Programming Notes

Use Code :Y849 | Get Discount
/Ashoka period province

/province /Capital
/Uttarapatha /Takshshila
/avant nation /Ujjaini
/Kalinga Province /Tosali
/Dakshinapath /Suvarnagiri
/Prachi /Pataliputra
मौ / Maurya administration
• मौ म्र ज्य े स्वरू ें द्र ृ ।
The form of administration of the Maurya Empire was
centralized.
• क्य े ज्य े हैं - , म त्य, , ,
ष, ब म ; इ में ोच्च स्थ प्त ।
According to Chanakya, there are seven components of the state
- King, Amatya, District, Fort, Treasure, Force and Friends; Among
these the king had the highest position.
• े भ ो म त्य , म ि
द्व ।
The king used to conduct all his government affairs through his
servants, ministers and officials.
ौ ल्य े स्त्र में 18 ो( भ )औ े मख म
है ।
Kautilya has mentioned 18 Tirthas (departments) and their heads in
Arthashastra.
मख ध्य / Chief Chairman
1. म ह /Collector ो ( म ) / Highest tax
authority (Finance Minister)
2. ि /Contiguous ष /custodian of the treasury
3. म /Karmantik द्य म /Industry Minister
4. े /Provider फौ न्य न्य /criminal court judge
5. व्य ह /practical मख न्य /Chief Justice of the City
मौ ों े ू ेऔ ठ े म ख े े महत्त्व ।
इ े ि े मह े भ म ।
The Mauryas gave more importance to tax assessment than to collection
and proper depositing. Therefore the loss of the collector was considered
more serious than that of the Sannidhata.
1. ध्य /Sitadhyaksha ृ ष भ ध्य /Chairman of Agriculture
Department
2. ौ ध्य /Grandson म - ौ ध्य /head of weights and measures
3. ध्य /Symptoms मद्र ध्य /head of currency mint
4. ण्य ध्य /Merchandiser व्य ज्य ध्य / president of trade commerce
5. ध्य /University Head ह ध्य /head of pastures
6. आ ध्य /Headmaster ख ध्य / head of mines
• मौ में न्य ' मस्थ ' फौ न्य ' ' मौ ू

े।
During the Maurya period, civil court 'Dharamsthiya' and criminal court
'Kantaksodhan' existed.
• प्त भ मह म त्य ह । स्त्र में प्त ूढ़ रुष ह
है ।
The intelligence department was called Mahamatyapasarva. In economics, a
spy has been called an esoteric man.
आ व्य स्थ /economic system
• 22 ध्य ल्लेख स्त्र में है मख्य
रू े ज्य आ म ।
The work of the 22 presidents mentioned in the Arthashastra was
mainly to regulate the economic activities of the state.
• रुद्र म े ू ढ़ भ ेख े है द्र प्त े म में
ौ े ज्य ष्य प्त ैश्य े झ म ।
Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman shows that during
Chandragupta's time, Pushyagupta Vaishya, the governor of
Saurashtra province, constructed Sudarshan Lake.
• मौ में े े क्के ष्क, े क्के
बे े क्के मष ह े े।
During the Maurya period, gold coins were called Suvarna or
Nishka, silver coins were called Pan and copper coins were called
Mashaka.
•इ म भ व्य , मस्र न्य िम े ेह
।
At this time India's trade was with Syria, Egypt and other
western countries.
• े ब मौ म्र ज्य म ह 185 ई. ू . में मौ
े ष्य म े म मौ बृहद्र हत्य
स्थ ।
After Ashoka, the Maurya Empire became weak and in 185 B.C.
In 1736, the Maurya commander Pushyamitra Shunga killed
the last Maurya ruler Brihadratha and established the Shunga
dynasty.
मौ ो /post mauryan period
/Shunga dynasty
• मौ े ब 184 ई. ू. में आ
।
Immediately after the Maurya rulers in 184 BC. The dynasty that
came to power was the Shunga dynasty.
• े मह भ ष्य में ष्य म े ब में प्त
ह
Information regarding Shunga ruler Pushyamitra is available in
Patanjali's Mahabhashya.
• े े ध्य भ ेख में ह है ष्य म े ब
श्वमे ज्ञ ।
It is mentioned in the Ayodhya inscription of Dhanadev that
Pushyamitra Shunga had performed Ashwamedha Yagya twice.
• हे ड रुड़ स्तभ ह ब है हे ड ए
ू भ भद्र े ब में आ औ
भ म े म्म में रुड़ स्तभ ।
The Garuda Pillar of Heliodorus suggests that Heliodorus was a
Yavana ambassador who came to the Vidisha court of the
Sunga ruler Bhagabhadra and composed the Garuda Pillar in
honor of the Bhagavata religion.
ह त्य स्र / literary sources
स्र /source /information
( औ मत्स्य ) इ े है स्थ ष्य म । /This shows
Purana (Vayu and Matsya Purana) that the founder of the Shunga dynasty was Pushyamitra Shunga.
हष /cheerful character इ ब भट्ट े । इ में म मौ बृहद्र है ।
/It was composed by Banabhatta. It discusses the last Maurya ruler
Brihadratha.
मह भ ष्य ष्य म े ह े। इ ग्र में े आक्रम
Patanjali's Mahabhashya है । /Patanjali was the priest of Pushyamitra Shunga. This book
discusses the attack of Yavanas.
ी ह /Gargi Samhita इ में भ आक्रम ल्लेख म है ।
There is also mention of Yavana attack in this.
म िम म ह है े
Malavikagnimitram ज्ञ प्त ह है । /This is a play by Kalidas from which we get
knowledge of the political activities of the Sunga period.
व्य /divine gift इ में ष्य म े 84,000 स्तू ड़ े ब
है । /In this, Pushyamitra Shunga has been described as the
destroyer of 84,000 stupas of Ashoka.
• े ह े ष्य म े म ह आक्रम हुआ
ेइ े ौ म े फ ।
The first Yavana attack took place during the time of
Pushyamitra, the first ruler of the Sunga dynasty, which was
foiled by his grandson Vasumitra.
• में स्कृ महत्त्व ू ें द्र ब ।
Vidisha became an important center of politics and culture
during the Sunga period.
• े म े भू हत्य े े 75 ई. ू . में
ण्व स्थ । ण्व बहु ब ह
।
Vasudev killed Devbhuti, the last ruler of the Sunga dynasty, in
75 BC. Established the Kanva dynasty. The rule of Kanva
dynasty could not last very long.
आध्र ह / Andhra Satavahana
• ह े मख्य ः मह , आध्र औ ।
The ruling area of Satavahana dynasty was mainly Maharashtra,
Andhra and Karnataka.
•इ स्थ म े इ मह े ष्ठ /
ैठ में ।
This dynasty was founded by Simuk and its capital was at
Pratisthan/Paithan in Maharashtra.
• ह भष ृ ब्र ह्म ।
The official language of Satavahanas was Prakrit and the script was
Brahmi.
• ी मइ म ग्य । में इ े ृ ष्ण
ह है ।
Shatakarni I was the first capable ruler of this dynasty. In the
Puranas he has been called the son of Krishna.
• ह 'ह ' ए बड़ द्व आश्र ।
इ े ृ भ ष में ' प्त ' है ।
Satavahana ruler 'Hal' was a great poet and patron of scholars.
He has composed 'Gatha Saptashati' in Prakrit language.
• ' ृह ' े ' ढ्य' ' ' म स्कृ व्य
े ' म 'ह े ब में ह े े।
'Gunadhya', the author of 'Vrihatkatha' and 'Sharvavarman',
the author of Sanskrit grammar named 'Katantra' lived in the
court of Hal.
• े में ि , ॉ म े ि ऑफ ए ि े
ेख महत्त्व ू है ।
Among the foreign descriptions, the descriptions of Pliny,
Ptolemy and the authors of Periplus of Erythraean Sea are
important.
• इ मख ी म , े श्वमे ए
ू ज्ञ ष्ठ ।
Its main ruler was Shatakarni I, who performed the rituals of
two Ashwamedha and one Rajasuya Yagya.
• ौ म ी ' े आश्र ' ह ।
Gautamiputra Satakarni was called 'the patron of the Vedas'.
• ह में व्य व्य में ए बे े क्क
ह े' ष ' ह ।
During the Satavahana period, coins made of silver and copper
were used in trade, which was called 'Kashaarpan'.
•इ े ध्य े ाँ ग्रह ।
He assumed the titles of Rajaraja and Vindhyanaresh.
•इ े ब इ ष्ठ म ब इ े े
म आध्र म्र ह।
After this his son Vashishthiputra Pulumavi became the ruler
and he called himself the first Andhra emperor.
• रुद्र म म े ह ब
ै ह ब े इ ह ।
Shaka ruler Rudradaman I defeated the Satvahanas twice but
did not destroy them due to marital relations.
• ष्ठ म ह रुद्र म े हुआ ।
Vashishthi's son Pulumavi was married to Rudradaman's
daughter.
• ज्ञ श्र ी ह म ि ।
Yagya Shri Shatakarni was the last powerful ruler of the
Satavahana dynasty.
• ब्र ह्म भू म े े ह े ह रू । ह
न् े 'भू म ' बौद्ध भ ओ ।
The tradition of donating land to Brahmins was started by the
Satavahanas. However, he donated most of the land to
Buddhist monks.
• भड़ौ ह मख ब ह ए व्य ें द्र ।
Bharuch was a major port and trading center of the
Satavahana dynasty.
े /foreign rule
हन्द- ू ( इण्ड -ग्र ) /Indo-Greek
• मौ ो में भ - िम म हम े हुए।
ह आक्रम हन्द- ू ैर ई- ू द्व ।
During the post-Maurya period, there were continuous attacks
on the north-western border of India. The first attack was by
Indo-Greeks or Bactrian-Greeks.
•भ म में म 'डे मे ' म े े औ ब
े छ े ब ।
'Demetrius' I first entered the Indian border and conquered
some areas of Punjab and made Sakal his capital.
• म ड ब े द्ध हन्द- ू हुआ।
Menander became the most famous Indo-Greek ruler.
• म ण्ह म बौद्ध ग्र में म बौद्ध आ े े
ब है ।
A Buddhist text named Milindpanho contains a dialogue
between Milind and Buddhist teacher Nagasen.
/Shaq
• े भ में े ख एाँ स्थ । े
' ' ह े े।
The Shakas established many branches in India. Shaka kings
used to call themselves 'Kshatrapa'.
• िम में ह रुद्र म
ब े द्ध हुए।
Among the Western Satraps, Nahapan of the Satrap dynasty
and Rudradaman of the Chastana dynasty were the most
famous Shaka rulers.
• रुद्र म े झ रुद्ध ।
Rudradaman had renovated Sudarshan Lake.
• द्ध स्कृ में ह भ ेख 'रुद्र म ' ' ू ढ़ भ ेख'
है ।
The first inscription in pure Sanskrit is 'Junagarh inscription' of
'Rudradaman'.
• म रुद्र ह ृ े प्त द्र प्त
क्रम त्य े ज्य प्त म्र ज्य में म ।
The last Shaka ruler was Rudrasimha III who was defeated by
the Gupta ruler Chandragupta Vikramaditya and merged the
Shaka kingdom into the Gupta Empire.
हन्द ह /Indo Parthian or Pahlava
• ह ि स्त स्थ मिेडे ् ( मश्र ) म ।
The real founder of Pahlava power was Mithradates
(Mishradat) I.
• मश्र द्व इ ब े े
।
Mishradat II was the most glorious king of this dynasty who
defeated the Shakas.
• ह ज्य ष े ।
The Pahlava kingdom was ended by the Kushans.
ष / Kushan
•भ में ष स्थ डफ े ।
Kadphisus established the Kushan dynasty in India.
• इ े बे े क्के ए।
It issued copper coins.
• भ में म ष म डफ म े े े क्के
े।
For the first time in India, Kushan ruler Vim Kadphisam issued gold
coins.
• इ े क्क , ू आ ृ ए महेश्व
त्क हैं ।
The figures of Shiva, Nandi and Trishul and the title of Maheshwar
are engraved on its coins.
• ष्क इ मह म । इ े 78 ई. में ज्य ह
इ े क्ष्य में ् ।
anishka was the greatest ruler of this dynasty. He ascended the
throne in 78 AD and started the Shaka era to commemorate
this.
• ष्क रुष ( े ) ।
Kanishka's capital was Purushpur (Peshawar).
•इ े ब में श्व श्वघ ष, म ै े द्व औ
ै े त्स द्यम े।
Scholars like Parsva Ashvaghosha, Vasumitra and Nagarjuna
and doctors like Charak were present in his court.
• ष्क बौद्ध म मह ख इ े श्म
में बौद्ध आ ।
Kanishka was the patron of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism
and organized the Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir.
• ष्क हु ष्क ।
Kanishka's successor was Huvishka.
• ष म े ।
The last ruler of the Kushan dynasty was Vasudev.
मौ ो ज्यव्य स्थ ए
Post-Maurya period polity and administration
•इ में छ े -छ े ज्य े, में ष ए में
ह ।
During this period there were mostly small states, Kushan in
the north and Satavahana in the south.
•इ ें द्र ृ े े े
में ै त्त्व े म े ृ ई ई ।
To control the decentralization trend of this period, the trend
of inclusion of divine elements in the monarchy was adopted.
•इ म आ में हस्त े ण्य ह
।
There was negligible political interference in the economic
activities of this time.
• भ इ ह में ल् इ में हुआ ।
In ancient Indian history, the maximum development of crafts took
place during this period.
•इ में त्प े भि े में हुआ।
During this period, technology developed in various fields of
production.
मौ ो हत्य/ post-Mauryan literature
हत्य/Literature /Author
प्त /Gatha Saptashati ह /Condition
ह /Charak Samhita /Charak
ट्य स्त्र/Dramaturgy भ /Bharat
म ू /Kamasutra त्स्य /Vatsyayana
स्वप्न /Swapnavasavadatta भ /Bhaas
मह भ ष्य/Mahabhashya /Patanjali
प्त इ ह / Political history of Guptas
• प्त म श्र प्त । प्त म्र द्र प्त-1 े (319-
20 ई.) में प्त ् रुआ औ े मह
।
The first ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Shrigupta. The Gupta
emperor Chandragupta-I started the Gupta era in (319-20 AD)
and he assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja.
• द्र प्त-I े च्छ म म े े ह औ
म े क्क ।
Chandragupta-I married Licchavi princess Kumardevi and got her
name inscribed on his coins.
•इ े ब मद्र प्त (335-380 ई.) ब ।
After this Samudragupta (335-380 AD) became the ruler.
• ह षे द्व स्त े मद्र प्त े भ
है ।
Prayag Prashasti written by Harishena reveals the victory
campaign of Samudragupta.
• द्र प्त े ब में ौ द्व ( त्न) ,
, े भट्ट, म ह, घ , हमह रू ै े द्व
े े।
Nine scholars (Navratna) like Kalidas, Dhanvantari Kshapanak
Shanku, Vetalbhatta, Amarsingh, Ghatkarpar, Varahamihir and
Vararuchi resided in the court of Chandragupta.
• द्र प्त द्व म प्त हुआ।
Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta.
• द्र प्त - II (380-412 ई.) े भ ह
रुद्र े - II े ।
Chandragupta-II (380-412 AD) married his daughter Prabhavati
to the Vakataka king Rudrasena-II.
• द्र प्त II े क्रम त्य ।
Chandragupta II assumed the title of Vikramaditya.
• फ ह्य इ े म भ आ स्तृ 'फ
क्य ' में ख ।
Chinese traveler Fa Hien came to India during this time and wrote
his detailed description in 'Fo Kyo Ki'.
• द्र प्त II े ि ् म प्त (415 54 ई.) महे न्द्र त्य
े द्द बैठ ।
After Chandragupta II, his son Kumaragupta (415 54 AD) ascended
the throne with the title of Mahendraditya.
• प्त े े श्वमे ज्ञ । ह मद्र प्त औ
ू म प्त ।
Two rulers of the Gupta dynasty performed Ashwamedha Yagya.
The first ruler was Samudragupta and the second was Kumaragupta.
• म प्त े मह ह स्थ । ह म
हष्ण है क्य ह ैष्ण म ।
Kumargupta established Nalanda Mahavihara. This shows his religious
tolerance as he was a Vaishnav follower.
• म प्त स्कन्द प्त हुआ े म त्य
। स्कन्द प्त े म हू आक्रम आ भ ह ।
Kumaragupta was succeeded by Skandagupta who assumed the title of
Kumaraditya. The attack of Huns had started during the time of
Skandagupta.
• ू ढ़ भ ेख े ह भ ज्ञ ह है स्क प्त े ए
े क्र े मौ ो द्व म झ म म्म ई।
It is also known from the Junagarh inscription that Skandagupta's
governor Parnadatta and his son Chakrapalita repaired the Sudarshan
lake built by the Mauryas.
हू /Hun
• हू ज्य फ े ख फै हुआ मख्य
फ स्त में ब म ।
The Hun Empire extended from Persia to Khotan, whose main
capital was Bamiyan in Afghanistan.
• म औ मह द्ध हू हुए।
Toraman and Mihirkul became famous Hun rulers.
• मह ए बौद्ध म े घृ े औ मू भ
म ।
A Chinese traveler considered Mihirkul to be a hater of Buddhism
and an iconoclast.
• प्त े न्य ओ े ह े मह श्म
ख े ड़ ह ाँ 542 ई. में मृत्य ह ई।
The Gupta rulers, with the help of other kings, drove Mihirkul to
Kashmir where he died in 542 AD.
प्त /Gupta administration
े ष । े द्व मभट्ट मह
ै भ -भ म ाँ ई।
The king was at the top of the administration. Heavy titles like
Parambhattarak Maharajadhiraja were taken by the king.
ें द्र /Central administration

• ें द्र में छ महत्त्व ू क्र हुआ है । ह
इ ख्य मौ में फ म है ।
Some important officers in the central administration have been
mentioned. Although their number is much less than that of the
Maurya officers.
■ ण्ड ए मह ण्ड (न्य )
Dandanayak and Mahadandanayak (Judge)
■ मह ब ृ ( े )
Mahabaladhikrit (commander)
■ ग्रह ( े म )
Sandhivigrahak (Foreign Minister)
■ म म त्य ( ोच्च )
Kumaramatya (highest administrative officer)
•इ में े ह े े े ए ह व्य ि
ए े े े े।
During this period, the posts of officers started becoming
hereditary and more than one post was given to the same
person.
/ provincial administration
म्र ज्य भ में े' े ' 'भ ि' ह
।भि मह म ि
।
The empire was divided into provinces which were called 'Desh'
or 'Bhukti'. An officer named Uparik Maharaj was appointed on
Bhukti.
/ district administration
• े ़ि ( े ष ) में ब ाँ
ष ह ।
The provinces were divided into several districts (pradesh or
subjects) whose head was called Vishyapati.
• स्त ए ष ह इ े ष ह
। इ ह त्ये में ए ष ह में े
व्य मूह ।इ ष में म े-
There was a Zilla Parishad at the district level, it was called a
subject tribunal. Similarly, in every city there was a city council in
which the regional business group had predominance. This
council included-
■ श्रे ष्ठ ( ब श्रे )
Nagar Shresthi (Finance Manager or Head of Nagar Division)
■ ह (व्य ) /Sarthvaha (Chief of Merchants)
■ म ( ल् ) /First Kulik (Chief of Craftsmen)
■ म स्थ ( ) /First Kayastha (Chief of clerks)
स्थ /local administration
• ग्र म ब े इ ई ।इ ग्र म मह
ह ।
Village was the lowest administrative unit. Its head was called
Gramik or Mahattar.
• प्त ए महत्त्व ू भ है ज्य ि में ौ ,
ह , व्य श्रे ए ग्र म ि में ृ द्ध।
An important feature of the administration is the reduction in
the power of the state, while the increase in the power of caste
panchayats, business classes and rural administration.
प्त म / Gupta period society
• प्त आ े - में बाँ । े
आ म , भू म े स्थ मह ै
आ श्य ृ ष े ड़ इत्य इ
म े े।
By the Gupta period, the caste got divided into many castes and
sub-castes. Arrival of foreign people, need of new castes like
Kayastha and Mahattar through land donation and involvement
of tribal people in agriculture etc. were the reasons for this social
change.
•' स्थ' म ज्ञ ल्क्य स्मृ ' में म है ।
The description of 'Kayastha' is first found in 'Yajnavalkya
Smriti'.
•इ में ैश्य म में ूद्र स्थ में
ख ई े है ।
During this period, there is a decline in the social condition of
Vaishyas but there is improvement in the condition of Shudras.
• ज्ञ ल्क्य स्मृ में म ह ओ ।
Women were given property rights in Yajnavalkya Smriti.
• ओ छ स्थ में ह म , ब
ह, े , औ ।
Widows were allowed to remarry in some circumstances, but
child marriage, Devdasi system, Purdah system and Sati system
were prevalent.
• े मेघ ू में े े ह
भज्ञ म् में ' ठ ' ब्द े े हुआ है ।
In Kalidas's Meghdoot, the word 'Avagunthan' has been used for
the Devdasi system and in Kalidas's Abhigyan Shakuntalam, the
word 'Avagunthan' has been used for the purdah system.
•' ' क्ष्य 510 ई. े 'ए भ ेख' े प्त ह है ।
Evidence of 'Sati Pratha' is obtained from 'Eran Inscription' of
510 AD.
•इ में छू में आई। त्य े छू े े
' स्पृश्य' ब्द है ।
The condition of the untouchables declined during this period.
Katyayan has used the word 'untouchable' for the untouchable.
प्त व्य स्थ /Gupta economy
• प्त आ में ए ओ ह ाँ मद्र व्य स्थ औ ज्य
व्य में ह ेख , ह ृ ष व्य स्थ में ेख ।
In the economic life of the Gupta period, while on one hand a
decline was seen in the money economy and commercial trade,
on the other hand an expansion was seen in the agricultural
economy.
• प्त े स्व मद्र एाँ न्ें े भ ेख में
' ' ह है ।
The Gupta rulers issued maximum number of gold coins which
are referred to as 'Dinar' in their inscriptions.
भू म /land /Meaning
े /Area खे े ग्य भू म । /Cultivable land.
स्त/Vastu े ग्य भू म । /Habitable land.
ख /bloom भू म ृ ष ग्य ह ह । /The land which
was not fit for agriculture.
ह /unharmed भू म /wild land
ह/pasture ओ े े े े छ ड़ ई भू म ।/Land left
for grazing animals.
• त्स्य औ फ ह्य ' मृद्ध ' ओ े े
हैं , प्त े द्ध में ज्य व्य क्क
।
Both Vatsyayana and Fa-hien point to 'prosperous urban life', but
urbanization and commerce suffered a setback in the latter part
of the Gupta period.
•इ में म औ ब्र ह्म भू म में ई े ' ग्रह '
ह ।
During this period, the land donated to temples and Brahmins
was called 'Agrahar'.
• ू ढ़ भ ेख में 'बे ' े है । म ू में भ इ
ह है । इ े म भ ेख में ' ' ह है ।
There is an indication of 'begar system' in the Junagadh
inscription. This is also confirmed in Kama Sutra. It has been
called 'Vishti' in contemporary records.
प्त म /Gupta religion
• ह ब े ओ मू म में स्थ प्त
में ह आ भ हुई।
For the first time, the worship of gods by installing idols in temples
started during the Gupta period.
• प्त ैष्ण म े े ' मभ ्' ।
The Gupta rulers were followers of Vaishnava religion and their title was
'Parambhagavat'.
•इ में ष्ण े ब्रह्म औ महे े रू में े ल्
हुई।
During this period, the concept of Trinity developed along with Vishnu in
the form of Brahma and Mahesh.
• में भि े म -म औ दृ े। प्त में
े े रू में स्थ ह ए।
Various types of opinions and viewpoints were prevalent in ancient times.
During the Gupta period, they became established as Paddarshan.
प्त हत्य/ Gupta period literature
/ Formation
मृच्छ म् / mrichchakatikam ूद्र
मद्र , े द्र प्तम् ख /Visakhadutta
Mudrarakshasa, Devichandraguptam
/ Vasavadatta ब /Subandhu
/ Panchatantra ष्ण म /Vishnu Sharma
/ essence of policy म /Kamandak
म ू / Kamasutra त्स्य /Vatsyayana
म भ , मेघ ू , घ , ऋ ह , म ि म म्, क्रम म, भज्ञ / Kalidas
म्/Kumarasambhava,Meghdoot,Raghuvansh,Ritusamhar,Malavikagni
mitram, Vikramovshayam, Abhigyan Shakuntalam.
स्वप्न / Swapnavasavadatta भ / Bhaas
मह भ / Mahabharata े व्य /Vedvyas
ू द्ध / surya theory आ भट्ट /Aryabhata
म म /Malati Madhav भ भू /Bhavabhuti
/ math essence श्र /Sridhar
घन् / Nighandu /Dhanvantari
प्त /Gatha Saptashati ह /Condition
प्त / post-gupta period
• प्त े े हष े त्थ भ दृश्य
व्य स्थ है औ ड े े स्र बेह म है ।
The political scenario of North India from the fall of the Gupta
period to the rise of Harsha is disorganized and there is a dearth of
sources throwing light on it.
• प्त े े ब भ में बहु ज्य व्य स्थ म ।
िौ में मौख , ेश्व में ष्यभू , ल्लभ में मै ,म औ
म में प्त ौ ख औ ौड़ (ब ) में ज्य स्थ
।
After the fall of the Gupta dynasty, a multi-state system prevailed in
North India. The Maukhari dynasty was established in Kannauj, the
Pushyabhuti dynasty in Thaneshwar, the Maitraka dynasty in
Vallabhi, the secondary branch of the Guptas in Magadha and
Malwa and the kingdom of Shashanka in Gaur (Bengal).
• हष ष्यभू े ब स्थ
भ ।
arshavardhana belonged to the Pushyabhuti or Vardhana dynasty
whose founder was Prabhakaravardhana.
• भ श्र ह मौख े ग्रह म े हुआ ।
Prabhakarvardhan's daughter Rajashree was married to
Maukhari king Grahavarma.
• हष े ष में ू स्व े 'ब ाँ खेड़ '. 'म ब ' आ भ ेख े
प्त ह ह है, ह े ब ब भट्ट द्व
'हष 'औ े में आए ए बौद्ध ह्वे द्व
- ू- ( िम श्व भ ेख ) े भ म है ।
Information about Harsh himself in his 'Banskheda'. Not only is it
available from inscriptions like 'Madhubani' etc., it is also
available from 'Harshacharita' written by his court poet
Banabhatta and Si-yu-ki (Records of the Western World) written
by Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese Buddhist traveler who came during his
reign.
• हष आ भ में ै म ।आ े ह बौद्ध म
ब औ मह मह ब हुआ।
Harshavardhana was initially a follower of Shaiva. Later he
became a Buddhist follower and proved to be a great patron of
the Mahayana sect.
• हष स्व भ मह ेख । े , औ त्न
म खे, ह ाँ इ म में े ह है ।
Harsh himself was a great writer. He wrote three plays named
Nagananda, Priyadarshika and Ratnavali, although there are
doubts about its authenticity.
हष /Harsha period administration
• प्त में हष े में ें द्र औ म े स्त
े ई ईब ह ।
In comparison to the Guptas, there was nothing new in Harsha's
administration except the expansion of decentralization and
feudalization.
• ह भू म े े ह । भ ः े औ
स्क े रू में भू म े े हष े ह रू इ े हष े
क्के ह म े।
The tradition of giving land to priests continued. Probably Harsh
started the Jagirdari system of giving land to officials as salary and
reward, hence Harsh's coins are not found much.
• ए स्त्र इ में े ब में
।
Chinanshuk was a type of clothing which was popular among the elite
people during this period.
भ /south india
दृश्य /political landscape
• भ े ेऐ है 500 ई. भ इ ह
ें द्र ब भ ह 500 ई. े 750 ई. े ब महत्व ू
ाँ में घ हुई। ह ह ेभ ई महत्त्व ू
स्तत्व में आए।
From the details so far, it seems that North India was the
center point of Indian history till 500 AD, but between 500 AD
and 750 AD, important activities took place in the South.
However, many important dynasties came into existence even
earlier.
• इ में (ब म ) े क्य े ल्ल औ इ
आ घष ें द्र ब ब है , े इ े ई
छ े -छ े ज्य े ब े में आ श्य है , े आ े
मख ि ब े।
During this period, Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami), Pallavas of
Kanchi and their mutual conflict become the center point of
discussion, but apart from this it is necessary to know about
many small states, on the basis of which they could become a
major power.
/Vakataka dynasty
• मह औ भ (ब ) में ह े स्थ
हुआ।
The Vakatakas emerged in place of the Satavahanas in
northern Maharashtra and Vidarbha (Berar).
• ब्र ह्म े ए भू म ब म्र े इ े ब े में
म है ।
Information about them is available from copper plates related
to land grants given to Brahmins.
• प्त े मह द्र प्त- े भ ह
में औ इन् ह े े रुद्ध
फ ।
Chandragupta, the great ruler of the Gupta dynasty, married
his daughter Prabhavati to the Vakataka dynasty and with their
help he achieved success against the Shakas.
(ब म) े क्य /Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami)
• े ब क्य भ बढ़ ।
After Vakatakas the influence of Chalukyas increased.
• क्य े छठ े आ भ में िम क्क में ज्य स्थ
।
The Chalukyas established their kingdom in the western
Deccan in the beginning of the sixth century.
• े II ि े ऐह भ ेख े
ह है , े । े II े म े
हष
The achievements of Pulakeshin II are known from his Aihole
inscription, which was composed by Ravikirti. Pulakeshin II
defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of river Narmada.
• क्य घ्र ह ू द्व स्थ े ए।
The Chalukya kings were soon displaced by the Rashtrakutas.
ें े क्य /Chalukyas of Vengi
• े II े 610 ई. े आ - ृ ष्ण औ आब
ल्ल ेछ । ह आब ें ह ।
Pulakeshin II captured the Krishna and Godavari Doab from the
Pallavas around 610 AD. This Doab was called Vengi.
• ें में क्य ह ए ख स्थ ई ें ू ी
क्य ह े ।
A branch of the Chalukya dynasty was established in Vengi
which came to be known as the Eastern Chalukya dynasty of
Vengi.
इक्ष्व /Ikshvaku dynasty
• द्व े ू ी भ में ह े ेष ृ ष्ण - ू े में
इक्ष्व ओ हुआ।
The Ikshvakus arose in the Krishna-Guntur region on the
remains of the Satavahanas in the eastern part of the
peninsula.
• इक्ष्व ओ े ृ ष्ण - े में भू म ई। इ े
े े म्र ें ई ई हैं । इक्ष्व ओ स्थ
ह ल्ल आए।
Ikshvakus started the practice of land grant in Krishna-Guntar
region. Many copper plate plates have been found from these
areas. The Ikshvakus were ousted and the Pallavas came in
their place.
ल्ल / Pallava dynasty
• ल्ल आध्र औ म ड ।
ल्ल (आ म् ) महत्त्व ू
स्कृ ें द्र भ ।
The Pallavas had control over both southern Andhra and
northern Tamil Nadu. The capital of the Pallavas was Kanchi
(modern Kanchipuram), which was also an important cultural
centre.
• ल्ल े बहु े मि ग्र म ब्र ह्म े।
The Pallavas donated many tax-free villages to the Brahmins.
• ल्ल े े आ भ भ ेख ृ औ फ स्कृ में
े।
The Pallavas issued their initial inscriptions in Prakrit and then
in Sanskrit.
• ह ष्ण े ब में म े ेख भ ह े े।
Bharavi, the author of Kiratarjuniyam, lived in the court of
Simhavishnu.
• महे न्द्र म -I स्व 'म ह ' म ग्र ।
Mahendravarman-I himself composed a book named
'Matavilasprahasana'.
• ह म -1 े में ह्वे े ए
औ भव्य फ ।
During the reign of Narasimhavarman-1, Hiuen Tsang visited
Kanchi and greatly praised the beauty and grandeur of Kanchi.
• ह म - II े े ै म मह ब म् े
म ( ें ) म । स्कृ े ख्य द्व
' ण्ड ' इ भ में ह े े।
Narasimhavarman-II built the Kailashnath Temple of Kanchi
and the Shore Temple of Mahabalipuram. The famous Sanskrit
scholar 'Dandin' lived in its royal house.
ब /kadamba dynasty
ब े ौ में औ में ज्य म
। ब े ै में ब ई।
The Kadambas established their kingdom in northern
Karnataka and Konkan in the fourth century. The Kadambas
made their capital at Vyjayanti or Vanavasi.
मै ू /Ganga dynasty of Mysore
ह ाँ ब े ज्य े ब , ह े
। ज्य ू ब में ल्ल े ज्य औ िम में
ब े ज्य े ब में ।
While the Kadambas made Northern Karnataka their territory,
the Gangas made Southern Karnataka their territory. The
Ganga kingdom was between the kingdom of Pallavas in the
east and the kingdom of Kadambas in the west.
/Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal
क्य े स्थ में े े क्य
े स्व न्ड (है ब ) में स्व ज्य स्थ
। े ब रुद्रम्म इ ब ।
In the event of the decline of the Chalukyas, the Kakatiyas
freed themselves from the subordination of the Chalukyas and
established an independent state in Nalgonda (Hyderabad).
After Ganapati, his daughter Rudramma became the ruler of
this dynasty.
म /Sangam era
ऐ ह े भ में भ क्रमबद्ध इ ह हमें
हत्य े प्त ह है े म हत्य ह े हैं । इ े ह े
ई महत्त्व ू ऐ ह ग्र भ े ह प्त ह है ।
The literature from which we get the systematic history of
South India at the beginning of the historical era is called
Sangam literature. Before this, no important historical text is
available from South India.
• ड्य ओ े में म ( ष्ठ ाँ) आ ई।
इ में हत्य म हत्य' ह । इ
म्न ख है -
Three Sangams (conferences) were organized under the
patronage of Pandya kings. The literature collected in these
was called 'Sangam literature'. Its details are as follows-
• म में ाँ मह व्य भ खे ए, द्य े म हत्य े ह

आ े हैं । इ में म , म मेख ै औ प्प म ह म में
ि हैं ।
Five epics were also written in the Sangam era, although they do not
come under Sangam literature. Of these, only Jeevakachintamani,
Manimekhalai and Shilappadikaram are currently available.
■ ल्क प्प म म व्य औ स्त्र स्त है ।
Tolkappiyam is a book on Tamil grammar and rhetoric.
■ रु ल्ल े म महत्त्व ू ृ ।
Thiruvalluvar composed an important work called Kuran.
■ रुक्क ग्र म बइब भ ह है ।
Thirukkural text is also called Tamil Bible.
■ ओ ै औ च्चे म द्ध ाँ हैं ।
Ovaiyar and Nachcheliyar are famous poetesses of the Sangam period
इ ह /political history
म हत्य े हमें म े े ज्य , े औ ड्य
प्त ह है ।
From Sangam literature we get details of the three kingdoms of
Tamil region, Chola, Chera and Pandya.
• ज्य मख ।इ े े औ ड्य ओ
द्ध में ह । ह म इ े म में हुआ। े
ब म इ े ई े े ह ें ई।
The main ruler of the Chola kingdom was Karikala. He defeated the
Chera and Pandya kings in the war. Puhar port was constructed
during this time. By constructing a dam on the Kaveri river, he
created canals for irrigation.
• म ू ज्य े े में स्थ ।इ
मख े ।इ े द्ध े ।
इ े म म म में ष्ठ औ े
ू भ ।
The second kingdom of the Sangam era was that of Chera which
was located in Kerala province. The main ruler of this dynasty
was Sengutvan. Its fame was sung by the famous poet Paranar.
It established the religious sect called Pattini in the society and
started the worship of Pattini Devi.
• म ज्य ड्य ।इ म
ेड े इ मख ।
The third kingdom of the Sangam era was that of Pandya. Its
capital was Madura and Neduzelian was the main ruler of this
dynasty.
व्य स्थ /system of government

इ में े म ह े े
े। म आमइच्च ह । े न्य 'मन्दम'
ह े े।
During this period, hereditary monarchy was prevalent which
was advised by its ministers. The ministers were called
Aamichchar. The king's court was called 'Mandam'.
म /Society
म म भ भ ह भे आ में
ब्र ह्म मख े।
Like North India, Tamil society was also based on class
discrimination in which Brahmins were prominent.
• ब्र ह्म े ि ् ेल्ल स्थ मख्य ः ृ ष े े।
After the Brahmins, there was the Vellalar class who mainly did
agricultural work.
• व्य े ह है ष्ठ च्छ ह ।
न्ें ूद्र में ख ।
The merchant class has been called Venigers but their reputation
was not good. They were placed in the category of Shudras.
•इ में स्पृश्य भ मौ ू े ई
ल्लेख ह म है । ल्क प्प म में आठ े ह ल्लेख
म है ।
The feeling of untouchability was present during this period but

there is no mention of slavery. Eight types of marriages are
mentioned in Tolkappiyam.
• म े म े 'मरु ' । इ में 'बे ड
ृत्य' ।
The oldest god of Tamil country was 'Murugan'. 'Belladan
dance' was performed in its worship.
व्य स्थ /economy
• म व्य स्थ ृ ष औ व्य ज्य आ ।
The economy of the Sangam era was based on agriculture and
trade commerce.
• ेल्ल े मख े ह े े। म्न
म ह एाँ खे । इन्ें ' डै ' ह है ।
Farmers were called Vellalar and their chiefs were called Velir.
Women of lower class used to do farming work. He has been
called 'Kadasivar'.
• ृ ष े द्य - भ हुआ । ै ू ू स्त्र द्य े
े द्ध । मृ द्ध मख ू स्त्र द्य
।
Along with agriculture, industries also developed. Uraiyur was
famous for cotton textile industry. The main reason for the
prosperity of the Cholas was their cotton textile industry.
•इ व्य ज्य त्य ि । िम में म ू में
म द्व मूह औ े व्य ह ।
Trade and commerce of this period were very advanced. There
was trade with Rome in the west and the Malay Islands and
China in the east.
• म ,ह ाँ , म , े म स्तएाँ ब -
इत्य स्तओ आ ।
Pepper, ivory, pearl, silk were the items of export while gold and
silver etc. were imported.
• मेड भ म व्य मख स्थ । ह ाँ े म
बस्त है ।
Arikamedu India was the main center of Roman trade. A huge
Roman settlement can be seen from here.
• िम ौ म न्ड , े िड , म ू ी ल् ,
, म ै े मख ब ह े।
On the west coast there were major ports like Nora Mushiri
Tondi, Nelcida, Muziris and on the east coast there were major
ports like Kolchi, Poduka.
म ेख म्म मह म ि।
fifth inscription Appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
ष म ेख /sixth inscription आम भ ि े म है ।
The common public can meet the king at any time.
प्तम ेख /seventh inscription भ में हष्ण ेख भ ।
Inscription spirit of tolerance across all sects.
म ेख/eighth inscription म्म आ भ े ल्ले ख
Mention of starting Dhamma Yatra
म ेख/ninth inscription म्म म ह /dhamma ceremony
म ेख /tenth inscription म्म श्रे ष्ठ /dhamma policy best
ग्य ह ेख/eleventh inscription म्म व्य ख्य /Explanation of Dhamma policy
ब ह ाँ ेख /twelfth inscription म हष्ण ल्ले ख।

Mention of religious tolerance
े ह ाँ ेख द्ध । ेख ाँ ू
thirteenth inscription ए , ,ए ,मम े ें ड
ल्ले ख है । आ े ।
Description of Kalinga war. The inscription
mentions five Greek kings Antiochus, Ptolemy,
Antigonus, Mammus and Alexander. Warning to
autochthonous castes.
ौ ह ाँ ेख म े ेख े ।
fourteenth inscription Inscription inspiring people to live a religious life.

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/Ashoka period province

5. व्य ह /practical मख न्य /Chief Justice of the City

• मौ में न्य ' मस्थ ' फौ न्य ' ' मौ ू

ें द्र /Central administration

• म में ाँ मह व्य भ खे ए, द्य े म हत्य े ह

व्य स्थ /system of government

The feeling of untouchability was present during this period but

म ेख /tenth inscription म्म श्रे ष्ठ /dhamma policy best

ग्य ह ेख/eleventh inscription म्म व्य ख्य /Explanation of Dhamma policy

ब ह ाँ ेख /twelfth inscription म हष्ण ल्ले ख।

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