B.SC - Zoology Syllabus 2019

St. Albert’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam B.Sc.
Zoology Syllabus 2019
ST. ALBERT’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),
ERNAKULAM
Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala
SYLLABUS FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY
UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
(WITH EFFECT FROM 2019 ADMISSION)
Department of Zoology Page |1

St. Albert’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam B.Sc. Zoology Syllabus 2019
Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology
Proposed by the Board of Studies on 26th February 2019
Dr. M.L. Joseph

Chairman, Board of Studies
Approved by the Academic Council on 28th February 2019
Dr. M.L Joseph, Principal
Chairman, Academic Council.
Adopted by the Governing Council on 4th May 2019
Fr. Antony Arackal
Chairman, Governing Council

Board of Studies
No Name Designation
1 Dr. M.L. Joseph Chairman and Principal, St. Albert’s College,

Ernakulam.
2 Dr. A.P. Thomas Director, School of Environmental Studies, M.G.

University. Kottayam
3 Dr. V.S. Basheer Director in Charge, NBFGR. CMFRI, Cochin
4 Dr. Mohammed Hatha Professor, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT
5 Dr.Sunish K.S. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,

Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam
Assistant professor, Department of Zoology,
6 Ms. Anitha Abraham
Maharajas College, Ernakulam
7 Dr. Suresh Kumar Professor, KUFOS, Panangad.
Associate Professor, Department of Zoology,

8 Sri. K.J Benny
St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam
Associate Professor, Department of Zoology,
9 Dr. Vincent Terrence Rebello
10 Smt. Nimila. P.J. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,

Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,
11 Dr. Deepthi Augustine
12 Smt. Asha Jaiprakash
13 Smt. Celin Nimisha Vijayan
14 Dr. Retina. I. Cleetus

Acknowledgement
The Board of Studies in Zoology (Undergraduate), St. Albert’s College takes this opportunity to
express our deep appreciation to all academicians who participated in the various meeting that
were arranged during the year, held at St. Albert’s College, Ernakulam.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Basheer, Director in Charge, NBFGR. CMFRI, Cochin for
his guidance in the process of restructuring the undergraduate Zoology Programme. We also
express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Sunish K.S. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,
Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam, for the guidance and contribution to the successful completion
of the syllabus restructuring.
Also, we extent our sincere thanks to all the other faculty members for their whole hearted co-
operation and immense support at each level of its preparation. Above all we thankfully
acknowledge Almighty God for strengthening us to accomplish this work.

Table of Contents
Board of Studies .............................................................................................................................. 3
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 4
Preface............................................................................................................................................. 8
Programme Outcomes .................................................................................................................... 9
Programme Specific Outcomes ..................................................................................................... 10
Regulations .................................................................................................................................... 11
Programme Design ........................................................................................................................ 25
Detailed Syllabus: Semester I ........................................................................................................ 37
Core Course I: Animal Diversity– Non-Chordata (ZOO1CRT 0119) ........................................... 38
Core Course I: Animal diversity– Non-Chordata– Practical (ZOO1CRP0119) ........................... 45
Detailed Syllabus: Semester II ....................................................................................................... 47
Core Course II: Animal Diversity- Chordata (ZOO2CRT0119) .................................................... 48
Core Course II: Animal Diversity– Chordata- Practical (ZOO2CRP0119) ................................... 53
Detailed Syllabus: Semester III ...................................................................................................... 55
Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy (ZOO3CRT0119) .......................................................... 56
Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy– Practical (ZOO3CRP0119) ......................................... 59
Detailed Syllabus: Semester IV ...................................................................................................... 61
Core Course IV: Research Methodology, Biophysics and Biostatistics (ZOO4CRT0119) .......... 62
Core Course IV: Research Methodology, Biophysics and Biostatistics- Practical

(ZOO4CRP0119) ......................................................................................................................... 66
Detailed Syllabus: Semester V ....................................................................................................... 68
Core Course V: Environmental Biology And Human Rights (ZOO5CRT0119) ........................... 69
Core Course V: Environmental Biology & Toxicology – Practical (ZOO5CRP0119) ................... 73
Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics (ZOO5CRT0219) ..................................................... 75
Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics – Practical (ZOO5CRP0219) ................................... 80

Core Course VII: Evolution, Ethology &Zoogeography (ZOO5CRT0319) ................................... 81
Core Course VII: Evolution, Ethology and zoogeography– Practical (ZOO5CRP0319) .............. 85
Core Course VIII: Human Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology (ZOO5CRT0419) ....... 87
Core Course VIII: Human Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology– Practical

(ZOO5CRP0419) ......................................................................................................................... 91
Detailed Syllabus: Semester VI ...................................................................................................... 93
Core Course IX: Developmental Biology (ZOO6CRT0119)......................................................... 94
Core Course IX: Developmental Biology– Practical (ZOO6CRP0119) ........................................ 97
Core Course X: Micro Biology and Immunology (ZOO6CRT021) .............................................. 98
Core Course X: Microbiology and Immunology– Practical (ZOO6CRP021)............................. 102
Core Course XI: Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology (ZOO6CRT0319) ...... 103
Core Course XI: Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology– Practical

(ZOO6CRP0319) ....................................................................................................................... 107
Core Course XII: Occupational Zoology (Apiculture, Vermiculture, Quail Farming and
Aquaculture) (ZOO5COT0119) ................................................................................................ 108
Core Course XII: Occupational Zoology– Practical (ZOO5COP0119) ....................................... 111
Open Course ................................................................................................................................ 113
Open Course (For Other Streams): Public Health and Nutrition (ZOO5COT0119) ................. 114
Elective Course ............................................................................................................................ 116
Elective Course: Nutrition, Health and Lifestyle Management (ZOO6CBT0119) .................... 117
Complementary Courses: Semester I .......................................................................................... 122
Non-Chordate Diversity (ZOO1CMT0119)............................................................................... 123
Non-Chordate Diversity- Practical (ZOO1CMP0119) .............................................................. 128
Complementary Course: Semester II .......................................................................................... 129
Chordate Diversity (ZOO2CMTO119) ...................................................................................... 130
Chordate Diversity– Practical (ZOO2CMPO119) ..................................................................... 134

Complementary Course: Semester III ..................................................................................... 135
Physiology and Immunology (ZOO3CMT0119) ....................................................................... 136
Physiology And Immunology– Practical (ZOO3CMP0119) ...................................................... 139
Complementary Course: Semester IV ..................................................................................... 140
Applied Zoology (ZOO4CMT0119)........................................................................................... 141
Applied Zoology– Practical (ZOO4CMP0119) .......................................................................... 144
Gist of Changes ............................................................................................................................ 145

Preface
As envisaged in the recent regulations of Autonomous colleges in India by University Grants

Commission, autonomous colleges enjoy the academic freedom to enrich the curriculum by
incorporating recent trends and needs. Curriculum and syllabus of each academic program has
to be revised periodically to impart major objectives like global competency, skill component,
values and regional relevance. Academicians and scholars in the respective area of knowledge
have to express a missionary zeal for this great purpose.
In 2016, when St. Albert’s College was granted autonomy, we adopted the curriculum and
syllabus followed by the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam for the year 2016. In 2017,
when the Mahatma Gandhi University made a comprehensive revision of their curriculum and
syllabus, it was adopted by the college as it was a better curriculum that met the needs and
current demands of the culture, the society, and the expectations of the population being
served. However, the Syllabus revision committee of the department studied the present
curriculum in detail and proposed some reasonable changes for further enrichment which may
be implemented from 2019 admission onwards.
The present B.Sc. Degree programme in Zoology is a Choice Based Credit Semester System with
six semesters, offering an open course in the fifth semester and an elective course in the sixth
semester. In addition to that student will be able to do one certificate course, two extra credit
courses and variety of extracurricular programs during the three-year programme period. The
present curriculum offers wide exposure to various conventional, advanced and applied fields
in Zoology which will facilitate them for a graduate finale course or for pursuing higher studies
in Zoology. It is intended that students will acquire due knowledge and skill which will enable
them to get employed in the biological research Institutes, and in related
Industries/departments. Attempts were also made to integrate the essential components to
generate interest for self-employment or start-ups among the pupils. All possible attempts have
been made to update the syllabus by incorporating current and most recent developments in
various branches of Zoological Sciences.

Programme Outcomes
Deep Knowledge in the Discipline: To develop a thorough knowledge about the subject and its
allied realms by conscious and continuous process of learning and get informed about the
cutting-edge research in the frontier areas of the subject.
Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills: To develop an informed and analytical approach
to learning and demonstrate an in- depth knowledge of the subject and to give his/her opinion
supported by logical reasoning and problem-solving skills.
Teamwork and Effective Communication: To demonstrate proficiency in communicating

competently in groups and organizations, competence in interpersonal communication and to
possess skills to effectively deliver formal and informal presentations to a variety of audiences
in multiple contexts.
Environmental Consciousness and Ethical Standards: To discern the issues of environmental

contexts and engages in promoting values and attitudes that claim coexistence and sustainable
living with reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems. To recognize values such as justice,
trust, equity, fairness, kindness and develop a commitment to meeting and upholding
standards of ethical behaviour in all walks of life and comprehending the moral dimensions of
decisions and actions.

Programme Specific Outcomes
• Acquire basic knowledge of various disciplines of Zoology and General Biology meant
both for a graduate terminal course and for higher studies.
• Inculcate interest in nature, various ecosystems, diversity of organisms, their

interactions and laws governing their conservation.
• Imbibe basic skills in biological techniques, experimental skills and scientific

investigation leading to research.
• Understand the application of biological sciences in aquaculture, apiculture,

vermiculture, quail farming and agricultural pest management, there by impart skill as
well a source of additional income and self-employment.
Department of Zoology P a g e | 10
Regulations
1. TITLE
1.1 These regulations shall be called “ST. ALBERT’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),

ERNAKULAM - REGULATIONS FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES UNDER
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM 2019”
2. SCOPE
2.1 Applicable to all regular B.A./ B.Sc. /B.Com /B.BA courses conducted by the College
with effect from 2019 admissions.
2.2 Medium of instruction is English except in the case of language courses other than
English unless otherwise stated therein.
2.3 The provisions supersede all the existing regulations for the Regular Undergraduate
programmes to the extent herein prescribed.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1. ‘Academic Week’ is a unit of five working days in which the distribution of work is
organized from day-one to day-five, with five contact hours of one hour duration
on each day.
3.2. ‘Choice Based Course’ means a course that enables the students to familiarize the
advanced areas of core course.
3.3. ‘Common Course I’ means a course that comes under the category of courses for
English
3.4. ‘Common Course II’ means additional language.
3.5. ‘Complementary Course’ means a course which would enrich the study of core
courses.
3.6. ‘Core Course’ means a course in the subject of specialization within a degree
programme. It includes a course on environmental studies and human rights.
3.7. ‘Course’ means a portion of a subject to be taught and evaluated in a semester
(similar to a paper under annual scheme).
3.8. ‘Credit’ is the numerical value assigned to a paper according to the relative
importance of the syllabus of the programme. ‘Department’ means any teaching
department in a college.
3.9. ‘Examination Coordinator’ is a teacher nominated by a Department Council to

coordinate the continuous evaluation undertaken in that department.
3.10. ‘Department Council’ means the body of all teachers of a department in a college.
3.11. ‘Class Tutor’ means a teacher from the department nominated by the Department
Council, who will advise the student on academic matters.
3.12. Grace Marks shall be awarded to candidates as per the Orders issued from the
college from time to time at par with the affiliating University.
3.13. ‘Grade’ means a letter symbol (A, B, C, etc.), which indicates the broad level of
performance of a student in a Paper/Course/ Semester/Programme.
3.14. ‘Grade Point’ (GP) is the numerical indicator of the percentage of marks awarded
to a student in a course.
3.15. ‘Institutional Average (IA)’ means average mark secured (Internal + external) for a
course at the college level.
3.16. ‘Open Course’ means an optional course which the student is free to take at
his/her will. Open course shall be a non-major elective course offered by the
Departments other than the parent Department.
3.17. ‘Parent Department’ means the department which offers core course/courses
within an undergraduate programme.
3.18. ‘Programme’ means a three-year programme of study and examinations spread

over six semesters, the successful completion of which would lead to the award of
a degree.
3.19. ‘Semester’ means a term consisting of a minimum 90 working days, inclusive of

tutorials, examination days and other academic activities within a period of five
months.
3.20. ‘Vocational Course’ (Skill Enhancement Course) means a course that enables the
students to enhance their practical skills and ability to pursue a vocation in their
subject of specialization.
3.21. Words and expressions used and not defined in this regulation shall have the same
meaning assigned to them in the Act and Statutes of the affiliating University.
4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION AND RESERVATION OF SEATS
4.1. Eligibility for admissions and reservation of seats for various Undergraduate
Programmes shall be according to the rules framed by the College in this regard,
from time to time.
5. DURATION
5.1. The duration of U.G. programmes shall be 6 semesters.
5.2. There shall be two Semesters in an academic year, the “ODD” semester commences
in June and on completion, the “EVEN” Semester commences. There shall be two
month’s vacation during April/May.
6. REGISTRATION
6.1. The strength of students for each programme shall be as per the existing orders
issued by the college and as approved by the affiliating University.
7. SCHEME AND SYLLABUS
7.1. The U.G. programmes shall include (a) Common Courses I and II, (b) Core Course(s),
(c) Complementary/Vocational Courses, and (d) OpenCourse.
7.2. Here shall be one Choice Based course (Elective Course) in the sixth semester. In the
case of B.Com Programme there shall be an elective stream from third semester
onwards.
7.3. Credit Transfer and Accumulation system can be adopted in the programme.
Transfer of Credit consists of acknowledging, recognizing and accepting credits by
an institution for programmes or courses completed at another institution. The
Credit Transfer Scheme shall allow students pursuing a programme in one
University to continue their education in another University without break.
7.4. A separate minimum of 30% marks each for internal and external (for both theory
and practical) and aggregate minimum of 35% are required for a pass for a course.
The practical examinations (external/internal) will be conducted only at the end of
each semesters for all programmes.
7.5. Students who complete the programme with minimum “D” grade will have one
betterment chance within 12 months, immediately after the publication of the
result of the whole programme. In such cases they should appear for all the papers
in a particular semester.
8. PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Model I B.A./B.Sc.
a Programme Duration 6 Semesters
b Total Credits required for successful completion of the Programme 120
c Credits required from Common Course I 22
d Credits required from Common Course II 16
Credits required from Core course and Complementary courses

e 79
including Project
f Open Course 3
g Minimum attendance required 75%
Model 1 B.Com
b Total Credits required for successful completion of the Programme 120
Credits required from Core course and Complementary courses

e 95
including Project
f Open Course 3
Model II B.A./B.Sc.
Total Credits required for successful completion of the

b 120
Programme
Credits required from Core + Complementary + Vocational

e 93
Courses including Project
f Open Course 3
Model III BA/BSc/B.Com
b Total Credits required for successful completion of the

120
Programme
d Credits required from Core + Complementary + Vocational

109
Courses including Project
e Minimum attendance required 75%
9. EXAMINATION
9.1. The evaluation of each paper shall contain two parts:
• Internal or In-Semester Assessment(ISA)
• External or End-Semester Assessment(ESA)
9.2 The internal to external assessment ratio shall be1:4.
Both internal and external marks are to be rounded to the next integer.
All papers (theory and practical), grades are given on a 7-point scale based on the total
percentage of marks, (ISA+ESA) as given below:
Percentage of Marks Grade Grade Point

95 and above S Outstanding 10
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9
75 to below 85 A Very Good 8
65 to below 75 B+ Good 7
55 to below 65 B Above Average 6
45 to below 55 C Satisfactory 5
35 to below 45 D Pass 4
Below 35 F Failure 0
Ab Absent 0
10. CREDIT POINT AND CREDITPOINTAVERAGE

Credit Point (CP) of a paper is calculated using the formula:
CP = C × GP, where C is the Credit and GP is the Grade point.
Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) of a Semester is calculated using the formula:
SGPA = TCP/TC, where TCP is the Total Credit Point of that semester.
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is calculated using the formula:
CGPA = TCP/TC, where TCP is the Total Credit Point of that programme.
Grade Point Average (GPA) of different category of courses viz. Common Course I,
Common Course II, Complementary Course I, Complementary Course II, Vocational
course, Core Course is calculated using the formula:
GPA = TCP/TC, where TCP is the Total Credit Point of a category of course.
TC is the total credit of that category of course
Grades for the different courses, semesters and overall programme are given based on
the corresponding CPA as shown below:
GPA Grade
9.5 and above S Outstanding
8.5 to below 9.5 A+ Excellent
7.5 to below 8.5 A Very Good
6.5 to below 7.5 B+ Good
5.5 to below 6.5 B Above Average
4.5 to below 5.5 C Satisfactory
3.5 to below 4.5 D Pass
Below 3.5 F Failure
11. MARKS DISTRIBUTION FOR EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EVALUATIONS
The external theory examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the college at the
end of each semester. Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessment. For all
courses without practical total marks of external examination is 80 and total marks of
internal evaluation is 20. Marks distribution for external and internal assessments and the
components for internal evaluation with their marks are shown below.
11.1. For all courses without practical
Marks of external Examination : 80
Marks of internal evaluation : 20
Components of Internal Evaluation of theory Marks
Attendance 5
Assignment /Seminar/Viva 5
Test papers (2x5=10) 10
Total 20
For all courses with practical total marks for external evaluation is 60 and total marks for
internal evaluation is15.
11.2. For all courses with practical
Marks of external Examination : 60
Components of Internal Evaluation Marks
Attendance 5
Assignment /Seminar/Viva 2
Test papers (2 x 4) 8
Total 15
For practical examinations total marks for external evaluation is 40 for internal evaluation is 10
Components Internal evaluation of Practical Marks
Attendance 2
Test paper (1 x 4) 4
Record* 4
Total 10
*Marks awarded for Record should be related to number of experiments recorded and duly signed by the teacher
concerned in charge.
All three components of internal assessments are mandatory.
11.3. For projects
Marks of external evaluation : 80
Components of External Evaluation of Project Marks
Dissertation (External) 50
Viva-Voce (External) 30
Total 80
*Marks for dissertation may include study tour report if proposed in the syllabus.
Components of internal Evaluation of Project Marks
Punctuality 5
Experimentation/data collection 5
Knowledge 5
Report 5
Total 20
Attendance Evaluation for all papers
Percentage of attendance Marks
90 and above 5
85 – 89 4
80-84 3
76-79 2
75 1
(Decimals are to be rounded to the next higher whole number)
12. ASSIGNMENTS
Assignments are to be done from 1st to 4th Semesters. At least two assignments should be
done in each semester for all courses.
13. SEMINAR/VIVA
A student shall present a seminar in every semester for each paper and appear for Viva-
voce in the 6th semester for each course.
14. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT / TESTPAPERS
At-least two test papers are to be conducted in each semester for each course.
15. Grievances regarding internal evaluation
There is provision for grievance redressal regarding internal evaluation which operates at
four levels. Complaints regarding the internal evaluation shall be brought to the notice of
the teacher concerned in the first instance. If the student is not satisfied with the decision
of the teacher concerned, he may appeal to the Departmental Grievance Redressal
Committee which shall have the Head of the department, the class Tutor and the teacher
against whom the complaint is made, as members. The student will also have the freedom
to make further appeal to the College Level Grievance Redressal Committee which shall
have the Principal, the COE and the concerned Head of the department, as members. If the
student is not satisfied, he may appeal to the Governing Council.
15.1. The COE shall make arrangements for giving awareness of the internal evaluation
components to students immediately after commencement of I semester.
15.2. The internal evaluation marks/grades in the prescribed format should reach the
office of Controller of Examinations, St. Albert’s College before the commencement
of study leave in each semester.
15.3. Students can register for end semester examination only if they pass internal
evaluation.
16. EXTERNAL EXAMINATION (END SEMESTER EXAMINATION)
The external examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the College at the end of
each semester.
16.1 Students having a minimum of 75% average attendance for all the courses only can
register for the examination. Condonation of shortage of attendance to a maximum
of10 days in a semester subject to a maximum of 2 times during the whole period of
the programme may be granted by the college on valid grounds. This condonation
shall not be counted for internal assessment. Benefit of attendance may be granted
to students attending University/College union/Co-curricular activities by treating
them as present for the days of absence, on production of participation/attendance
certificates, within one week, from competent authorities and endorsed by the
Head of the Department. This is limited to a maximum of 10 days per semester and
this benefit shall be considered for internal assessment also. Those students who
are not eligible even with condonation of shortage of attendance will not be
readmitted.
16.2 All students are to do a project in the area of core course. This project can be done
individually or in groups (not more than five students) for all subjects which may be
carried out in or outside the campus. The projects are to be identified during the II
semester of the programme with the help of the supervising teacher. The report of
the project in duplicate is to be submitted to the department at the sixth semester
and are to be produced before the examiners appointed by the college. External
Project evaluation and Viva / Presentation are compulsory for all subjects and will
be conducted at the end of the programme.
16.3 There shall be supplementary exams only for fifth semester. For reappearance
improvement for other semesters the students can appear along with the next
batch.
16.4 A student who registers his/her name for the external exam for a semester will be
eligible for promotion to the next semester.
16.5 All courses shall have unique alphanumeric code.
17. PATTERN OF QUESTIONS
Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired, standard and application of

knowledge, application of knowledge in new situations, critical evaluation of knowledge
and the ability to synthesize knowledge. The question setter shall ensure that questions
covering all skills are set. She/he shall also upload a detailed scheme of answer type, short
essay type /problem solving type and long essay type questions and to be generated from
the question bank. A question paper shall be a judicious mix of short answer type, short
essay type/problem solving type and long essay type questions and to be generated from
the question bank.
17.1 Pattern of Questions Papers
17.1.1 Without practical
Sl. No Pattern Marks Choice of questions Total marks

1 Short Answer/problem type 2 10/12 20
2 Short essay/problem 5 6/9 30
3 Essay/problem 15 2/4 30
Total 80
17.1.2 With practical
Choice of
Sl. No Pattern Marks Total marks
questions
1 Short Answer/problem type 1 10/12 10
2 Short essay/ problem 5 6/9 30
3 Essay/problem 10 2/4 20
Total 60
Each Board of Studies shall specify the length of the answers in terms of number of words.
Pattern of questions for external examination of practical papers will be decided by the
concerned Board of Studies/Expert Committees.
18. MARK CUM GRADE CARD
The College under its seal shall issue to the students a MARK CUM GRADE CARD on
completion of each programme, which shall contain the following information:
a. Name of the College
b. Title and Model of the Undergraduate Programme
c. Name of the Semester
d. Name and Register Number of the student
e. Date of publication of result
f. Code, Title, Credits and Maximum Marks (Internal, External and Total) of each
course opted in the semester.
g. Internal, External and Total Marks awarded, Grade, Grade point and Credit
point in each course opted in the semester.
h. The total credits and total credit points in the semester.
i. Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) and corresponding Grade.
j. Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), GPA corresponding to Common

Courses I and II, Core Course, Complementary Courses, Vocational Courses
and Open Course.
k. The final Mark cum Grade Card issued at the end of the final semester shall
contain the details of all courses taken during the final semester examination
and shall include the final Grade(SGPA) scored by the candidate from 1st to
5th semesters, and the overall Grade for the total programme.
19. RANK CERTIFICATE
The college publishes rank list of top 10 candidates for each programme after the
publication of 6th semester results. Rank certificate shall be issued to candidates who
secure positions from 1st to 3rd in the rank list. Candidates who secure positions from
fourth to tenth in the rank list shall be issued position certificate indicating their position
in the rank list. Candidates shall be ranked in the order of merit based on the CGPA
scored by them. Grace marks awarded to the students should not be counted fixing the
rank/position. Rank certificate and position certificate shall be signed by the Controller of
Examinations.
20. There shall be 3 level monitoring committees for the successful conduct of the scheme.
They are -
20.1. Department Level Monitoring Committee (DLMC), comprising HOD and two
senior most teachers as members.
20.2. College Level Monitoring Committee (CLMC), comprising Principal, Controller of
Examinations and A.O/Superintendent as members.
20.3. Governing Council.
21. TRANSITORY PROVISION
Notwithstanding anything contained in these regulations, the Governing Council shall, for
a period of one year from the date of coming into force of these regulations, have the
power to provide by order that these regulations shall be applied to any programme with
such modifications as may be necessary.
22. The Governing Council is authorized to make necessary criteria for eligibility for higher
education in the grading scheme, if necessary, in consultation with affiliating University
and other Universities. The Governing Council is also authorized to issue orders for the
perfect realization of the Regulations.
Annexure I: Model Mark Cum Grade Card
St. Albert's College (Autonomous)

Ernakulam-682 018, Kerala, India.
Accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)at A Grade
ISO 9001: 2015 Certified
GRADE CARD
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
PERMANENT REGISTER NUMBER (PRN):
DEGREE
PROGRAMME Student Photo
STREAM
NAME OF THE EXAMINATION
DATE OF ISSUE
MARKS GRADE GP CGP RESULT
INTERNAL EXTERNAL TOTAL

CREDITS
COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
AWARDED
AWARDED
AWARDED
Common Course - I
Common Course - II
Core Course
Complimentary Course
TOTAL
SEMESTER RESULT SCPA : SG :
Controller of Examinations Principal
Annexure II: Model Mark Cum Grade Card
St. Albert's College (Autonomous)

Ernakulam- 682 018, Kerala, India.
Accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)at A Grade
ISO 9001: 2015 Certified
CONSOLIDATED MARK CUM GRADE CARD
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
PERMANENT REGISTER NUMBER (PRN)
DEGREE
PROGRAMME Student Photo
STREAM
DATE OF BIRTH
DATE OF ELIGIBILITY
SEMESTER RESULTS
SEMESTER MARKS AWARDED MAXIMUM MARKS CREDITS SCPA GRADE MONTH AND YEAR OF PASSING RESULT
SEMESTER 1
SEMESTER 2
SEMESTER 3
SEMESTER 4
SEMESTER 5
SEMESTER 6
TOTAL
PROGRAMME PART RESULTS
PROGRAMME PART MARKSAWARDED MAXIMUMMARKS CREDITPOINTS CREDITS CCPA GRADE
COMMON COURSE I:
CORE COURSE:
COMPLEMENTARY COURSE:
OPEN COURSE:
TOTAL
FINAL RESULT
CREDITS CCPA GRADE RESULT
COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE MARKS
INTERNAL EXTERNAL TOTAL
CREDITS
RESULT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
GRADE
AWARDED
AWARDED
AWARDED
CCP
GP
IA
SEMESTER 1
Common Course - I
Core Course
Complementary Course
SEMESTER RESULT SCPA: SG:
SEMESTER 2
Common Course - I
Core Course
SEMESTER 3
Common Course - I
Core Course
SEMESTER RESULT SCPA: SG :
SEMESTER 4
Common Course - I
Core Course
SEMESTER 5
Core Course
Open Course
SEMESTER 6
Core Course
Project
Choice Based Core Course
Controller of Examinations Principal
Annexure III: Reverse side of the mark cum Grade Card (Common to all Semesters)
DESCRIPTION OF EVALUATION PROCESS
Grade and Grade point
The evaluation of each course comprises Internal and External components with the ratiol:4 for
all courses. Grade and grade points are given on 7-point scale based on the percentage of
marks (internal + external) as given in table-I.
Decimals are corrected to next higher whole number
Table -1
% of Marks Grade Grade Point
95 and above S — Outstanding 10
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9
75 to below 85 A — Very Good 8
65 to below 75 Good 7
55 to below 65 B — Above Average 6
45 to below 55 C — Satisfactory 5
35 to below 45 D- Pass 4
Below 35 F Failure
Ab Absent
Credit Point and Credit Point Average
Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula: — CP = C x GP, where C is the
Credit and GP is the Grade point
Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) or Cumulative Grade Point Average (CCPA) for a
programme is calculated using the formula:- SCPA or CCPA = TCP/TC, where TCP is the Total
Credit Point of that semester or programme , TC = Total Credit
GPA Grade
9.5 and above S — Outstanding
8.5 to below 9.5 A+ Excellent
7.5 to below 8.5 A Very Good
6.5 to below 7.5 B+ — Good
5.5 to below 6.5 B — Above Average
4.5 to below 5.5 C Satisfactory
3.5 to below 4.5 D - Pass
Below 3.5 F — Failure
Grade Point Average (GPA), of a course is calculated using the formula:- GPA = TCP/TC, where
TCP is the
Total Credit Point of a course, TC is the total credit of that course
A separate minimum of 30% marks each for internal and external (for both theory and
practical) and aggregate minimum of 35% are required for a pass for a course. For a pass in a
programme, a separate minimum of Grade D is required for all the individual courses and an
overall grade D or above is mandatory. If a candidate secures F Grade for any one of the
courses offered in a Semester/Programme, only F grade will be awarded for that semester
/programme until he/she improves this to D Grade or above within the permitted period.
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Programme Design
SEMESTER I
Course Hours per

No. Course Code Course Title Credits
Category week
Common
1 ZOO01-ENG1CCT0119 English 5 4
Course
Common
2 ZOO01-ENG1CCT0219 English 4 3
Course
ZOO01-HIND1CLT0119
/ZOO01- Common
3 Second Language 4 4
MAL1CLT0119/ Course
ZOO01-FRN1CLT0119
Animal Diversity- Core Course:
4 ZOO01-ZOO1CRT 0119 2 2
Non- Chordata Theory
Practical: Animal
Core Course:
5 ZOO01-ZOO1CRP 0119 Diversity- Non-
Practical 2 2
Chordata
Basic theoretical
Complementary
6 ZOO01-CHE1CMT0119 and Analytical
Course: Theory 2 2
Chemistry
Basic theoretical Complementary

7 ZOO01-CHE1CMP0119 and Analytical Course:
2 2
Chemistry Practical
Cryptogams,
Gymnosperms Complementary
8 ZOO01-BOT1CMT0119
and Plant Course: Theory 2 2
Pathology.
Cryptogams,
Complementary
Gymnosperms
9 ZOO01-BOT1CMP0119 Course:
and Plant 2 2
Practical
Pathology.
SEMESTER II
Hours per Credits

No. Course Code Course Title Course Category
week
1 ZOO01-ENG2CCT0119 English Common Course 5 4
ZOO01-
HIND2CLT0119/
3 ZOO01- Second Language Common Course 4 4
MAL2CLT0119/ZOO01
-FRN2CLT0119
Animal Diversity- Core Course: 2
4 ZOO01-ZOO2CRT 0119 2
Chordata Theory
Practical: Animal
Core Course:
5 ZOO01-ZOO2CRP 0119 Diversity-
Practical 2 2
Chordata
Basic organic Complementary

6 ZOO01-CHE2CMT0119
chemistry Course: Theory 2 2
Basic organic Complementary

7 ZOO01-CHE2CMP0119
chemistry Course: Practical 2 2
Complementary
8 ZOO01-BOT2CMT0119 Plant Physiology
Course: Theory 2 2
Complementary
9 ZOO01-BOT2CMP0119 Plant Physiology
Course: Practical 2 2
SEMESTER III
Hours
No. Course Code Course Title Course Category per
Credits
week
ZOO01-HIND3CLT0119/
2 ZOO01-MAL3CLT0119/ Second Language Common Course 4 4
ZOO01-FRN3CLT0119
Comparative Core Course:

3 ZOO01-ZOO3CRT 0119 2 2
Anatomy Theory
Practical:
Core Course:
4 ZOO01-ZOO3CRP 0119 Comparative 2 0
Practical
Anatomy
Inorganic and Complementary

5 ZOO01-CHE3CMT0119 2 2
organic chemistry Course: Theory
Inorganic and Complementary

6 ZOO01-CHE3CMP0119
organic chemistry Course: Practical 2 0
Angiosperm
Complementary
7 ZOO01-BOT3CMT0119 taxonomy and 2 2
Course: Theory
economic botany
Angiosperm
Complementary
8 ZOO01-BOT3CMP0119 taxonomy and 2 0
Course: Practical
Economic botany
SEMESTER IV
Course Category Hours

No. Course Code Course Title per Credits
week
ZOO01-HIND4CLT0119/
2 ZOO01-MAL4CLT0119/ Second Language Common Course 4 4
ZOO01-FRN4CLT0119
Research
methodology, Core Course:
3 ZOO01-ZOO4CRT 0119 2 2
Biophysics and Theory
Biostatistics
Practical-Research
methodology, Core Course:
4 ZOO01-ZOO4CRP 0119 2 2
Biophysics and Practical
Biostatistics
Advanced bio- Complementary
5 ZOO01-CHE4CMT0119
organic chemistry Course: Theory 2 2
Advanced bio- Complementary
6 ZOO01-CHE4CMP0119
organic chemistry Course: Practical 2 2
Anatomy and Complementary
7 ZOO01-BOT4CMT0119
applied botany Course: Theory 2 2
Anatomy and
Complementary
8 ZOO01-BOT4CMP0119 applied botany 2 2
Course: Practical
SEMESTER V
Hours
No. Course Code Course Title Course Category per Credits
week
Environmental
1 ZOO01-ZOO5CRT 0119 Biology and Human Core Course: Theory 3 3
rights
Environmental
Core Course:
ZOO01-ZOO5CRP 0119 Biology and Human 2 0
2 Practical
rights
Cell Biology and
3 ZOO01-ZOO5CRT 0219 Core Course: Theory 3 3
Genetics
Cell Biology and Core Course:
4 ZOO01-ZOO5CRP 0219 2 0
Genetics Practical
Evolution, Ethology
5 ZOO01-ZOO5CRT 0319 Core Course Theory 3 3
and Zoogeography
Evolution, Ethology Core Course:
6 ZOO01-ZOO5CRP0319 2 0
and Zoogeography Practical
Human Physiology,
ZOO01-ZOO5CRT 0419 Biochemistry and Core Course: Theory 3 3
7
Endocrinology
Human Physiology,
Core Course:
ZOO01-ZOO5CRP 0419 Biochemistry and 2 0
8 Practical
Endocrinology
Public health and Open Courses for

ZOO01-ZOO5COT 0519 4 3
9 Nutrition other Streams
Project work (Credit 2

will be given in 6th
ZOO01-ZOO5CPR0119 semester with Project 1 0
10
Investigatory project).
SEMESTER VI
Hours
Course
No Course Code Course Title per Credits
Category
week
Core Course IX:

1 ZOO01-ZOO6CRT 0119 Developmental Biology 3 3
Theory
Core Course IX:

2 ZOO01-ZOO6CRP 0119 Developmental Biology 2 2
Practical
Microbiology and Core Course X:

3 ZOO01-ZOO6CRT 0219 3 3
Immunology Theory
Microbiology and Core Course X:

4 ZOO01-ZOO6CRP 0219 2 2
Immunology Practical
Biotechnology,
Core Course XI:
5 ZOO01-ZOO6CRT 0319 Bioinformatics and
Theory 3 3
Molecular Biology
Biotechnology,
Core Course XI:
6 ZOO01-ZOO6CRP0319 Bioinformatics and 2 2
Practical
Molecular Biology
Occupational Zoology
(Aquaculture,
Core Course XII:
7 ZOO01-ZOO6CRT 0419 Apiculture, 3 3
Theory
Vermiculture and Quail
farming)
Occupational Zoology
(Aquaculture,
Core Course XII:
8 ZOO01-ZOO6CRP 0419 Apiculture, 2 2
Practical
Vermiculture and Quail
farming)
Elective: Nutrition, Choice Based

9 ZOO01-ZOO6CBT 0119 Health and life style Core Elective
4 3
management Courses
10 ZOO01-ZOO6CRP0119 Project Work Project 1 2
Detailed Syllabus: Semester I
Core Course I: Animal Diversity – Non-Chordata (ZOO1CRT0119)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
The students will be able to:
• Improve the knowledge about criteria for animal classification.
• Improve the knowledge of animals about their special adaptations and evolutionary
relationship
• Be able to explain the unity in diversity of organism.
• Study specific and scientific names to organism.
• Collect information about useful and harmful animals and understand the nature of
habitat.
Module I: SYSTEMATICS (3 Hours)
Module I–Taxonomical Principles and tools
Systematic, Taxonomy, Phylogeny [Brief account], Approaches to taxonomy, Zoological

nomenclature, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), Law of Priority. Five
Kingdom Classification; Linnaean classification, Basis for Animal kingdom classification [Levels of
organization, Symmetry, Coelom].
Modern Tools- Molecular taxonomy, Bar coding.
Module II: PROTISTAN DIVERSITY (5 Hours)
Type: Paramecium: morphology and structural organization [as revealed by compound

microscopy]; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction; conjugation in
detail.
Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla [Brief account of
the major groups of ‘protozoans’ given below]
Phylum Sarcomastigophora examples: Amoeba, Noctiluca, and Trichonympha
Phylum Apicomplexa [=Sporozoa] example: Plasmodium
Phylum Ciliophora examples: Vorticella, Ephelota
General Topics:
Parasitic protists (diseases mode of transmission and prophylactic measures) - Entamoeba,

Trypanosoma, Plasmodium (detailed account of life cycle),Leishmania.
Module III: KINGDOM ANIMALIA (5 Hours)
Outline classification of Kingdom Animalia
Three branches - Mesozoa, parazoa and Eumetazoa
Mesozoa: Phylum Orthonectida - eg.Rhopalura(mention 5 salient features)
Parazoa:
PhylumPlacozoa– Eg.Trycoplaxadherens
Phylum Porifera – Classification upto classes; Mentiongemmules
Class I- Calcarea Eg.Sycon
Class II– Hexactinellida Eg.Euplectella.
Class III- Demospongia Eg.Cliona.
General Topics
1. Canal system in sponges.
Eumetazoa
Phylum Coelenterata -Classification upto classes
Class I- Hydrozoa Eg. Obelia - mention Metagenesis
ClassII- Scyphozoa Eg.Rhizostoma.
Class III- Anthozoa Eg.Metridium.
General Topics:
Coral and coral reefs with special reference to conservation of reeffauna.
Polymorphism in Coelenterates
Phylum Ctenophora - Eg.Pleurobrachia.
Module IV (7 Hours)
Phylum Platyhelminthes Salient features; classification uptoclasses (3 Hours)
Class I- Turbellaria. Eg.Planaria.
Class II– Trematoda Eg.Fasciola
ClassIII- Cestoda Eg.Taeniasaginata.
General Topics:
Life history of Fasciolahepatica.
Platyhelminth parasites of Man and Dog (Schistosoma, Taenia solium, Echinococcus)
PhylumNemathelminthes(Nematoda) (2 Hours)
Salient features, classification up toclasses
Class: Phasmidia Eg.Enterobius,
Class: Aphasmidia Eg.Trichinella
General Topic
Pathogenic nematodes in man. (Wuchereriabancrofti, Ascaris lubricoides,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichinellatrichiuris).
Phylum Annelida: (2 Hours)
Salient features, Classification upto classes.

Class I- Archiannelida Eg.Polygordius
Class II- Polychaeta Eg.Chaetopterus
ClassIII- Oligochaeta Eg.Megascolex.
Class IV- Hirudinea Eg.Hirudinaria
Module VI
PhylumOnychophora (1 Hour)
Eg.Peripatus (Mention its affinities).
Phylum ArthropodaSalient features, Classification uptoclasses (9 Hours)
Type: Prawn –Fenneropenaeus (Penaeus)
SubPhylum- Trilobitomorpha
Class- Trilobita(mention Eg.Triarthrus– A trilobite (extinct)
the salient features).
Subphylum–Chelicerata
Class 1 Merostomata (Eg.Limulus)
(Xiphosura)
Class2 Arachnida (Eg., Palamnaeus- Scorpion)
Class3 Pycnogonida (Eg.Pycnogonum– Sea spider)
Subphylum-Crustacea
Class 1 Branchiopoda Eg.Daphnia
Class2 Ostracoda Eg.Cypris-seed shrimp
Class3 Copepoda Eg.Cyclops
Class4 Remipedia Eg.Speleonectes(eyeless
crustacean seen in caves)
Class5. Branchiura Eg.,Argulus(common fish louse)
Class6 Cirripedia Eg.Sacculina(parasitic castrator
of crabs)
Class7 Malacostraca Eg.Squilla(spot tail mantisshrimp)
Subphylum-Uniramia
Class1 Chilopoda Eg.Scolopendra – (Centipede)
Class2 Symphyla Eg.Scutigerella– (garden centipedes
or pseudocentipedes)
Class3 Diplopoda Eg.Spirostreptus-(Millipede)
Class4 Pauropoda Eg.Pauropus
Class 5 Hexapoda (Insecta) Eg.Bombyx mori – (silk moth)
ModuleVI (6 Hours)
Phylum: Mollusca (2 Hours)
Salient features, Classification upto classes
Class I- Apalcophora Eg.Neomenia
ClassII- Monoplacophora Eg.Neopilina
Class III Amphineura Eg.Chiton
Class IV Gastropoda Eg.Aplysia
ClassV Scaphopoda Eg.Dentalium
Class VI Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)Eg. Pinctada
ClassVII Cephalopoda Eg.Sepia
PhylumEchinodermata (2 Hours)
Classification upto classes
Class I- Asteroidea Eg.Astropecten
ClassII- Ophiuroidea Eg.Ophiothrix
ClassIII- Echinoidea Eg.Echinus
Class IV- Holothuroidea Eg.Holothuria
Class V– Crinoidea Eg.Antedon
GeneralTopics
1. Water vascular system in Echinodermata
Phylum Hemichordata:
Eg. Balanoglossus
Minor Phyla
Chaetognatha Eg.Sagitta
Sipunculida Eg.Sipunculus
References
• Barnes, R.D. (1987). Invertebrate Zoology, W.B. Saunders, NewYork.

• Barrington, E.J.W.(1967). Invertebrate Structure and function. ELBS and Nelson, London.
• Dhami, P.S. and Dhami, J.K. (1979). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand and Co. NewDelhi.
• EkamberanathaAyyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I. Invertebrate Part
Iandpart II.S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.
• Groove, A.J. and Newell, G.E. (1974). Animal Biology – Indian Reprint, University Book
Stall, New Delhi.
• Hyman, L.H. (1942) The Invertebrate volumes.McGraw-Hill.
• James R.D. (1987). Invertebrate Zoology, W.B. Saunders, New York.
• Jordan E.L and Verma P.S (2007). Invertebrate Zoology. S.Chand and Co. New Delhi.
• Joy P.J., George Abraham K., Aloysius M. Sebastian and Susan Panicker (Eds)(1998).
• Animal Diversity, Zoological Society of Kerala,Kottayam
• Kapoor, V.C. (1994). Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., NewDelhi.
• Kotpal.R. L., 1988-92 ( All series). Protozoa, Porifera, Coelentereta, Helminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Rastogi Publishers,Meerut.
• Kotpal R.L. Agarwal S.K. and R.P. Khetharpal (2002). Modern Text Book ofZoology.
Rastogi Publications, Meerat – 250 002.
• Marshall, A.J. and Williams, W.D. (1972). Text Book of Zoology Vol.Invertebrates (ELBS
and Macmillan, London).
• Mayr, E. (1980). Principles of Systematic Zoology (Tata McGraw Hill PublishingCo.,
NewDelhi)
• Parker and Hanswell, 2004, Text Book of Zoology,Vol I (Invertebrate), 7thEdition,

A.Z.T,B.S. Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi – 110 051
• Pechenik J A (2005) Biology of Invertebrates, (Tata McGraw Hill PublishingCo.,
NewDelhi.)
• Prema A.K., Joseph M.L. and Terrence Rebello V. (Eds) (2011). Invertebrate Diversityof
Kerala. Zoological Society of Kerala,Kottayam.
• Thomas A P (Editor) 2010 The Invertebrates, Green leaf publications Kottayam
Core Course Paper I: Animal diversity–Non-Chordata – Practical (ZOO1CRP0119)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Illustrate the invertebrate specimens with precision.
• Perform scientific drawing of specimens.
• Compare the anatomy and morphology of non-chordates through transverse or

longitudinal sections, dissections and mountings.
• Develop the skills to identify and classify the various groups of non-chordates.
• Acquire knowledge about the evolutionary, adaptation and taxonomic significance of

non-chordates
1. Scientific Drawing
Make scientific drawings of 5 locally available invertebrate specimens belonging to
different phyla.
2. Anatomy
Study of sections (any three)
i. Hydra
ii. Fasciola
3. Ascaris(male andfemale)
i. Earthworm
4. Dissections
i. Prawn – Nervous system
ii. Cockroach - Nervous system
5. Mounting
i. Prawn -appendages
ii. Mouth parts – Cockroach/Plant bug/ House fly/Mosquito/Drosophila (any 2)
6. Identification
General identification and Classification - The students are expected to identify, classify
and describe the animals by their common names, generic names and 30% of these by
their scientific names.
7. Taxonomic identification with key:-
Identification of insects up to the level of Order (any Four).
GROUP ACTIVITY: Preparation of animal album (Non chordates)
Detailed Syllabus: Semester II
Core Course II: Animal Diversity Chordata (ZOO2CRT0119)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Develop in depth knowledge on the diversity of chordates and their systematic position
• Acquire knowledge about the distinguishing characteristics and classification of the major
vertebrate phyla.
• Be aware of the economic importance of some classes.
• Will be able to distinguish the evolutionary importance of selected chordate groups.
• Acquire knowledge about various adaptations seen in different chordate classes.
Module I (6 Hours)
Introduction (1 Hour)
General Characters and outline classification of Chordata up to class
Origin of Chordates – mention theories in brief
Protochordates: General characters and Classification (2 Hours)
i. Subphylum: Urochordata (2 Marks)
Class I Larvacea Eg.Oikopleura
Class II Ascidiacea Eg:Ascidia (MentionRetrogressive
Metamorphosis)
Class III Thaliacea Eg:Doliolum
Subphylum: Cephalochordata (1 Hour)
Example - Amphioxus (Structure and affinities)
Module I (12 Hours)
Sub phylum: Vertebrata General characters and Classification (1 Hour)
Division 1– Agnatha (1 Hour)
Class I- Ostracodermi Eg:Cephalaspis
Class II- Cyclostomata Eg:Petromyzon
Division 2–Gnathostomata (10 Hours)
Super class: Pisces -- General Characters and Classification
Class: Chondrichthyes – General Characters
Sub class – Elasmobranchii Eg: Narcine
Sub class– Holocephali Eg: Chimaera
Class: Osteichthyes–General Characters
Sub class – Choanichthyes
Order1- Crossopterigii Eg:Latimeria (Evolutionary Significance)
(Coelocanths)
Order2- Dipnoi Eg: Lepidosiren
Distribution, affinities and systematic position of lungfishes.
Sub class: - Actinopterygii
Super order 1- Chondrostei Eg: Acipencer
Super order2- Holostei Eg:Amia
Super order3- Teleostei Eg:Sardine
General Topics
1. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes.
2. Parental care in fishes.
3. Scales in fishes.
4. Migration in fishes
Module III (13 Hours)
Super class: Tetrapoda (5 Hours)
General characters, Classification upto Orders.
Class Amphibia - Type Frog (Euphlyctis hexadactylus)
Order I- Anura Eg: Hyla
Order II- Urodela Eg: Amblystoma (mention axolotl larva
and Paedomorphosis/neotony)
Order III - Apoda Eg: Ichthyophis.
Class: Reptilia (4 Hours)
Sub class I: Anapsida
Order - Chelonia Eg:Chelone
Sub class II : Parapsida Eg: Ichthyosaurus
Sub class III: Diapsida
Order I - Rhynchocephalia Eg:Sphenodon
Order II- Squamata Eg:Chamaleon
Order III.- Crocodilia Eg..Crocodylus
Sub class IV: Synapsida Eg:Cynognathus
General Topic
Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes
Class Aves (4 Hours)
Sub class I: Archeornithes Eg: Archaeopteryx (Affinities)
Sub class II: Neornithes
Super order I: Palaeognathe Eg:Struthio
Super order II: Neognathe Eg: Brahminy kite
General Topics
1. Migrations inbirds
2. Flight adaptations inbirds
Module IV (5 Hours)
Class Mammalia
Sub class I: Prototheria Eg: Echidna, Ornithorhychus
Sub class II: Metatheria Eg:Macropus
Sub class III: Eutheria
Order1- Insectivora Eg:Talpa
Order2- Dermoptera Eg:Galeopithecus
Order3- Chiroptera Eg:Pteropus
Order4- Primates Eg:Loris
Order5- Carnivora Eg:Panthera
Order6- Edentata Eg:Armadillo
Order7- Pholidota Eg:Manis
Order8- Proboscidea Eg:Elephas
Order9- Hydracoidea Eg:Procavia
Order10- Sirenia Eg:Dugong
Order1 1 Perissodactyla Eg:Rhinoceros
Order12- Artiodactyla Eg:Camelus-(mention ruminant stomach)
Order13- Lagomorpha Eg:Oryctolagus
Order14- Rodentia Eg: Hystrix (Porcupine)
Order15- Tubulidentata Eg:Orycteropus
Order16- Cetacea Eg:Delphinus
General Topics
1. Aquatic Mammals and their adaptations.
References
• EkambaranathaIyer (2000), A Manual of Zoology Vol. II .S. Viswanathan andCo.
• Jhingran (1977), Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Co.
• Jordan E L and P.S. Verma, (2002), Chordate Zoology, S. Chand and Co. NewDelhi
• Joy P.J., George Abraham K.,Aloysius M. Sebastian (1998). AnimalDiversity. Zoological

Society of Kerala,Kottayam
• Kotpal R.L. (2000), Modern Text Book of Zoology, Vertebrates, RastogiPublications,

Meerut.– 250 002.
• Nigam, H. C. (1983). Zoology of Chordates, Vishal Publications, Jalandhar -144008
• Nigam, H.C. and Sobti (2000), Functional Organization of Chordates, Shoban Lal Nagin
Chand and Co., New Delhi.
• Parker and Hanswell, (2004), Text Book of Zoology, Vol II (Chordata), A.Z.T,B.S. Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi – 110051
• Pough H. (2009) Vertebrate life, VIII Edition, Pearson International
• Prema A.K., Terrence V.R. and Mini K.D.(Eds.) (2011). Chordate Diversity of Kerala,
Zoological Society of Kerala, Kottayam
• Thomas A. P. (Editor) (2010) Chordata .Green leaf publications Kottayam
• Young J.Z.( 2004), The life of Vertebrates, Oxford University Press (Third Ed.) India
Core Course II: Animal Diversity– Chordata- Practical (ZOO2CRP0119)

36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes

• Perform scientific drawing of specimens
• Identify the local chordate diversity through observation and identification.
• Examine the anatomy and morphology of Chordates.
• Apply taxonomic keys in classification of vertebrates.
• Interpret the osteological features of chordates.
1. Make scientific drawing of 5 locally available vertebrate specimens belonging to

different classes
2. Dissections-
(i). Frog:
a. virtual dissection / dissected and preserved specimen / Diagrams of the

following: Viscera, Digestive system, Arterial system, Cranial nerves (5th, 7th, 9th,
10th), spinal nerves,Sciatic plexus, Brain
3. Mounting-
a. Mounting of placoid, cycloid and ctenoid scales of fishes (minor)
4. Osteology-
i. Frog vertebrae - typical, atlas, 8th and 9th

ii. Pectoral and pelvic girdles of frog
iii. Bird - keel and synsacrum
iv. Turtle/Tortoise - plastron and carapace
5. Study of Sections
i. Amphioxus T. S. through pharynx /T.S. through intestine.
6. Identification:
General identification and Classification - The students are expected to

identify, classify and describe the animals by their common names, generic
names and 30% of these by their scientific names.
7. Key Identification
i. Identification of fishes up to the level of order.
ii. Identification of snakes up to family
GROUP ACTIVITY:
• Preparation of animal album (Chordates)
Detailed Syllabus: Semester III
Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy (ZOO3CRT0119)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Students will learn how to use the comparative method to analyze and critically
evaluate the structure and
• Students will be able to differentiate organisms based on their morphology.
• It will enable students examine the evolutionary history and assess the functional
significance of morphological adaptations.
• By peer evaluations students will be able to assess the phylogenetic relationship among
vertebrate classes.
• Acquire knowledge about developmental patterns in animals.
BODY ORGANISATION -INTRODUCTION
Module I (8 Hours)
Blastaea-Diploblastic and triploblastic animals.
Symmetry and evolution of bilateria (mention symmetries and their significance)
Evolution and significance of coelom
Types (Acoelomate, pseudo coelomate and coelomate condition) Formation, Theories of

evolution. Relationships of coelomic cavities in major groups of vertebrates.
Module II (8 Hours)
Metamerism- Homonomous metamery, heteronomous metamery,
True and false metamerism.
Theories of origin and evolution of metamerism
Pseudometamerism theory (Hymen and Goodrich), Fission theory (Perrier),
Cyclomerism theory (Sedgwick), Locomotory theory (Clark)
Significance of metamerism.
Non-Chordata
Hydrostatic skeleton
Cephalisation (only brief details of the major groups)
Evolution of nervous system- Annelid, arthropod and Mollusc
Module IV (32 Hours)
Vertebrata - A comparative study of the systems in fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
Integument: General features – epidermis, dermis, integumental structures.
The skull – neurocranium (mention chondrocranium, dermatocranium and

Splanchanocraneum.
visceral arches, jaw suspension.
Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Adaptive radiation of tetrapod limbs
Alimentary system, teeth in vertebrates, Dentition in Mammals.
Blood vascular system: heart, aortic arches, portal systems (Any three)
Urinogenital system. (Any three)
References
• Anderson D.T. 2001Invertebrate Zoology Sec Edition Oxford University Press
• Barrington, E.J.W., 1979. Invertebrate structure and function (ELCS)
• EkambaranthaAyyar,MandAnanthatakrishnan T.N. 1993, Manual zoology Vol II- part I and

part II (S. ViswanathanPvt. Ltd. Madras)
• Hyman L.H. 1942, Comparative vertebrate anatomy ( the University of Chicago Press,
Chicago)
• Jollie M, 1962, Chordate Morphology (reinhold Pub. corporation, New York)
• Kardong K.V. 1995, Vertebrate: comparative anatomy, function and evolution ( Wm C.

Brown Publishers, Oxford, England)
• Kotpal R. L, Agarval S. K. and R. P. Khetharpal 2002.Modern Textbook of Zoology.
• Parker and Hanswell, 2004, Text Book of Zoology,Vol I (Invertebrate), 7th Edition,
A.Z.T,B.S. Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi – 110 051
• Pechenik J A (2005) Biology of Invertebrates, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,NewDelhi.)
• Thomas A P (Editor) 2010 The Invertebrates, Green leaf publications Kottayam
Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy – Practical (ZOO3CRP0119)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Students will develop the skills necessary to assess diversity of vertebrates, both living
and extinct.
• Able to trace the evolutionary trend in vertebrate osteology.
• Acquire knowledge for critically evaluate relationships between vertebrate groups.
• Perform dissections of fishes.
• Evaluation of contributions of organ systems for the overall functioning of vertebrate

body.
1. Dissections
Digestive system of fish.
Calculate the gastro-somatic index
2. Osteology
Mouting- fish skeleton.
Vertebra – Fish, snake, frog, bird and mammals.
Pectoral girdle- Fish, frog,bird and Rabbit
Pelvic girdle - Frog, bird and Rabbit
Identification based on models or charts
Digestive system - Fish, reptile, bird, rabbit
Brain- Fish, reptile, bird, rabbit
Heart - Fish, reptile, bird, rabbit
Beak and feet of birds
Limbs of mammals
Dentition in mammals.
Detailed Syllabus: Semester IV
Core Course IV: Research Methodology, Biophysics and Biostatistics (ZOO4CRT0119)

54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Familiarization on the basic concept of scientific method in research process.

• Develop the capacity to carry out research work and research documentation.
• Develop skill in research communication and statistical tools.
• Awareness about the laws and ethical values in biology.
• Acquire skills in handling analytical instruments.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Module I (13 Hours)
Basic concepts of research: Meaning, Objectives, Approaches, Types of research. Research

Process: Scientific method in research (eight steps).
Importance of literature reviewing in defining a problem, Identifying gap areas from literature
review.
Research Communication and scientific documentation: Project proposal writing,
Research report writing, (Structure of a scientific paper), Thesis, dissertation, research article.
Presentation techniques: Oral presentation, Assignment, Seminar, Debate, Workshop,
Colloquium, Conference
Sources of Information: Primary and secondary sources. Library- Books, Journals, Periodicals,
Reviews, Internet.
Search engines Online libraries, e-Books, e-Encyclopedia, Institutional Websites. Plagiarism
Module II (12 Hours)
Animal Collection – Tools &techniques
Sampling techniques
Quadrate Line transect
Measurements
Density Abundance Frequency
Biodiversity indices – concepts Simpson index
Collection methods, techniques and equipments Plankton
Insects Fish Bird
Preservation techniques – Taxidermy
Rearing techniques Laboratory and field.
Units of measurements- units, SI system, Equivalent weight, normality, molarity.
BIOPHYSICS
Basic understanding on principle and uses of the following:
Microscopy
a. Light microscopy, Bright field (Compound Microscope), Phase contrast, Dark field
microscopy, Fluorescence, Polarization microscopy, Video microscopy.
b. Electron - Scanning (SEM), Transmission (TEM) and STEM
Micrometry – Stage and Eyepiece micrometers Camera Lucida
Instrumentation
pH Meter
Separation Techniques: Centrifuge, Chromatography, Electrophoresis
Analytical techniques: Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, X-ray crystallography
BIOETHICS
Module IV (5 Hours)
Bioethics: Introduction, Animal rights and animal laws in India, Prevention of cruelty to animals
Act 1960, Biodiversity Act 2002.
Concept of 3 R – conservation (Refined- to minimize suffering, reduced – to minimize animals,
Replaced – modern tools and alternate means), Animal use in research and education.
Laboratory animal use, care and welfare, Animal protection initiatives- Animal Welfare Board of
India, CPCSEA, ethical commitment. Working with human: Consent, harm, risk and benefits.
BIOSTATISTICS
Module V (10 Hours)
Sample & Sampling techniques: Collection of data, classification of data, frequency distribution
tables, graphical representation: - Bar diagrams, Histogram, Pie diagram and Frequency curves -
Ogives.
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode (Problem - Direct method only) Measures
of dispersion: Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Standard error.
(Merits & demerits and problems on SD).
Correlation: Definition, Types of correlation. (Mention in brief)
Test of Hypothesis and Test of Significance: Basic concept, Levels of significance, test of
significance, Procedure for testing hypothesis, types of hypothesis- Null hypothesis and
Alternate hypothesis.
References
Gupta K.C, Bhamrah, H.S and G.S.Sandhu (2006) Research Techniques inBiological Sciences.
Dominant Publishers and Distributors, NewDelhi.
• Khan and Khanum, (1990) Fundamentals of biostatistics.Press,Chicago
• Rastogi, V.B (2009) Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
• Ackoff, R.L. (1962) Scientific Method, New York : John WileyPress.
• Aggarwal. S.K.(2009) Foundation Course in Biology, 2nd Ed.. Ane’s Student Edition. Ane
Books Pvt. Ltd.
• Anderson, J, Durston, B.H. and Poole, M. (1992). Thesis and assignment writing. Wiley
Eastern Ltd.
• Best, J.W.and K.V. James, (1986) Research in Education.5th Edn. Prentice- Hall of
IndiaPvt.Ltd.
• Campell, R. (1990). Statistics for biologists. CBS Publishers and distributors.
• Day, R.A. (1993). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge UniversityPress.
• Day, R.A. (2000) Scientific English: A guide for Scientists and other Professionals.
UniversitiesPress.
• Fischer, R.A.(1960)The Design of Experiment. 7th rev.edn. New York: Hafner Publishing Co.,
• Hawkins C. and Sorgi, M. (1987). Research: How to plan, speak and write about it. Narosa
Publishing House.
• Killick, H.J. (1971). Beginning ecology. Ibadan University Press.
• Kleinbaum, D.G. and M.Klein (2009) Survival analysis-Statistics for Biology and Health 2nd
Ed. Springer International ed.
• Knudsen J. W (1966) Biological Techniques: Collecting, Preserving, and Illustrating Plants

and Animals.
• Kothari, C.R. and G.Garg. (2014) Research Methodology. Methods and Techniques. 3rd edn.
• Marie, M. (2005). Animal Bioethics: Principles and Teaching Methods Wageningen

Academic Publishers.
• Norman T.J. (2007) Bailey Statistical methods in biology, Cambridge Universitypress.
• Roberts, M. T. King and M. Reiss.(1994) Practical Biology for Advance Level. Thomas Nelson
and Sons Ltd. Surrey,UK.
• Ruxton, G.D. and Colegrave, N. (2006), Experinmental design for the life sciences. Oxford
University Press.
• Sateesh, M.K. (2008) Bioethics and Biosafety; I.K. International Publishing House.
• Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O and Stout G.W. (2008). Biological science (3rd edition- R.S. Oper
Ed). Cambridge University press.
Core Course IV: Research Methodology, Biophysics and Biostatistics- Practical (ZOO4CRP0119)
36 Hours 2 credits
Course Outcomes
• Apply basic techniques of animal rearing.
• Develop skills in biological sampling.
• Solving statistical problems using computer and graphical means.
• Acquire knowledge about animal collection and preservation.
• Expertise in using analytical instruments.
PART A- RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
1. Animal collection Tools, Techniques and Estimation
2. Quadratestudy
3. Transect study
4. SamplingMethods
5. Species areacurve
6. Simpsonindex
PART B - BIOPHYSICS
1. Study of simple and compound light microscopes
2. Micrometry –calibration and measurement of microscopic objects –low power
3. Camera Lucida (draw a few diagrams using CameraLucida)
4. Paper chromatography.
5. Instrumentation – demonstration (write notes on principle, equipment and its use) pH

Meter, Colorimeter/ Spectrophotometer, Centrifuge
PART C- BIOSTATISTICS
1. MS Excel: To create mean and median, Construction of bar diagram, Pie diagram and Line
graphs.
2. Internet: Access a web page on any biological topic.
3. Frequency distribution of the given samples to find out arithmetic mean, median, mode.
4. Range and standard deviation for a biological data
5. Correlation using any biological data.
6. Graphical representation of data. Construction of bar diagrams, Histograms, Pie diagram

and Line graphs.
Detailed Syllabus: Semester V
Core Course V: Environmental Biology and Human Rights (ZOO5CRT0119)

54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Acquire the basic concepts of Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems, Population and

sustainable development
• The student will be aware of natural resources, their protection, conservation, and the
factors polluting the environment, their impacts and control measures.
• The student will have a comprehensive idea about the basic concepts of environmental
toxicology, their impact on human health and remedial measures
• Student will attain solemn perception regarding various environmental issues and their
remedial measures
• The student will develop consciousness regarding importance of Biodiversity and its
conservation strategies
Module I: ECOSYSTEM (8 Hours)
Basic concepts of ecosystem Components of ecosystem: Abiotic (Sunlight, temperature, soil,

water, atmosphere) and Biotic components (Producers, consumers, decomposers), Ecological
pyramid- number, biomass, energy, Functions of ecosystem: Productivity-Food Chain-Food
web- Energy Flow-Laws of Thermodynamics. Types of Ecosystems: Terrestrial-Forest-Grassland-
Desert, Aquatic-Marine-Fresh water, Wetland &Biome
Concept of limiting factors: Liebig’s and Shelford’s laws of limiting factors.
Biogeochemical cycles: Concept, gaseous and sedimentary cycles, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle.
(prerequisite)
Module II: CONCEPTS OF POPULATION AND COMMUNITY (5 Hours)
Concept of population: Population attributes- Population growth forms, Basic concepts of

growth rates, density, natality, mortality, growth curves (self-study)
Animal interactions: Positive- Commensalism- Mutualism-Protocooperation, Negative-
Predation- Parasitism-Competition-Antibiosis (self-study)
Characteristics of a community: Species diversity- richness, evenness, stratification, dominance,

ecological indicators, Ecotone and Edge effect, Keystone species, Concepts of Ecological Niche
and Guild, Ecological succession, community evolution-climax.
Module III: IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES (18 Hours)
Global Environmental Issues: Air pollution and Climate change (Debate), Greenhouse effect,
Global warming, Ozone depletion, Carbon trading, carbon credit; Carbon sequestration, Acid
rain, Oil spills, nuclear accidents(examples)
National Environmental issues: Deforestation, forest fire, pollution (air, water, soil, noise,
thermal, nuclear- brief account only) solid waste management- Plastic and e -waste pollution,
sewage, drinking water crisis
Toxic products and disaster: Types of toxic substances – degradable, non-degradable, Impact on
human – case studies: Endosulphan tragedy, Bhopal disaster, Flood, drought, cyclone,
earthquake and landslide (Management and mitigation)
Local Environmental issues: Landscape alteration, soil degradation, sand mining, quarrying,
changing crop pattern, conversion of paddy lands (Debate)
Threats to water resources of Kerala: Degrading Mangrove and wetland ecosystems of Kerala,
RAMSAR sites, Marine ecosystem crisis- pollution, overfishing Case study – Periyar river
pollution
Water conservation: water recycling, rainwater harvesting, watershed management, Impact of

tourism on Environment.
Renewable Energy resources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal) and Non-
renewable resources (mineral and metal ore, fossil fuels)
Module IV: BIODIVERSITY AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS CONSERVATION (8 Hours)
Introduction to Biodiversity: Types of biodiversity- Alpha, Beta and Gamma diversity.
Concept and importance of Biodiversity: Levels of Biodiversity-Species diversity, Genetic

diversity, Microbial, Ecosystem diversity, India as a mega-diversity nation, Biodiversity hotspots
Reasons for Biodiversity depletion, – case study- two major biodiversity hotspots in India,
Examples of habitat destruction/ fragmentation
Protected area concept: Sanctuary, National Park, Biosphere reserve, Core Zone, Buffer Zone,
Corridor concept. Conservation reserves
Concept of threatened fauna – IUCN categories: extinct, extinct in the wild, critically
endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern and data deficient. CITES.
Red and Green Data Books.
Man–animal conflict (Tiger, Elephant, Dog, Monkey): causes and concern
Module V: ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION (10 Hours)
Environmental laws (Brief account only): The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Indian Forests Act (Revised) 1982.
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
1989, The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Biodiversity Act,
2002.
Important global summits, Treaties and Protocols regarding Environmental issues, IPCC/UNFC,
CBD, NBA, (Debate)
Concept of Sustainable development, Environmental Auditing (Debate)
Module VI: HUMAN RIGHTS (5 Hours)
Introduction, main concepts associated with Human Rights, Different types of human rights,
Manifestations & phenomena, Role of agencies in promoting human rights, Mechanisms for
checking violations of human rights, National human right commission, Constitutional
provisions related to Human rights.
References
• ErachBharucha 2008 (UGC). Text Book of Environmental Studies of Undergraduate course.

University Press.
rd
• J.B Sharma (2009), Environmental studies’ - 3 Ed. University science Press
• Misra S.P., Pandy S.N. 2009Essential Environmental Students, Ane books Pvt. Ltd.
• P.D Sharma (2012), Ecology and Environment’ - 11thEd. Rastogi Publications
• R.B Singh and Suresh Mishra PaulamiMaiti (1996), Biodiversity – Perception, Peril and
Preservation’ –– PHI Learning , Environmental Law in India: Issues and Responses
• Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford University Press,

New Delhi.
• Paul R.C., 2000.Situations of Human Rights in India. Efficient offset printers.·
• Arun kumarPalai(1999) National Human Rights Commission of India, Atlanticpublishers
• Sharma P.D. (2005) Environmental biology and Toxicology, Rastogipublication
• Meera Asthana and Astana D.K.1990 Environmental pollution and ToxicologyAlka printers.
• Odum, E.P.1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders CollegePublishing, Philadelphia
• Alan Beeby, 2006 Anne – Maria Brennan First Ecology, Ecological principles and
Environmental issues. International students edition Sec. edition Oxford University Press.
• Paul R.C., 2000.Situations of Human Rights in India. Efficient offset printers.·
• Arun kumarPalai(1999) National Human Rights Commission of India, Atlanticpublishers
• Sharma P.D. (2005) Environmental biology and Toxicology, Rastogipublication
• Meera Asthana and Astana D.K.1990 Environmental pollution and ToxicologyAlka printers.
• Odum, E.P. 1971.FundamentalsofEcology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia
• Alan Beeby, 2006 Anne – Maria Brennan First Ecology, Ecological principles and
Environmental issues. International students edition Sec. edition Oxford University Press.
• Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company.
• Stiling Peter (2002). Ecology: Theories and applications. Prentice Hall of India pvt.Ltd.
NewDelhi.
• Landis, Wayne and Hing-hoYu, Baca Raton, 1995. Introduction to Environmental

Toxicology: Impacts of chemicals upon Ecological systems: LewisPublishers.
Core Course V: Environmental Biology & Toxicology – Practical (ZOO5CRP0119)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Student will acquire the basic skill to estimate certain parameters of water and soil.
• Student will be able to identify certain basic group of animals like plankton/ benthos etc.
• Student will understand more about various biotic community and populations.
• Describe attributes and characteristics of chemicals which are harmful to the ecosystem.
• Analyze and interpret the ecological field data from biodiversity assessment and wild life
surveys using standard biodiversity indexes.
1. Estimation of dissolved Oxygen
2. Estimation of carbon dioxide
3. Estimation of salinity in water samples
4. Estimation of soil organic carbon
5. Estimation of phosphate in water samples
6. Identification of marine/ fresh water plankton
7. Counting of plankton using plankton counting chamber
8. Study of equipments - Secchi disc, Plankton net
9. Study of animal Association
• Visit to any two important areas of bio diversity:
1. Forest,
2. Sea shore,
3. Mangrove,
4. Wet lands,
5. Bird sanctuary,
6. Wild life sanctuary,
7. Sacredgroves
8. Field study (compulsory)
Topics for Group Activity
1. Study of life cycle of a local fauna
2. Study of a local water body
3. Food Web preparation
4. Study about local Aquatic birds/ Butter flies/ Fishes/Ants/ Mosquitoes
5. Study about any one of regional habitat alterations/destructions
6. Study about local climatic changes
7. Study about impact of climatic change on local fauna
8. Study of sandy shore fauna/ rocky shorefauna/Muddy shore
9. Study of sediments from different water bodies
10. Study of benthic organisms
Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics (ZOO5CRT0219)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Acquire knowledge about the structure and function of the cell as the fundamentals for
functioning of all living organisms.
• Awareness of different cell organelles, their structure and role in living organisms.
• Developing critical thinking, skill and research aptitudes in basic and applied biology.
• Create ideas about the application of genetics in human welfare.
• Identify the genetic disorders and take steps to prevent the same.
CELL BIOLOGY (22 Hours)
Module I (6 Hours)
Introduction of cell and Diversity of cells: History, Cell theory, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes,
Mycoplasmas, Virus, Virions and Viroids, Prions.
Cell membrane & Permeability: Molecular models of cell membrane (Sandwich model, Unit
membrane model, Fluid mosaic model). Cell properties - permeability, Transport [Diffusion,
Osmosis, Passive transport, Active transport, bulk transport], Cell coat and Cell recognition.
Cell Organelles: Structure and functions of following cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum-
Structureandfunctions.Ribosomes(ProkaryoticandEukaryotic)Golgicomplex -Structure and
functions. Lysosomes - Polymorphism - GERL concept, functions. Mitochondria - Structure and
functions. Nucleus: Structure and functions of interphase nucleus, nuclear membrane, pore
complex, structure and functions of nucleolus
Chromosomes – Structure & organization, Heterochromatin, Euchromatin, Nucleosomes,

Polytene chromosomes-Balbiani rings, Endomitosis, Lamp brush chromosomes.
Cell Communication: Basic principles of cell communications, Cell signaling (in brief), Types of
signaling, Mention signaling molecules (neurotransmitters, hormones, Growth Factors,
Cytokines Vitamin A and D derivatives),
Cell Division: Cell cycle - G1, S, G2 and M phases, Mitosis and Meiosis. The difference between
Mitosis and Meiosis.
GENETICS (32 Hours)
Module I (10 Hours)
Mendelian Genetics: Mendel’s experiments- Monohybrid Cross, Dihybrid Cross, Mendel’s Laws,
Test Cross, Back Cross and Reciprocal Cross. Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Interaction of genes: Allelic: Incomplete Dominance (Four O Clock Plant).Co- Dominance (Skin
color in Cattle) Lethal Alleles: Dominant lethal gene[ Creeper chicken] and recessive lethal gene
[ cystic fibrosis].
Non-Allelic: Complementary (Flower colour in Sweet Pea), Supplementary (Coat colour in mice),
Epistasis - dominant (Plumage in poultry) and recessive (Coat colour in mice). Polygenes (Skin
colour inheritance in man), Pleiotropism (Vestigial wing gene in Drosophila).
Multiple alleles – ABO Blood group system, Rh group and its inheritance. Erythroblastosis
foetalis.
Sex determination: Chromosome theory of sex determination (Autosome and Sex

chromosomes), male heterogamy and female heterogamy, (xx-xy, xx-xo, ZZ-ZW, ZZ-ZO), Genic
Balance theory of Bridges. Barr bodies, Lyon’s hypothesis, Gynandromorphism, sex mosaics,
intersex (Drosophila), Hormonal [free martin in calf] and Environmental (Bonelia) influence on
Sex determination
Recombination and Linkage: Linkage and recombination of genes based on Morgan’s work in
Drosophila, Linked genes, Linkage groups, Chromosome theory of Linkage, Types of linkage-
complete and incomplete. Recombination, cross over value, chromosome mapping. [
Definition]
Sex Linked inheritance: Characteristics of Sex Linked inheritance, X Linked inheritance of man (
Hemophilia), Y linked inheritance [Holandric genes] , Incompletely Sex Linked genesor
pseudoautosomal genes (Bobbed bristles in Drosophila), Sex limited genes (Beard in man) and
Sex influenced genes (inheritance of baldness in man).
Mutation: Types of mutations - Somatic, germinal, spontaneous, induced, autosomal and

allosomal, chromosomal mutations, structural and numerical changes. Gene mutations.
[Addition, Deletion and substitution].
Human Genetics: Karyotyping, Normal Human chromosome Complement, Pedigree analysis,

Aneuploidy and Non- disjunction. Autosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome, Cry du chat
syndrome) Sex chromosomal abnormalities (Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome) Single
gene disorder (Brief mention) Autosomal single gene disorder [ sickle cell anaemia), Inborn
errors of metabolism such as phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, , Albinism. Multifactorial traits –
polygenic disorder- cleft lip and cleft palate.
Genetic Counselling, Eugenics and Euthenics -Brief account only
References
• Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002. Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology
• Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VIEdition.John
Wiley and Sons.Inc.
• Koshy Thomas and Joe Prasad Mathew (Editors) (2011) Cell Biology andMolecular Biology.
• Sarada K and Mathew Joseph (Editors) (1999) Cell Biology, GeneticsandBiotechnoloy,
• Thomas A.P (Editor) (2011) Cell and Molecular Biology The Fundamentals. Green leaf
publications. TIES. Kottaya
• Rastogi S. C. (1998) Cell Biology. Tata Mc.Graw Hill Publishing Co., NewDelhi.
• Powar C.B. (1983) Cell Biology (Himalaya Pub.Company)
• Ali, S (2014) The Cell: Organization Function and Regulatory Mechanisms,Pearson
• Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009).The World oftheCell.VII
Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.4
• Bruce Albert, Bray Dennis, Levis Julian, Raff Martin, Roberts Keith and Watson James
(2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, V Edition, Garland publishing Inc., New York and
London.
• Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V Edition. ASM
Press and Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates,MA.
• De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006).Cell and Molecular Biology. VIII Edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
• Gupta, P. K (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology, (2ed), , Rastogi Publications., Meerut
• James Darnell. (1998) Molecular Biology. Scientific American Books Inc
• Ariel G Loewy Philip Sickevitz, John R. Menninger and Jonathan A.N. Gallants (1991) cell
structure and function. Saunder'sCollegePublication
• James Darnell. (1998) Molecular Biology. Scientific American BooksInc.
GENETICS
1. Gardner, J.E., Simmons, J.M and SnustadD.P..(2007). Principles of Genetics (8th edn.). John
Wiley and Sons,India.
2. Klug, W.S and Cummings,M.R. (2011). Concepts of Genetics (7th edn).Pearson Education
Inc.India.
3. Sarada K and Mathew Joseph (Editors) (1999) Cell Biology, Genetics andBiotechnology,
4. Shirly Annie Oommen, Sampath Kumar S., and Jinsu Varghese (Editors) (2012), Gene
toGenome. Zoological Society of Kerala,Kottayam.
5. Singh,B.D.(2006). Biotechnology.Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Thomas A. P (Editor), (2012). Genetics and Biotechnology- The Fundamentals.Green Leaf

Publications, TIES,Kottayam.
7. Vijayakumaran Nair K. (2012). Genetics and Biotechnology. Academica,Trivandrum.
8. Benjamin Lewin. (2004). Gene VIII.OxfordUniversityPress.
9. Brown C.H., Campbell I and Priest F, G. (1987). Introduction of Biotechnology. Blackwell

Scientific Publishers,Oxford.
10. Das, H.K. (2007). Text Book of Biotechnology. Willey India Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
11. Hartl, L.D. and E.W.Jones. (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes (7th edn) Jones
and Barlett Publishers Inc, USA.
12. Primrose, S.B., Twyman, R.M. and Old, R.W. (2001). Principles of GeneManipulation(6th
edn.) Blackwell Science Ltd., London.
Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics – Practical (ZOO5CRP0219)

36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Identify cell organelles, Barr body, mitotic stages, blood cells and polytene chromosome.
• Prepare whole mounts, blood smear, squash preparation of root tip
• Familiarize Mendelian genetics.
• Identify the abnormal human karyotypes using idiogram.
• Acquire knowledge about the rearing and culturing of Drosophila for the genetic studies.
PART A: CELLBIOLOGY
1. Squash preparation of onion root tip for mitoticstages
2. Mountingof polytene chromosome (Drosophila/Chironomous.)Demonstration
3. Tissues (permanent slides of epithelial tissues, striated muscle, smooth muscle, cartilage,
bone)
4. Identification of cellorganelles
5. Preparation of temporary wholemount.
6. Preparation of permanent whole mount(demonstration)
7. Preparation of human blood smear and identification of Leucocytes
PART B: GENETICS
1. Genetic problems on Monohybrid, Dihybrid Crosses and Blood group inheritance
2. Study of normal male and female human karyotype (use photographs or Xerox copies)
3. Abnormal human karyotypes- Down, Edwards , Klinefelter and Turner syndromes (use
photographs or Xerox copies)
4. Sexing of Drosophila.
5. Study of Barr body in human buccalepithelium
Core Course VII: Evolution, Ethology & Zoogeography (ZOO5CRT0319)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Acquire knowledge about the evolutionary history of earth - living and non-living.
• Knowledge about the distribution of animals on earth, its pattern, evolution and
causative factors.
• Basic knowledge on animal behavioral patterns and their role.
• Knowledge on principles of inheritance and variation.
• To obtain knowledge on molecular basis of inheritance and on the mechanism and
factors affecting evolution.
PART I- EVOLUTION (30 Hours)
Module I: Origin of life (8 Hours)
Theories - Panspermia theory or Cosmozoic theory, Theory of spontaneous generation

(Abiogenesis or Autogenesis), Special creation, Biogenesis, Endosymbiosis.
Chemical evolution - Haldane and Oparin theory, Miller-Urey experiment;
Direct evidences of evolution – Recapitulation Theory of Haeckel, Fossilization, Kinds of fossils,

fossil dating, Homologous organs and analogous organs.
Module II: Theories of organic evolution (9 Hours)
Lamarckism and its Criticism, Weismann’s Germplasm theory, Darwinism and its Criticism, Neo-
Darwinism, Theory of DeVries,
Population genetics and evolution: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, gene pool, gene frequency.
Factors that upset Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Effects of genetic drift on population:
Bottleneck effect and founder effect
Module III: Nature of evolution (13 Hours)
Species and Speciation: Species concept, subdivisions of species (sub species, sibling species,
cline and deme), Speciation: Types of speciation, Phyletic speciation (autogenous and
allogenous transformations), True speciation, Instantaneous and gradual speciation, allopatric
and sympatric speciation
Isolation: Types of isolating mechanisms-Geographic isolation (mention examples) and

Reproductive isolation. Role of isolating mechanisms in evolution
Microevolution, Macroevolution (Adaptive radiation -Darwin finches) Mega evolution,

Punctuated equilibrium, Geological time scale, and Mass extinction (brief account only).
Evolution of Horse
PART II- ETHOLOGY (14 Hours)
Module IV: Introduction (1 Hour)
Definition, History and scope of ethology
Module V: Learning, imprinting and behaviour (9 Hours)
Types of learning with examples; patterns of behaviors – types of rhythms, navigation, homing
instinct, hibernation, aestivation; pheromones- types and their effect on behavior, hormones
and their action on behavior (aggressive and parental behavior)
Module VI: Social organization (4 Hours)
Social organization in insects (ants) and mammals (monkey), Courtship behaviour and
reproductive strategies
PART III- ZOOGEOGRAPHY (10 Hours)
Module VII: General Topics (4 Hours)
Continental drift theory, Types and means of animal distribution, Factors affecting animal
distribution; insular fauna – oceanic islands and continental islands,
Module VIII: Zoogeographical realms (6 Hours)
Palaearctic region, Nearctic region, Neotropical region, Ethiopian region, Oriental region,
Australian region (brief account with physical features and fauna, Wallace’s line, Weber’s line,
Biogeography of India with special reference to Western Ghats
References: EVOLUTION
• Barton, N. H., Briggs, D. E. G., Eisen, J. A., Goldstein, D. B. and Patel, N. H.(2007). Evolution.
Cold Spring, Harbour Laboratory Press.
• Barnes, C.W. (1988). Earth, Time and Life. John Wiley and Sons, NewYork
• Bendall, D. S. (ed.) (1983). Evolution from Molecules to Man. Cambridge University

Press,U.K.
• Bull J.J and WichmanH.A..(2001). Applied Evolution.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.32:183-217
• Campbell, N. A. and Reece J. B. (2011). Biology. IX Edition, Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings.
• Chattopadhyay Sajib. (2002). Life Origin, Evolution and Adaptation.Books and Allied(P) Ltd.
Kolkata,India.
• Douglas, J. F (1997). Evolutionary Biology.SinauerAssociates.
• Goodwin,B. (1996). How the Leopard Changed its Spots: The Evolution ofComplexity. Simon
andSchuster,NY,USA.
• Hall, B. K. and Hallgrimsson, B. (2008), Evolution. 4th Edition; Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
• Coyne J.A. and Allen Orr H. (2004). Speciation, SinauerAssociates
• Ridley, M. (2004), Evolution 3rd Edition. BlackwellPublishing
• Rob Desalle and Ian Tattersall (2008). Human Origins: What Bones and GenomesTell Us
about Ourselves. Texas AandM University Press,USA.
• Strickberger, M.W.2000. Evolution. Jones and Bartlett,Boston.
ETHOLOGY
1. Agarwal. V. K. (2009). Animal Behaviour.S.Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.
2. Bonner, J.T. (1980). The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton University Press.NJ,
USA.
3. David McFarland. (1999). Animal Behaviour. Pearson Education Ltd. Essex, England.
4. Dawkins, M.S. (1995).Unravelling Animal Behaviour. Harlow:Longman.

5. Dunbar, R. (1988). Primate Social Systems. Croom Helm, London.
6. Gundevia J.S. and Singh H.G. (1996), A Text Book of Animal Behaviour. S. Chandand
Company Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.
7. Aubrey M. and Dawkins M.S. (1998). An Introduction to Animal

Behaviour.CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.
8. Sherman P.W and Alcock J., (2001) Exploring Animal Behaviour- Readings from American
Scientist 3rd Edn. Sinauer Associates Inc. MA,USA. (Module 10 and11).
9. Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology.Harvard University Press, Cambridge,

Mass.USA.(Module 9).
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
1. Briggs, J.C. (1996). Global Biogeography. Elsevier Publishers.(Module VI andVII).
2. Chandran Subash M.D. (1997). On the ecological history of the Western Ghats.Current
Science, Vol.73,No.2.146-155.
3. Chundamannil Mammen.1993, History of Forest management in Kerala. ReportNo.89. Kerala

Forest Research Institute, Peechi,India.
4. Daniels, R.J.R and Vencatesan J. (2008), Western Ghats Biodiversity.People Conservation;

Rupaand Co. New Delhi.India.
5. Mani, M.S. (1974). Ecology and Biogeography of India; The Hague: .Dr. W. Junkb.v.
Publishers,
6. Nair, C.S. (1991). The Southern Western Ghats: A Biodiversity Conservation Plan. INTACH,
New Delhi.
7. Ramesh, B.R and R Gurukkal (2007), Forest Landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats, India-
Biodiversity, Human Ecology and management Strategies. (FrenchInstitute of
Pondicherry)India.
8. Tiwari, S. (1985), Readings in Indian Zoogeography (vol.1). Today and Tomorrow Printers and
Publishers
Core Course VII: Evolution, Ethology and zoogeography – Practical (ZOO5CRP0319)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Course will provide students with a deep knowledge in biochemistry, physiology and
endocrinology
• Defining and explaining the basic principles of biochemistry useful for biological studies
for illustrating different kinds of food, their structure, function and metabolism
• Explaining various aspects of physiological activities of animals with special reference to

humans
• Students will acquire a broad knowledge about the hormonal regulation of physiological
processes
• By the end of the course, students should be familiar with hormonal regulation of
physiological systems
1. Identification of Zoogeographical realms usingmap
2. Study on endemic species of eachrealm
3. Show the discontinuous distribution of (lung fishes, camel, elephant)
4. Providing a map trace the route of HMS Beagle.
5. Providing a map mark any two continental/oceanic islands.: Greenland, Madagascar, New
Zealand, New Guinea, Maldives, Iceland, Hawaii – any two
6. Contributions of scientists (showing photos) – Anyfour
7. Identification of different stages of horse evolution
8. Study on Homology and Analogy
9. Study on connecting links (Peripatus, Archaeopteryx, Protopterus, Echidna)
10. Pheromonetraps
11. Skinner box and TMaze
12. Experiment to demonstrate photo taxis and chemo taxis using Drosophila/Housefly
13. Identification of behaviour (Grooming/courtship dance of flamingos/stickle backfish/ Tail

wagging dance/ Aggressive behaviour/ Auto/Allo grooming, Flehmen response) showing
pictures (Any five)
Core Course VIII: Human Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology (ZOO5CRT0419)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Course will provide students with a deep knowledge in biochemistry, physiology and
endocrinology.
• Defining and explaining the basic principles of biochemistry useful for biological studies for
illustrating different kinds of food, their structure, function and metabolism.
• Explaining various aspects of physiological activities of animals with special reference to

humans.
• Students will acquire a broad understanding of the hormonal regulation of physiological

processes.
• By the end of the course, students should be familiar with hormonal regulation of
physiological systems.
HUMANPHYSIOLOGY (31 Hours)
Module I (8 Hours)
Nutrition: Nutritional requirements – carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals (Ca, P, Fe, I),
vitamins (sources and deficiency disorders). Importance of dietary fibre and antioxidants.
Balanced diet, Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Nutrition during pregnancy and
lactation, Infant nutrition, Malnutrition (PEM).
Digestion: Anatomy and histology of digestive glands (liver, pancreas, salivary, gastric and
intestinal). Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Nervous and
hormonal control of digestion.
Module II (8 Hours)
Respiration: Phases of respiration (external respiration, gas transport and internal respiration).
Respiratory pigments: Haemoglobin, Myoglobin (Structure and Function). Transport of
respiratory gases - transport of oxygen, oxyhaemoglobin curve, factors affecting
oxyhaemoglobin curve, transport of carbon dioxide, (chloride shift). Control of

respiration.Respiratory disturbances (Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Asphyxia).Physiological effect of
smoking, carbon monoxide poisoning, Oxygen therapy and artificial respiration.
Circulation: ESR, Haemopoiesis, blood pressure, ECG. Haemostasis (blood coagulation) –

clotting factors, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, anticoagulants and its mechanism of
action.Cardiovascular diseases (Jaundice, Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Thrombus,
Stroke).Angiogram and angioplasty.
Excretion: Histology of Bowman’s capsule and tubular part. Urine formation – glomerular
filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion. Urine concentration – counter current
mechanism. Acid – base balance, hormonal regulation of kidney function. Renal disorders
(kidney stone, acute and chronic renal failure, and dialysis). Homeostasis: Definition, concept
and importance in biological system. Thermal regulation and thermal adaptation in
homeotherms.
Nerve physiology: Ultra structure of neuron. Nerve impulse production (resting membrane
potential, action potential), transmission of impulse along the nerve fiber, interneuron
(synaptic) transmission, neuromuscular junction and transmission of impulses.
Neurotransmitters (acetyl choline, adrenalin, dopamine).EEG. Memory, Neural disorders (brief
account on Dyslexia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Epilepsy).
Muscle physiology: Ultra structure of striated muscle, muscle proteins (myosin, actin,
tropomyosin, troponin), Muscle contraction and relaxation-Sliding Filament Theory, cross
bridge cycle, biochemical changes and ATP production in muscle, Cori cycle. Kymograph, Simple
muscle twitch, muscle fatigue, tetanus, rigor mortis.
BIOCHEMISTRY (15 Hours)
Module V (5 Hours)
Carbohydrates: Basic structure, biological importance and classification of monosaccharides,

oligosaccharides, polysaccharides with examples.
Proteins: Basic structure and classification of amino acids; structure, biological importance and
classification of proteins with examples.
Lipids: Structure of fatty acid, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, biological importance and
classification of lipids with examples.
Vitamins and minerals: Major fat soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Important minerals and
trace elements required for living organisms. Biological importance of vitamins and minerals.
Enzymes: Chemical nature of enzymes, enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition, allosteric

enzymes, isoenzymes, co-enzymes. Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics.
Module VI (10 Hours)
Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Hexose

monophosphate Shunt, Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain and ATP
synthesis. Ethanol metabolism.
Protein metabolism: Deamination, Transamination, Transmethylation, Decarboxylation,

Ornithine cycle.
Lipid metabolism: Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Beta oxidation, physiologically important

compounds synthesized from cholesterol.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Endocrinology and reproduction (8 Hours)
Module VII (8 Hours)
Endocrine physiology: Hormones – classification and mechanism of hormone action. Major

endocrine glands (Histology is not included) their hormones, functions and disorders
(hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, islets of
Langerhans, adrenal gland),Homeostasis and feedback mechanism.
References
• Albert L. Lehninger, Michael Cox and David L. Nelson; 2004; Biochemistry Lehninger.
Palgrave – Macmillan.
• Arthur C. Guyton and John E. Hall; 2016; Text Book of Medical Physiology: Guyton,
13thedition; Elsevier
• Barrington, E. J. W.; 1975; General and Comparative Endocrinology, Oxford, Clarendon

Press.
• Bhagavan, N.V.. 2007. Medical biochemistry, fourth edition Academic Press, Awapara J,
1968. Introduction to Biological chemistry. Prentice Hall. New Jersey
• Geetha N. 2014. Textbook of Medical Physiology:. Paras Medical Publishers, 3rd edition
Jain, A K.; 2016; Textbook of Physiology., Avichal Publishing Company
• Martin, C.R. 1985.Endocrine Physiology: Oxford University Press.
• Melmed, Shlomo, Williams, Robert Hardin; 2011; Textbook of Endocrinology: Elsevier, 12th
edition
• Prosser and Brown,; 1962; Comparative Animal Physiology:, W. B. Saunders Co., West
Washington Square, Philadelphia 5.
Rastogi, S. C.; 2007; Outlines of Biochemistry .CBSPublishers, New Delhi.
Robert K. Murray and Victor W. Rodwell; 2012; Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, Harper;.29th
edition (Lange basic science.)
Sarada Subramanyam and K. Madhavankutty; 2014; Textbook of human physiology.,

S.Chandand Company Ltd,
Satyanarayana U. and Chakrapani, U.; 2013. Biochemistry Elsevier; 4 edition
Core Course VIII: Human Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology – Practical

(ZOO5CRP0419)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Carry out experiments to find out the blood constituents.
• Will have a basic understanding of the experimental methods and designs that can be
used
• for further study and research.
• Knowledge about Biological/physiological sciences and health-related fields, and will
• contribute to the critical societal goal of a scientifically literate citizenry.
• Analyze the biomolecules in the sample provided.
• Apply theoretical knowledge in quantitative analysis of haematological parameters.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1. Determination of haemoglobin content of blood
2. Total RBC count using Haemocytometer
3. Total WBC count using Haemocytometer
4. Estimation of micro haematocrit Effect of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions on

the diameter of RBC.
Instruments: Kymograph, Sphygmomanometer and Stethoscope (principle and use)
Measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer (demonstration only)
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Qualitative analysis of protein, glucose, starch and lipids.
2. Chromatography – Determination of Rf value of amino acids and identification of amino

acids ( Identify the Amino Acids using different solvent front and solute front)
ENDOCRINOLOGY
1. Cockroach – Corpora cardiac and Corporaallata (Demonstration)
2. Effect of adrenalin on heart beat of Cockroach (Demonstration)
Detailed Syllabus: Semester VI
Core Course IX: Developmental biology (ZOO6CRT0119)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Understand reproductive organs, gametogenesis and fertilization
• Develop basic understanding of the experimental methods and designs that can be
used for future studies and research.
• Be aware about current events in Developmental biology.
• Able to differentiate the embryology of chick, frog and humans
• Acquire notions related to developmental biology and gain an understanding of the

genetic basis of the development of tissues and organs during embryogenesis
Module I (10 Hours)
Introduction: Definition, Scope of developmental biology, sub-divisions (descriptive,

comparative, experimental and chemical), historical perspectives, basic concepts and theories.
Reproductive Physiology: Gonads- anatomy of testis and ovary, spermatogenesis, oogenesis,

gonadal hormones and their functions. Hormonal control of human reproduction - Female
reproductive cycles (Estrous cycle, Menstrual cycle). Structure of mammalian sperm and egg,
Pregnancy, parturition and lactation. Reproductive health and importance of sex education.
Egg types: Classification of eggs based on the amount, distribution and position of yolk. Mosaic
and regulative, cleidoic and noncleidoiceggs. Polarity and symmetry of egg.
Fertilization: Mechanism of fertilization-(Encounter of spermatozoa and Ova, Approach of the

Spermatozoon to the Egg, Acrosome Reaction and Contact of Sperm and Ovum, Activation of
Ovum, Migration of Pronuclei and Amphimixis), Significance of fertilization, Polyspermy,
Parthenogenesis- Different types and significance.
Cleavage: Types, planes and patterns of cleavage, Cell lineage of Planaria. Influence of yolk on
cleavage
Blastulation: Morula, blastula formation, types of blastula with examples.
Fate maps: Concept of fate maps, construction of fate maps (artificial and natural), structure of
a typical chordate fate map. Significance of fate map.
Gastrulation: Major events in gastrulation. Morphogenetic cell movements. Influence of yolk

on gastrulation. Exogastrulation. Concept of germ layers and derivatives.
Cell differentiation and gene action: Potency of embryonic cells (Totipotency, Pleuripotency,
Unipotency of embryonic cells). Determination and differentiation in embryonic development,
Gene action during development with reference to Drosophila (maternal effect genes), Zygotic
genes.
Embryology of Frog: Gametes, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, fate map, gastrulation,

neurulation, notogenesis. Differentaition of Mesoderm and Endoderm, Development of eye.
Metamorphosis of frog, Hormonal and environmental onrol.
Embryology of chick: Structure of egg, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, fate map,

gastrulation. Development and role of Primitive streak, Salient features of 18hour, 24 hour, 33
hour & 48 hour chick embryo.Extra embryonic membranes inchick.
Human development: Fertilisation, cleavage, blastocyst, implantation, placenta. Gestation,

parturition and lactation. Human intervention in reproduction, contraception and birth control.
Infertility, Invitro fertilization (test tube baby)
Module IV (5 Hours)
Experimental embryology: Spemann’s constriction experiments, Organizers and embryonic

induction. Embryo transfer technology, cloning, stem cell research. Ethical issues.
Teratology / Dysmorphology, Developmental defects: Teratogenesis, important teratogenic

agents. (Radiations, chemicals and drugs, infectious diseases) genetic teratogenesis in human
beings,
Developmental defects: Prenatal death (miscarriage and still birth). Intrauterine Growth
Retardation (IUGR).
Module V (5 Hours)
General topics: Classification and functions of placenta in mammals. Prenatal diagnosis

(Amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling, Ultra sound scanning, Fetoscopy, Maternal serum
alpha-fetoprotein, Maternal serum beta-HCG). Regeneration in animals.
References
Anthony S. Fauci, Eugene Braunwald, Dennis L. Kasper,Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J Larry
Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo; 2008; Harriosns Principles of InternalMedicine; Chruch Livingston
17thEd.
Balnisky B.I.; 1981 An Introduction to Embryology, W.B. Saunders and Co. Berril, N..J.; and Kars,
G.; 1986. Developmental biology, Mc Graw Hills Dutta 2007 Obstrestics , Church Livingston 17
Ed
Majumdar N. N -1985 Vetebrate embryology; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Melissa A and Gibbs, 2006; A practical Guide to Developmental Biology, Oxford university press
( Int. student edition)
Scott F. Gilbert; 2003; Developmental biology; Sinauer Associates Inc.,U.S.; 7th Revised edition.
Vijayakumarn Nair, K. and George, P. V. 2002. A manual of developmental biology, Continental

publications , Trivandrum
Taylor D J, Green NPO and G W Stout. (2008) Biological Science third edition. Cambridge
university press. Ref pp 748 biology 755
Core Course IX: Developmental Biology –Practical (ZOO6CRP0119)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• To compare blastula and gastrula of chick and frog, and identify various stages of
embryonic development in chick.
• Carry out dissection to understand the reproductive organs
• Examine the reproductive capacity of fish.
• Identify placenta found in animals
• To evaluate the planes of cell division and to relate the fate of the cell layers in the early
embryo
Model/Chart/ Slide may be used
1. Embryological studies- Blastula (frog,chick)
2. Embryo transfer, cloning, gastrula (frog, chick)
3. Amniocentesis
4. Embryo transfer technology, cloning
5. Study of placenta- pig andman
6. hour, 24 hour, 33 hour and 48 hour chickembryo.
7. Candling method.
8. Vital staining-demonstration.
9. Male and female reproductive organs incockroach
10. Calculate the fecundity offish.
11. Calculate the gonado-somatic index of given fish.
Core Course X: Micro Biology and Immunology (ZOO6CRT021)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Recognize the diversity of microbial world, compare their structure, reproduction and
growth.
• Acquire skills in aseptic techniques, culture and handling of microbes.
• Gain knowledge about the key concepts of immune system, its role in human health and
wellbeing.
• Students will be able to interpret antigen antibody interactions as a tool for research
and diagnosis.
• Get an overview of infectious diseases and the role of various types of vaccines in
controlling diseases.
MICROBIOLOGY
Module I (10 Hours)
Introduction: History and scope of Microbiology. Outline classification of Microbes. (Bacteria,

fungi&viruses)
Methods in Microbiology: Sterilization and Disinfection - Physical and Chemical methods.
Culture media –Components of media, Synthetic media, Types-Solid, liquid, semisolid,

basal,Selective media, Enrichment media, Differential media.
Culturemethods: Plating techniques and Isolation of pure colony (Streak, serial dilution & pour,
spread) Culture preservation techniques: Refrigeration, deep freezing, freezing under liquid
nitrogen, lyophilization.
Morphology and fine structure of bacteria: Size, shape, cilia, pili, flagella, capsule, cell wall and
its composition (Gram positive & negative). Cytoplasmic membrane, protoplast, spheroplast,
intracellular membrane systems, cytoplasm, vacuoles, genetic material, cell inclusions, bacterial
spores-types, formation.
Staining techniques –Simple staining, Differential Staining-Gram staining.
Bacterial Reproduction: Asexual (Binary fission, budding, fragmentation), Bacterial growth

Curve, Methods of Recombination (conjugation, transduction, transformation).
Virology: Structure of viruses; Human, animal, and bacterial virus. Viral replication, -Lytic &
lysogeny, cultivation of animal viruses.
Infections & Diseases: Types of infections – primary, secondary and nosocomial infections.
(Brief Account only) Contagious diseases – epidemic, endemic and pandemic, modesof
Transmission – food, water, air, vectors and carriers.
Diseases: Epidemiology, symptomology, diagnosis and treatment.
Bacterial -Clostridium tetani (tetanus),
Viral – HIV virus (AIDS),
Fungal –Candida albicans (candidiasis).
IMMUNOLOGY
Module IV (9Hours)
Introduction: Immunity, types- Innate and acquired immunity, Passive (Natural and Artificial)
and active immunity (Natural and Artificial). Mechanisms of innate immunity -Anatomic
barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis.
Overview of immune system: Lymphoid organs- Primary (Thymus, Bone marrow) and
Ssecondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen). Cells of the immune system-
Lymphocytes: T and B cells, Natural killer cells, memory cells, macrophages.
Module V (9 Hours)
Antigens- Basic properties, Types, haptens, adjuvants.
Antibodies- immunoglobulin structure, classes and functions of immunoglobulins. Monoclonal&
polyclonal antibodies.
Antigen – Antibody reactions- Precipitation, immunodiffusion, Agglutination test, VDRL, WIDAL,

ELISA.
Types of Immune Response- Humoral (Primary & secondary response) and cell mediated
immune response. Immune system in health and disease-Auto immune diseases: Pernicious
Anemia, Rheumatoid Arthritis. Immunodeficiency disease -AIDS. Hyper sensitivity- Type I, (Eg.
Anaphylaxis) Type II (Transfusion reaction), Type III (Arthus reaction) and Type IV (Mantoux
Test) (in brief).
Module VI (3 Hours)
Vaccines
Introduction, Types of vaccines - Live attenuated, killed, toxoids, Current Vaccines, Recent
trends in vaccine preparation
References
• Ananthanarayan R and Jayaram Paniker C K. (2009) Text Book of MicrobiologyOrient

Longman Private Ltd.
• Gladys Francis and Mini K.D., (Editors) (2012), Microbiology, Zoological Society of
Kerala,Kottayam.
• Kuby J, Kindt T., Goldsby R. and Osborne B. (2007). KubyImmunology
• Sharma K. (2005) Manual of Microbiology: Tools and Techniques, Anebooks
• Susan Panickerand George Abraham (Editors) (2008), Micro Biology andImmunology,

Zoological Society of Kerala,Kottayam.
• Colemen: (2002). Fundamentals ofImmunology
• Darla J. Wise and Gordon R. Carter: (2004): Immunology A Comprehensive ReviewIowa

state University Press. A Blackwell sciencecompany,
• Hans G. Sch, Legal General Microbiology, Seventh Ed. Cambridge Low Price Ed.
• Helen Hapel, MausedHarney Siraj Misbah and Next Snowden: (2006) Essentialsof Clinical
Immunology Fifth Ed. Blackwell PublishingCompany,

• Heritage, J, E.G.V. Evaus and R.A.Killungten (2007): Introductory Microbiology Cambridge

University Press 6.
• Ivan Roitt I (2002) Essentials of Immunology ELB

Core Course X: Microbiology and Immunology– Practical (ZOO6CRP021)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Carry out microbial culture in sterilised conditions

• Identify microorganisms using stains
• Assess the microbial load of bacteria from environmental samples
• Observe motility of bacteria and understand antibiotic sensitivity
1. Instruments – Principle and use of Autoclave, Hot air oven, Bacteriological incubator,
Laminar airflow
2. Preparation of solid and liquid media for microbial cultures. (Ingredients, pH and method
of preparation)(Demonstration)
a. Solidmedia (1)Nutrientagar (2) Mac Conkey’s agar
b. Liquid Media (1) Nutrient broth (2) Peptonewater.
1. Culture methods(Demonstration)
a) Streak plate technique and isolation of purecolonies.
b) Lawn culture (c) Pourplateculture(d) Liquidculture
1. Examination of microbes in living condition

2. Hanging drop method for demonstrating motility of bacteria.
3. Gram staining – Preparation, procedure, Identification of Gram + ve and Gram –ve
bacteria.
4. Antibiotic sensitivity test (demonstration only)
5. Streak plating (individual performance)
6. Preparation of a fungal smear – Lactophenol cotton blue staining and mounting
7. Determination of ABO blood groups and Rh factor (Antigen – antibody Reaction)
8. Enumeration of bacterial colonies in the given water sample
9. Histological study of bonemarrow, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes through slides/
photographs (rat/man)
10. Ouchterlony double diffusion method (demonstration)

Core Course XI: Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology (ZOO6CRT0319)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Get knowledge about the chemical and molecular basis of gene in an organism
• Analyze the functional role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis
• Develop knowledge and appreciation about various applications of biotechnology.
• Aware about the positive and negative aspects of biotechnological inventions.
• Evaluate the role of bioinformatics in academic, industrial and research fields .
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (20 Hours)
Module I (8 Hours)
Nature of Genetic Materials: Discovery of DNA as genetic material – Griffith’s transformation

experiments. Avery Macarty and Macleod, Hershey Chase Experiment of Bacteriophage
infection, Prokaryotic genome; Eukaryotic genome. Structure and. Types of DNA & RNA.DNA
replication. Modern concept of gene (Cistron, muton, recon, viral genes)., Brief account of the
following-- Split genes (introns and exons), Junk genes, Pseudogenes, Overlapping genes,
Transposons.
Gene Expressions: Central Dogma of molecular biology and central dogma reverse, one gene-
one enzyme hypothesis, One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis Characteristics of genetic code,
Contributions of Hargobind Khorana.
Protein synthesis [prokaryotic]: Transcription of mRNA, Reverse transcription, post

transcriptional modifications, Translation, Post translational modifications.
Gene regulations: Prokaryotic (inducible& repressible systems) Operon concept -Lac operon
and Tryptophan operon, Brief account of Eukaryotic gene regulation.

Module III (11Hours)
Introduction: Scope, Brief History, Scope and Importance

Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology: Enzymes (restriction endonucleases, ligases, linkers &
adapters), Vectors-[ Plasmids, Phage vectors, Cosmids, Artificial Chromosomes] Host cells. Basic
steps & techniques in rDNA technology
Gene Libraries, Construction of genomic library and cDNA Library. PCR technique and DNA
amplification, Brief description of screening methods – Probes, Nucleic Acid hydridization, In
situ Hybridization, Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH), Colony hybridization. Methods of
transfer of desired gene into target cell.Blotting Techniques- Southern, Northern, Western
blotting. DNA Finger printing (DNA Profiling) and its application. Molecular markers -RFLP
Module IV (9 Hours)
Animal Cell Culture: Brief account on methods, substrates, media and procedure of animal cell
culture, Stem Cells, types and potential use, Organismal Cloning- reproductive & therapeutic-
brief account only.
Applications of Biotechnology: Applications in Medicine (insulin, growth hormone, gene

therapy), Agriculture (GM plants and biopesticides), Environment(bioremediation), Industry
(Single Cell Protein) and applications of Fermentation Technology- lactic acid, vitamins, food
and beverages.
Potential Hazards of Biotechnological Inventions: Risks related to genetically modified

organisms (GMO) and biologically active products, biological warfare & Biopiracy. Protection of
biotechnological inventions. Intellectual Property Rights, Patenting and patent protection.
BIOINFORMATICS (14 Hours)
Module V (8 Hours)
Introduction: Definition, importance and role of bioinformatics in life sciences. Computational

Biology.
Biological databases: Nucleotide sequence databases (NCBI- GENBANK, DDBJ and EMBL).

Protein databases - structure and sequence databases (PDB, SWISSPROT and UNIPROT).
Introduction to Sequences alignments: Local alignment and Global alignment, Pair wise
alignment (BLAST and FASTA] and multiple sequence alignment. Phylogenetic Tree construction
and Analysis
Module VI (6 Hours)
Molecular visualization software - RASMOL. Basic concepts of Drug discovery pipe line,
computer aided drug discovery and its applications. Human Genome
Project.formaticsinlifesciences. ComputationalBiology.
Biological databases: Nucleotide sequence databases (NCBI- GENBANK, DDBJ and EMBL).
Protein databases - structure and sequence databases (PDB, SWISSPROT and UNIPROT).
Introduction to Sequences alignments: Local alignment and Global alignment, Pair wise
alignment (BLAST and FASTA] and multiple sequence alignment. Phylogenetic Tree construction
and Analysis.
References
• Singh B.D Biotechnology 2002. Kalyan Publishers NewDelhi.
• Brown C.H., Campbell I and Priest F, G. 1987. Introduction of Biotechnology (Blackwell

scientific publishersOxford).
• Colin RatledgeBijornKristiansesn, 2008. Basic Biotechnology 3 rd ed. Cambridge University.
• Janarathanan S and Vincent S. 2007. Practical Biotechnology, Method of Protocols.

UniversityPress.
• John E. Smith. Biotechnology Cambridge Low priced ed. (Third Ed) 2005 Madingan,
Martinko and Parker 2002, Biology of Microorganisms, Brock Eighth Ed. PrenticeHall.
• Singh B.D. Biotechnolgy 2002, Kalyan Publishers NewDelhi.
• Sudha Gangal 2007. Biotechnology Principles and and practice of Animal Tissue culture,
UniversitiesPress.
• Bruce Albert, Bray Dennis, Levis Julian, Raff Martin, Roberts Keith and Watson James
(2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, V Edition, Garland publishing Inc., NewYork and

London.
• De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006).Cell and MolecularBiology.VIII Edition.

Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
• Gupta, P. K ( 2002) Cell and Molecular Biology, (2ed), Rastogi Publications., Meerut
• James Darnell. (1998) Molecular Biology. Scientific American Books Inc
• Thomas AP(Editor). 2011 Cell andMolecular Biology. The Fundamentals. Greenleaf

publications .TIESKottayam
• Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. (2011) Cell and Molecular Biology

Core Course XI: Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology– Practical

(ZOO6CRP0319)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Perform isolation of genetic material
• Analyze structural and functional role of DNA and RNA
• Get basic knowledge about protein and nucleic acid databases
• Able to use various tools in biotechnology and to know its applications.
• Familiarize the tools and techniques of bioinformatics
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Identify and comment on its molecular composition / structural orientation / functional

significance (Any tissue / Cell organelles/ DNA, DNA replication, RNA differenttypes using
models ordiagrams)
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Identify and comment on the item provided: (Western blotting / Southern blotting /
Northern blotting /PCR)
• Write down the procedure involved in DNA isolation
BIOINFORMATICS
1. Download/use print out/pictures of genome sequences of any 2 organisms. Identify and

mention the characteristic features ofboth.
2. Download/ use print out/pictures of a protein sequence , identify it and comment on its
amino acid composition
3. Download / use print out/pictures of a macromolecule. Write a brief note on the

bioinformatics tool used to visualize its structure.

Core Course XII: Occupational Zoology (Apiculture, Vermiculture, Quail Farming and
Aquaculture) (ZOO5COT0119)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Support our Nation’s prime cleanliness drive, ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’.
• Interpret how small to large scale business ventures become possible, with proper
training in the technology.
• Get awareness about conservation of space for utilizing it for useful causes.
• Learn to trigger the market appetite for sales in order to popularize alternate eco-
friendly methods that can produce viable outputs from cheap inputs.
• Develop ability to provide awareness to local communities to bring into practice, novel
methods to a cleaner environment.
Module I: APICULTURE (18 Hours)
Definition, Different species of honey bees, Organization of honey bee colony, Social life and
adaptation of honey bees. Communication among honey bees. Bee keeping methods and
equipments, Management and maintenance of an apiary, Growth period, honey flow period
and dearth period Division of the colony, uniting two colonies, , replacing old queen with new
queen, swarming management, monsoon management. Enemies of bees. Diseases of bees. Bee
pasturage. Uses of honey bees, By-products of honey bees, Honey and wax composition.
Testing the quality of honey. Extraction of wax, Uses of honey and wax Royal jelly, Propolis.
Apitherapy, Agencies supporting apiculture.
Activity: Visit to an apiculture unit.
Field visit and report submission (10 Hours)
Field visit and report submission on any two items are taken for internal evaluation.

Module II: VERMICULTURE (8 Hours)
Introduction, Ecological classification of earth worms. Species of earth worms used for
vermicultre, Reproduction & life cycle, Role of earth worm in solid waste management, in
agriculture, in medicine etc. Preparation of vermibed, Maintenance & monitoring, Preparation
of vermicompost, Preparation of vermiwash.
Activity: Submission of a report after preparing a vermiculture unit or visiting a

vermicomposting unit.
Module III: QUAIL FARMING (Coturnix coturnix) (4 Hours)
Introduction, care of quail chicks, care of adult quails, care of breeding quails, ration for quail,
care of hatching eggs, health care, use of quail egg and meat. Sources of quality chicks.
Module IV: AQUACULTURE (24 Hours)
Advantages and salient features of aquaculture, Types of Aquaculture, Biotic and abiotic
features of water, Importance of algae in aquaculture, Common cultivable fishes of Kerala, Fish
diseases, Composite fish culture, Integrated fish culture, Carp culture, Prawn culture Mussel
culture Pearl culture. Processing & Preservation.
Aquarium management - Setting up of an aquarium, Biological filter & Aeration, Breeding of

gold fish, gourami (Osphronemus), fighter and Guppy (live bearer). Nutrition and types of feed
for aquarium fishes, Establishment of commercial ornamental fish culture unit. Fish
Transportation - Live fish packing and transport Common diseases of aquarium fishes and their
management.
Aquaponics (a brief introduction only).
Activity – Setting up of an Aquarium Field visit – Visiting an Aquaculture farm
References
• NPCS Board, the complete book on Bee keeping and honey processing, NIIR Project
consultancy services, 106E, Kamala nagar, Delhi- 110007.
• Shukla G.S, andUpdhyay V.B, Economic zoology ,Rastogi Publ. Meerut. Pradip.V.Jabde , Text
book of applied zoology, 2005

• Applied Zoology, Study Material Zoological Society of Kerala, CMS college Campus Clive. A
Edwards, Norman. Q. and Rhonda. 2011. Vermitechnology: earthworms, organic waste and
environmental management.
• Chauhan, H.V.S. Poultry, Disease, diagnosis and treatment, Wiley eastern Ltd. Delhi.
Otieno.F.O 2014. Quail farming: markets and market strategies
• Pillai T.V.R., Aquaculture, principles and practices.
• Ronald j. Roberts (1978) Fish pathology , Cassel Ltd London.
• Cowey C. B. et. al. (1985) Nutrition and feeding in fishes, academy press. Farm made
aquafeeds. FAO fisheries Technical paper, 343.
• Harisankar J. Alappatand A. Bijukumar, Aquarium Fishes. B. R. Publ. Corporation, Delhi.

MPEDA, A hand Book on AquafarmingOrnamentalfishes, MPEDA, Kochi.
• Amber Richards. 2014. Aquaponics at home. Pradip.V.Jabde. 1993. Text book of applied
zoology
• Venkitaraman, P.R,1983, Text book of Economic zoology(SudharsanaPuubl. Kochi) Addison

Webb, Bee Keepingfor profit and pleasure, Agrobios Ltd.
• Edwards.C.A.andLafty, J.R.1972 Biology of earthworms(Chapman andHallLed.London)

Applied Zoology, Study Material Zoological Society of Kerala , CMS college Campus George
custand Peter Bird, Tropical Fresh water Aquaria, HamlynLondon.
• Verreth J. Fish larval nutrition, Chapman and Hall Publ. Bone Packer. 2014. Aquaponic
system

Core Course XII: Occupational Zoology– Practical (ZOO5COP0119)

36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Acquire knowledge about the different species of culturable fishes, ornamental fishes,
fish culture practices, management of fish culture, fish processing and preservation.
• Apply the concept of vermicomposting to undertake waste management measures
• Acquire knowledge about the different honey bee species, bee products and earthworm
species
• Analyse the employment opportunities in rearing quails.
• Identify and differentiate ornamental fishes.
1. General Identification, Economic importance, Morphology, scientific names and common

names of the following
a. Economic important and morphology of culturable fishes (Catla, Rohu,Grass carp,
Common carp, Silver carp, Etroplussuratensis, Oreochromis /Tilapia, Mugil
cephalusandAnabas Testudineus)
b. Identification and morphology of ornamental fishes (gold fish,
fighter,Gourami,Angel fish, Guppy
c. Two species of earthworms used inVermiculture
d. Four species of honeybees
e. Economic importance and morphology of shell fishes (Any three species of prawn,
two marine mussels, two oysters one rock oyster - Crasostriaand pearl oyster -
Pinctada fucataand freshwater mussel - Lamellidensmarginalis).
2. Castes of bees
3. Principle and uses of - Aquarium filters, Aquarium aerator, Aquarium plants, Oven,
Pelletiser, Screw Press, dieplate
4. Identification and study of fish parasites and diseases (five numbers each)using
slides/pictures
5. Bee keeping equipments, Beehive, Smoker, honey extractor, QueenCage,
6. Bees wax, Honey, Vermicompost (Identification-Uses)

7. Formulation of artificial feed for aquarium fishes – demonstration

8. Tests for determining the adulteration inhoney.
9. Mounting of pollenbasket
10. Separation of cocoon from worm castings.

Open Course

Open Course (For Other Streams): Public Health and Nutrition (ZOO5-COT0119)
72 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• A general awareness among the students regarding the real sense of health.
• Able to interpret the role of balanced diet in maintaining health.
• Identify the importance of yoga and meditation in day-to-day.
• Knowledge of various types of communicable diseases.
• Acquire theoretical knowledge in first aid.
PART I: HEALTH, EXERCISE & NUTRITION
Module I: Definition and Meaning of Health (10 Hours)
Dimensions and Determination of Health Physical Activity and Health benefits
Effect of exercise on body systems – Circulatory, Respiratory, Endocrine, Skeletal and Muscular
Programmes on Community health promotion (Individual, Family and Society) Dangers of

alcoholic and drug abuse, medico-legal implications
Module II: Nutrition and Health (10 Hours)
Concept of Food and Nutrition, Balanced diet Vitamins, Malnutrition, Deficiency Disease
Determining Caloric intake and expenditure Obesity, causes and preventing measures
Role of Diet and Exercise, BMI
Module III: Safety Education in Health promotion (8 Hours)
Principles of Accident prevention Health and Safety in daily life.
Health and Safety at work. First aid and emergency care.
Common injuries and their management. Modern life style and hypokinetic diseases.
Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disorders-Prevention and Management.

Module IV: Life Skill Education (8 Hours)
Life skills, emotional adjustment and wellbeing. Yoga, Meditation and Relaxation, Psychoneuro
immunology
PART II: PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION
Module V: Public health and water quality (11 Hours)
Potable water, Health and Water quality

Faecal bacteria and pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by water. Determination of
sanitary quality of drinking water, water purification techniques
Module VI: Public health and diseases (15 Hours)
Water borne diseases- Cholera and Typhoid. Prevention of Water borne diseases.
Food borne diseases and Prevention Botulism, Salmonellosis, Hepatitis A
Vector borne diseases & Control measures Chikungunya, Filariasis and Dengue fever
Zoonotic disease-Leptospirosis & its control KFD

Emerginag diseases - Swine flu (H1N1), Bird flu (H5N1), SARS, Anthrax
Re-emerging diseases –TB, Malaria
Health Centre visit & Report Presentation (10 Hours)
References
• Gladys Francis and Mini K.D., (Editors) (2012), Microbiology, Zoological Society of Kerala,
Kottayam.
• Greenberg, Jerol S and Dintiman George B (1997) Wellness Creating alife of Health and
Fitness , London Allyn and BaconInc.
• K Park, (2008) Park’s Text Book of Preventive and Social Mediine 18th Edition.
BanarasidassBhenotPublication
• Norman Bezzaant HELP First Aid for everyday emergencies.Jaico Publishing House,
Bombay,Delhi
• Tom Sanders and Peter Emery. (2004) Molecular basis of humannutrition: Taylor and
Francis Publishers AneBook
• Pelczar M.J. Jr. E.C.S. Chane and N.R. Krieg, Microbiology (Conceptand Applications). 5th
edition. Tata McGraw Publishing Company Ltd.

Elective Course

Elective Course: Nutrition, Health and Lifestyle Management (ZOO6CBT0119)

72 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Provides students with a general concept of health and the parameters that define health
and wellness.
• Understands principles of nutrition and its role in health.
• Knowledge regarding food safety, food laws and regulations.
• Knowledge and understanding regarding life style diseases.
• Promotes an understanding of the value of good life style practices, physical fitness and
healthy food habits for life style disease management.
Module I (15 Hours)
Nutrition and health: Nutritional requirements of man, classification of major nutrients

including protein, vitamins and minerals, water, role of fibre, biological value of food
components, food groups and sources, balanced diet, RDA, BMI, BMR, Calorie intake and
expenditure, Healthy eating pyramid, Nutrition in infancy, preschool, school, adolescent,
pregnancy, lactation and old age. Nutrition in diseases and special conditions. Food safety:
Nutrition education, food sanitation and hygiene, food adulteration and consumer protection.
Understanding of health: Define health, basic concepts, dimensions of health, basic parameters
of health care. (Health Parameters: Individual normal standards, devices.
Blood pressure
Brain activities and sleep,
Focus or attention
Pulse
Body temperature

Daily physical activities
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Cardiac fitness
Stress
Haematological parameters
BMI
Introduction to Life style diseases
Common life style diseases: Alzheimer’s disease and other neural disorders, asthma, cancer,
cardio vascular diseases - including hypertension, Atherosclerosis and stroke, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, Diabetes Mellitus or Type 2 Diabetes, kidney disorders and
chronic renal failure, constipation, depression, gastro-intestinal disturbances including diarrhea
and peptic ulcer, liver cirrhosis and other liver diseases, obesity, osteoporosis, occupational
lifestyle diseases.
Modern lifestyle disorders: sleeping habits, junk food, poor eating habits, anxiety, food
poisoning
Causes of lifestyle diseases: Defects of modern food habits and unbalanced diet options, food
adulteration, environmental pollution, poor life style choices, drug abuse, tobacco smoking,
alcohol and drug consumption, lack of adequate exercise, wrong body posture, disturbed
biological clock, stressful environmental conditions
Module V (14 Hours)
Prevention and control of life style diseases:
Healthy life style habits and practices, healthy eating habits, exercise and fitness, good sleep
patterns, a strict no to alcohol, drugs, and other illegal drugs. Uncontrollable factors like age,

gender, heredity and race.
Healthy diet: disease prevention through appropriate diet and nutrition, avoiding foods that are
high in fats, salt and refined products. Avoid junk food and replace by natural food/ organic
food.
Physical exercise: Moderate exercise for fitness of body, walking, stretching, right postures of
sitting & standing, relaxation and cutting down of stress, sports, aerobic exercise and yoga.
Health literacy as a public health goal: Awareness programs in schools, colleges and through
mass media.
References
• AAPHERD (1980). Health Related Physical Fitness Test Manual. Published by Association
drive RestonVirginia.
• ACSM (2005). Health Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins USA, 3. Begum, M.R. (2006).A Text Book of Foods, Nutrition andDietetics. 2nd Edn.
Sterling Low Price Edition.Sterling Publishers Private Ltd., NewDelhi.
• Bucher, C.A., (1979). Foundation of Physical Education (5th ed.). Missouri: C.V.Mosby co.
• CharlesB.C.,et.al,C.A.,(2004).ConceptsofFitnessandWellness.Boston:McGrawHill.
• Delvin, T.M (1997). Text Book of Biochemistry with clinical correlation. 4th Edn. John Wiley
and SonsInc.Ltd.U.K.
• Evert, A.B. and Boucher J.L., (2014). New Diabetes Nutrition TherapyRecommendations:
• What You Need to KnowDiabetesSpectr. 2014 May; 27(2): 121– 130.Pubmed Published
online 2014 May 14. doi: 10.2337/diaspect.27.2.121 8. Fahey,T.P.Insel,M, and W. Roth
(2005) Fit and Well New York: McGraw Hill Inc.
• Greenberg, and Dintiman B 1997.Wellness Creating a life of Health andFitness,LondonAllyn

and BaconInc.
• Kumar, M and Kumar R. 2003 Guide to Healthy Living: Role of food and exercise.Deep and
DeepPublications.

• Kumar, M. and Kumar R. 2004. Guide to Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases. Deepand Deep
Publications.Curriculum for B.Sc. ZoologyProgramme.108
• Les Snowdan. ,(2002). Maggie Humphrey's Fitness walking, Maggie Humphery Orient Paper
Backs 2002 NewDelhi.
• Puri, K., and Chandra.S.S., (2005). Health and Physical Education. New Delhi:Surjeet
Publications
• Rai, B.C., (2005). Health Education and Hygiene Published by PrakashanKendra, Lucknow.
• Ralph, S., Barger P., Jr. and Leolson E. (1999) Life Fit, 1999 Human KineticsUSA
• Schlenker, E. and J.A.Gilbert. (2014) Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy,Edt.
• RDWilliams. 11e Paperback – Import, 4 Nov 2014
• Sing.MD. (2008). Textbook of Nutritional Health and First Ed:2008 Academic excellence.

Complementary Zoology Courses: Offered by Zoology Department For –
Model I – B.Sc. Botany
Model II –B.Sc. Aquaculture
Model III – B.Sc. Industrial Fish And Fisheries
Inst Credi
Semester Code Title of the Course Hours
Hours/week t
ZOO1CMT0
1 Non-Chordate Diversity 36 2 2
119
Non-Chordate Diversity
1 36 2 0
(Practicals)
ZOO2CMT0
2 Chordate Diversity 36 2 2
219
2 Chordate Diversity (Practicals) 36 2 0
Practical 1
ZOO2CMP0
2 Non-Chordate Diversity 2
119
+ Chordate Diversity (Practicals)
ZOO3CMT0
3 Physiology and Immunology 54 3 3
119
Physiology and Immunology

3 36 2 0
(Practicals)
ZOO4CMT0
4 Applied Zoology 54 3 3
119
Applied Zoology (Practicals) 36 2
Practical 2
ZOO4CMPO
4 Physiology and Immunology+ 2
119
Applied Zoology (Practical)

Complementary Courses: Semester I

Non-Chordate Diversity (ZOO1CMT0119)
36 Hours Credits 2
Course Outcomes
• Improve the knowledge about criteria for animal classification.
• Improve the knowledge of animals about their special adaptations and evolutionary
relationship
• Be able to explain the unity in diversity of organism.
• Study specific and scientific names to organism.
Collect information about useful and harmful animals and understand the nature of habitat.
Module I (10 Hours)
Introduction: Five kingdom classification
Kingdom Protista: Salient features (any five important salient features) of each phylum with
one example each (detailed account of example is not necessary).
Phylum: Rhizopoda (eg: Amoeba)
Phylum: Actinopoda (eg: Actinophrys)
Phylum: Dinoflagellata (eg: Noctiluca)
Phylum: Parabasalia (eg:Trychonympha)
Phylum: Metamonda (eg: Giardia)
Phylum: Kinetoplasta (eg: Trypanosoma)
Phylum: Euglenophyta (eg: Euglena)
Phylum: Cryptophyta (eg: Cryptomonas)
Phylum: Opalinata (eg: Opalina)
Phylum: Bacillariophyta (eg: Diatoms)

Phylum: Chlorophyta (eg:Volvox)
Phylum: Choanoflagellata (eg:Proterospongia)
Phylum: Ciliophora (eg:Paramecium)
Phylum: Sporozoa (eg:Plasmodium)
Phylum: Microsporidia (eg: Nosema)
Phylum: Rhodophyta (eg: Red algae)
General Topic: Pathogenic Protists – Plasmodium, Entamoeba
Module II (3 Hours)
Phylum Porifera: Salient features (eg: Leucosolenia)
Phylum Coelenterata: Salient features and classification upto class.
Class1: Hydrozoa (eg:Physalia)
Class2: Schyphozoa (eg: Aurelia)
Class3: Anthozoa (eg:Adamsia)
General Topic: Corals and Coral reefs.
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Salient features and classification up to class.
Class1: Turbelleria (eg:Planaria)
Class 2: Trematoda (eg:Fasciola)
Class3: Cestoda (eg: Taenia solium)
Phylum Nematoda: Salient features and classification up to class.
Class 1: Phasmida (eg:Wuchereria)
Class 2: Aphasmida (eg:Trichinella)
Phylum Annelida: Salient features and classification up to class.
Class 1: Polychaeta (eg: Nereis)

Class 2: Oligochaeta (eg:Pheretima)
Class 3: Hirudinomorpha (eg: Hirudinaria )
Phylum Arthropoda: Salient features. Type study – Fenneropenaeus (Penaeus) - habitat,

morphology, appendages, sexual dimorphism, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory
system, excretory system, nervous system, sense organs, reproductive system, larvalstages.
Classification up to class with one example each
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Class 1: Trilobita (Extinct) (eg: Dalmanites)
Subphyluam: Chelicerata
Class 1: Merostoma (eg: Limulus)
Class 2: Arachnida (eg: Spider)
Class 3: Pycnogonida (eg:Nymphon)
Subphylum Mandibulata
Class 1: Crustacea (eg: Daphnia)
Class 2: Chilopoda (eg: Centipede)
Class 3: Symphyla (eg: Scutigerella)
Class 4: Diplopoda (eg: Millipede)
Class 5: Pauropoda (eg: Pauropus)
Class 6: Insecta (eg: Butterfly)
Module V (6 Hours)
Phylum Mollusca: Salient features and classification up to class
Class1: Aplacophora (eg: Neomenia)
Class 2: Monoplacophora (eg: Neopilina)
Class3: Polyplacophora (eg: Chiton)

Class4: Bivalvia (eg: Perna)
Class5: Gastropoda (eg: Xancus)
Class6: Cephalopoda (eg: Sepia)
Class7: Scaphopoda (eg:Dentalium)
Phylum Echinodermata: Salient features and classification up to class.
Class 1: Asteroidea (eg: Astropecten)
Class 2: Ophiuroidea (eg: Ophiothrix)
Class 3: Echinoidea (eg: Echinus)
Class 4: Holothuroidea (eg: Holothuria)
Class 5: Crinoidea (eg: Antedon)
Phylum Hemichordata : Salient features (eg: Balanoglossus)
References
• Animal Diversity (2002). Published by Zoological Society of Kerala. Barnes, R D, (1987).

Invertebrate Zoology (W.B. Saunders, New York).
• Barrington, E.J.W., (1967). Invertebrate Structure and function (ELBS and Nelson , London).
Dhami, P.S. and Dhami, J.K. (1979). Invertebrate Zoology (R. Chand and Co. New Delhi).
• EkambaranathaAyyer M (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume 1. Invertebrate Part I and

Part II S Viswanathan printers 7 Publishers Pvt.Ltd.
• Groove, A.J. and Newell, G.E. (1974). Animal Biology – Indian Reprint (University Book Stall,
New Delhi).
• Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrate vols. (McGraw-Hill) 1942. Comparative vertebrate Anatomy
(The University of Chicago Press).
• James R.D. (1987). Invertebrate Zoology, W.B. Saunders, New York.
• Kapoor, V.C. 1994. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy (Oxford and IBH Publishing
Co., New Delhi.)

• Kotpal R.L. Agarwal S.K. and R.P. Khetharpal (2002). Modern Text Book of Zoology. Parker
T.J and Haswell W.A. (1962). Text Book of Zoology Vol. I. Invertebrate (ELBS andMacmillan,
London).
• Vijayakumaran Nair, Jayakumar J and Paul P I (2007) Protista and Animal Diversity
Academica Publication

Non-Chordate Diversity- Practical (ZOO1CMP0119)
36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Illustrate the invertebrate specimens with precision.
• Perform scientific drawing of specimens.
• Compare the anatomy and morphology of non-chordates through transverse or

longitudinal sections, dissections and mountings.
• Develop the skills to identify and classify the various groups of non-chordates.
• Acquire knowledge about the evolutionary, adaptation and taxonomic significance of

non-chordates
1. Scientific drawing - 5specimens
2. Simple identification - 10 invertebrates, out of which 5 by their scientific names
3. T.S - Earthworm, T.S Fasciola
4. Dissection - Nervous system ofPrawn
5. Dissection - Nervous system ofCockroach
6. Mounting – Prawn Appendages

Complementary Courses: Semester II

Chordate Diversity (ZOO2CMTO119)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Develop in depth knowledge on the diversity of chordates and their systematic position
• Acquire knowledge about the distinguishing characteristics and classification of the

major vertebrate phyla.
• Be aware of the economic importance of some classes.
• Will be able to distinguish the evolutionary importance of selected chordate groups.
• Acquire knowledge about various adaptations seen in different chordate classes.
Module I (4 Hours)
Phylum Chordata: Fundamental characters and outline classification up to class.
Sub phylum Urochordata: General characters, Classification:
Class 1: Larvacea (eg: Oikopleura)
Class 2: scidiacea (eg:Ascidia)
Retrogressive metamorphosis.
Class 3: Thaliacea (eg: Salpa)
Sub phylum Cephalochordata: Salient features (eg: Branchiostoma)
Module II (6 Hours)
Sub phylum Vertebrata: Salient features
Division Agnatha : salient features and classification
Class 1: Cyclostoma (eg: Petromyzon)
Class 2: Ostracodermi (eg: Cephalapsis)
Division Gnathostomata: Salient features Super class Pisces
Super class Tetrapoda.

Super class Pisces: Salient features and classification
Class 1: Chondrichthyes (eg: Narcine)
Class 2: Osteichthyes (eg: Latimeria)
General Topic: Accessory respiratory organs in fishes.
Super class Tetrapoda: Salient features
Class 1: Amphibia: Salient features.
Type study: Euphlyctishexadactyla- Habitat, morphology, sexual dimorphism, coelom and

viscera, skeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory
system, nervous system, sense organs, reproductive system, development.
Classification up to order:
Order 1: Urodela (eg: Amblystoma)

Order 2: Anura (eg: Bufo)
Order 3: Apoda (eg: Icthyophis)
Module IV (6 Hours)
Class Reptilia: Salient features and classification up to subclass
Sub class 1: Anapsida (eg: Chelone)

Sub class 2: Diapsida (eg: Chamaeleon)
Sub class 3: Parapsida (eg: Icthyosaurus)
General Topics: Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of Kerala.
Class Aves: Salient features and classification up to subclass
Sub class: Archeornithes (eg: Archaeopteryx)

Sub class: Neornithes (eg: Struthio)
General Topics: Flight adaptation of birds
Module V (6 Hours)
Class Mammalia: Salient features and classification up to subclass

Sub class 1: Protheria (eg: Echidna)

Sub class 2: Metatheria (eg: Macropus)
Sub class 3: Eutheria (eg: Elephas)
General Topic: General adaptation of aquatic mammals with example.
References
• Animal Diversity (2002). Zoological Society Of Kerala Study Material Series. Published by
Zoological Society of Kerala
• Deoras, P.J. (1981). Snakes of India (National Book Trust of India.)
• EkamberanathaAyyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I. Vertebrate Part I and Part

II S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
• EkamberanathaAyyar M. (1990) A Manual of Zoology, Volume I. Vertebrate Part I and Part

II S. Viswanathan Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
• Groove, A.J. and Newell, G.E. (1974). Animal Biology - Indian Reprint Universal Book Stall,
New Delhi.
• Induchoodan, (1986), KweralathilePakshikal (Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trichur).
• Kapoor, V.C. 1994, Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy (Oxford and IBM Publishing
Co. New Delhi.
• Lagler, K.F. ,Bardach, J.E. , Miller, R.R. Passino, D.R.M. 1977 Ichthyology (John Wiley and
Sons). Mayer, E. (1980). Principles of Systematic Zoology (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
New Delhi. Newman, H.H. (1939). Phylum Chordata, (Macmillan Pub. Co. New York)
• Nigam H.C. (1978) , Zoology of Chordata (S. Chand and Co. New Delhi).
• Parker, T.J. and Haswell W.A. (1962). Text Book of Zoology Col. II Vertebrates (ELBS and
Macmillan , London).
• Parter S.H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals (Bombay Natural History Society). Salim Ali,
(1969). Birds of Kerala (Oxford University Press).
• Sinha A.K., Adhikari S. Ganguly, B.B. (1988). Biology of Animals Vol. II (New Central Book
Agency, Calcutta.)
• Whitaker, R. (1978) Common Indian Snakes – A field Guide Macmillan and Co. of India Ltd.)

Young J.Z. (1981). The life of Vertebrate s (Oxford University Press).

Chordate Diversity – Practical (ZOO2CMPO119)
36 Hours 2 credits
Course Outcomes
• Perform scientific drawing of specimens
• Identify the local chordate diversity through observation and identification.
• Examine the anatomy and morphology of Chordates.
• Apply taxonomic keys in classification of vertebrates.
• Interpret the osteological features of chordates.
1. Simple identification of 10 chordates, out of which 5 by their scientific names
2. Osteology - Vertebrae and girdles of Frog
3. Snake identification - 3 poisonous and 3 non poisonous snakes with key
4. Mounting of placoid scales of shark
5. Dissections: Frog: Photographs/Diagrams/ models may be used for the study.
1. Frog -Viscera
2. Frog - DigestiveSystem
3. Frog - ArterialSystem
4. Frog-Brain

Complementary Courses: Semester III

Physiology and Immunology (ZOO3CMT0119)

54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Gain knowledge of the co-relation between the structure and function of an organism.
• Become aware of the health-related problems, their origin and treatment.
• Course will provide students a deep knowledge in how efficiently our immune system
works.
• Acquires knowledge about preventing common diseases rather than curing.
• Students will acquire a broad knowledge about the hormonal regulation of physiological
processes
Module I (14 Hours)
Nutrition: Types of nutrition – autotrophy, heterotrophy. Nutritional requirements –

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals (Ca, Fe, I), vitamins (sources and deficiency disorders),
nutritional disorders
Respiration: Transport of respiratory gases in blood - transport of oxygen, transport of carbon

dioxid. Respiratory disturbances – Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Asphyxia, physiological effect of
smoking, carbon monoxide poisoning.
Circulation: Composition and functions of blood. Plasma and formed elements - WBC, RBC and
platelets, Mechanism of blood coagulation – clotting factors, anticoagulants.
ECG, Blood pressure, Arteriosclerosis, Heamophilia, cerebral and pulmonary thrombosis.
Module II (14 hours)
Excretion: Structure of a nephron. Urine formation – glomerular filteration, tubular

reabsorption, tubular secretion. Composition of urine – normal and abnormal constituents.
Kidney stone, dialysis.
Neuro physiology: Structure of a neuron. Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibre, nerve

impulse production (resting membrane potential, action potential), All or none law, saltatory
conduction, synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitters (acetyl choline, adrenalin, dopamine),
brain waves, EEG. Neural disorders - Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease.
Muscle physiology: Types of muscles: striated, non-striated and cardiac. Ultra-structure of

striated muscle, Mechanism of muscle contraction, cori cycle and muscle relaxation. Muscle
fatigue, oxygen debt, Rigor mortis.
Module III (8 hours)
Endocrinology: Introduction to Endocrine system. Endocrine glands - hypothalamus, pituitary

gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gland,
thymus gland, testis and ovary. Physiological role of hormones, Hormonal disorders.
Immunology: Introduction to immunology, types of immunity – innate, acquired, passive,

active, mechanism of innate immunity (barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis). Types of
antigens. Basic structure of immunoglobulins, Classes of immunoglobulins and functions.
Antigen antibody reactions (Brief account), Precipitation test, agglutination test, WIDAL, VDRL,
HIV test (ELISA),
Module V (6 Hours)
Immune response system: (Brief accounts of the followings)
Primary and secondary lymphoid organs, Cells of Immune system - T&B lymphocytes, natural
killer cells, macrophages, plasma cells, memory cells, Monoclonal antibodies, Hybridoma
technology.
Immune disorders: Hypersensitivity, Auto immunity (rheumatoid arthritis) & Immunodeficiency

(AIDS), Vaccines - BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine.
References
• Barret K.E et.al.,2009. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology 23 rdedn. by Mc Graw Hill,
New Delhi.
• Best, C H, Taylor, N B 1991 Physiological basis of Medical practice 12th edn. edited by John

B. West.
• Chakrabarti B K, Ghosh H N and Sahana S N 1984: Human Physiology, the New Book Stall,
Calcutta, India
• Chatterjee C.C 1973: Human Physiology, Vol I 8thedn. Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta
Chatterjee C.C 1975: Human Physiology Vol II 9thedn New Central Book Agency Calcutta.
Hall J.E and C Guyton 2010 Text Book of Medical Physiology. 12 thedn. Publishers Saunders
Knut Schmidt Nilesen 2007 Animal Physiology – Adaptation and environment. Cambridge
• University press 5 th ed.
• Prosser C L,Brown J R, Frank A 1962 : Comparative Animal Physiology 2 ndedn. Saunders
• Roger Eckert; D Randall; George Augustine1988: Animal Physiology, Mechanism and

Adaptations,
• W.H Freeman, NewYork
• Singh H D,Madhavankutty K, Sarada Subrahmanyam 2014: Textbook of Human Physiology,

5thedn.
• S. Chand and Co Ltd, New Delhi.
• Zoological Society of Kerala, Study material 2002. Biochemistry, Physiology and

Developmental Biology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala

Physiology and Immunology– Practical (ZOO3CMP0119)

36 Hours
Course Outcomes
• Acquire knowledge about the various blood tests and the normal range
• Analyse biomolecules qualitatively and observe the action of enzymes
• Acquaint with various diagnostic instruments associated with physiological functions.
• Carry out experiments to find out the blood constituents.
• Will have a basic understanding of the experimental methods and designs that can be used
for further study and research.
1. Preparation of Human Blood smear and identification ofleucocytes
2. Qualitative analysis of Reducing Sugar, Protein andLipid
3. Action of Salivary amylase on Starch (Demonstration Only)
4. Estimation of Haemoglobin (Demonstrationonly)
5. Identification of human blood groups, A, AB, B and O, Rhfactor
6. Instruments (Principle and uses)- Sphygmomanometer ,Stethoscope

Complementary Courses: Semester IV

Applied Zoology (ZOO4CMT0119)
54 Hours 3 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Identify the types of culturable fishes, ornamental fishes, bee species, mussel, quail and
earthworm species.
• Identify fish parasites, silk worm - life cycle, montages, casts of honey bee, bee
parasites, apiculture tools, equipment and by-products.
• Interpret how small to large scale business ventures become possible, with proper
training in the technology.
• Learn to trigger the market appetite for sales in order to popularize alternate eco-
friendly methods that can produce viable outputs from cheap inputs.
• Develop ability to provide awareness to local communities to bring into practice, novel
methods to a cleaner environment.
Module I (24 Hours)
Aquaculture: Advantages of aquaculture, Traditional methods of aquaculture, Biotic and abiotic

factors in water, Pond culture – construction and maintenance. Types of aquacultures,
composite fish culture, integrated fish culture, induced breeding of carp & prawn, Importance
of algae in aquaculture. Aquarium management - Setting up of an aquarium, biological filter
and aeration. Common cultivable fishes of Kerala. Fish diseases, Prawn culture, mussel culture,
pearl culture, Fish processing and preservation.
Sericulture: Four species of silkworms, life history of silkworm, silk worm rearing techniques,
Mounting of silkworm - Chandrika, defective cocoons, harvesting and stifling of coccons.
Silkworm diseases and pest, preventive and control measures.
Vermiculture: Species of earthworms, ecological classification of earthworms, life cycle and

reproduction of earthworm. Physical & chemical effects of earthworms on soil,

Vermicomposting – site selection, preparation of pit, maintenance, monitoring and harvesting
of vermicompost.
Module IV (12Hours)
Apiculture: Species of honey bees, organization of honey bee colony. Bee keeping methods and
equipments. Apiary management and maintenance. Bee pasturage, by products of honey bees
and their uses. Diseases, pests of honey bees and control measures.
References
• Alikunhi, K.. H, Fish Culture in India (ICAR, New Delhi)Andhra Pradesh Agricultural
University, Hydrabad)
• Applied Zoology; (2002) Published by Zoological Society Of Kerala
• Bhosh, C.C., 1949, Silk Production and Weaving in India (CSIR), New Delhi) Director.
Zoological Survey of India, 1994, earthworms Resources and Vermiculture
• Edwards, C.A. andLafty, J.R. 1972 Biology of Earthworms (Chapman and Hall Led. London)
Jhingran, V.G., 1985 Fish and Fisheries of India (Hindustan Publ. Corporation, New Delhi)
Krishnaswami, S., 1986 Improved Method of Rearing Young age Silk worms (Central Silk
boardBangalore)
• Krishnaswami, S., 1986, New Technology of Silkworm Rearing (Central Silk Board
Bangalore) Kurien, C.V. and Sebastian V.C., Prawn Fisheries in India (Hindustan Publ.
Corporation, New Delhi) Lee, K. E., 1985 Earthworms, Their Ecology and relationships with
Soils and Land use. AcademicsPress.
• Menon, K.N., 1970 Malsyakrishi (State Institute of language, Trivandrum) Mysore Silk
Association, 1986, Silkworm rearing and Diseases of Silkworms
• PadmanabhaAiyer, K.S., 1992, Records of the Indian Museum Vol. XXXI, Part I, PP. 13-76 An
account of the Oligochacta of the Travancore
• Shiggene, K., 1969, Problems in Prawn Culture (American publ. Co., New Delhi) Shukla G.S.,
andUpdhyay V.B., Economic Zoology (Rastogi Publ. Meerut)

• Singh, S., 1962 Bee keeping in India (ICAR, New Delhi
• Sinhan, V.R.P. and Ramachandran, V., 1985, Fresh water Fish Culture (ICAR, New Delhi)

Applied Zoology – Practical (ZOO4CMP0119)
36 Hours 2 Credits
Course Outcomes
• Identify the types of culturable fishes, ornamental fishes, bee species, mussel, and
earthworm species,
• Identify fish parasites, silk worm - life cycle, montages, casts of honeybees, bee
parasites, apiculture tools, equipment and by-products
• Apply the concept of vermicomposting to undertake waste management measures
• Identify and differentiate ornamental fishes.
• Analyze the employment opportunities in apiculture, sericulture, aquaculture and

vermiculture.
1. General identification, economic importance, morphology, scientific names and common

names of the following
• Economic importance and morphology of culturable fishes (Catla, Rohu, Grass carp,
Common carp, Silver carp, Etroplus, Tilapia)
• Two species of earthworms used in Vermiculture
• Two species of honeybees
• Silkworm. Cocoon/Adult
1. Castes of honeybees
2. Bee keeping equipments - Bee hive, Smoker, honeyextractor
3. Identification and uses - Bee wax, Honey, Silk, Vermicompost
4. Chandrika / Natrika used insericulture

Gist of Changes
Gist of Changes proposed in the syllabus of B.Sc. ZOOLOGY from 2019 admission onwards-
CHANGES
SEMESTER
EXISTING PROPOSED
ANIMAL DIVERSITY – NON

CHORDATA (THEORY)
GENERAL PERSPECTIVES IN SCIENCE and
Module I: Systematics
PROTISTAN DIVERSITY (THEORY)
Module II: Protistan Diversity
Module I: Introduction to Scientific
Studies. Module III: Kingdom Animalia
Module II What is Biology? Module IV: Platyhelminthes,

Nematode, Annelida.
Module III: Taxonomical Principles and
I
tools. Module V: Onychophora,
Arthropoda.
Module IV: Kingdom Protista
Module VI: Mollusca,
Echinoderrmata and
Hemichordata.
GENERA PERSPECTIVES IN SCIENCE and ANIMAL DIVERSITY –
PROTISTAN DIVERSITY (PRACTICAL) NON-CHORDATA (PRACTICAL)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY –
NON-CHORDATA (THEORY) ANIMAL DIVERSITY CHORDATA

Module I: Kingdom Animalia (THEORY)
Module II: Platyhelminthes, Nematode, Module I: Introduction
Annelida.
II Module II: Vertebrata
Module III: Kingdom Animalia
Module III: Tetrapoda
Module IV: Platyhelminthes, Nematode,
Module IV: Class: Mammalia
Annelida.
Module V: Onychophora, Arthropoda.
Module VI: Mollusca, Echinoderrmata

and Hemichordata
ANIMAL DIVERSITY – NON-CHORDATA ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

(PRACTICAL) (PRACTICAL)
ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
(THEORY)
(THEORY)
Module I: Introduction
Module I: Symmetry
Module II: Vertebrata
Module II: Metamerism
III Module III: Tetrapoda
Module III: Skeleton, Cephalization
Module IV: Class: Mammalia
Module IV: Comparative anatomy
of systems in vertebrates.
ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
(PRACTICAL)
(PRACTICAL)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS

AND BIOSTATISTICS(THEORY)
Module I: Basic Concepts in Research
Module II: Animal Collection – Tools and NO CHANGE

techniques
IV Module III: Instrumentation
Module IV: Class: Bioethics
Module V: Biostatistics
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS

NO CHANGE
AND BIOSTATISTICS(PRACTICAL)
Module III: Air pollution and

Climate change (Debate), Plastic
and e-waste pollution, soil
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND HUMAN degradation, Case study – Periyar

RIGHTS (THEORY) river pollution water recycling
(ADDITIONS)
Module I: Ecosystem
Module IV: Reasons for Biodiversity
Module II: Concepts Of Population And
depletion,– case study- two major
Community
V biodiversity hotspots in India,
Module III: Biodiversity And
Examples of habitat destruction/
Environmental Issues.
fragmentation
Module IV: Conservation Of Biodiversity
(ADDITIONS)
Module V: Human Rights
Module V: Important global
summits, Treaties and Protocols
regarding Environmental issues,
IPCC/UNFCC ( Debate)
Concept of Sustainable

development, Environmental
Auditing
(Debate) (ADDITIONS)
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND

HUMAN RIGHTS (PRACTICAL)
ADDITIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND HUMAN Estimation of salinity in water

RIGHTS (PRACTICAL) samples
Estimation of soil organic carbon
Estimation of phosphate in water

samples
NO CHANGE
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS (THEORY)
CELL BIOLOGY AND

NO CHANGE
GENETICS(PRACTICAL)
6 HrCell Communication
EVOLUTION, ETHOLOGY and

ZOOGEOGRAPHY (THEORY) NO CHANGE
EVOLUTION, ETHOLOGY and

ZOOGEOGRAPHY (THEORY)
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY,

AND ENDOCRINOLOGY (THEORY) NO CHANGE
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY,

AND ENDOCRINOLOGY (THEORY)
PUBLIC HEALTH AND NUTRITION (OPEN NO CHANGE
COURSE)

DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY (THEORY)
NO CHANGE
DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

(THEORY)
NO CHANGE
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
(PRACTICAL)
BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIOINFORMATICS
AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(THEORY)BIOTECHNOLOGY, NO CHANGE
VI BIOINFORMATICS AND MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
OCCUPATIONAL ZOOLOGY
(APICULTURE,VERMICULTURE, QUAIL NO CHANGE
FARMING and AQUACULTURE)- THEORY
OCCUPATIONAL ZOOLOGY (APICULTURE,

NO CHANGE
VERMICULTURE, QUAIL FARMING and
AQUACULTURE)- PRACTICAL
NUTRITION, HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE

NO CHANGE
MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE)

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St. Albert’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam B.Sc.

Zoology Syllabus 2019

ST. ALBERT’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),

Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala

SYLLABUS FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY

UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

(WITH EFFECT FROM 2019 ADMISSION)

Department of Zoology Page |1

Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology

Proposed by the Board of Studies on 26th February 2019

Dr. M.L. Joseph

Approved by the Academic Council on 28th February 2019

Dr. M.L Joseph, Principal

Chairman, Academic Council.

Adopted by the Governing Council on 4th May 2019

Fr. Antony Arackal

Chairman, Governing Council

Department of Zoology Page |2

1 Dr. M.L. Joseph Chairman and Principal, St. Albert’s College,

2 Dr. A.P. Thomas Director, School of Environmental Studies, M.G.

3 Dr. V.S. Basheer Director in Charge, NBFGR. CMFRI, Cochin

4 Dr. Mohammed Hatha Professor, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT

5 Dr.Sunish K.S. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,

7 Dr. Suresh Kumar Professor, KUFOS, Panangad.

Associate Professor, Department of Zoology,

10 Smt. Nimila. P.J. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology,

Department of Zoology Page |3

Department of Zoology Page |4

Programme Outcomes .................................................................................................................... 9

Programme Specific Outcomes ..................................................................................................... 10

Programme Design ........................................................................................................................ 25

Detailed Syllabus: Semester I ........................................................................................................ 37

Core Course I: Animal Diversity– Non-Chordata (ZOO1CRT 0119) ........................................... 38

Core Course I: Animal diversity– Non-Chordata– Practical (ZOO1CRP0119) ........................... 45

Detailed Syllabus: Semester II ....................................................................................................... 47

Core Course II: Animal Diversity- Chordata (ZOO2CRT0119) .................................................... 48

Core Course II: Animal Diversity– Chordata- Practical (ZOO2CRP0119) ................................... 53

Detailed Syllabus: Semester III ...................................................................................................... 55

Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy (ZOO3CRT0119) .......................................................... 56

Core Course III: Comparative Anatomy– Practical (ZOO3CRP0119) ......................................... 59

Detailed Syllabus: Semester IV ...................................................................................................... 61

Core Course IV: Research Methodology, Biophysics and Biostatistics- Practical

Detailed Syllabus: Semester V ....................................................................................................... 68

Core Course V: Environmental Biology And Human Rights (ZOO5CRT0119) ........................... 69

Core Course V: Environmental Biology & Toxicology – Practical (ZOO5CRP0119) ................... 73

Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics (ZOO5CRT0219) ..................................................... 75

Department of Zoology Page |5

Core Course VII: Evolution, Ethology &Zoogeography (ZOO5CRT0319) ................................... 81

Core Course VIII: Human Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology– Practical

Detailed Syllabus: Semester VI ...................................................................................................... 93

Core Course IX: Developmental Biology (ZOO6CRT0119)......................................................... 94

Core Course IX: Developmental Biology– Practical (ZOO6CRP0119) ........................................ 97

Core Course X: Micro Biology and Immunology (ZOO6CRT021) .............................................. 98

Core Course X: Microbiology and Immunology– Practical (ZOO6CRP021)............................. 102

Core Course XI: Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology– Practical

Core Course XII: Occupational Zoology– Practical (ZOO5COP0119) ....................................... 111

Open Course ................................................................................................................................ 113

Elective Course ............................................................................................................................ 116