handwriting research has focused on skilled
performance
3. Byrnes November (1998). The corticomotor representation of upper limb muscles in
writer’s cramp and changes- forensic science International
4. Ishak, et al (2015). Effect of natural variation of with respect to time interval in
handwriting of individual -journal inter national forensic science pp 60 -75
5. L Taylor et (1955). Study of handwriting characteristics based on HMM Model-
Egyptian Journal of Forensic Science pp 90-130
6. Alan M. Wing, et al (1979) study of the from and extent of natural variation in genuine
writing with age – journal of the forensic science and society pp 371-375
7. HD. Chaligiuri et al (2019) variation in handwriting under different writing
movement-Journal of Forensic Justice Vol 9 pp 48-61.