300 Core Java Interview Questions | Set 1

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Core Java: Basics of Java Interview Questions

1) What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable
programming language. It was developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it provides its own JRE and API.

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

Comparison Index C++ Java

Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

independent

Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for system programming. Java is mainly used for application programming. It is widely used in
window, web-based, enterprise and mobile applications.
Design Goal C++ was designed for systems and applications Java was designed and created as an interpreter for printing systems but
programming. It was an extension of C programming later extended as a support network computing. It was designed with a
language. goal of being easy to use and accessible to a broader audience.

Goto C++ supports the goto statement. Java doesn't support the goto statement.

Multiple inheritance C++ supports multiple inheritance. Java doesn't support multiple inheritance through class. It can be
achieved by interfaces in java.

Operator C++ supports operator overloading. Java doesn't support operator overloading.
Overloading

Pointers C++ supports pointers. You can write pointer program Java supports pointer internally. However, you can't write the pointer
in C++. program in java. It means java has restricted pointer support in Java.

Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is compiled and run Java uses compiler and interpreter both. Java source code is converted
Interpreter using the compiler which converts source code into into bytecode at compilation time. The interpreter executes this bytecode
machine code so, C++ is platform dependent. at runtime and produces output. Java is interpreted that is why it is
platform independent.

Call by Value and C++ supports both call by value and call by reference. Java supports call by value only. There is no call by reference in java.
Call by reference

Structure and Union C++ supports structures and unions. Java doesn't support structures and unions.

Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in support for threads. It relies Java has built-in thread support.
on third-party libraries for thread support.

Documentation C++ doesn't support documentation comment. Java supports documentation comment (/** ... */) to create
comment documentation for java source code.

Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual keyword so that we can decide Java has no virtual keyword. We can override all non-static methods by
whether or not override a function. default. In other words, non-static methods are virtual by default.
unsigned right shift C++ doesn't support >>> operator. Java supports unsigned right shift >>> operator that fills zero at the top
>>> for the negative numbers. For positive numbers, it works same like >>
operator.

Inheritance Tree C++ creates a new inheritance tree always. Java uses a single inheritance tree always because all classes are the child
of Object class in java. The object class is the root of the inheritance tree
in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented language. However, in C Java is also an object-oriented language. However, everything (except
language, single root hierarchy is not possible. fundamental types) is an object in Java. It is a single root hierarchy as
everything gets derived from java.lang.Object.

3) List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to write the program in it.

o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that
incorporates both data and behavior.

o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to
bytecode (.class) which can be easily run on every machine.

o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is different from other programming languages like C and C++ which
needs a platform to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't depend upon the operating system to be
executed.
 o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more
secured.

o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception
handling, etc. make it more robust.

o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the
architecture (32 bit or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.

o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the program execution.

o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a
little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++).

o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that
it doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.

o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed
applications. This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its
native languages, i.e., C and C++.

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program. JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method
present in the Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode
which is machine independent and close to the native code.
5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a
specification which specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is
known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java
class. There are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing
Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that
JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically
exists. It contains JRE + development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:

o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform

More Details.

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM
stack, created at the same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation
completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
 5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.

More Details.

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and
hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine
(JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is executed. There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-
based. Java provides the software-based platform.

9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and other platforms?

There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

o Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware platforms or software-based platforms.
o Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can only have the hardware components.

10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code) which is the intermediate language between source code and machine
code. This bytecode is not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.

11) What is classloader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-
in classloaders in Java.

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of
Java Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
 2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent classloader of System classloader. It loads the jar files located
inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader. It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath
is set to the current directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also known as Application classloader.

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java and run by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only

2. class A{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello java");
5. }
6. }
7. //compile by javac .java
8. //run by java A

compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then what will the value stored in the String array passed into the main() method, empty
or NULL?

It is empty, but not null.

15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in Java.
16) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object references.

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers
given below.

o Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by any class or method.
o Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-class of this class, or within the same class.
o Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes, methods, and variables are of default scope.
o Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within the class only.

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static
variables are stored in the class area, and we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we need to
define variables or methods which are common to all the objects of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore,
the college name will be defined as static.

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

o Packages avoid the name clashes.

o The Package provides easier access control.
o We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the package.
o It is easier to locate the related classes.
20) What is the output of the following Java program?
1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);
7. }
8. }

The output of the above code will be

30Javatpoint
Javatpoint1020

Explanation

In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum 30 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint.
Therefore, the output will be 30Javatpoint.

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the string Javatpoint10 which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

21) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);
7. }
8. }

The output of the above code will be

200Javatpoint
Javatpoint200

Explanation
In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to
produce the output 200Javatpoint.

In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because the precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200
will be treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output as Javatpoint200.

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. for(int i=0; 0; i++)
6. {
7. System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");
8. }
9. }
10. }

The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a boolean value in the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview questions. However, they have been categorized in many sections such
as constructor interview questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions, Abstraction interview question, Polymorphism interview questions,
etc. for better understanding.

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate
the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design applications and programs. There
are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.

o Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

o Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data
 o Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities from the user and show only functionality.
o Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
o The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#, etc.

24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an instance of the class having the instance variables as the state of the
object and the methods as the behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.

25) What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based programming language?

There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-based language.

o Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance
and polymorphism.
o Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window
object.
o Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?

All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

27) What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the
memory is allocated for the object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default constructor of the class is called. The name of the
constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor must not have an explicit return type.

More Details.
28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in Java.

o Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value. The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance
variable with the default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation. A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the
compiler if there is no constructor defined in the class.
o Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we
can say that the constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no
constructor in the class.

1. class Student3{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4.
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
6.
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();
10. s1.display();
 11. s2.display();
12. }
13. }
Test it Now

Output:
0 null
0 null

Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler provides you a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by
default constructor.

More Details.

30) Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use an explicit return type with the constructor). More Details.

31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters.
Consider the following example.

1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. public Test(int k)
5. {
6. i=k;
7. }
8. public Test(int k, int m)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");
11. if(k>m)
12. {
13. i=k;
14. }
15. else
16. {
17. i=m;
18. }
19. }
20. }
21. public class Main
22. {
23. public static void main (String args[])
24. {
25. Test test1 = new Test(10);
26. Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);
27. System.out.println(test1.i);
28. System.out.println(test2.i);
29. }
30. }
31.
In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In the first call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is
called, and i will be initialized with the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The constructor with the 2 arguments is called, and i will be
initialized with the value 15.

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to another like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

o By constructor
o By assigning the values of one object into another
o By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another

2. class Student6{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //constructor to initialize integer and string
6. Student6(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
9. }
10. //constructor to initialize another object
11. Student6(Student6 s){
12. id = s.id;
13. name =s.name;
14. }
15. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
16.
17. public static void main(String args[]){
18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
20. s1.display();
 21. s2.display();
22. }
23. }
Test it Now

Output:
111 Karan
111 Karan

35) What are the differences between the constructors and methods?

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

Java Constructor Java Method

A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. A method is used to expose the behavior of an object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.

The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.

The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you don't have any constructor in a class. The method is not provided by the compiler in any case.

The constructor name must be same as the class name. The method name may or may not be same as class name.
36) What is the output of the following Java program?
1. public class Test
2. {
3. Test(int a, int b)
4. {
5. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
6. }
7. Test(int a, float b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
10. }
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. byte a = 10;
14. byte b = 15;
15. Test test = new Test(a,b);
 16. }
17. }

The output of the following program is:

a = 10 b = 15

Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. }
5. public class Main
6. {
7. public static void main (String args[])
8. {
9. Test test = new Test();
10. System.out.println(test.i);
11. }
12. }

The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we know that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no
constructor in the class, the variable i is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.

38) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. int test_a, test_b;
4. Test(int a, int b)
5. {
6. test_a = a;
7. test_b = b;
8. }
 9. public static void main (String args[])
10. {
11. Test test = new Test();
12. System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);
13. }
14. }

There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default constructor in the main method which is not present in the class. However, there
is only one parameterized constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is invoked by the constructor implicitly.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not unique for each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college
name of students, etc. Static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. Using a static variable makes your program more
memory efficient (it saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than the object.

1. //Program of static variable

2.
3. class Student8{
4. int rollno;
5. String name;
6. static String college ="ITS";
7.
8. Student8(int r,String n){
9. rollno = r;
10. name = n;
11. }
12. void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
13.
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
16. Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");
17.
18. s1.display();
 19. s2.display();
20. }
21. }
Test it Now
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS

More Details.

40) What is the static method?

o A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

o There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.

o A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

More Details.

41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?

Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.

o The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method directly.
 o this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

42) Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method non-static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main()
method which will lead to the extra memory allocation. More Details.

43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main method, at the time of classloading.

1. class A2{
2. static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello main");
5. }
6. }
Test it Now
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main

More Details.

45) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not possible. More Details.

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

47) What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?
static or class method instance method

1)A method that is declared as static is known as the static method. A method that is not declared as static is known as the
instance method.

2)We don't need to create the objects to call the static methods. The object is required to call the instance methods.

3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed in the static context (static method, static Static and non-static variables both can be accessed in
block, and static nested class) directly. instance methods.

4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return n*n*n;} For example: public void msg(){...}.

48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is
created, there is no sense to make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the compiler error.

49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method
is completely useless therefore it is not allowed.

50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract class?

Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that there is no requirement to make the object to access the static context,
therefore, we can access the static context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract class. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Test

2. {
3. static int i = 102;
4. static void TestMethod()
5. {
6. System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");
 7. }
8. }
9. public class TestClass extends Test
10. {
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. Test.TestMethod();
14. System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);
15. }
16. }

Output
hi !! I am good !!
i = 102

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current
class properties such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be
returned from the method as the current class instance.

More Details.

52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

 o this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
o this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
o this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
o this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
o this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
o this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object and this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so,
the compiler error will be shown. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public Test()
4. {
5. this = null;
6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");
7. }
8. public static void main (String args[])
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }

Output
Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this
this = null;
^
1 error
54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we
know that, it is unnecessary to access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to refer static members. Consider the
following example.

1. public class Test

2. {
3. static int i = 10;
4. public Test ()
5. {
6. System.out.println(this.i);
7. }
8. public static void main (String args[])
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }

Output
10

55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword
to perform constructor chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can we use this keyword to achieve constructor
chaining.

1. public class Employee

2. {
3. int id,age;
4. String name, address;
5. public Employee (int age)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. }
9. public Employee(int id, int age)
 10. {
11. this(age);
12. this.id = id;
13. }
14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)
15. {
16. this(id, age);
17. this.name = name;
18. this.address = address;
19. }
20. public static void main (String args[])
21. {
22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");
23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address: "+emp.address);
24. }
25.
26. }

Output
ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class object itself?

As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of
passing this into a method instead of the current class object.

o this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
o this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and
Method Overriding. The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing
class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents the
IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.
There are five types of inheritance in Java.

o Single-level inheritance
o Multi-level inheritance
o Multiple Inheritance
o Hierarchical Inheritance
o Hybrid Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

More Details.

58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

o Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific
implementation of the method.
o Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
o We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes OOPs more realistic.
o Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived class by making it private.
o Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained
by the base class.

59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.

60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The
C class inherits A and B classes. If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from child class object, there will be ambiguity to call the method of A
or B class.
Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time error if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or
different, there will be a compile time error.

1. class A{
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
3. }
4. class B{
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
6. }
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
8.
9. Public Static void main(String args[]){
10. C obj=new C();
11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Compile Time Error

61) What is aggregation?

Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the aggregate class contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best
described as a has-a relationship. For example, The aggregate class Employee having various fields such as age, name, and salary also contains an object of
Address class having various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State, and pin-code. In other words, we can say that Employee (class) has an object of Address
class. Consider the following example.

Address.java

1. public class Address {

2. String city,state,country;
3.
4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {
5. this.city = city;
6. this.state = state;
7. this.country = country;
8. }
9.
 10. }

Employee.java

1. public class Emp {

2. int id;
3. String name;
4. Address address;
5.
6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {
7. this.id = id;
8. this.name = name;
9. this.address=address;
10. }
11.
12. void display(){
13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);
14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);
15. }
16.
17. public static void main(String[] args) {
18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");
19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");
20.
21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);
22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);
23.
24. e.display();
25. e2.display();
26.
27. }
28. }

Output
111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india

62) What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition. When an object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist
without the existence of container object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can say that composition is the particular case of aggregation which
represents a stronger relationship between two objects. Example: A class contains students. A student cannot exist without a class. There exists composition
between class and students.

63) What is the difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the strong relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but
the bike has an engine (composition).

64) Why does Java not support pointers?

The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java because they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.

65) What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass,
an instance of the parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The super() is called in the class constructor implicitly by the
compiler if there is no super or this.

1. class Animal{
2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. Dog(){
6. System.out.println("dog is created");
7. }
8. }
9. class TestSuper4{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
 11. Dog d=new Dog();
12. }
13. }
Test it Now

Output:
animal is created
dog is created
More Details.

66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super keyword?
1. class Person
2. {
3. String name,address;
4. int age;
5. public Person(int age, String name, String address)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. this.name = name;
9. this.address = address;
10. }
11. }
12. class Employee extends Person
13. {
14. float salary;
15. public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)
16. {
17. super(age,name,address);
18. this.salary = salary;
19. }
20. }
21. public class Test
22. {
23. public static void main (String args[])
24. {
 25. Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);
26. System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+" Address: "+e.address);
27. }
28. }

Output
Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi

67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.

o super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
o super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
o super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?

There are the following differences between this and super keyword.

o The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword always points to the current class context.
o The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within the derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to
differentiate between local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
o The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the compiler will throw an error.

69) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Person
2. {
3. public Person()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Person class constructor called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Employee extends Person
9. {
 10. public Employee()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");
13. }
14. public static void main (String args[])
15. {
16. Employee e = new Employee();
17. }
18. }

Output
Person class constructor called
Employee class constructor called

Explanation

The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included explicitly within the derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person
class constructor is called first and then the Employee class constructor is called.

70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.

Example:

1. public class Test{

2. Test()
3. {
4. super();
5. this();
6. System.out.println("Test class object is created");
7. }
8. public static void main(String []args){
9. Test t = new Test();
10. }
11. }
Output:
Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor

71)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object class is used to clone an object.
The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone()
method generates CloneNotSupportedException.

1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

2.
More Details.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview Questions

72) What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple methods with the same name but different signature. We can achieve
method overloading in two ways.

o By Changing the number of arguments

o By Changing the data type of arguments

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is performed to figure out the program quickly.

More Details.

73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type in java?

In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program due to avoid the ambiguity.

1. class Adder{
2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
4. }
5. class TestOverloading3{
 6. public static void main(String[] args){
7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity
8. }}
Test it Now

Output:
Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder
More Details.

74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?

No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to them(number of parameters and types are the same). Consider the following
example.

1. public class Animal

2. {
3. void consume(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");
6. }
7. static void consume(int a)
8. {
9. System.out.println("consumed static "+a);
10. }
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. Animal a = new Animal();
14. a.consume(10);
15. Animal.consume(20);
16. }
17. }

Output
Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class Animal
static void consume(int a)
^
Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced from a static context
Animal.consume(20);
^
2 errors

75) Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method overloading.

More Details.

76) What is method overloading with type promotion?

By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be promoted to another implicitly if no exact matching is found.

As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or
double. The char datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the following example.

1. class OverloadingCalculation1{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
 3. void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
8. obj.sum(20,20,20);
9. }
10. }
Test it Now

Output
40
60

77) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class OverloadingCalculation3{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}
3. void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
8. }
9. }

Output
OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous
obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3
and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match
1 error

Explanation
There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method accepts the integer and long type whereas the second method accepts long and
the integer type. The parameter passed that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that which method will be called as there is no clear differentiation mentioned
between integer literal and long literal. This is the case of ambiguity. Therefore, the compiler will throw an error.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

78) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime
polymorphism and to implement the interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

o The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
o The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
o Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

More Details.

79) Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the object.

80) Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class whereas instance method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in
class area, and instance gets memory in a heap.

81) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.
82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.
Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading increases the readability of the Method overriding provides the specific implementation of the method that is already provided
program. by its superclass.

2) Method overloading occurs within the class. Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A relationship between them.

3) In this case, the parameters must be different. In this case, the parameters must be the same.

83) Can we override the private methods?

No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is limited to the class and we cannot access them outside of the class.

84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?

Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we must notice that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The
following point must be taken care of while changing the accessibility of the method.

o The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

o The protected can be changed to public or default.
o The default can be changed to public.
o The public will always remain public.

85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the subclass?

Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be followed while
overriding in case of exception handling.

o If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method cannot declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked
exception.
o If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare
parent exception.
86) What is the output of the following Java program?
1. class Base
2. {
3. void method(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);
6. }
7.
8. void method(double d)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);
11. }
12. }
13.
14. class Derived extends Base
15. {
16. @Override
17. void method(double d)
18. {
19. System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);
20. }
21. }
22.
23. public class Main
24. {
25. public static void main(String[] args)
26. {
27. new Derived().method(10);
28. }
29. }

Output
Base class method called with integer a = 10

Explanation
The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with the double type as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.

87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.

88) What is covariant return type?

Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the return type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is
known as covariant return type. The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the subclass.

1. class A{
2. A get(){return this;}
3. }
4.
5. class B1 extends A{
6. B1 get(){return this;}
7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}
8.
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10. new B1().get().message();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
Output: welcome to covariant return type
More Details.

89) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base
2. {
3. public void baseMethod()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");
6. }
7. }
 8. class Derived extends Base
9. {
10. public void baseMethod()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Derived method called ...");
13. }
14. }
15. public class Test
16. {
17. public static void main (String args[])
18. {
19. Base b = new Derived();
20. b.baseMethod();
21. }
22. }

Output
Derived method called ...

Explanation

The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test class, the reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the
Derived class. Here, Runtime polymorphism is achieved between class Base and Derived. At compile time, the presence of method baseMethod checked in Base
class, If it presence then the program compiled otherwise the compiler error will be shown. In this case, baseMethod is present in Base class; therefore, it is
compiled successfully. However, at runtime, It checks whether the baseMethod has been overridden by Derived class, if so then the Derived class method is
called otherwise Base class method is called. In this case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod; therefore, the Derived class method is called.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

90) What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the final variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that
the final variable once assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable which is not assigned to any value can only be assigned through
the class constructor.
 1. class Bike9{
2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
3. void run(){
4. speedlimit=400;
5. }
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10. }//end of class
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.

91) What is the final method?

If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it. More Details.

1. class Bike{
2. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4.
5. class Honda extends Bike{
6. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
7.
 8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. Honda honda= new Honda();
10. honda.run();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error

92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.

1. final class Bike{}

2.
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{
4. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
5.
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
8. honda.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.

93) What is the final blank variable?

A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank variable. We can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have
to initialize it by using the class constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has some data which must not be changed by others, for example, PAN Number.
Consider the following example:

1. class Student{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
 5. ...
6. }
More Details.

94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?

Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final variable, it can be initialized only in the static block. More Details.

95) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.

96) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Main {
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. final int i;
4. i = 20;
5. System.out.println(i);
6. }
7. }

Output
20

Explanation

Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it to 20. Therefore, 20 will be printed.

97) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base
2. {
3. protected final void getInfo()
4. {
5. System.out.println("method of Base class");
 6. }
7. }
8.
9. public class Derived extends Base
10. {
11. protected final void getInfo()
12. {
13. System.out.println("method of Derived class");
14. }
15. public static void main(String[] args)
16. {
17. Base obj = new Base();
18. obj.getInfo();
19. }
20. }

Output
Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override getInfo() in Base
protected final void getInfo()
^
overridden method is final
1 error

Explanation

The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.

98) Can we declare a constructor as final?

The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited. Constructors are not ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare
constructors as final. However, if you try to do so, The compiler will throw an error.

99) Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented by some class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to
make an interface final. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.
100) What is the difference between the final method and abstract method?

The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract method cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to
give its definition.

300 Java interview questions | Set 2

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Core Java - OOPs: Polymorphism Interview Questions

101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism?

There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.

SN compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

1 In compile-time polymorphism, call to a method is resolved In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime.
at compile-time.

2 It is also known as static binding, early binding, or It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding, overriding, or dynamic method
overloading. dispatch.

3 Overloading is a way to achieve compile-time Overriding is a way to achieve runtime polymorphism in which, we can redefine some
polymorphism in which, we can define multiple methods or particular method or variable in the derived class. By using overriding, we can give some
constructors with different signatures. specific implementation to the base class properties in the derived class.

4 It provides fast execution because the type of an object is It provides slower execution as compare to compile-time because the type of an object
determined at compile-time. is determined at run-time.

5 Compile-time polymorphism provides less flexibility Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility because all the things are resolved at
because all the things are resolved at compile-time. runtime.
102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In
this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object
being referred to by the reference variable.

1. class Bike{
2. void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4. class Splendor extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
8. b.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now

Output:
running safely with 60km.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the
object being referred to by the reference variable.

More details.

103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members cannot be overridden. We can override the member functions but
not the data members. Consider the example given below.

1. class Bike{
2. int speedlimit=90;
3. }
4. class Honda3 extends Bike{
5. int speedlimit=150;
 6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj=new Honda3();
8. System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
9. }
Test it Now

Output:
90
More details.

104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?

In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at
runtime.

Static Binding

1. class Dog{
2. private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
3.
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. Dog d1=new Dog();
6. d1.eat();
7. }
8. }

Dynamic Binding

1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
3. }
4.
5. class Dog extends Animal{
6. void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. Animal a=new Dog();
 10. a.eat();
11. }
12. }
More details.

105) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class BaseTest
2. {
3. void print()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Test extends BaseTest
9. {
10. void print()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Test:print() called");
13. }
14. public static void main (String args[])
15. {
16. BaseTest b = new Test();
17. b.print();
18. }
19. }

Output
Test:print() called

Explanation

It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined at runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that method is
present in the Base class. In this case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is called.
106) What is Java instanceOf operator?

The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the
instanceof operator with any variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.

1. class Simple1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. Simple1 s=new Simple1();
4. System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
5. }
6. }
Test it Now

Output
true

An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal then object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides
the internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the internal processing about the message
delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how
it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

o Abstract Class
o Interface

More details.
108) What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a single unit.

More details.

109) What is the abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have
abstract methods, non-abstract methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods which will force the subclass not to change the
body of the method. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();
3. }
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now

Output
running safely
More details.

110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?

No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be the output of the program?
1. abstract class Calculate
2. {
 3. abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
4. }
5.
6. public class Main
7. {
8. public static void main(String[] args)
9. {
10. int result = new Calculate()
11. {
12. @Override
13. int multiply(int a, int b)
14. {
15. return a*b;
16. }
17. }.multiply(12,32);
18. System.out.println("result = "+result);
19. }
20. }

Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract method multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output of the
program will be:

Output
384

112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?

No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas we can't override the final method.

113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its methods are implemented.
114) What is the interface?

The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a
mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship. It
cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the default, static, and
private methods in an interface.

More details.

115) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and abstract together.

116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't be implemented by any class.

117) What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces.
The marker interface can be declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{

2. }

118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?
Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body (non-abstract methods). The interface has only abstract methods.

An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance variables.

An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.
An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.

You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.

The abstract class can provide the implementation of the interface. The Interface can't provide the implementation of the abstract
class.

The abstract keyword is used to declare an abstract class. The interface keyword is used to declare an interface.

An abstract class can extend another Java class and implement multiple Java An interface can extend another Java interface only.
interfaces.

An abstract class can be extended using keyword extends An interface class can be implemented using keyword implements

A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc. Members of a Java interface are public by default.

Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in interfaces?

No, they are implicitly public.

120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.

121) How to make a read-only class in Java?

A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will have only getter methods which return the private property of the
class to the main method. We cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available in the class. Consider the following example.
 1. //A Java class which has only getter methods.
2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college="AKG";
5. //getter method for college
6. public String getCollege(){
7. return college;
8. }
9. }

122) How to make a write-only class in Java?

A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class will have only setter methods which set the value passed from the main
method to the private fields. We cannot read the properties of the class because there is no getter method in this class. Consider the following example.

1. //A Java class which has only setter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college;
5. //getter method for college
6. public void setCollege(String college){
7. this.college=college;
8. }
9. }

123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

o By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
o It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the
setter method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.
o It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the data through the private data members.
o The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
o The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.
 Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java
can be categorized into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io,
util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a package in Java.

1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }

More details.
125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names defined in different packages. Packages also enable the developer to
organize the similar classes more effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the classes present in java.io package are used to perform io related
operations.

126) How to create packages in Java?

If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file->new->project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the
package. It will create the project package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like notepad for java programming, use the
following steps to create the package.

o Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and save this file with your_class_name.java.

o Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
1. javac -d . your_class_name.java

The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present working directory.

o Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.

1. java package_name.class_name

127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?

There are two ways to access a class in another class.

o By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import
the package containing that class.
o By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.

128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?

One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the class
only once no matter how many times you import the same class.

130) What is the static import?

By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to qualify it with the class name.

More details.

Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment
section.

131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three
types of exceptions:

o Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

o Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example,
ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.

o Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

132) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the
normal flow of the program. There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the unchecked exception.

More details.
133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception
classes are given below:
134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?
1) Checked Exception

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked
exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g., ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are
not checked at compile-time.

More details.

135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?

It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions
are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try{
4. int a = 1;
5. System.out.println(a/0);
6. }
7. finally
8. {
9. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
12. }
13.

Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...

137) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {
2. public static void main(String args[])
3. {
4. try
5. {
6. int a = 1/0;
7. System.out.println("a = "+a);
8. }
9. catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
11. }
12. }

Output
ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has already been caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error

Explanation

ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after Exception. Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore,
it must be used at last to handle the exception. No class can be used after this.

138) What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that
finally block is the block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't handle the exception, before terminating the program,
JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here, we must know that
for each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling
System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).
More details.

139) Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block, therefore, we can use try block instead of catch. More details.

140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).More details.

141) What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword
1) The throw keyword is used to throw an exception explicitly. The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.

2) The checked exceptions cannot be propagated with throw The checked exception can be propagated with throws
only.

3) The throw keyword is followed by an instance. The throws keyword is followed by class.

4) The throw keyword is used within the method. The throws keyword is used with the method signature.

5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void method()throws IOException,
SQLException.

More details.

142) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main{
2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try
4. {
5. throw 90;
6. }
7. catch(int e){
8. System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);
9. }
10.
11. }
12. }

Output
Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable
throw 90;
^
Main.java:8: error: unexpected type
catch(int e){
^
 required: class
found: int
2 errors

Explanation

In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic data type
from a block of code.

143) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Calculation extends Exception
2. {
3. public Calculation()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");
6. }
7. public void add(int a, int b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));
10. }
11. }
12. public class Main{
13. public static void main(String []args){
14. try
15. {
16. throw new Calculation();
17. }
18. catch(Calculation c){
19. c.add(10,20);
20. }
21. }
22. }

Output
Calculation class is instantiated
The sum is 30
Explanation

The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and
20 by using the object of this class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown in the case when the type of the object
is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the throwable class.

144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn't throw an exception?

Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

More details.

146) What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception
again drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack. This procedure is called exception
propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not propagated.

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{
2. void m(){
3. int data=50/0;
4. }
5. void n(){
6. m();
7. }
8. void p(){
9. try{
10. n();
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
12. }
13. public static void main(String args[]){
 14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
15. obj.p();
16. System.out.println("normal flow...");
17. }
18. }
Test it Now

Output:
exception handled
normal flow...

More details.

147) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main
2. {
3. void a()
4. {
5. try{
6. System.out.println("a(): Main called");
7. b();
8. }catch(Exception e)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Exception is caught");
 11. }
12. }
13. void b() throws Exception
14. {
15. try{
16. System.out.println("b(): Main called");
17. c();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. throw new Exception();
20. }
21. finally
22. {
23. System.out.println("finally block is called");
24. }
25. }
26. void c() throws Exception
27. {
28. throw new Exception();
29. }
30.
31. public static void main (String args[])
32. {
33. Main m = new Main();
34. m.a();
35. }
36. }

Output
a(): Main called
b(): Main called
finally block is called
Exception is caught

Explanation

In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b() prints some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an
exception which is handled by the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception by using throw Exception() to be handled by the method
a(). As we know, finally block is always executed therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the exception is
handled by the catch block of the method a().

148) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Calculation
2. {
3. int a;
4. public Calculation(int a)
5. {
6. this.a = a;
7. }
8. public int add()
9. {
10. a = a+10;
11. try
12. {
13. a = a+10;
14. try
15. {
16. a = a*10;
17. throw new Exception();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. a = a - 10;
20. }
21. }catch(Exception e)
22. {
23. a = a - 10;
24. }
25. return a;
26. }
27.
28. public static void main (String args[])
29. {
30. Calculation c = new Calculation(10);
31. int result = c.add();
 32. System.out.println("result = "+result);
33. }
34. }

Output
result = 290

Explanation

The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor which is called while instantiating the class. The add method is called
which returns an integer value result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10 is again incremented by 10 to be 30. In the
second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300. The second try block throws the exception which is caught by the catch block associated with this try block.
The catch block again alters the value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the
catch block associated with the outermost try block will never be executed since there is no exception which can be handled by this catch block.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in
the comment section.

149) What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create
a string literal; the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string
doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.
150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?

The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be
changed. Consider the following example for better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
6. }
7. }
Test it Now

Output:
Sachin
More details.

151) Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes
the value of the object, it will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.

More details.

152) How many ways can we create the string object?

1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";
Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is
returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects are stored in a special memory area known
as the string constant pool For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
2) By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The
variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";
3. String s3="Welcome";

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.

More details.

154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in the string constant pool).

More details.

155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

More details.

156) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test
 2.
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");
6. String b = "Sharma is a good player";
7. if(a == b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a == b");
10. }
11. if(a.equals(b))
12. {
13. System.out.println("a equals b");
14. }
15. }

Output
a equals b

Explanation

The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not. Although both of the strings contain the same content, their
references are not equal because both are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal. On the other hand, the equal()
method always check for the content. Since their content is equal hence, a equals b is printed.

157) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";
6. String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");
7. s2 = s2.intern();
8. System.out.println(s1 ==s2);
9. }
10. }
Output
true

Explanation

The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the
String pool. However, s2 is changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.

158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?

The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.

No. String StringBuffer

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is mutable.

2) The String is slow and consumes more memory when you concat too many strings because The StringBuffer is fast and consumes less memory
every time it creates a new instance. when you cancat strings.

3) The String class overrides the equals() method of Object class. So you can compare the The StringBuffer class doesn't override the equals()
contents of two strings by equals() method. method of Object class.

159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., thread safe. It means two threads StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not thread safe. It means two threads
can't call the methods of StringBuffer simultaneously. can call the methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.

2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder. StringBuilder is more efficient than StringBuffer.
160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?

We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final. Consider the following example.

1. public final class Employee{

2. final String pancardNumber;
3.
4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){
5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;
6. }
7.
8. public String getPancardNumber(){
9. return pancardNumber;
10. }
11.
12. }
More details.

161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?

The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object.
So overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object, etc. depending upon your implementation. By overriding the
toString() method of the Object class, we can return the values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following example.

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String city;
5.
6. Student(int rollno, String name, String city){
7. this.rollno=rollno;
8. this.name=name;
9. this.city=city;
10. }
11.
12. public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method
13. return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
 14. }
15. public static void main(String args[]){
16. Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");
17. Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");
18.
19. System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()
20. System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()
21. }
22. }

Output:
101 Raj lucknow
102 Vijay ghaziabad
More details.

162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the password?

String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having
the memory-dump can extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to blank whenever we are done with the
password. It avoids the security threat with the string by enabling us to control the memory.

163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a string?

Program:

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";
6. String words[] = s.split(" ");
7. System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.length);
8. }
9. }
Output
The Number of words present in the string are : 10

164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.

There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex package.

o MatchResult Interface
o Matcher class
o Pattern class
o PatternSyntaxException class

165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?

Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not
consider them as the regular characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary characters, we need to escape the
metacharacters with the backslash.
166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A password must start with an alphabet and followed by alphanumeric characters; Its length
must be in between 8 to 20.

The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^ represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first
character must be an alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length of the password must be in between 8 and
20.

167) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. import java.util.regex.*;
2. class RegexExample2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4
5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5
6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6
7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7
8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8
9. }}

Output
true
false
false
false
true

Explanation

line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3
characters in the string, line 7 prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it contains more than 2 characters as well, line 8 prints true
since the third character of the string is s.

Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions

168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?

There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.

o Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the members (data members and methods) of the outer class including
private.
o Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
o Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

169) What is a nested class?

The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface. We use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces
in one place so that it can be more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the data members of the outer class including private data members
and methods. The syntax of the nested class is defined below.

1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Nested_class{
4. //code
5. }
6. }
7.

There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-static nested class can also be called as inner-class

More details.

170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?

There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.

o Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine
operations for those extra classes which result in slower performance.
o IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.
171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used in Java?

There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.

Type Description

Member Inner Class A class created within class and outside method.

Anonymous Inner Class A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its name is decided by the java compiler.

Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?

Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes are the part of nested classes.

More details.

173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?

No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.

More details.

174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in the following program?
1. public class Person {
2. String name, age, address;
3. class Employee{
4. float salary=10000;
5. }
6. class BusinessMen{
7. final String gstin="£4433drt3$";
8. }
9. public static void main (String args[])
10. {
 11. Person p = new Person();
12. }
13. }

3 class-files will be created named as Person.class, Person$BusinessMen.class, and Person$Employee.class.

175) What are anonymous inner classes?

Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated within an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to
them. Anonymous class cannot be static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In other words, we can say that it a class without the name and
can have only one object that is created by its definition. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Person{

2. abstract void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnonymousInner{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Person p=new Person(){
7. void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. p.eat();
10. }
11. }
Test it Now

Output:
nice fruits

Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.

1. interface Eatable{
2. void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Eatable e=new Eatable(){
 7. public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. e.eat();
10. }
11. }
Test it Now

Output:
nice fruits

176) What is the nested interface?

An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is static by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related
interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The external interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be accessed directly. The nested interface
must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have any access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is given as
follows.

1. interface interface_name{
2. ...
3. interface nested_interface_name{
4. ...
5. }
6. }
7.
More details.

177) Can a class have an interface?

Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.

More details.

178) Can an Interface have a class?

Yes, they are static implicitly.

More details.
Garbage Collection Interview Questions

179) What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed for memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the
process of removing unused objects from the memory to free up space and make this space available for Java Virtual Machine. Due to garbage collection java
gives 0 as output to a variable whose value is not set, i.e., the variable has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using free() function in the
C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

More details.

180) What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method is found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly
makes the Java Virtual Machine free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused. Consider the following example for the
better understanding of how the gc() method invoke the garbage collector.

1. public class TestGarbage1{

2. public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
5. TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
6. s1=null;
7. s2=null;
8. System.gc();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected

181) How is garbage collection controlled?

Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the
System.gc() for the garbage collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.
182) How can an object be unreferenced?

There are many ways:

o By nulling the reference

o By assigning a reference to another
o By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:
1. Employee e=new Employee();
2. e=null;
2) By assigning a reference to another:
1. Employee e1=new Employee();
2. Employee e2=new Employee();
3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection
3) By anonymous object:
1. new Employee();
183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only
those objects that are created by new keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can use the finalize method to perform cleanup processing
(destroying remaining objects). The cleanup processing is the process to free up all the resources, network which was previously used and no longer needed. It
is essential to remember that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is available in every class as object class is the
superclass of every class in java. Here, we must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed. Consider the following example.

1. public class FinalizeTest {

2. int j=12;
3. void add()
4. {
5. j=j+12;
6. System.out.println("J="+j);
7. }
8. public void finalize()
9. {
10. System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");
11. }
12. public static void main(String[] args) {
13. new FinalizeTest().add();
14. System.gc();
15. new FinalizeTest().add();
16. }
17. }
18.

184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?

Yes,

185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

Daemon thread.
186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?
No. final finally finalize

1) Final is used to apply restrictions on class, method, and variable. Finally is used to place important code, Finalize is used to perform clean up
The final class can't be inherited, final method can't be overridden, it will be executed whether an exception processing just before an object is
and final variable value can't be changed. is handled or not. garbage collected.

2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free
memory, etc. There is only one instance of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton
instance of Runtime class.

188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?

By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Runtime1{

2. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
3. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad
4. }
5. }

I/O Interview Questions

189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream classes.

OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy

190) What do you understand by an IO stream?

The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of bytes. In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.

o System.out: standard output stream

o System.in: standard input stream
o System.err: standard error stream

191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?

The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are used to
perform input-output of 8-bit bytes whereas the CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the 16-bit Unicode system. There are many
classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the most frequently used classes are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes
CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.
192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?

All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further
divided into InputStream classes and OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and Writer classes. The SuperMost
classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream and for all the output stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the
super-most class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.

193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You
can write byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-oriented data, it is preferred to use
FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following example of writing a byte into a file.

1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. fout.write(65);
7. fout.close();
8. System.out.println("success...");
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11. }

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, etc.
You can also read character-stream data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is recommended to use FileReader class. Consider the following example
for reading bytes from a file.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. public class DataStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. int i=fin.read();
 7. System.out.print((char)i);
8.
9. fin.close();
10. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
11. }
12. }
13.

194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream classes?

Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly
into a stream. So, it makes the performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from the stream. It internally uses the
buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.

195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?

In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the
permissions are related to the path. The path can be of two types:

o D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files recursively.
o D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files within this directory excluding subdirectories.

Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read permission and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.

1. package com.javatpoint;
2. import java.io.*;
3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;
4. public class FilePermissionExample{
5. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
6. String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
7. FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
8. PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
9. permission.add(file1);
10. FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
11. permission.add(file2);
12. if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
 13. System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
14. }else {
15. System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg); }
16. }
17. }

Output
Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?

FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes. FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a
stream, filters it, and pass the filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding line numbers to the destination file, etc.

197) What is an I/O filter?

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.
Many Filter classes that allow a user to make a chain using multiple input streams. It generates a combined effect on several filters.

198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?

In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.

o Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping System.in into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedReader.
It provides an efficient reading as the input gets buffered. Consider the following example.
1. import java.io.BufferedReader;
2. import java.io.IOException;
3. import java.io.InputStreamReader;
4. public class Person
5. {
6. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
7. {
8. System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
9. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
10. String name = reader.readLine();
 11. System.out.println(name);
12. }
13. }
o Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read
and parse various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner
class extends Object class and implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ScannerClassExample2 {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
5. //Create scanner with the specified String Object
6. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
7. System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());
8. //Change the delimiter of this scanner
9. scanner.useDelimiter("/");
10. //Printing the tokenized Strings
11. System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
12. while(scanner.hasNext()){
13. System.out.println(scanner.next());
14. }
15. //Display the new delimiter
16. System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
17. scanner.close();
18. }
19. }
20.
o Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the
password using the Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The java.io.Console class is attached to the system console internally. The Console
class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.Console;
2. class ReadStringTest{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Console c=System.console();
5. System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
 6. String n=c.readLine();
7. System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
8. }
9. }

Serialization Interview Questions

199) What is serialization?

Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is used primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It
is mainly used to travel object's state on the network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to perform serialization. It is helpful when you
require to save the state of a program to storage such as the file. At a later point of time, the content of this file can be restored using deserialization. It is also
required to implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to invoke the method of a Java object on one machine to another
machine.

More details.

200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?

A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.

201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is implementing the Serializable interface?

It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but
the serialization can be avoided by implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw NotSerializableException from these
methods. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.IOException;
4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;
5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
7. import java.io.Serializable;
8. class Person implements Serializable
9. {
10. String name = " ";
11. public Person(String name)
12. {
13. this.name = name;
14. }
15. }
16. class Employee extends Person
17. {
18. float salary;
19. public Employee(String name, float salary)
20. {
21. super(name);
22. this.salary = salary;
23. }
24. private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
25. {
26. throw new NotSerializableException();
27. }
28. private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
29. {
30. throw new NotSerializableException();
31. }
32.
33. }
34. public class Test
35. {
36. public static void main(String[] args)
37. throws Exception
38. {
39. Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
40.
41. System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);
42. System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);
43.
44. FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");
45. ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
46.
47. oos.writeObject(emp);
48.
49. oos.close();
50. fos.close();
51.
52. System.out.println("Object has been serialized");
53.
54. FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");
55. ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);
56.
57. Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();
58.
59. o.close();
60. f.close();
61.
62. System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");
63.
64. System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);
65. System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);
66. }
 67. }

202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?

Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in the memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the
network. We can also write the serialized object to the disk or the database.

203) What is Deserialization?

Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deserializes
objects and primitive data written using an ObjectOutputStream.

1. import java.io.*;
2. class Depersist{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));
6. Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7. System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9. in.close();
10. }
11. }
211 ravi

204) What is the transient keyword?

If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is
restored. More details.

205) What is Externalizable?

The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a compressed format. It is not a marker interface.
206) What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable interface?
No. Serializable Externalizable

1) The Serializable interface does not have any method, i.e., it is a The Externalizable interface contains is not a marker interface, It contains two
marker interface. methods, i.e., writeExternal() and readExternal().

2) It is used to "mark" Java classes so that objects of these classes The Externalizable interface provides control of the serialization logic to the
may get the certain capability. programmer.

3) It is easy to implement but has the higher performance cost. It is used to perform the serialization and often result in better performance.

4) No class constructor is called in serialization. We must call a public default constructor while using this interface.

Networking Interview Questions

207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented
or connectionless. Socket and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket, and DatagramPacket classes
are used for connectionless socket programming. The client in socket programming must know two information:

o IP address of the server

o port number

208) What is Socket?

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The
Socket class can be used to create a socket.

209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect through TCP?

There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.
 o The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to which, the connection will be made.
o After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to
connect to the server on the given port.
o Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating Socket class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port number
and server name.
o The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified name. If the connection is established, the client will have a socket object
that can communicate with the server.
o The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the server that is connected with the server.

210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between client and server?

Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is established.

File: MyServer.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyServer {
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
9. String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
10. System.out.println("message= "+str);
11. ss.close();
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13. }
14. }

File: MyClient.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyClient {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
 5. try{
6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
9. dout.flush();
10. dout.close();
11. s.close();
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13. }
14. }

211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like java.sun.com?

By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the IP address. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class InetDemo{
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
7.
8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11. }
12.

Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at runtime. The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be
used to get metadata, examine and change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages provide classes for java reflection. It is
used in:
 o IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans.
o Debugger
o Test Tools, etc.

213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?

The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

o Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

o Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.

214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?

There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.

o forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if
you know the fully qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive types.

o getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.

o the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be
used for primitive data type also.

215) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Simple{
2. public Simple()
3. {
4. System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
5. }
6. void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
7. }
8.
 9. class Test1{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. try{
12. Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
13. Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
14. s.message();
15. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
16. }
17. }

Output
Constructor of Simple class is invoked
Hello Java

Explanation

The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In this program, the instance of the Simple class is created.

216) What is the purpose of using javap?

The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.

Syntax

javap fully_class_name

217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?

Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.

More details.

Miscellaneous Interview Questions

218)What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other words, we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which
allow the conversion of objects to primitives and primitives to objects. The process of converting primitives to objects is called autoboxing, and the process of
converting objects to primitives is called unboxing. There are eight wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean

char Character

byte Byte

short Short

int Integer

long Long

float Float

double Double

219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?

The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of
converting wrapper class object to primitive data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in Java. However, we can externally
convert one into another by using the methods like valueOf() or xxxValue().

It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided or vice versa.

o Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

o Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which expect Type.
o Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another is provided in the method calling.
 o When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.

220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1
2. {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Integer i = new Integer(201);
5. Integer j = new Integer(201);
6. if(i == j)
7. {
8. System.out.println("hello");
9. }
10. else
11. {
12. System.out.println("bye");
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output
bye

Explanation

The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can only be created in the range -128 to 127. The operator == will not
work for the value greater than 127; thus bye is printed.

221) What is object cloning?

The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable
interface must be implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates
CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method is defined in the Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as follows:

protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object cloning?

Advantage of Object Cloning

o You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or 5-line long clone() method.
o It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are applying it to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent
class, implement Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method and the task will be done.
o Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.

Disadvantage of Object Cloning

o To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and
handling CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.
o We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in it. We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on
our object.
o Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call Object.clone() from it.
o Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over object construction.
o If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should define the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent
class. Otherwise, the super.clone() chain will fail.
o Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we need deep cloning.

223) What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.

224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?

Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may
differ from platform to platform that is why java programming language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you get the same result on every platform.
So, now you have better control over the floating-point arithmetic.

225) What is the purpose of the System class?

The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as standard input and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by
System class are given below.
 o Standard input
o Error output streams
o Standard output
o utility method to copy the portion of an array
o utilities to load files and libraries

There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in, and standard output stream.

226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

Object cloning.

227) What is a singleton class?

Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the static
getInstance method. Consider the following example.

1. class Singleton{
2. private static Singleton single_instance = null;
3. int i;
4. private Singleton ()
5. {
6. i=90;
7. }
8. public static Singleton getInstance()
9. {
10. if(single_instance == null)
11. {
12. single_instance = new Singleton();
13. }
14. return single_instance;
15. }
16. }
17. public class Main
18. {
 19. public static void main (String args[])
20. {
21. Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
22. System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
23. first.i=first.i+90;
24. Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
25. System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
26. }
27. }
28.

228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-line.

Program

1. class A{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3.
4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
5. System.out.println(args[i]);
6.
7. }
8. }
1. compile by > javac A.java
2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc

Output
sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc

229) Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?

The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.
230) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

231) What are peerless components?

The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its libraries, so it does not use resources from the Operating System, and hence
it has lightweight components.

232) is there is any difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?

The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its events and performs its scrolling.

233) What is a lightweight component?

Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the graphical units. They share their parent component graphical units to
render them. For example, Swing components, and JavaFX Components.

234) What is a heavyweight component?

The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight components. AWT is limited to the graphical classes provided by the operating
system and therefore, It implements only the minimal subset of screen elements supported by all platforms. The Operating system dependent UI discovery tools
are called heavyweight components.

235) What is an applet?

An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic content. It is embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side. It is
secured and takes less response time. It can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc. However, the
plugins are required at the client browser to execute the applet. The following image shows the architecture of Applet.
When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.

o init()
o start()
o paint()

When an applet is destroyed, the following functions are invoked in order.

o stop()
o destroy()

236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application?

Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.

Internationalization Interview Questions

237) What is Locale?

A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This object can be used to get the locale-specific information such as country
name, language, variant, etc.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class LocaleExample {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
6.
7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
10. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
11. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
12. System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
13. System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
14.
15. }
16. }

Output:
United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US

238)How will you load a specific locale?

By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.

Java Bean Interview Questions

239) What is a JavaBean?

JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language, designed to be manipulated visually by a software development
environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java. t. A JavaBean encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple places.
Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider the following example to create a JavaBean class.

1. //Employee.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{
4. private int id;
5. private String name;
6. public Employee(){}
7. public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}
8. public int getId(){return id;}
9. public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}
10. public String getName(){return name;}
11. }

240) What is the purpose of using the Java bean?

According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object from
multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance.

241) What do you understand by the bean persistent property?

The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields, and state information are saved to or retrieve from the storage.

RMI Interview Questions

242) What is RMI?

The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke
methods on an object running in another JVM. The RMI provides remote communication between the applications using two objects stub and skeleton.
243) What is the purpose of stub and skeleton?

Stub

The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are routed through it. It resides at the client side and represents the remote
object. When the caller invokes the method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:

o It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM).

o It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine (JVM).
o It waits for the result.
o It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception.
o It finally, returns the value to the caller.

Skeleton

The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming requests are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming
request, it does the following tasks:

o It reads the parameter for the remote method.

o It invokes the method on the actual remote object.
o It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.

244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?

There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.

o Create the remote interface.

o Provide the implementation of the remote interface.
o Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects using the rmic tool.
o Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool.
o Create and start the remote application.
o Create and start the client application.
245) What is the use of HTTP-tunneling in RMI?

HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work within the firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections through
the proxy servers. However, it does not allow outbound TCP connections.

246) What is JRMP?

JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific, stream-based protocol which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It requires
both client and server to use Java objects. It is wire level protocol which runs under RMI and over TCP/IP.

247) Can RMI and CORBA based applications interact?

Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.

Core Java: Data Structure interview questions

248) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.

1. public class BubbleSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
5. {
6. for (int j=0;j<10;j++)
7. {
8. if(a[i]<a[j])
9. {
10. int temp = a[i];
11. a[i]=a[j];
12. a[j] = temp;
13. }
14. }
15. }
 16. System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");
17. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
18. {
19. System.out.println(a[i]);
20. }
21. }
22. }

Output:
Printing Sorted List . . .
7
9
10
12
23
34
34
44
78
101

249) How to perform Binary Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class BinarySearch {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
5. int item, location = -1;
6. System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. item = sc.nextInt();
9. location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
10. if(location != -1)
11. System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
12. else
 13. System.out.println("Item not found");
14. }
15. public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
16. {
17. int mid;
18. if(end >= beg)
19. {
20. mid = (beg + end)/2;
21. if(a[mid] == item)
22. {
23. return mid+1;
24. }
25. else if(a[mid] < item)
26. {
27. return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
28. }
29. else
30. {
31. return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
32. }
33. }
34. return -1;
35. }
36. }

Output:
Enter the item which you want to search
45
the location of the item is 5

250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.

1. public class SelectionSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
 3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. int i,j,k,pos,temp;
5. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
6. {
7. pos = smallest(a,10,i);
8. temp = a[i];
9. a[i]=a[pos];
10. a[pos] = temp;
11. }
12. System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");
13. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
14. {
15. System.out.println(a[i]);
16. }
17. }
18. public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)
19. {
20. int small,pos,j;
21. small = a[i];
22. pos = i;
23. for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
24. {
25. if(a[j]<small)
26. {
27. small = a[j];
28. pos=j;
29. }
30. }
31. return pos;
32. }
33. }

Output:
printing sorted elements...
7
9
10
12
23
23
34
44
78
101

251) How to perform Linear Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.

1. import java.util.Scanner;
2.
3. public class Leniear_Search {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};
6. int item,flag=0;
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. System.out.println("Enter Item ?");
9. item = sc.nextInt();
10. for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)
11. {
12. if(arr[i]==item)
13. {
14. flag = i+1;
15. break;
16. }
17. else
18. flag = 0;
19. }
20. if(flag != 0)
21. {
22. System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);
23. }
24. else
 25. System.out.println("Item not found");
26.
27. }
28. }

Output:
Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found

252) How to perform merge sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.

1. public class MyMergeSort

2. {
3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)
4. {
5.
6. int l = mid - beg + 1;
7. int r = end - mid;
8.
9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];
10. intRightArray[] = new int [r];
11.
12. for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)
13. LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];
14.
15. for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)
16. RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];
17.
18.
19. int i = 0, j = 0;
20. int k = beg;
21. while (i<l&&j<r)
22. {
23. if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
24. {
25. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
26. i++;
27. }
28. else
29. {
30. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
31. j++;
32. }
33. k++;
34. }
35. while (i<l)
36. {
37. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
38. i++;
39. k++;
40. }
41.
42. while (j<r)
43. {
44. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
45. j++;
46. k++;
47. }
48. }
49.
50. void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)
51. {
52. if (beg<end)
53. {
54. int mid = (beg+end)/2;
55. sort(arr, beg, mid);
56. sort(arr , mid+1, end);
 57. merge(arr, beg, mid, end);
58. }
59. }
60. public static void main(String args[])
61. {
62. intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
63. MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();
64. ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);
65.
66. System.out.println("\nSorted array");
67. for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
68. {
69. System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
70. }
71. }
72. }

Output:
Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

253) How to perform quicksort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.

1. public class QuickSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i;
4. int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
5. quickSort(arr, 0, 9);
6. System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");
7. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
8. System.out.println(arr[i]);
9. }
10. public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)
11. {
12.
13. int left, right, temp, loc, flag;
14. loc = left = beg;
15. right = end;
16. flag = 0;
17. while(flag != 1)
18. {
19. while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))
20. right--;
21. if(loc==right)
22. flag =1;
23. elseif(a[loc]>a[right])
24. {
25. temp = a[loc];
26. a[loc] = a[right];
27. a[right] = temp;
28. loc = right;
29. }
30. if(flag!=1)
31. {
32. while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))
33. left++;
34. if(loc==left)
35. flag =1;
36. elseif(a[loc] <a[left])
37. {
38. temp = a[loc];
39. a[loc] = a[left];
 40. a[left] = temp;
41. loc = left;
42. }
43. }
44. }
45. returnloc;
46. }
47. static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)
48. {
49.
50. int loc;
51. if(beg<end)
52. {
53. loc = partition(a, beg, end);
54. quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
55. quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
56. }
57. }
58. }

Output:
The sorted array is:
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.

Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.
1. public class CountList {
2.
3. //Represent a node of the doubly linked list
4.
5. class Node{
6. int data;
7. Node previous;
8. Node next;
9.
10. public Node(int data) {
11. this.data = data;
12. }
13. }
14.
15. //Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list
16. Node head, tail = null;
17.
18. //addNode() will add a node to the list
19. public void addNode(int data) {
20. //Create a new node
21. Node newNode = new Node(data);
22.
23. //If list is empty
24. if(head == null) {
25. //Both head and tail will point to newNode
26. head = tail = newNode;
27. //head's previous will point to null
28. head.previous = null;
29. //tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list
30. tail.next = null;
31. }
32. else {
33. //newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to newNode
34. tail.next = newNode;
35. //newNode's previous will point to tail
36. newNode.previous = tail;
37. //newNode will become new tail
38. tail = newNode;
39. //As it is last node, tail's next will point to null
40. tail.next = null;
41. }
42. }
43.
44. //countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list
45. public int countNodes() {
46. int counter = 0;
47. //Node current will point to head
48. Node current = head;
49.
50. while(current != null) {
51. //Increment the counter by 1 for each node
52. counter++;
53. current = current.next;
54. }
55. return counter;
56. }
57.
58. //display() will print out the elements of the list
59. public void display() {
60. //Node current will point to head
61. Node current = head;
62. if(head == null) {
63. System.out.println("List is empty");
64. return;
65. }
66. System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");
67. while(current != null) {
68. //Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.
69.
70. System.out.print(current.data + " ");
71. current = current.next;
72. }
 73. }
74.
75. public static void main(String[] args) {
76.
77. CountList dList = new CountList();
78. //Add nodes to the list
79. dList.addNode(1);
80. dList.addNode(2);
81. dList.addNode(3);
82. dList.addNode(4);
83. dList.addNode(5);
84.
85. //Displays the nodes present in the list
86. dList.display();
87.
88. //Counts the nodes present in the given list
89. System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " + dList.countNodes());
90. }
91. }

Output:
Nodes of doubly linked list:
1 2 3 4 5
Count of nodes present in the list: 5

255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list.

Consider the following program.

1. public class MinMax {

2. //Represents the node of list.
3. public class Node{
4. int data;
5. Node next;
6. public Node(int data) {
7. this.data = data;
8. }
9. }
10.
11. //Declaring head and tail pointer as null.
12. public Node head = null;
13. public Node tail = null;
14.
15. //This function will add the new node at the end of the list.
16. public void add(int data){
17. //Create new node
18. Node newNode = new Node(data);
19. //Checks if the list is empty.
20. if(head == null) {
21. //If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.
22. head = newNode;
23. tail = newNode;
24. newNode.next = head;
25. }
26. else {
27. //tail will point to new node.
28. tail.next = newNode;
29. //New node will become new tail.
30. tail = newNode;
31. //Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.
32. tail.next = head;
33. }
34. }
35.
36. //Finds out the minimum value node in the list
37. public void minNode() {
38. Node current = head;
39. //Initializing min to initial node data
40. int min = head.data;
41. if(head == null) {
42. System.out.println("List is empty");
43. }
44. else {
45. do{
46. //If current node's data is smaller than min
47. //Then replace value of min with current node's data
48. if(min > current.data) {
49. min = current.data;
50. }
51. current= current.next;
52. }while(current != head);
53.
54. System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);
55. }
56. }
57.
58. //Finds out the maximum value node in the list
59. public void maxNode() {
60. Node current = head;
61. //Initializing max to initial node data
62. int max = head.data;
63. if(head == null) {
64. System.out.println("List is empty");
65. }
66. else {
67. do{
68. //If current node's data is greater than max
69. //Then replace value of max with current node's data
70. if(max < current.data) {
71. max = current.data;
72. }
73. current= current.next;
74. }while(current != head);
75.
76. System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);
77. }
78. }
79.
 80. public static void main(String[] args) {
81. MinMax cl = new MinMax();
82. //Adds data to the list
83. cl.add(5);
84. cl.add(20);
85. cl.add(10);
86. cl.add(1);
87. //Prints the minimum value node in the list
88. cl.minNode();
89. //Prints the maximum value node in the list
90. cl.maxNode();
91. }
92. }

Output:
Minimum value node in the list: 1
Maximum value node in the list: 20

256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between the sum of the odd level and even level nodes of a Binary Tree.

Consider the following program.

1. import java.util.LinkedList;
2. import java.util.Queue;
3.
4. public class DiffOddEven {
5.
6. //Represent a node of binary tree
7. public static class Node{
8. int data;
9. Node left;
10. Node right;
11.
12. public Node(int data){
13. //Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null
14. this.data = data;
15. this.left = null;
16. this.right = null;
17. }
18. }
19.
20. //Represent the root of binary tree
21. public Node root;
22.
23. public DiffOddEven(){
24. root = null;
25. }
26.
27. //difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of binary tree
28. public int difference() {
29. int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;
30.
31. //Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level
32. int nodesInLevel = 0;
33.
34. //Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree
35. int currentLevel = 0;
36.
37. //Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise
38. Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
39.
40. //Check if root is null
41. if(root == null) {
42. System.out.println("Tree is empty");
43. return 0;
44. }
45. else {
46. //Add root node to queue as it represents the first level
47. queue.add(root);
48. currentLevel++;
49.
50. while(queue.size() != 0) {
51.
52. //Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elements in queue
53. nodesInLevel = queue.size();
54.
55. while(nodesInLevel > 0) {
56. Node current = queue.remove();
57.
58. //Checks if currentLevel is even or not.
59. if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)
60. //If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel
61. evenLevel += current.data;
62. else
63. //If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel
64. oddLevel += current.data;
65.
66. //Adds left child to queue
67. if(current.left != null)
68. queue.add(current.left);
69. //Adds right child to queue
70. if(current.right != null)
71. queue.add(current.right);
72. nodesInLevel--;
73. }
74. currentLevel++;
75. }
76. //Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel
77. diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);
78. }
79. return diffOddEven;
80. }
81.
82. public static void main (String[] args) {
83.
84. DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();
85. //Add nodes to the binary tree
86. bt.root = new Node(1);
 87. bt.root.left = new Node(2);
88. bt.root.right = new Node(3);
89. bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);
90. bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);
91. bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);
92.
93. //Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes
94. System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: " + bt.difference());
95. }
96. }

Output:
Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: 11
Java Multithreading and Concurrency Interview Questions

Multithreading and Synchronization are considered as the typical chapter in java programming. In game development companies, multithreading related
interview questions are asked mostly. A list of frequently asked java multithreading and concurrency interview questions is given below.

Multithreading Interview Questions

1) What is multithreading?

Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. Multithreading is used to obtain the multitasking. It consumes less memory and gives
the fast and efficient performance. Its main advantages are:

o Threads share the same address space.

o The thread is lightweight.
o The cost of communication between the processes is low.

More details.

2) What is the thread?

A thread is a lightweight subprocess. It is a separate path of execution because each thread runs in a different stack frame. A process may contain multiple
threads. Threads share the process resources, but still, they execute independently.

More details.
3) Differentiate between process and thread?

There are the following differences between the process and thread.

o A Program in the execution is called the process whereas; A thread is a subset of the process
o Processes are independent whereas threads are the subset of process.
o Process have different address space in memory, while threads contain a shared address space.
o Context switching is faster between the threads as compared to processes.
o Inter-process communication is slower and expensive than inter-thread communication.
o Any change in Parent process doesn't affect the child process whereas changes in parent thread can affect the child thread.

4) What do you understand by inter-thread communication?

o The process of communication between synchronized threads is termed as inter-thread communication.
 o Inter-thread communication is used to avoid thread polling in Java.
o The thread is paused running in its critical section, and another thread is allowed to enter (or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.
o It can be obtained by wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods.

5) What is the purpose of wait() method in Java?

The wait() method is provided by the Object class in Java. This method is used for inter-thread communication in Java. The java.lang.Object.wait() is used to
pause the current thread, and wait until another thread does not call the notify() or notifyAll() method. Its syntax is given below.

public final void wait()

6) Why must wait() method be called from the synchronized block?

We must call the wait method otherwise it will throw java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException exception. Moreover, we need wait() method for inter-thread
communication with notify() and notifyAll(). Therefore It must be present in the synchronized block for the proper and correct communication.

7) What are the advantages of multithreading?

Multithreading programming has the following advantages:

o Multithreading allows an application/program to be always reactive for input, even already running with some background tasks
o Multithreading allows the faster execution of tasks, as threads execute independently.
o Multithreading provides better utilization of cache memory as threads share the common memory resources.
o Multithreading reduces the number of the required server as one server can execute multiple threads at a time.

8) What are the states in the lifecycle of a Thread?

A thread can have one of the following states during its lifetime:

1. New: In this state, a Thread class object is created using a new operator, but the thread is not alive. Thread doesn't start until we call the start() method.
2. Runnable: In this state, the thread is ready to run after calling the start() method. However, the thread is not yet selected by the thread scheduler.
3. Running: In this state, the thread scheduler picks the thread from the ready state, and the thread is running.
4. Waiting/Blocked: In this state, a thread is not running but still alive, or it is waiting for the other thread to finish.
5. Dead/Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when the run() method exits.
9) What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?

Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under
time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute
next, based on priority and other factors.

10) What is context switching?

In Context switching the state of the process (or thread) is stored so that it can be restored and execution can be resumed from the same point later. Context
switching enables the multiple processes to share the same CPU.

11) Differentiate between the Thread class and Runnable interface for creating a Thread?

The Thread can be created by using two ways.

o By extending the Thread class

o By implementing the Runnable interface

However, the primary differences between both the ways are given below:
 o By extending the Thread class, we cannot extend any other class, as Java does not allow multiple inheritances while implementing the Runnable interface;
we can also extend other base class(if required).
o By extending the Thread class, each of thread creates the unique object and associates with it while implementing the Runnable interface; multiple threads
share the same object
o Thread class provides various inbuilt methods such as getPriority(), isAlive and many more while the Runnable interface provides a single method, i.e., run().

12) What does join() method?

The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its
task. Join method is overloaded in Thread class in the following ways.

o public void join()throws InterruptedException

o public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException

More details.

13) Describe the purpose and working of sleep() method.

The sleep() method in java is used to block a thread for a particular time, which means it pause the execution of a thread for a specific time. There are two
methods of doing so.

Syntax:

o public static void sleep(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException

o public static void sleep(long milliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException

Working of sleep() method

When we call the sleep() method, it pauses the execution of the current thread for the given time and gives priority to another thread(if available). Moreover,
when the waiting time completed then again previous thread changes its state from waiting to runnable and comes in running state, and the whole process
works so on till the execution doesn't complete.

14) What is the difference between wait() and sleep() method?

wait() sleep()
1) The wait() method is defined in Object class. The sleep() method is defined in Thread class.

2) The wait() method releases the lock. The sleep() method doesn't release the lock.

15) Is it possible to start a thread twice?

No, we cannot restart the thread, as once a thread started and executed, it goes to the Dead state. Therefore, if we try to start a thread twice, it will give a
runtimeException "java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException". Consider the following example.

1. public class Multithread1 extends Thread

2. {
3. public void run()
4. {
5. try {
6. System.out.println("thread is executing now........");
7. } catch(Exception e) {
8. }
9. }
10. public static void main (String[] args) {
11. Multithread1 m1= new Multithread1();
12. m1.start();
13. m1.start();
14. }
15. }

Output
thread is executing now........
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java:708)
at Multithread1.main(Multithread1.java:13)
More details.
16) Can we call the run() method instead of start()?

Yes, calling run() method directly is valid, but it will not work as a thread instead it will work as a normal object. There will not be context-switching between the
threads. When we call the start() method, it internally calls the run() method, which creates a new stack for a thread while directly calling the run() will not create
a new stack.

More details.

17) What about the daemon threads?

The daemon threads are the low priority threads that provide the background support and services to the user threads. Daemon thread gets automatically
terminated by the JVM if the program remains with the daemon thread only, and all other user threads are ended/died. There are two methods for daemon
thread available in the Thread class:

o public void setDaemon(boolean status): It used to mark the thread daemon thread or a user thread.
o public boolean isDaemon(): It checks the thread is daemon or not.

More details.

18)Can we make the user thread as daemon thread if the thread is started?

No, if you do so, it will throw IllegalThreadStateException. Therefore, we can only create a daemon thread before starting the thread.

1. class Testdaemon1 extends Thread{

2. public void run(){
3. System.out.println("Running thread is daemon...");
4. }
5. public static void main (String[] args) {
6. Testdaemon1 td= new Testdaemon1();
7. td.start();
8. setDaemon(true);// It will throw the exception: td.
9. }
10. }

Output
Running thread is daemon...
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.setDaemon(Thread.java:1359)
at Testdaemon1.main(Testdaemon1.java:8)
More details.

19)What is shutdown hook?

The shutdown hook is a thread that is invoked implicitly before JVM shuts down. So we can use it to perform clean up the resource or save the state when JVM
shuts down normally or abruptly. We can add shutdown hook by using the following method:

1. public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook){}

2. Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();
3. r.addShutdownHook(new MyThread());

Some important points about shutdown hooks are :

o Shutdown hooks initialized but can only be started when JVM shutdown occurred.
o Shutdown hooks are more reliable than the finalizer() because there are very fewer chances that shutdown hooks not run.
o The shutdown hook can be stopped by calling the halt(int) method of Runtime class.

More details.

20)When should we interrupt a thread?

We should interrupt a thread when we want to break out the sleep or wait state of a thread. We can interrupt a thread by calling the interrupt() throwing the
InterruptedException.

More details.

21) What is the synchronization?

Synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared resource. It is used:

1. To prevent thread interference.

2. To prevent consistency problem.
When the multiple threads try to do the same task, there is a possibility of an erroneous result, hence to remove this issue, Java uses the process of
synchronization which allows only one thread to be executed at a time. Synchronization can be achieved in three ways:

o by the synchronized method

o by synchronized block
o by static synchronization

Syntax for synchronized block

1. synchronized(object reference expression)

2. {
3. //code block
4. }
5.
More details.

22) What is the purpose of the Synchronized block?

The Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on any specific resource of the method. Only one thread at a time can execute on a particular
resource, and all other threads which attempt to enter the synchronized block are blocked.

o Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.

o The scope of the synchronized block is limited to the block on which, it is applied. Its scope is smaller than a method.

More details.

23)Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given thread?

Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a "synchronized" block. The locked object is inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it.

24) What is static synchronization?

If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on the class not on the object. If we use the synchronized keyword before a method so it will
lock the object (one thread can access an object at a time) but if we use static synchronized so it will lock a class (one thread can access a class at a time). More
details.
25)What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll()?

The notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread whereas notifyAll() method is used to unblock all the threads in waiting state.

26)What is the deadlock?

Deadlock is a situation in which every thread is waiting for a resource which is held by some other waiting thread. In this situation, Neither of the thread executes
nor it gets the chance to be executed. Instead, there exists a universal waiting state among all the threads. Deadlock is a very complicated situation which can
break our code at runtime.

More details.

27) How to detect a deadlock condition? How can it be avoided?

We can detect the deadlock condition by running the code on cmd and collecting the Thread Dump, and if any deadlock is present in the code, then a message
will appear on cmd.

Ways to avoid the deadlock condition in Java:

o Avoid Nested lock: Nested lock is the common reason for deadlock as deadlock occurs when we provide locks to various threads so we should give one
lock to only one thread at some particular time.
o Avoid unnecessary locks: we must avoid the locks which are not required.
o Using thread join: Thread join helps to wait for a thread until another thread doesn't finish its execution so we can avoid deadlock by maximum use of
join method.

28) What is Thread Scheduler in java?

In Java, when we create the threads, they are supervised with the help of a Thread Scheduler, which is the part of JVM. Thread scheduler is only responsible for
deciding which thread should be executed. Thread scheduler uses two mechanisms for scheduling the threads: Preemptive and Time Slicing.

Java thread scheduler also works for deciding the following for a thread:
o It selects the priority of the thread.
o It determines the waiting time for a thread
o It checks the Nature of thread
29) Does each thread have its stack in multithreaded programming?

Yes, in multithreaded programming every thread maintains its own or separate stack area in memory due to which every thread is independent of each other.

30) How is the safety of a thread achieved?

If a method or class object can be used by multiple threads at a time without any race condition, then the class is thread-safe. Thread safety is used to make a
program safe to use in multithreaded programming. It can be achieved by the following ways:

o Synchronization
o Using Volatile keyword
o Using a lock based mechanism
o Use of atomic wrapper classes

31) What is race-condition?

A Race condition is a problem which occurs in the multithreaded programming when various threads execute simultaneously accessing a shared resource at the
same time. The proper use of synchronization can avoid the Race condition.

32) What is the volatile keyword in java?

Volatile keyword is used in multithreaded programming to achieve the thread safety, as a change in one volatile variable is visible to all other threads so one
variable can be used by one thread at a time.

33) What do you understand by thread pool?

o Java Thread pool represents a group of worker threads, which are waiting for the task to be allocated.

o Threads in the thread pool are supervised by the service provider which pulls one thread from the pool and assign a job to it.
o After completion of the given task, thread again came to the thread pool.
o The size of the thread pool depends on the total number of threads kept at reserve for execution.

The advantages of the thread pool are :

o Using a thread pool, performance can be enhanced.

o Using a thread pool, better system stability can occur.
Concurrency Interview Questions
34) What are the main components of concurrency API?

Concurrency API can be developed using the class and interfaces of java.util.Concurrent package. There are the following classes and interfaces in
java.util.Concurrent package.

o Executor
o FarkJoinPool
o ExecutorService
o ScheduledExecutorService
o Future
o TimeUnit(Enum)
o CountDownLatch
o CyclicBarrier
o Semaphore
o ThreadFactory
o BlockingQueue
o DelayQueue
o Locks
o Phaser

35) What is the Executor interface in Concurrency API in Java?

The Executor Interface provided by the package java.util.concurrent is the simple interface used to execute the new task. The execute() method of Executor
interface is used to execute some given command. The syntax of the execute() method is given below.

void execute(Runnable command)

Consider the following example:

1. import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
2. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
3. import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
5.
 6. public class TestThread {
7. public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {
8. Executor e = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
9. e.execute(new Thread());
10. ThreadPoolExecutor pool = (ThreadPoolExecutor)e;
11. pool.shutdown();
12. }
13.
14. static class Thread implements Runnable {
15. public void run() {
16. try {
17. Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 5);
18. System.out.println("Running Thread!");
19. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);
20. System.out.println("Thread Completed");
21. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
22. ex.printStackTrace();
23. }
24. }
25. }
26. }

Output
Running Thread!
Thread Completed

36) What is BlockingQueue?

The java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue is the subinterface of Queue that supports the operations such as waiting for the space availability before inserting a
new value or waiting for the queue to become non-empty before retrieving an element from it. Consider the following example.

1.
2. import java.util.Random;
3. import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
4. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
5.
6. public class TestThread {
7.
8. public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {
9. BlockingQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(10);
10.
11. Insert i = new Insert(queue);
12. Retrieve r = new Retrieve(queue);
13.
14. new Thread(i).start();
15. new Thread(r).start();
16.
17. Thread.sleep(2000);
18. }
19.
20.
21. static class Insert implements Runnable {
22. private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;
23.
24. public Insert(BlockingQueue queue) {
25. this.queue = queue;
26. }
27.
28. @Override
29. public void run() {
30. Random random = new Random();
31.
32. try {
33. int result = random.nextInt(200);
34. Thread.sleep(1000);
35. queue.put(result);
36. System.out.println("Added: " + result);
37.
38. result = random.nextInt(10);
39. Thread.sleep(1000);
40. queue.put(result);
41. System.out.println("Added: " + result);
 42.
43. result = random.nextInt(50);
44. Thread.sleep(1000);
45. queue.put(result);
46. System.out.println("Added: " + result);
47. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
48. e.printStackTrace();
49. }
50. }
51. }
52.
53. static class Retrieve implements Runnable {
54. private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;
55.
56. public Retrieve(BlockingQueue queue) {
57. this.queue = queue;
58. }
59.
60. @Override
61. public void run() {
62.
63. try {
64. System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());
65. System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());
66. System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());
67. } catch (InterruptedException e) {
68. e.printStackTrace();
69. }
70. }
71. }
72. }

Output
Added: 96
Removed: 96
Added: 8
Removed: 8
Added: 5
Removed: 5

37) How to implement producer-consumer problem by using BlockingQueue?

The producer-consumer problem can be solved by using BlockingQueue in the following way.

1.
2. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
3. import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
4. import java.util.logging.Level;
5. import java.util.logging.Logger;
6. public class ProducerConsumerProblem {
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. //Creating shared object
9. BlockingQueue sharedQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue();
10.
11. //Creating Producer and Consumer Thread
12. Thread prod = new Thread(new Producer(sharedQueue));
13. Thread cons = new Thread(new Consumer(sharedQueue));
14.
15. //Starting producer and Consumer thread
16. prod.start();
17. cons.start();
18. }
19.
20. }
21.
22. //Producer Class in java
23. class Producer implements Runnable {
24.
25. private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;
26.
27. public Producer(BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {
28. this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;
29. }
30.
31. @Override
32. public void run() {
33. for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
34. try {
35. System.out.println("Produced: " + i);
36. sharedQueue.put(i);
37. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
38. Logger.getLogger(Producer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
39. }
40. }
41. }
42.
43. }
44.
45. //Consumer Class in Java
46. class Consumer implements Runnable{
47.
48. private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;
49.
50. public Consumer (BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {
51. this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;
52. }
53.
54. @Override
55. public void run() {
56. while(true){
57. try {
58. System.out.println("Consumed: "+ sharedQueue.take());
59. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
60. Logger.getLogger(Consumer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
61. }
62. }
63. }
64. }
Output
Produced: 0
Produced: 1
Produced: 2
Produced: 3
Produced: 4
Produced: 5
Produced: 6
Produced: 7
Produced: 8
Produced: 9
Consumed: 0
Consumed: 1
Consumed: 2
Consumed: 3
Consumed: 4
Consumed: 5
Consumed: 6
Consumed: 7
Consumed: 8
Consumed: 9

38) What is the difference between Java Callable interface and Runnable interface?

The Callable interface and Runnable interface both are used by the classes which wanted to execute with multiple threads. However, there are two main
differences between the both :

o A Callable <V> interface can return a result, whereas the Runnable interface cannot return any result.
o A Callable <V> interface can throw a checked exception, whereas the Runnable interface cannot throw checked exception.
o A Callable <V> interface cannot be used before the Java 5 whereas the Runnable interface can be used.

39) What is the Atomic action in Concurrency in Java?

o The Atomic action is the operation which can be performed in a single unit of a task without any interference of the other operations.

o The Atomic action cannot be stopped in between the task. Once started it fill stop after the completion of the task only.
o An increment operation such as a++ does not allow an atomic action.
o All reads and writes operation for the primitive variable (except long and double) are the atomic operation.
o All reads and writes operation for the volatile variable (including long and double) are the atomic operation.
 o The Atomic methods are available in java.util.Concurrent package.

40) What is lock interface in Concurrency API in Java?

The java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock interface is used as the synchronization mechanism. It works similar to the synchronized block. There are a few differences
between the lock and synchronized block that are given below.

o Lock interface provides the guarantee of sequence in which the waiting thread will be given the access, whereas the synchronized block doesn't guarantee
it.
o Lock interface provides the option of timeout if the lock is not granted whereas the synchronized block doesn't provide that.
o The methods of Lock interface, i.e., Lock() and Unlock() can be called in different methods whereas single synchronized block must be fully contained in a
single method.

41) Explain the ExecutorService Interface.

The ExecutorService Interface is the subinterface of Executor interface and adds the features to manage the lifecycle. Consider the following example.

1.
2. import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
3. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
5.
6. public class TestThread {
7. public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {
8. ExecutorService e = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
9.
10. try {
11. e.submit(new Thread());
12. System.out.println("Shutdown executor");
13. e.shutdown();
14. e.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
15. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
16. System.err.println("tasks interrupted");
17. } finally {
18.
19. if (!e.isTerminated()) {
 20. System.err.println("cancel non-finished tasks");
21. }
22. e.shutdownNow();
23. System.out.println("shutdown finished");
24. }
25. }
26.
27. static class Task implements Runnable {
28.
29. public void run() {
30.
31. try {
32. Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 20);
33. System.out.println("Running Task!");
34. TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);
35. } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
36. ex.printStackTrace();
37. }
38. }
39. }
40. }

Output
Shutdown executor
shutdown finished

42) What is the difference between Synchronous programming and Asynchronous programming regarding a thread?

Synchronous programming: In Synchronous programming model, a thread is assigned to complete a task and hence thread started working on it, and it is
only available for other tasks once it will end the assigned task.

Asynchronous Programming: In Asynchronous programming, one job can be completed by multiple threads and hence it provides maximum usability of the
various threads.
43) What do you understand by Callable and Future in Java?

Java Callable interface: In Java5 callable interface was provided by the package java.util.concurrent. It is similar to the Runnable interface but it can return a
result, and it can throw an Exception. It also provides a run() method for execution of a thread. Java Callable can return any object as it uses Generic.

Syntax:

public interface Callable<V>

Java Future interface: Java Future interface gives the result of a concurrent process. The Callable interface returns the object of java.util.concurrent.Future.

Java Future provides following methods for implementation.

o cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning): It is used to cancel the execution of the assigned task.

o get(): It waits for the time if execution not completed and then retrieved the result.
o isCancelled(): It returns the Boolean value as it returns true if the task was canceled before the completion.
o isDone(): It returns true if the job is completed successfully else returns false.

44. What is the difference between ScheduledExecutorService and ExecutorService interface?

ExecutorServcie and ScheduledExecutorService both are the interfaces of java.util.Concurrent package but scheduledExecutorService provides some additional
methods to execute the Runnable and Callable tasks with the delay or every fixed time period.

45) Define FutureTask class in Java?

Java FutureTask class provides a base implementation of the Future interface. The result can only be obtained if the execution of one task is completed, and if
the computation is not achieved then get method will be blocked. If the execution is completed, then it cannot be re-started and can't be canceled.

Syntax

public class FutureTask<V> extends Object implements RunnableFuture<V>

34 Java Collections Interview Questions

In Java, collection interview questions are most asked by the interviewers. Here is the list of the most asked collections interview questions with answers.
1) What is the Collection framework in Java?

Collection Framework is a combination of classes and interface, which is used to store and manipulate the data in the form of objects. It provides various classes
such as ArrayList, Vector, Stack, and HashSet, etc. and interfaces such as List, Queue, Set, etc. for this purpose.

2) What are the main differences between array and collection?

Array and Collection are somewhat similar regarding storing the references of objects and manipulating the data, but they differ in many ways. The main
differences between the array and Collection are defined below:

o Arrays are always of fixed size, i.e., a user can not increase or decrease the length of the array according to their requirement or at runtime, but In Collection,
size can be changed dynamically as per need.
o Arrays can only store homogeneous or similar type objects, but in Collection, heterogeneous objects can be stored.
o Arrays cannot provide the ?ready-made? methods for user requirements as sorting, searching, etc. but Collection includes readymade methods to use.

3) Explain various interfaces used in Collection framework?

Collection framework implements various interfaces, Collection interface and Map interface (java.util.Map) are the mainly used interfaces of Java Collection
Framework. List of interfaces of Collection Framework is given below:

1. Collection interface: Collection (java.util.Collection) is the primary interface, and every collection must implement this interface.

Syntax:

1. public interface Collection<E>extends Iterable

Where <E> represents that this interface is of Generic type

2. List interface: List interface extends the Collection interface, and it is an ordered collection of objects. It contains duplicate elements. It also allows random
access of elements.

Syntax:

1. public interface List<E> extends Collection<E>

3. Set interface: Set (java.util.Set) interface is a collection which cannot contain duplicate elements. It can only include inherited methods of Collection interface

Syntax:
 1. public interface Set<E> extends Collection<E>

Queue interface: Queue (java.util.Queue) interface defines queue data structure, which stores the elements in the form FIFO (first in first out).

Syntax:

1. public interface Queue<E> extends Collection<E>

4. Dequeue interface: it is a double-ended-queue. It allows the insertion and removal of elements from both ends. It implants the properties of both Stack and
queue so it can perform LIFO (Last in first out) stack and FIFO (first in first out) queue, operations.

Syntax:

1. public interface Dequeue<E> extends Queue<E>

5. Map interface: A Map (java.util.Map) represents a key, value pair storage of elements. Map interface does not implement the Collection interface. It can only
contain a unique key but can have duplicate elements. There are two interfaces which implement Map in java that are Map interface and Sorted Map.

4) What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector?

No. ArrayList Vector

1) ArrayList is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

2) ArrayList is not a legacy class. Vector is a legacy class.

3) ArrayList increases its size by 50% of the array size. Vector increases its size by doubling the array size.

4) ArrayList is not ?thread-safe? as it is not synchronized. Vector list is ?thread-safe? as it?s every method is synchronized.

5) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?

No. ArrayList LinkedList

1) ArrayList uses a dynamic array. LinkedList uses a doubly linked list.

2) ArrayList is not efficient for manipulation because too much LinkedList is efficient for manipulation.
is required.

3) ArrayList is better to store and fetch data. LinkedList is better to manipulate data.

4) ArrayList provides random access. LinkedList does not provide random access.

5) ArrayList takes less memory overhead as it stores only object LinkedList takes more memory overhead, as it stores the object as well as the address
of that object.

6) What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?

Iterator traverses the elements in the forward direction only whereas ListIterator traverses the elements into forward and backward direction.

No. Iterator ListIterator

1) The Iterator traverses the elements in the forward direction only. ListIterator traverses the elements in backward and forward directions both.

2) The Iterator can be used in List, Set, and Queue. ListIterator can be used in List only.

3) The Iterator can only perform remove operation while traversing ListIterator can perform ?add,? ?remove,? and ?set? operation while traversing
the collection. the collection.

7) What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?

No. Iterator Enumeration

1) The Iterator can traverse legacy and non-legacy elements. Enumeration can traverse only legacy elements.

2) The Iterator is fail-fast. Enumeration is not fail-fast.

3) The Iterator is slower than Enumeration. Enumeration is faster than Iterator.

4) The Iterator can perform remove operation while traversing the collection. The Enumeration can perform only traverse operation on the collection.

8) What is the difference between List and Set?

The List and Set both extend the collection interface. However, there are some differences between the both which are listed below.

o The List can contain duplicate elements whereas Set includes unique items.
o The List is an ordered collection which maintains the insertion order whereas Set is an unordered collection which does not preserve the insertion order.
o The List interface contains a single legacy class which is Vector class whereas Set interface does not have any legacy class.
o The List interface can allow n number of null values whereas Set interface only allows a single null value.

9) What is the difference between HashSet and TreeSet?

The HashSet and TreeSet, both classes, implement Set interface. The differences between the both are listed below.

o HashSet maintains no order whereas TreeSet maintains ascending order.

o HashSet impended by hash table whereas TreeSet implemented by a Tree structure.
o HashSet performs faster than TreeSet.
o HashSet is backed by HashMap whereas TreeSet is backed by TreeMap.

10) What is the difference between Set and Map?

The differences between the Set and Map are given below.

o Set contains values only whereas Map contains key and values both.
o Set contains unique values whereas Map can contain unique Keys with duplicate values.
o Set holds a single number of null value whereas Map can include a single null key with n number of null values.

11) What is the difference between HashSet and HashMap?

The differences between the HashSet and HashMap are listed below.

o HashSet contains only values whereas HashMap includes the entry (key, value). HashSet can be iterated, but HashMap needs to convert into Set to be
iterated.
 o HashSet implements Set interface whereas HashMap implements the Map interface
o HashSet cannot have any duplicate value whereas HashMap can contain duplicate values with unique keys.
o HashSet contains the only single number of null value whereas HashMap can hold a single null key with n number of null values.

12) What is the difference between HashMap and TreeMap?

The differences between the HashMap and TreeMap are given below.

o HashMap maintains no order, but TreeMap maintains ascending order.

o HashMap is implemented by hash table whereas TreeMap is implemented by a Tree structure.
o HashMap can be sorted by Key or value whereas TreeMap can be sorted by Key.
o HashMap may contain a null key with multiple null values whereas TreeMap cannot hold a null key but can have multiple null values.

13) What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable?

No. HashMap Hashtable

1) HashMap is not synchronized. Hashtable is synchronized.

2) HashMap can contain one null key and multiple null values. Hashtable cannot contain any null key or null value.

3) HashMap is not ?thread-safe,? so it is useful for non-threaded applications. Hashtable is thread-safe, and it can be shared between various threads.

4) 4) HashMap inherits the AbstractMap class Hashtable inherits the Dictionary class.

14) What is the difference between Collection and Collections?

The differences between the Collection and Collections are given below.

o The Collection is an interface whereas Collections is a class.

o The Collection interface provides the standard functionality of data structure to List, Set, and Queue. However, Collections class is to sort and synchronize
the collection elements.
o The Collection interface provides the methods that can be used for data structure whereas Collections class provides the static methods which can be used
for various operation on a collection.
15) What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator?
No. Comparable Comparator

1) Comparable provides only one sort of sequence. The Comparator provides multiple sorts of sequences.

2) It provides one method named compareTo(). It provides one method named compare().

3) It is found in java.lang package. It is located in java.util package.

4) If we implement the Comparable interface, The actual class is modified. The actual class is not changed.

16) What do you understand by BlockingQueue?

BlockingQueue is an interface which extends the Queue interface. It provides concurrency in the operations like retrieval, insertion, deletion. While retrieval of
any element, it waits for the queue to be non-empty. While storing the elements, it waits for the available space. BlockingQueue cannot contain null elements,
and implementation of BlockingQueue is thread-safe.

Syntax:

1. public interface BlockingQueue<E> extends Queue <E>

17) What is the advantage of Properties file?

If you change the value in the properties file, you don't need to recompile the java class. So, it makes the application easy to manage. It is used to store
information which is to be changed frequently. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class Test {
4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
5. FileReader reader=new FileReader("db.properties");
6.
7. Properties p=new Properties();
8. p.load(reader);
9.
 10. System.out.println(p.getProperty("user"));
11. System.out.println(p.getProperty("password"));
12. }
13. }

Output
system
oracle

18) What does the hashCode() method?

The hashCode() method returns a hash code value (an integer number).

The hashCode() method returns the same integer number if two keys (by calling equals() method) are identical.

However, it is possible that two hash code numbers can have different or the same keys.

If two objects do not produce an equal result by using the equals() method, then the hashcode() method will provide the different integer result for both the
objects.

19) Why we override equals() method?

The equals method is used to check whether two objects are the same or not. It needs to be overridden if we want to check the objects based on the property.

For example, Employee is a class that has 3 data members: id, name, and salary. However, we want to check the equality of employee object by the salary. Then,
we need to override the equals() method.

20) How to synchronize List, Set and Map elements?

Yes, Collections class provides methods to make List, Set or Map elements as synchronized:

public static List synchronizedList(List l){}

public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s){}

public static SortedSet synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet s){}

public static Map synchronizedMap(Map m){}

public static SortedMap synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap m){}

21) What is the advantage of the generic collection?

There are three main advantages of using the generic collection.

o If we use the generic class, we don't need typecasting.

o It is type-safe and checked at compile time.
o Generic confirms the stability of the code by making it bug detectable at compile time.

22) What is hash-collision in Hashtable and how it is handled in Java?

Two different keys with the same hash value are known as hash-collision. Two separate entries will be kept in a single hash bucket to avoid the collision. There
are two ways to avoid hash-collision.

o Separate Chaining
o Open Addressing

23) What is the Dictionary class?

The Dictionary class provides the capability to store key-value pairs.

24) What is the default size of load factor in hashing based collection?

The default size of load factor is 0.75. The default capacity is computed as initial capacity * load factor. For example, 16 * 0.75 = 12. So, 12 is the default capacity
of Map.
25) What do you understand by fail-fast?

The Iterator in java which immediately throws ConcurrentmodificationException, if any structural modification occurs in, is called as a Fail-fast iterator. Fail-fats
iterator does not require any extra space in memory.

26) What is the difference between Array and ArrayList?

The main differences between the Array and ArrayList are given below.

SN Array ArrayList

1 The Array is of fixed size, means we cannot resize the array as per need. ArrayList is not of the fixed size we can change the size dynamically.

2 Arrays are of the static type. ArrayList is of dynamic size.

3 Arrays can store primitive data types as well as objects. ArrayList cannot store the primitive data types it can only store the objects.

27) What is the difference between the length of an Array and size of ArrayList?

The length of an array can be obtained using the property of length whereas ArrayList does not support length property, but we can use size() method to get
the number of objects in the list.

Finding the length of the array

1. Int [] array = new int[4];

2. System.out.println("The size of the array is " + array.length);
3.

Finding the size of the ArrayList

1. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();

2. list.add("ankit");
3. list.add("nippun");
4. System.out.println(list.size());
5.
28) How to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList?

We can convert an Array to ArrayList by using the asList() method of Arrays class. asList() method is the static method of Arrays class and accepts the List object.
Consider the following syntax:

1. Arrays.asList(item)

We can convert an ArrayList to Array using toArray() method of the ArrayList class. Consider the following syntax to convert the ArrayList to the List object.

1. List_object.toArray(new String[List_object.size()])

29) How to make Java ArrayList Read-Only?

We can obtain java ArrayList Read-only by calling the Collections.unmodifiableCollection() method. When we define an ArrayList as Read-only then we cannot
perform any modification in the collection through add(), remove() or set() method.

30) How to remove duplicates from ArrayList?

There are two ways to remove duplicates from the ArrayList.

o Using HashSet: By using HashSet we can remove the duplicate element from the ArrayList, but it will not then preserve the insertion order.
o Using LinkedHashSet: We can also maintain the insertion order by using LinkedHashSet instead of HashSet.

The Process to remove duplicate elements from ArrayList using the LinkedHashSet:

o Copy all the elements of ArrayList to LinkedHashSet.

o Empty the ArrayList using clear() method, which will remove all the elements from the list.
o Now copy all the elements of LinkedHashset to ArrayList.

31) How to reverse ArrayList?

To reverse an ArrayList, we can use reverse() method of Collections class. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.ArrayList;
2. import java.util.Collection;
3. import java.util.Collections;
4. import java.util.Iterator;
 5. import java.util.List;
6. public class ReverseArrayList {
7. public static void main(String[] args) {
8. List list = new ArrayList<>();
9. list.add(10);
10. list.add(50);
11. list.add(30);
12. Iterator i = list.iterator();
13. System.out.println("printing the list....");
14. while(i.hasNext())
15. {
16. System.out.println(i.next());
17. }
18. Iterator i2 = list.iterator();
19. Collections.reverse(list);
20. System.out.println("printing list in reverse order....");
21. while(i2.hasNext())
22. {
23. System.out.println(i2.next());
24. }
25. }
26. }

Output
printing the list....
10
50
30
printing list in reverse order....
30
50
10

32) How to sort ArrayList in descending order?

To sort the ArrayList in descending order, we can use the reverseOrder method of Collections class. Consider the following example.
1. import java.util.ArrayList;
2. import java.util.Collection;
3. import java.util.Collections;
4. import java.util.Comparator;
5. import java.util.Iterator;
6. import java.util.List;
7.
8. public class ReverseArrayList {
9. public static void main(String[] args) {
10. List list = new ArrayList<>();
11. list.add(10);
12. list.add(50);
13. list.add(30);
14. list.add(60);
15. list.add(20);
16. list.add(90);
17.
18. Iterator i = list.iterator();
19. System.out.println("printing the list....");
20. while(i.hasNext())
21. {
22. System.out.println(i.next());
23. }
24.
25. Comparator cmp = Collections.reverseOrder();
26. Collections.sort(list,cmp);
27. System.out.println("printing list in descending order....");
28. Iterator i2 = list.iterator();
29. while(i2.hasNext())
30. {
31. System.out.println(i2.next());
32. }
33.
34. }
35. }
Output
printing the list....
10
50
30
60
20
90
printing list in descending order....
90
60
50
30
20
10

33) How to synchronize ArrayList?

We can synchronize ArrayList in two ways.

o Using Collections.synchronizedList() method

o Using CopyOnWriteArrayList<T>

34) When to use ArrayList and LinkedList?

LinkedLists are better to use for the update operations whereas ArrayLists are better to use for the search operations

JDBC Interview Questions

A list of top frequently asked JDBC interview questions and answers is given below.

1) What is JDBC?

JDBC is a Java API that is used to connect and execute the query to the database. JDBC API uses JDBC drivers to connect to the database. JDBC API can be used
to access tabular data stored into any relational database.
 More details.

2) What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables Java application to interact with the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver: The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses the ODBC driver to connect to the database. The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC
method calls into the ODBC function calls. This is now discouraged because of the thin driver. It is easy to use and can be easily connected to any database.
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver): The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into
native calls of the database API. It is not written entirely in Java. Its performance is better than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver. However, the native driver must
be installed on each client machine.
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver): The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server) that converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly
into the vendor-specific database protocol. It is entirely written in Java. There is no requirement of the client-side library because of the application server
that can perform many tasks like auditing, load balancing, logging, etc.
4. Thin driver (fully java driver): The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as the thin
driver. It is entirely written in Java language. Its performance is better than all other drivers however these drivers depend upon the database.

More details.

3) What are the steps to connect to the database in java?

The following steps are used in database connectivity.

o Registering the driver class:

The forName() method of the Class class is used to register the driver class. This method is used to load the driver class dynamically. Consider the following
example to register OracleDriver class.

1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
o Creating connection:

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish the connection with the database. The syntax of the getConnection() method is
given below.

1. 1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException

2. 2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)
3. throws SQLException

Consider the following example to establish the connection with the Oracle database.

1. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
2. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");

o Creating the statement:

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create the Statement. The object of the Statement is responsible for executing queries
with the database.

1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException

consider the following example to create the statement object

1. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

o Executing the queries:

The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the database. This method returns the object of ResultSet that can be used
to get all the records of a table.

Syntax of executeQuery() method is given below.

1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException

Example to execute the query

1. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");

2. while(rs.next()){
3. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
 4. }

However, to perform the insert and update operations in the database, executeUpdate() method is used which returns the boolean value to indicate the
successful completion of the operation.

o Closing connection:

By closing connection, object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close() method of Connection interface is used to close the
connection.

Syntax of close() method is given below.

1. public void close()throws SQLException

Consider the following example to close the connection.

1. con.close();
More details.

4) What are the JDBC API components?

The java.sql package contains following interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

o Connection: The Connection object is created by using getConnection() method of DriverManager class. DriverManager is the factory for connection.

o Statement: The Statement object is created by using createStatement() method of Connection class. The Connection interface is the factory for Statement.

o PreparedStatement: The PrepareStatement object is created by using prepareStatement() method of Connection class. It is used to execute the
parameterized query.

o ResultSet: The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a row of a table. Initially, cursor points before the first row. The executeQuery() method
of Statement interface returns the ResultSet object.
 o ResultSetMetaData: The object of ResultSetMetaData interface cotains the information about the data (table) such as numer of columns, column name,
column type, etc. The getMetaData() method of ResultSet returns the object of ResultSetMetaData.

o DatabaseMetaData: DatabaseMetaData interface provides methods to get metadata of a database such as the database product name, database product
version, driver name, name of the total number of tables, the name of the total number of views, etc. The getMetaData() method of Connection interface
returns the object of DatabaseMetaData.

o CallableStatement: CallableStatement interface is used to call the stored procedures and functions. We can have business logic on the database through
the use of stored procedures and functions that will make the performance better because these are precompiled. The prepareCall() method of Connection
interface returns the instance of CallableStatement.

Classes:

o DriverManager: The DriverManager class acts as an interface between the user and drivers. It keeps track of the drivers that are available and handles
establishing a connection between a database and the appropriate driver. It contains several methods to keep the interaction between the user and drivers.

o Blob: Blob stands for the binary large object. It represents a collection of binary data stored as a single entity in the database management system.

o Clob: Clob stands for Character large object. It is a data type that is used by various database management systems to store character files. It is similar to
Blob except for the difference that BLOB represent binary data such as images, audio and video files, etc. whereas Clob represents character stream data
such as character files, etc.

o SQLException It is an Exception class which provides information on database access errors.

5) What are the JDBC statements?

In JDBC, Statements are used to send SQL commands to the database and receive data from the database. There are various methods provided by JDBC
statements such as execute(), executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. which helps you to interact with the database.

There is three type of JDBC statements given in the following table.

 Statements Explanation

Statement Statement is the factory for resultset. It is used for general purpose access to the database. It executes a static SQL query at runtime.

PreparedStatement The PreparedStatement is used when we need to provide input parameters to the query at runtime.

CallableStatement CallableStatement is used when we need to access the database stored procedures. It can also accept runtime parameters.

6) What is the return type of Class.forName() method?

The Class.forName() method returns the object of java.lang.Class object.

7) What are the differences between Statement and PreparedStatement interface?

Statement PreparedStatement

The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database. The The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of
statement interface is a factory of ResultSet; i.e., it provides the factory method to get the Statement. It is used to execute the parameterized query.
object of ResultSet.

In the case of Statement, the query is compiled each time we run the program. In the case of PreparedStatement, the query is compiled
only once.

The Statement is mainly used in the case when we need to run the static query at runtime. PreparedStatement is used when we need to provide input
parameters to the query at runtime.

More details.

8) How can we set null value in JDBC PreparedStatement?

By using setNull() method of PreparedStatement interface, we can set the null value to an index. The syntax of the method is given below.

1. void setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType) throws SQLException

2.
9) What are the benefits of PreparedStatement over Statement?

The benefits of using PreparedStatement over Statement interface is given below.

o The PreparedStatement performs faster as compare to Statement because the Statement needs to be compiled everytime we run the code whereas the
PreparedStatement compiled once and then execute only on runtime.
o PreparedStatement can execute Parameterized query whereas Statement can only run static queries.
o The query used in PreparedStatement is appeared to be similar every time. Therefore, the database can reuse the previous access plan whereas, Statement
inline the parameters into the String, therefore, the query doesn't appear to be same everytime which prevents cache reusage.

10) What are the differences between execute, executeQuery, and executeUpdate?
execute executeQuery executeUpdate

The execute method can be used for any SQL The executeQuery method can be used The executeUpdate method can be used to
statements(Select and Update both). only with the select statement. update/delete/insert operations in the database.

The execute method returns a boolean type value where The executeQuery() method returns a The executeUpdate() method returns an integer
true indicates that the ResultSet s returned which can later ResultSet object which contains the value representing the number of records affected
be extracted and false indicates that the integer or void data retrieved by the select statement. where 0 indicates that query returns nothing.
value is returned.

11) What are the different types of ResultSet?

ResultSet is categorized by the direction of the reading head and sensitivity or insensitivity of the result provided by it. There are three general types of ResultSet.

Type Description

ResultSet.TYPE_Forward_ONLY The cursor can move in the forward direction only.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE The cursor can move in both the direction (forward and backward). The ResultSet is not sensitive to the changes
made by the others to the database.
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE The cursor can move in both the direction. The ResultSet is sensitive to the changes made by the others to the
database.

12) What are the differences between ResultSet and RowSet?

ResultSet RowSet

ResultSet cannot be serialized as it maintains the RowSet is disconnected from the database and can be serialized.
connection with the database.

ResultSet object is not a JavaBean object ResultSet Object is a JavaBean object.

ResultSet is returned by the executeQuery() method Rowset Interface extends ResultSet Interface and returned by calling the
of Statement Interface. RowSetProvider.newFactory().createJdbcRowSet() method.

ResultSet object is non-scrollable and non-updatable RowSet object is scrollable and updatable by default.
by default.

13) How can we execute stored procedures using CallableStatement?

Following are the steps to create and execute stored procedures. Here, we are creating a table user420 by using a stored procedure and inserting values into it.

o Create the procedure in the database.

To call the stored procedure, you need to create it in the database. Here, we are assuming that the stored procedure looks like this.

1. create or replace procedure "INSERTR"

2. (id IN NUMBER,
3. name IN VARCHAR2)
4. is
5. begin
6. insert into user420 values(id,name);
7. end;
8. /
 The table structure is given below:

1. create table user420(id number(10), name varchar2(200));

o Establish a network connection.

1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
2. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
3. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");

o Create the Object of CallableStatement.

1. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");

o Provide the values and execute the query by using the following syntax.

1. stmt.setInt(1,1011);
2. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");
3. stmt.execute();

o Check the database; the values will be found there. However, the complete code will look like the following.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class Proc {
3. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
7. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
8.
9. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");
10. stmt.setInt(1,1011);
11. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");
12. stmt.execute();
13.
14. System.out.println("success");
 15. }
16. }

14) What is the role of the JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class acts as an interface between user and drivers. It keeps track of the drivers that are available and handles establishing a connection
between a database and the appropriate driver. The DriverManager class maintains a list of Driver classes that have registered themselves by calling the method
DriverManager.registerDriver().

More details.

15) What are the functions of the JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction management. It provides factory methods that return the
instance of Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement, and DatabaseMetaData.

More details.

16) What does the JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and get the information from the database. By default, ResultSet
object can move in the forward direction only and is not updatable. However, we can make this object to move the forward and backward direction by passing
either TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE or TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE in createStatement(int, int) method.

More details.

17) What does the JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as the total number of columns, column name, column type, etc.

More details.

18) What does the JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username, driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views, etc.
Consider the following example.
 1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9. DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
10.
11. System.out.println("Driver Name: "+dbmd.getDriverName());
12. System.out.println("Driver Version: "+dbmd.getDriverVersion());
13. System.out.println("UserName: "+dbmd.getUserName());
14. System.out.println("Database Product Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName());
15. System.out.println("Database Product Version: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductVersion());
16.
17. con.close();
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19. }
20. }

Output
Driver Name: Oracle JDBC Driver
Driver Version: 10.2.0.1.0XE
Database Product Name: Oracle
Database Product Version: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 -Production
More details.

19) Which interface is responsible for transaction management in JDBC?

The Connection interface provides methods for transaction management such as commit(), rollback() etc.

More details.
20) What is batch processing and how to perform batch processing in JDBC?

By using the batch processing technique in JDBC, we can execute multiple queries. It makes the performance fast. The java.sql.Statement and
java.sql.PreparedStatement interfaces provide methods for batch processing. The batch processing in JDBC requires the following steps.

o Load the driver class

o Create Connection
o Create Statement
o Add query in the batch
o Execute the Batch
o Close Connection

Consider the following example to perform batch processing using the Statement interface.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecords{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);
7.
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
10. stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
11.
12. stmt.executeBatch();//executing the batch
13.
14. con.commit();
15. con.close();
16. }}
More details.
21) What are CLOB and BLOB data types in JDBC?

BLOB: Blob can be defined as the variable-length, binary large object which is used to hold the group of Binary data such as voice, images, and mixed media. It
can hold up to 2GB data on MySQL database and 128 GB on Oracle database. BLOB is supported by many databases such as MySQL, Oracle, and DB2 to store
the binary data (images, video, audio, and mixed media).

CLOB: Clob can be defined as the variable-length, character-large object which is used to hold the character-based data such as files in many databases. It can
hold up to 2 GB on MySQL database, and 128 GB on Oracle Database. A CLOB is considered as a character string.

22) What are the different types of lockings in JDBC?

A lock is a certain type of software mechanism by using which, we can restrict other users from using the data resource. There are four type of locks given in
JDBC that are described below.

o Row and Key Locks: These type of locks are used when we update the rows.
o Page Locks: These type of locks are applied to a page. They are used in the case, where a transaction remains in the process and is being updated, deleting,
or inserting some data in a row of the table. The database server locks the entire page that contains the row. The page lock can be applied once by the
database server.
o Table locks: Table locks are applied to the table. It can be applied in two ways, i.e., shared and exclusive. Shared lock lets the other transactions to read the
table but not update it. However, The exclusive lock prevents others from reading and writing the table.
o Database locks: The Database lock is used to prevent the read and update access from other transactions when the database is open.

23) How can we store and retrieve images from the database?

By using the PreparedStatement interface, we can store and retrieve images. Create a table which contains two columns namely NAME and PHOTO.

1. CREATE TABLE "IMGTABLE"

2. ( "NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),
3. "PHOTO" BLOB
4. )

Consider the following example to store the image in the database.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class InsertImage {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
 5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into imgtable values(?,?)");
11. ps.setString(1,"sonoo");
12.
13. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("d:\\g.jpg");
14. ps.setBinaryStream(2,fin,fin.available());
15. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
16. System.out.println(i+" records affected");
17.
18. con.close();
19. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
20. }
21. }

Consider the following example to retrieve the image from the table.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class RetrieveImage {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from imgtable");
11. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
12. if(rs.next()){//now on 1st row
13.
14. Blob b=rs.getBlob(2);//2 means 2nd column data
15. byte barr[]=b.getBytes(1,(int)b.length());//1 means first image
16.
 17. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("d:\\sonoo.jpg");
18. fout.write(barr);
19.
20. fout.close();
21. }//end of if
22. System.out.println("ok");
23.
24. con.close();
25. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
26. }
27. }
More details.

24) How can we store the file in the Oracle database?

The setCharacterStream() method of PreparedStatement interface is used to set character information into the parameterIndex. For storing the file into the
database, CLOB (Character Large Object) datatype is used in the table. For example:

1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"

2. ( "ID" NUMBER,
3. "NAME" CLOB
4. )

Java Code

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3.
4. public class StoreFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement(
 12. "insert into filetable values(?,?)");
13.
14. File f=new File("d:\\myfile.txt");
15. FileReader fr=new FileReader(f);
16.
17. ps.setInt(1,101);
18. ps.setCharacterStream(2,fr,(int)f.length());
19. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
20. System.out.println(i+" records affected");
21.
22. con.close();
23.
24. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
25. }
26. }

25) How can we retrieve the file in the Oracle database?

The getClob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get file information from the database. Let's see the table structure of the example to retrieve the file.

1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"

2. ( "ID" NUMBER,
3. "NAME" CLOB
4. )

The example to retrieve the file from the Oracle database is given below.

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3.
4. public class RetrieveFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
 11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from filetable");
12. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
13. rs.next();//now on 1st row
14.
15. Clob c=rs.getClob(2);
16. Reader r=c.getCharacterStream();
17.
18. FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("d:\\retrivefile.txt");
19.
20. int i;
21. while((i=r.read())!=-1)
22. fw.write((char)i);
23.
24. fw.close();
25. con.close();
26.
27. System.out.println("success");
28. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
29. }
30. }

26) What are the differences between stored procedure and functions?

The differences between stored procedures and functions are given below:

Stored Procedure Function

Is used to perform business logic. Is used to perform the calculation.

Must not have the return type. Must have the return type.

May return 0 or more values. May return only one value.

The procedure supports input and output parameters. The function supports only input parameter.
Exception handling using try/catch block can be used in stored procedures. Exception handling using try/catch can't be used in user-defined functions.

27) How can we maintain the integrity of a database by using JDBC?

To maintain the integrity of a database, we need to ensure the ACID properties. ACID properties mean Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and durability. In JDBC,
Connection interface provides methods like setAutoCommit(), commit(), and rollback() which can be used to manage transaction. Let's see an example of
transaction management in JDBC.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecords{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);
7.
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
10. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
11.
12. con.commit();
13. con.close();
14. }}

28) What is the JDBC Rowset?

JDBC Rowset is the wrapper of ResultSet. It holds tabular data like ResultSet, but it is easy and flexible to use. The implementation classes of RowSet interface
are as follows:

o JdbcRowSet
o CachedRowSet
o WebRowSet
o JoinRowSet
o FilteredRowSet
29) What is the major difference between java.util.Date and java.sql.Date data type?

The major difference between java.util.Date and java.sql.Date is that, java.sql.Date represents date without time information whereas, java.util.Date represents
both date and time information.

30) What does JDBC setMaxRows method do?

The setMaxRows(int i) method limits the number of rows the database can return by using the query. This can also be done within the query as we can use the
limit cause in MySQL.