NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARCOS

(UNIVERSITY OF PERU, DEAN OF AMERICA)

SCHOOL : CIVIL ENGINEERING

CYCLE : 1st. CLASSROOM : 104

COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

TEACHER : ING. MG.SERGIO MADRID CHUMACERO

ISSUE : CIVIL ENGINEERING

MEMBERS :

2017
 INTRODUCTION

In the world in which we find ourselves, the commotion that the

grandiose constructions have achieved has been the basis of the
development of societies and their prosperous economic growth,
which is why through this report we will make known certain
points that go beyond a vacuous concept of what Civil
Engineering is, its various benefits among other points.

AIM
 To make known a non-vacuous general concept about Civil
Engineering, thus avoiding superfluous and generalized
knowledge of the profession.
 Identify the advantages or benefits of studying Civil
Engineering.
 Publicize the profile of the civil engineer
 Follow the appropriate process of a Civil Engineering
project in order to improve the quality of society.

WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING?

Engineering is the discipline of professional engineering that uses knowledge of

calculation, hydraulic mechanics and physics to handle the design, construction and
maintenance of infrastructure located in the environment, including roads, railways,
bridges, canals, dams, ports, airports, dams and other related constructions.

History of civil engineering in the world

The different cultures marked an important milestone in the development of the history
of civil engineering, since its first steps were taken by societies such as the Egyptian,
Roman, Mesopotamian, Greek, Eastern and European, which created civilized models
from their different needs.

For example, some had the need to maintain their cultures and religions, and that is why
they thought it appropriate to build large temples that would allow them to continue
worshiping their deities, while others simply needed places to stay to be able to settle in
the places where they migrated.

Evolution of civil engineering

The history of civil engineering evolved over the years, from the construction of walls
to protect cities to the first buildings that gave life and importance to this branch of
engineering. Due to the great benefits and developments it brought to society, the
continuous use of this practice helped to perfect construction work, creating the city
model we know today.

Not only were large buildings created with the development of this discipline, but
irrigation processes were also created, which helped improve the irrigation processes of
crops, making them more fruitful and prosperous for marketing.

Civil engineering in the industrial revolution

With the Industrial Revolution came many advances in civil construction, since the
creation of new roads, ports, bridges and factories depended on this. This gave a lot of
importance and meaning to this work, as it was the reason that allowed different cities to
be connected, making it an important part of today's society.

Engineering History

The development of engineering began with the

agricultural revolution in 8000 BC when men
stopped being nomads, and settled in a fixed place to
be able to harvest their products and raise their
edible animals. Around the year 4000 BC The populations began to settle around the
Nile, Indus and Euphrates rivers, they had government and writing.

From there these civilizations saw the need to build. The first engineers were architects,
who built walls to protect cities and the first buildings for which they used some
engineering skills.

Followed by irrigation specialists, they were in charge of facilitating the irrigation of the
crops. From there, MILITARY ENGINEERING emerged (first engineering discipline),
as the harvest areas were frequently attacked, there was a need to protect the vulnerable
areas, that was the job of the military engineers, they were in charge of defending those
areas from the construction. of walls and thus the cities could survive the continuous
attacks.

Egyptian Engineering

The Egyptians created some of the greatest engineering works of all time, such as the
wall of the City of Memphis , founded around 3050 BC. by the first pharaoh of Egypt,
Menes. Some time after building the wall, Kanofer, royal architect of Memphis, had a
son whom he named Imhotep; historians consider him the first known engineer.

The fundamental elements of engineering at that time were:

1. The contemporary religious belief that in order to enjoy eternity it was necessary to
preserve an individual's corpse intact.

2. The almost unlimited supply of slave labor.

3. The patient attitude of those who controlled the resources at that time.

Imhotep invented the pyramid ; The technical skills required for the design,
organization and control of a project of this magnitude distinguish it as one of the
greatest and oldest feats. The construction of pyramids was truly something remarkable,
considering the little knowledge of algebra, neither the worm nor the pulley was known,
the only mechanism was the lever and the inclined plane.

In Egypt there are approximately 10,000

pyramids, but of all the pyramids, that of
Pharaoh Khufu was the largest. The Great
Pyramid of Giza , as it is now known, was
230.4 m per side at the square base and
originally measured 146.3 m high. It contained
about 2,300,000 stone blocks, about 1.1 tons on
average.

The Egyptians also built dams and canals and had complex irrigation systems.
Techniques that the Greeks used, developing them and improving materials and
handling.

Mesopotamian Engineering
Another great culture that flourished by water developed in northern Iran, between the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Mesopotamia “the land between the rivers.” Much of
today's science and engineering comes from both Iran and Egypt.

<----- Remains of a ziggurat dedicated to the goddess of the moon as they considered.

Early in history, a people of unknown origin, the Sumerians , built city walls and
temples and dug irrigation ditches that may have been the world's first engineering
achievements. The Sumerians were gradually overtaken by considerable immigration of
Arab nomads, who became peasants and city dwellers. The city of Babylon , which was
thus formed, was the seat of a number of imperialists for a short duration, until it was
later conquered by the Assyrians.

The Assyrians were a warrior people and were the first to use iron weapons. The
manufacture of iron had already been known for seven or eight centuries before, as it
had been discovered by the Chalibas tribe in Asia Minor. The Assyrians also invented
the assault tower, which became a standard piece of military equipment for the next two
thousand years, until the invention of the cannon made it obsolete.

Greek Engineering
As I said before, the Greeks followed the pattern of the Egyptians in their water
distribution and irrigation system in a more improved way. Engineers of this period
were known better for their use and development of other people's ideas than for their
creativity.

Greek history began around the year 700 BC. JC, and to the period from approximately
500 to 400 BC. of JC, it is called “Golden Age of Greece”. The Greeks made a
surprising number of significant achievements in the areas of art, philosophy, science,
literature... but we will focus on the contributions to engineering .

In approximately 440 BC. From JC, Pendes, politician and strategist of Greece, hired
architects to build temples on the Acropolis , a rocky mountain that overlooked the city
of Athens and was used as the main meeting place. A great contribution to engineering
was the reinforcement with wrought iron in the marble beams of the building's ceiling,
this was the first known use of metal as a component in the design of a building.

Acropolis Ruins------>

The builders of this period were called “arquitekton” , which meant that they had
completed a period as an apprentice (practical training) in the standard methods of
constructing public buildings.

People who contributed greatly to science:

Aristotle was one of the great geniuses in the history of humanity. Mechanics was the
first known engineering text, most give credit to Strato of Lampsakos and others credit
it to Aristotle, since it is not known who the author was. This article studied
fundamental engineering concepts such as lever theory and contains a diagram
illustrating a train of three gears shown as circles, which is the first known description
of gears.

The greatest contribution of the Greeks to engineering was the discovery of the science
itself. It is interesting to note that surveying, as developed by the Greeks and then the
Romans, is considered the first applied science in engineering.
Plato and his student Aristotle are perhaps the best known of the Greeks for their
doctrine that there is a congruent order in nature that can be known. For the existence of
science it is necessary to believe in a consistent, repeatable order in nature, in the form
of natural laws.

Greece was unable to produce large engineering structures; one reason was the decline
in the use of slave labor. The Greeks developed a study called "Hybris" (pride), which
was a belief in moral and physical needs; They believed that forcing humans and
animals beyond the limit to transport multi-ton monoliths was inhumane and
unnecessary, however in Egypt these dehumanizing exercises had reached their
maximum.

Although Archimedes is best known for what is now called “Archimedes' principle,” he
was also a skilled mathematician and engineer. He made many important discoveries in
the areas of plane and solid geometry, such as a more accurate estimate of and laws for
finding the centers of gravity of plane figures. He also determined the law of levers and
demonstrated it mathematically.

Roman Engineering
The Romans were the best engineers of antiquity, they applied much of what had
preceded them; They followed the patterns of ancient societies but with more
perfection, so that engineering was already more developed and was evolving.

For the most part, Roman engineering was civil, especially in the design and
construction of permanent works such as aqueducts, roads, bridges, and public
buildings.

One of the great triumphs of public construction during this period was the Colosseum
originally called the Flavian Amphitheater, which was the largest public meeting place
with a capacity for 50,000 spectators and with eighty rows of stands and was used for
almost 500 years.

Roman engineers brought significant improvements to road construction, primarily for

two reasons: one, communication was believed to be essential to maintaining an
expanding empire, and two, because it was believed that a well-built road would last a
long time with minimal of maintenance. An example is the Appian Way , it was started
in 320 BC It was one of the best-known great road-building triumphs of antiquity and
was the first major covered road in Europe. In the heyday of the Roman Empire, the
road system was approximately 29,000 km, between the Euphrates Valley and Great
Britain.

Compared to the previous ones, the Roman aqueducts were larger and more numerous.
Roman aqueducts were built following essentially the same design, which used
semicircular stone arches mounted on a row of pillars. When an aqueduct crossed a
ravine, it often required multiple levels of arches. One of the best preserved today is the
Pont du Gard , France.

Approximately in 200 AD. From JC, a battering ram called “ingenium” was invented to
attack the walls and was later called “ingeniator”, which is why many historians believe
that it was the origin of the word engineer .

<----- Pont du Gard Aqueduct

Roman engineering declined after 100 AD. by J.C. One factor believed to have
contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire was that Roman science and engineering
had stagnated during this period. Another factor that delayed the growth in science and
engineering were some laws that Diocletian imposed, these forced every man in the
empire to follow the trade of his pope in the hope of providing economic stability.

With the fall of the Roman Empire, the end of ancient times was designated and a new
period emerged, the medieval era. During this period, religious influence and caste
legislation slowed the development of engineering. Many historians called this period
"The Dark Ages" which lasted from 600 to 100 AD. During this period, engineering and
architecture as professions ceased to exist. At this time, according to religious influence,
it was believed that science distanced people from God and that is why it was bad.

Eastern Engineering
After the fall of the Roman Empire, engineering development moved to India and
China. The ancient Hindus were skilled in handling iron and had skills in making good
steel since Roman times and for two centuries, the world capital of science was
Jundishapur, India.

Approximately in 700 AD. AD, a Mesopotamian monk named Severus Sebokht

introduced Western civilization to the Indian numeral system, which we have since
called Arabic numerals .

Among his greatest achievements is the Great Wall of China ; It is an ancient

fortification built to protect the empire of China since the 3rd century BC. C. of the
attacks of the Xiongnu nomads of Mongolia and Manchuria. The main purpose of the
 wall was not to prevent it from being crossed, but rather to prevent invaders from
bringing cavalry with them.

The wall is 7,300 km from east to west without counting its branches and secondary
constructions, it covers 6,400 km from the border with Korea on the edge of the Yalu
River to the Gobi Desert, crossing seven provinces. Almost the entire wall is
approximately 10 m high, 8 m thick at the base, and tapers to approximately 5 m at the
top. A paved road runs along this part. This great wall has 25,000 towers in its main part
and another 15,000 towers separated from the main wall.

China has had canals for thousands of years. Most of them are the right size for
irrigation, but not for navigation, and locks were not known at that time. They did use
floodgates, but they had limited value. The Chinese were among the first builders of
bridges with unique characteristics. Some of its oldest bridges were suspension bridges,
with cables made of bamboo fiber.

It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder that, together with the cannon,
eliminated the walls; also
They developed gear machinery from very ancient times. and they invented the wind-
up clock and paper.

European Engineering
We return to the so-called "Dark Ages" in the medieval period, which spanned from
approximately 500 to 1500 AD During this period, the professions of engineer or
architect did not exist, so those activities were left in the hands of artisans, such as
master masons.

The literature of the Dark Ages was predominantly religious in nature, and those in
power did not give importance to science and engineering and as I mentioned before,
most people had to have the same profession as their parents. However, in the 1500s a
series of important scientific discoveries occurred in engineering and mathematics,
suggesting that although science had been downplayed, a revolution in reasoning
regarding the nature and activity of science was occurring. subject.

During the Renaissance, engineers were again members of a respected profession and
some of them were even well paid. Filippo Brunelleschi was a well-known engineer of
the early 1400s, and like most well-known engineers of the Renaissance, he was a
military and civil engineer and one of his contributions was perspective drawing.
Current Engineering

Today's forms of construction are very different from the old ones, now it is more
linked to technology, simplicity and comfort, but even larger projects have been created,
today's civil engineering is closely linked to the different branches of engineering. ,
since they complement each other, the presence of an electrical engineer among others
is necessary; That is to say, it is not only the construction with construction materials,
but other disciplines of the same engineering are involved, such as electrical,
mechanical and one could say industrial as well. I will show you several examples why
these branches are so complemented and linked together:

The Falkirk Wheel , named after the nearby village of Falkirk in central Scotland, is a
revolving lock that functions as a ship lift and connects the Forth-Clyde Canal with the
Union Canal.

WHY DO WE STUDY CIVIL ENGINEERING?

 To improve the quality of life of society in terms of urbanization problems by
creating buildings, roads, aqueducts, etc. that satisfy the needs of society,
preserving the environment and promoting the correct use of natural resources.
 To plan a project to mitigate costs in the construction stage. For example by
applying the Lean Construction philosophy.
 In the different branches of civil engineering we can talk about its usefulness, for
example: in Structural Engineering for the construction of bridge abutments,
tunnels, etc. In Hydraulic Engineering for the construction of hydroelectric
plants, sewers, docks, etc. In transport and road infrastructure for the construction
of roads, railways, airports, etc.
 Economic purpose: Since it is a highly in-demand career at this time, due to the
innovation of construction with new methods and technologies.

WHAT SKILLS SHOULD AN ASPIRANT FOR CIVIL

ENGINEERING HAVE?
  Performance in mathematics and physics.
 Ease of expression.
 Ability to solve problems.
 Adapt to new situations and technologies.
 Willingness to work as a team.
 Have motivation and performance for the race.

STAGES OF THE WORK OF A CIVIL ENGINEER:

A.-DESIGN:

Preliminary design : In this phase, the possible solutions to the problem you want to
address are broadly studied. The designs are approximate, we basically work with
secondary information, and the costs are determined based on known unit costs in the
local or international market. At this level of study, several solutions can be considered;
one of the relevant aspects that must be considered in this phase is the potential
environmental impact of each of the solutions.

Basic design : Generally associated with an economic and financial feasibility study:
For one or two solutions that appear most convenient in the previous phase, the design
is detailed, with field studies, especially topographical, geological, geotechnical,
hydrological and hydraulic. The unit costs of materials and the various phases of
construction are detailed. This entire process allows us to have a cost of the work that is
closer to reality.

Taking this cost as a basis, the economic study is carried out and the various financing
possibilities for the work are studied.

At the same time, the study of possible environmental impacts is also detailed and
mitigation plans are prepared, the cost of which must be included in the general cost of
the work to be financed. The need to displace populations affected by the construction
of the work is an extremely important factor and must be considered as a social impact.
If in the course of this phase of the studies, it is detected that for any reason the work
exceeds the costs considered reasonable, or the environmental impacts are unacceptable,
other alternatives must be re-analyzed in the previous phase, preliminary design.
Executive or final design : The emphasis of this phase of the design is on the
construction details, both of the civil parts of the work and the electrical and mechanical
parts, if any.

B.- PRELIMINARY PROJECT:

The preliminary project is the set of studies, data, graphic documents, sketches, plans
and models necessary to have an approximate idea of the design, nature and operation
of the project, as well as the estimate of the cost of the work. This stage is necessary to
carry out the executive project.
The minimum information that the preliminary draft must contain is the following:
YO. Descriptive memory.
II. Architectonic program.
III. Preliminary studies.
IV. Table containing: the needs program, the corresponding architectural program and
the resulting specific m2 by area, zone, section or level with subtotals and totals.
V. Architectural plans, including the complex and description of the site.
SAW. Description of the proposed criteria regarding facilities, structure, finishes,
lighting, ventilation, circulation and orientation.
And other documents that are required according to the characteristics, complexity and
magnitude of the work to be carried out. The emphasis indicated for each of these
aspects of the design will depend on the type of building to be built, for example:
laboratories, workshops, classrooms, among others.
The preliminary project must be signed in accordance with the Director or the Head of
Department or the Administrative Coordinator, approved by the Head of the Works
Area and authorized by the General Secretary or the Unit Secretary, as appropriate.

C.- EXECUTION:

This stage is one of the most important because it is where the work materializes.

The main stages include:

• Definition of a management and quality strategy

They are all the systematically planned actions in a company necessary to provide
adequate confidence so that the products or services can satisfy certain quality
requirements. integrating the human, administrative side and especially in construction,
the technical part of companies becoming more competitive.

By improving your organization's quality management systems, you can positively

increase your profitability. By showing that you are truly committed to the quality of
products and services, you can transform your company culture, as employees will
understand the need for continuous improvement as a result.

For this, it is based on the ISO 9001:2008 standard, which has the following quality
management principles:

 Customer focus
 Leadership
 Staff participation
 Process-based approach
  System approach to management
 Continuous improvement
 Fact-based approach to decision making
 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships

There are companies that have the idea that implementing quality management is only
used in manufacturing and allows an invasion of bureaucracy; nothing could be more
false, since the construction sector is one of those with the most certified companies,
either for market reasons or because they sense that it is a survival measure in an
increasingly competitive environment, with this area occupying the third place
worldwide.

Implementing a Quality System brings many benefits to construction companies, some

of these are:

 A higher level of competitiveness in the market.

 International opening for strategic alliances.
 Better quality customer service is offered.
 Greater confidence on the part of customers.
 Have a flexible organizational structure defined that allows it to grow or contract
in an orderly manner.
 Use of human, administrative and operational resources.
Reduction of administrative and operating expenses.

• Obtaining permits to carry out the work

If you are thinking of building a home or commercial premises, you need to apply for a
building license.

This permit will be requested from the district authority and will be initiated by the
owner of the land or a legal representative; This authorization will allow us to carry out
everything from a modification to existing works that need remodeling or expansion, to
projects related to buildings with more than 30 thousand square meters; If the area of
the work is less than 120 square meters, the municipality will grant an automatic license
after receiving the requested documents; For larger extensions, the management takes
40 days on average.

You must have at least the following:

 Flat. You must present the location plan, structures and electrical and sanitary
installations.
 Copy. All necessary documents must be presented with a copy to the municipal
authority.
 Essential. If the land does not have water, electricity or drainage, first apply for
an Urban Habilitation license.
  Papers. In the municipality, ask for the Single Form and complete it with the
support of those responsible for the work.
 Proof. In Public Records, request a copy of the document that proves that the
land or house is yours.

D.-SUPERVISION AND CONTROL:

The plans are registered and reviewed by the work team headed by the internal manager
of the institute, where appropriate, the necessary adjustments to the project are
requested in order to comply with the standards and criteria established by the institute.
Delivery to engineering and mechanical guides. The project is presented and diskettes
of the architectural plans and mechanical guides will be delivered to the engineering
representatives, according to the established program, setting the delivery dates of the
engineering projects.
The engineering area with its internal coordination is responsible for the technical
solutions of each specialty, as well as the advice required by external engineering
designers; In addition, to provide comprehensive advice to the architecture area who
transmits to the architectural designer the actions derived from this advice.
It is the responsibility of the architectural designer to coordinate the different external
engineering designers for any clarification during the development of the project; If the
executive architecture-engineering project has not been fully contracted, the
corresponding changes or adjustments will be channeled through the institute's internal
coordinator in coordination meetings with those responsible for the structure and
facilities.
The projects that make up its comprehensive development will be endorsed by the
architectural designer and/or the different designers involved in the project from the
areas of architecture and engineering.

E.- SETTLEMENT:

The settlement of the work constitutes the last phase of the consummation of the work
contract and determines the price that the owner of the work must pay. Once it has been
completed, delivered and received by the promoter, he has the obligation to pay the
agreed price.
 SPECIALTIES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER
GEOTECHNICS

The specialization in Geotechnical, as its name indicates, refers to the application of Civil
Engineering technology to the management of earth materials from the planet's crust. Usually,
the geotechnical engineer is responsible for studying the mechanical, hydraulic and
engineering properties of materials from the earth, natural materials found on or near the
surface of the earth such as soils and rocks in order to determine their properties. and design:

Taludes , is a slope resulting from the layout and excavation of a road.

Foundations of buildings and bridges.

Dams are structures that can be built of soil or rock and that for their stability and tightness
depend on the materials on which they are based or those that surround them.
Tunnels are structures built through soil or rock and depend on the characteristics of the
materials through which they are built to define the construction system, the duration of the
work and the costs.

TYPICAL GEOTYPICAL PROJECT

STRUCTURES

One of the most important areas of civil engineering is structures. The structure is the resistant
part of a construction, it plays the same role as the bone and muscular systems of vertebrates:
it provides resistance and rigidity so that, together with other systems, a common goal is
achieved; Therefore, the structure is vital for a construction to be useful.

The development of a country is

generally accompanied by the
construction, operation and
maintenance of its infrastructure; This
includes: housing, communication
routes, health centers, education
centers, production centers, service
centers, etc.
Therefore, it can be seen that it is interesting to appreciate that structural engineering
participates in the creation and maintenance of this infrastructure.

PROBLEMS THAT THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER PREVISES AND RESOLVES

The first is the problem of construction economics.1 In many projects, a builder can omit the
participation of an engineer in designing all the structural elements, that is, with very thick
columns, very banked beams, with a lot of reinforcement, with too much solder, etc. If the
building owner is willing, there probably won't be many problems; However, a balance is
generally sought between the economics of construction and the limits of safety and
functionality; This is the job of the structural engineer.

A common problem, also related to construction economics, is durability. Although this is

important for concrete and steel structures, for brevity only one very specific aspect related to
the durability of concrete structures is discussed here: the reinforcement cover, which must be
clearly specified in the construction plans, since affects (Ghali, 1998):

• The tension force in the rods.

• Fire resistance

• Concrete cracking

• Corrosion.

• Another economic problem occurs when a structure fails.

For example, in 1981 a hallway fell in the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas, USA (Roddis, 1993
and Petroski, 1985). The supports of two walkways suspended by cables broke when there
were between 1,500 and 2,000 people near the site. Approximately 50,000 kg (490 kN) of
debris, as well as guests who were in the hallways, fell onto the hotel lobby. 114 people died
and nearly 200 were seriously injured. The failure was due to a poor design of the hallway
support system (detail of its connection). The detail and its design were very simple; However,
a small change (to simplify the construction process) doubled the design loads of the
connection (figure 2). Given the apparent simplicity of the detail, the engineers did not give
due importance to the change, and approved the new detail without further consideration.
Regardless of whether the engineers were accused of negligence, the compensations
exceeded the cost of the building several times. This accident illustrates the great
responsibility that the structural engineer has; Therefore, it is important that each stage of a
project, no matter how insignificant it may seem, takes time and that each point of the design
is carefully analyzed, preferably as a team.
HYDRAULICS

Hydraulic engineering has served humanity through the years, supplying it with drinking water
and providing protection measures against floods and storms. Throughout history, water has
always been used as a source for human uses of all kinds. Controlling global water is a complex
task, and its scope and importance continues to increase. The world's continuing to grow
population, along with its ever-increasing water needs, contrasts with limited water resources.

Therefore, the ambitious needs of supplying water to humanity, while preserving the world's
natural sources inevitably leads to conflict.

Therefore we can say that Hydraulics is one of the main branches of Civil Engineering that
deals with problems related to the use and
management of fluids, mainly water. This
discipline is generally dedicated to the solution of
problems such as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers
and canals and the forces developed by liquids
confined in natural deposits, such as lakes,
lagoons, estuaries, etc., or artificial ones. , such as
tanks, batteries and storage vessels, in general.

EVOLUTION OF HYDRAULICS

Since the beginning of civilization, when man settled in the fertile valleys and long rivers, such
as the Nile in North Africa and the Yangtze in China, the development of water resources has
been one of the greatest tasks of humanity . People have always depended on the
development of their water resources to survive in environments that often experience
droughts and floods. Adjustments to the irregularity of water flows required great efforts and
ingenious technical solutions, usually for irrigation or protection against floods. Over centuries
of testing, sometimes failed, engineers honed their skills. Hydraulic Engineering, in its empirical
form, is among the oldest professions, and many civilizations have depended on its
development over the centuries, from ancient times to current engineering works. Over time,
humanity has not only used and enjoyed the world's waters for its purposes.
TRANSPORT

The transportation of people and things in economic - social systems is an essential activity. If
these movements did not exist, production processes, human relationships, work, recreation
and the encounter between consumers and products would not occur. The need for
transportation is, in short, a demand derived from the very disposition of the economic-social
systems in the geographical space and, on the other hand, the product demanded,
"movement", has the very particular characteristic of not being storable. The study, planning,
optimization and sustainability of the systems that allow this transportation of people and
things to take place, then, is crucial for the economic and social development of local
communities, countries and regions.

Therefore, a specialist must be able to conceive, design, evaluate, select, coordinate, plan,
direct, construct and control Land Road Engineering, with a high sense of responsibility,
knowledge and suitability, with emphasis on road conservation, road geotechnics, technology
of materials for road construction and design, construction and rehabilitation of pavements.

CONSTRUCTION

The Specialization in Construction Management has an emphasis on the study and treatment
of the most intangible parts of construction projects, that is, it moves away from the strictly
technical issues of field execution to move to a macro vision.

Which makes the engineer who holds this title a professional with specialized knowledge in the
areas of planning, administration and evaluation of construction projects, with the ability to
propose and develop new models of organization and business control, with a view to
optimizing the construction process and reduce costs.
RESEARCH IN CONSTRUCTION

The Construction Engineering and Management Research Group - IN2GECO - promotes the
development of the country through supporting the construction sector, generating and
disseminating new knowledge. His lines of research are framed in: systems for the integration
of construction projects; sustainability of the built environment; production and quality
systems in construction, and innovation and technology in project management.

The nature of the construction activity seen as an engineering project, with the characteristics
of purpose, uniqueness, temporality, risks, impact on the environment and multidisciplinarity,
requires that its management be carried out from the management of engineering projects
through integration. of the different areas.

WORK FIELD OF A CIVIL ENGINEER

A civil engineer is qualified to perform:

 The public sector and private sector

 The free exercise of the profession
 Dedicate yourself to teaching and research
 The development of your own company

The civil engineer has several job options:

 As a consultant:
 Resistant structures, civil works and art of all kinds.
  Water regulation, collection, supply and treatment works.

 Irrigation works and their corresponding drainage and drainage works.

 River correction and regulation works.

 Topographic and geodetic work.
 Seismic risk in constructions.
 Studies, tasks and advice related to: Soil mechanics and rock mechanics.
 Urban, rural and transportation systems planning in general.

 You can also perform in:

 In the free exercise of the profession, or
devoting oneself to teaching and research.
 Construction of civil works, either as a
designer or as an executor of the works.
 Topography, cartography, geodesy.
 Teaching and University Administration.

 In the development of physical infrastructure: homes, buildings, roads,

passage works and management and treatment of water resources.
 In the public sector, their services are required in the Secretariats of
Social Development, Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development.
 In the private sector, he collaborates in construction companies,
companies of associated professionals, such as:
 CAPECO – PERUVIAN
CHAMBER OF
CONSTRUCTION
It is a non-profit civil
association, of a union nature.
We group and represent
companies that operate in the
construction activity in Peru.

 COSAPI
It is the second engineering and
construction company with national capital in Peru, according to the
ranking of the “500 Largest Companies in Peru” published by América
Economía. He has successfully completed several of the most important
and emblematic projects in Peru, both in the private and public sectors.

 ICA
Leading company in infrastructure and construction operations in
Mexico
  CARSO GROUP.
It is one of the most
important
conglomerates in Latin
America. It controls and
operates a large
number of companies
in the industrial,
commercial,
infrastructure and construction sectors; It is also found in the
automotive sector.

CONCLUSIONS
 Civil Engineering is a career with which you can do a lot for the development
and growth of both an urban and rural area, and it also has a wide field of work.
 It is also a career that has different areas of study, which makes it even more
interesting, such as: highway engineering, structural engineering, geotechnical
engineering, hydraulic and sanitary engineering, hydrology and environmental,
among others.
 It is also a career in which you can intervene from different points of focus, such
as: design, management, construction and auditing, which makes it more
dynamic.
 It is a career in which the human factor is very important because the civil
engineer must be a complete professional, capable of having excellent
interpersonal relationships with the people who are part of the environment
that surrounds him.
 The civil engineer is an ideator of solutions to some of the problems that a
community presents, which in the end is the most rewarding of all.
 It is very important to emphasize that currently our country requires
professionals graduated from Civil Engineering with the preparation and
adequate training to face the challenges posed by population growth,
modernization in the field of construction, as well as the growing use of
technology which requires us to have planning with short, medium and long-
term objectives in order to obtain general well-being in the population.
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