INTRODUCTION

Every individual has its own unique way of handwriting. We write in different manners, our
handwriting style, and especially one’s signature, is a public and permanent statement. It's
serve as one of our identity. One of the very first thing that we learned as a child is on how to
write. They teach us to practice writing because this is one way to express ourselves.
The concept of handwriting is not merely a motor skills but rather a “brain-based skill that
facilitates meaning-making as writers externalize their cognitions through letter forms, the
building blocks of written words and text. In other words, handwriting is very significant since it
has something to do on how we want to express ourselves. It says that the brain engaged
differently when we write something by hand as opposed to typing it on keyboard. Writing
improves our memory, student tend to retain learning better when working with new ideas
through handwriting. It is one of the most comfortable way to express our own opinion and
ideas about certain matter.
Handwriting, writing with the hand as distinguished from print. The term handwriting has come
to be more or less restricted to mean the form of writing peculiar to each person. Before the
introduction of the typewriter for general use, when handwriting had a greater utilitarian value,
schools stressed handwriting instruction. Scales were developed for gauging the quality of
the script from grade to grade in the elementary schools, and a series of careful investigations
of the handwriting movements were undertaken. Studies showed that the pressure on the
penholder (grip pressure) as well as the pressure of the pen point on the paper (point
pressure) varies continuously during writing, and the speed of writing is not uniform but
depends upon the type of stroke being made. For example, speed of movement usually rises
slowly as the stroke begins, comes to a maximum in the middle, and drops off toward the end.
The direction of the stroke, turns and loops, the complexity of the stroke, and the type of stroke
that preceded will alter the speed of a given writing movement. Speed is affected also by
length of letter elements, since it usually takes more time to make long strokes than to make
short ones. By comparing the handwriting movements of good and poor writers, researchers
found that these two groups differ in position of writing hand, speed, and types of movements
in fingers and hand. A considerable relationship was found to exist between the changes in
speed and the form of letters, and good writers showed greater uniformity in the speed of
formation of similar strokes. Later, other educators, experimenting with manuscript writing and
printed script, maintained that the latter type of handwriting is learned and executed more
speedily because it resembles printed type more. The handwriting of adults is so individual that
it is considered unlikely that any two people could really write identically. This high degree of
individualization occurs even among those who learned to write from the same school and
under the same teacher. Investigations into the handwriting characteristics of children have
indicated that individualization in graph motor. Development begins very early in life. The
scribbling of the preschool child as well as the early versions of the child’s copy work are often
found to show individual characteristics sufficient to identify the author of a handwriting
specimen.

Identification of handwriting assumes great importance in courts of law when the authenticity of
signature is contested. Even when the handwriting itself is not to be doubted, the conditions
under which it was written sometimes become of great moment. Such questions as whether
the writer’s hand was forced or guided and whether alterations were introduced after the
completion of the document often have to be answered by the expert. One of the first steps in
the investigation of a suspected or disputed writing is to find some genuine writing of the
disputed author with which to make a comparison. The writing characteristics which experts
use in determining authenticity presuppose that each handwriting has certain permanent
characteristic features from which the available handwriting sample may vary, and the question
is whether the observed variation is within expected limits or beyond them. Many ingenious
methods have been developed to determine the authenticity of a given piece of writing:
comparison of dates with age of paper, determining whether writing at the creases preceded or
followed the creasing, and chemical and physical examination of the paper and the ink to
determine its origin, date of manufacture, and date of writing. The presence of tremors, types
of final strokes for ending words, and other characteristics of handwriting are also utilized by
handwriting experts for identification purposes. However, handwriting experts usually limit
themselves to questions of identification only and do not embark on the kind of speculative
personality analysis seen in graphology.
Forensic document examination is the study of physical evidence and physical evidence
cannot lie. Only its interpretation can err. Only the failure to find it, or to hear its true testimony
can deprive it of its value."-Roy Huber, author A definitive review of handwriting identification,
this book presents, in a general manner, how to approach document examination and then, in
particular, how to apply handwriting identification to the document. Types of handwriting are
discussed in detail. For the first time in the field of questioned document examination,
Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals consolidates the pertinent information from
published and unpublished sources respecting writing, that is essential to the expansion of a
practitioner's general knowledge of handwriting identification and to the proper education of
novices. Written in a question and answer format, the book suggests some of the questions
that one might ask of an examiner and provides the answers that knowledgeable and
competent examiners should be expected to give. This book is a valuable addition to law
libraries and to every practicing document examiner, as well as every lawyer handling cases in
which the authenticity of handwriting might be disputed.

CONCLUSION

Therefore I conclude that, a handwriting play an important role in our life. It is something that
serves our own identity. It is not merely about practicing our motor skills but it's more on
improving on how we think. Aside from that, it is really essential in proving many things. We
can use this as an evidence in a court. Identifying one handwriting isn't easy. Even an expert
having a tough time analyzing a handwriting. It needs to go through a right process in order to
identify it.
Several hand writings become subjects of questioned document cases such as in ransom
notes, poison letters, alleged suicide note/letters, anonymous letters and threat letters in
matters of authorship. These cases are submitted for examination to determine its authenticity
and to identify its author. Handwriting and hand-printing analysis is applied to many types of
investigation: fraud, homicide, suicide, drug trafficking and clandestine labs, sexual offences,
threats and extortion, blackmail, arson, bombings, and theft. This text covers the major
principles involved in handwriting and hand-printing analysis. Lawyers and investigators will
learn about interpreting an examiner's report; the significance of various handwriting opinions;
and the influencing factors which must be considered. Naturally, students of document
examination can gain much from such a practical, yet rigorously scientific, treatment of the
subject.* Shows investigators how to obtain handwriting specimens and evidence* Provides
model specimen handwriting forms* Covers best practices for properly identifying, collecting,
understanding, and examining evidence.

Terminologies:
Backward- oval the oval motion made in a counterclockwise direction, as in cursive letters a,
d, g, q, or o
Bottom line- the writing guideline upon which the letters rest
Continuous method- the kind of manuscript handwriting in which many letters are formed
with one continuous motion
Cursive slanted writing in which the letters are connected
Alliteration- The repetition of the same sound in successive words, usually, but not
necessarily, at the beginning of words: Blown buds of barren flowerS
Expressive writing- Writing in which the author's primary purpose is to describe or
communicate personal feelings, attitudes, and opinions.
Extended definition- Writing that goes beyond a simple definition of a term in order to make a
point; it can cover several paragraphs and include personal definitions and experiences,
figures of speech, and quotations.
Figurative language- Language that goes beyond the normal meaning of the words used;
writing in which a figure of speech is used to heighten or color the meaning.
Focus- Concentration on a specific subject to give it emphasis or importance.
Form- The arrangement of the details into a pattern or style; the way in which the content of
writing is organized.
Free writing- Writing openly and freely on any topic; focused free writing is writing openly on a
specific topic.
Inductive reasoning- Reasoning which leads one to a conclusion or generalization after
examining specific examples or facts; drawing generalizations from specific evidence.
Inverted sentence- A sentence in which the normal word order is inverted or switched, usually
so that the verb comes before the subject.
Irony- A figure of speech in which what is meant is emphasized by asserting the
opposite: You're going to love what the wrecker did to your car.
Issue- A point or question to be decided.
Jargon- The technical language of a particular group that is inappropriate in most formal
writing since it is frequently not understandable by those outside the group.
Journal- A daily record of thoughts, impressions, and autobiographical information, often a
source of ideas for writing.
Juxtaposition- Placing two ideas (words or pictures) side by side so that their closeness
creates a new, often ironic, meaning.
Limiting the subject- Narrowing the subject to a specific topic that is suitable for the writing or
speaking assignment.
Literal- The actual or dictionary meaning of a word; language that means exactly what it
appears to mean.
Loaded words- Words that are slanted for or against the subject.
Logic-The science of correct reasoning; correctly using facts, examples, and reasons to
support the point.
Alignment defect - characters that write improperly in the following respect: a twisted letter,
horizontal misalignment, vertical misalignment, or a character "off its feet" these defects can be
corrected by special adjustments to the type bar and type block of a type bar machine.
Allograph - a writing or signature made by one person for another or a style (block capital,
print script, or cursive form) of one of the 26 graphemes of the English alphabet or of the
ligatures or other symbols that accompany it.
Altered document - a document that contains a change either as an addition or a deletion.
Ample letter - that which encompasses more than the standard inner space in a given letter.
Characterized by fulsomeness and expanded ovals and loops.
Archive - collection of documents and records purposely stored for a defined period of time.
Assisted writing - the result of a guided hand, produced by the cooperation of the two minds
and two hands of two persons.
Graphometry - a method of characterizing a handwriting by measurement of the proportionate
values of the angle and ratio of the heights and widths of letters.
Graphonomics - the study of the science and technology of handwriting and other graphic
skills (coined in 1982) or the scientific study concerned with the systematic relationship
involved in the generation and analysis of writing and drawing movements and the resulting
traces of writing and drawing instruments either on conventional media such as paper and
blackboard or on electronic equipment.
Guided-hand signature - a signature that is executed while the writer's hand or arm is steadied
in any way, also known as assisted signature. Assisted signatures are most commonly written
during a serious illness or in deathbed. 
Habit - a persistently repeated element or detail of writing that occurs when the opportunity
allows.
Hand lettering - (hand printing) any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written
separately.
Handwriting Identification− The attempt to verify a person’s handwriting by comparing a
document in question to a known handwriting sample. This term is preferred over “handwriting
analysis” which usually refers to those who attempt to determine the character traits of a
person by examining handwriting samples.
Haplography - the unintentional omission in writing or copying of one or more adjacent and
similar letters, syllables, words or lines.
Hiatus - a gap in writing stroke of a letter formed when the instrument leaves the paper. An
opening, an interruption in the continuity of a line.
Holographic document - any document completely written and signed by one person.
Inert hand - an execution of writing in which the person holding the writing instrument
exercises no motor activity whatsoever, conscious or unconscious. The guide leads the writing
instrument through the medium of the hand of the first person. The writer may be feeble or a
complete illiterate.
Infrared examination - the examination of documents employing invisible radiation beyond
the red portion of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation can be recorded on specially
sensitized photographic emulsions or it can be converted by means of an electronic viewing
device into visible light for an on the scene study of the evidence.
Infrared luminescence - a phenomenon encountered with some dyes used in inks and
colored pencils that when illuminated with a narrow band of light in the blue-green portion of
the spectrum give off luminescence that can be detected in the far red or near infrared range.
The technique is useful in distinguishing between certain inks and colored pencils and in
detecting or deciphering erasures.
Ink eradicator - a chemical solution capable of bleaching ink.
Inorganic pigment - a natural or synthetic metal oxide, sulfide or other salt used as a coloring
agent for paints, plastics, and inks.
Insertion - the addition of writing and other material within a document such as between lines
and paragraphs or the addition of whole pages to a document

REFERENCE:

https://www.questioneddocuments.com/individual-characteristics/?
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HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

VILLEGAS ALAIN ICELY S.