History of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,
construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment,
including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the
problems of society
Its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and
mathematics throughout history
It is a wide-ranging profession, including several specialized sub-disciplines
Its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology,
soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.
Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub- disciplines.
It is the second- oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is
defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.
Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national
governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to
international companies.
History
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and
architecture
The term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the
same occupation, and often used interchangeably
The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700— 2500 BC) were some of the first
instances of large structure construction
Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water
management system (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,) the
Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447—438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman
engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders
from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)
The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially
aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction
was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of
master builder.
Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures,
roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were
incremental.
An 1818, world's first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was
founded in London
An 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The
institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as
a profession.

Egyptian Pyramids
A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex
Qanat
A qanat or kariz is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an
aquifer or water well to the surface for irrigation and drinking, acting as an underground
aqueduct.
Parthenon, Athens Greece
The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece
Dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their
patron.
Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power.
Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is the collective name of a series of fortification systems
generally built across the historical northern borders of China
to protect and consolidate territories of Chinese states and empires against various
nomadic groups of the steppe and their polities.
Chitchen ltza
Chitchen ltza was a large pre-Columbian city in Mexico built by the Maya people of the
Post Classic
A roman aqueduct (built circa 19 BC) near Pont du Gard, France

Eddystone Lighthouse
An aerial view of the fourth lighthouse (The stub of the third lighthouse is visible in the
background)
First Civil Engineer
The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the
Eddystone Lighthouse.
In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil
Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner.
Father of Civil Engineering
• John Smeaton is the Father of Civil Engineering.
• English civil engineer
• born on June 8, 1729,.
• Smeaton actually is referred to having coined the term "civil engineering" to
distinguish from military engineers.
• He was responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors and lighthouses.
Mother of Engineering
• Civil Engineering is the mother of all engineering.
• Mechanical Engineering is considered to be one of the oldest and broadest
branches of engineering.
• This field is also referred to as the Mother branch of engineering.
Famous Civil Engineer
• Although the modern engineering industry owes a debt to
• hundreds of innovators over time, these are some of the most influential civil
engineers throughout history.
• Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC)
• John Smeaton (1724-1792)
• Benjamin Wright (1770-1842)
• Squire Whipple (1804-1888)
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859)
CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
A. The Importance of Studying the History of Engineering Systems
Eminent historians agree that the extent to which the history of a profession is known,
preserved, honored, and utilized greatly influences the degree to which the profession
knows and comprehends itself; and it also dictates the extent to which the profession
is acknowledged and respected by others outside its confines.
Many prominent civil engineers in the current era believe that knowledge of
engineering history will lead to a reinforcement of the profession and its stature among
other professions, specifically, that civil engineering has a deserved place in the arena
of the overall evolution of civilization and the world.
Knowing the history of engineering systems enables those who practice engineering
to better understand the simultaneous relationship between engineering and other
sectors of human development, such as health, agriculture, and industry.
Also, the history of engineering, from the inspiring narratives of great projects as well
as the seemingly small incremental improvements, provides illumination and caveats
about what was once thought to be the state of the art and should be recognized as
fundamental knowledge rather than irrelevant to the current state of the art (Petroski,
2001).
The purpose of any documentation of history is to interpret the development and
activity of humankind. (Kirby., et al 1956)
According to engineering historians, the historical evolution of engineering is best
understood when it is discussed in the context of other transformative events of history
that changed the way humans live: the food production revolution (circa 6000—3000
BC), the emergence of urban communities (circa 3000—2000 BC), the birth of Greek
science (600 — 300 BC), innovations in power generation in Europe (in the Middle
Ages), the development of modern science (17th century), the Industrial Revolution
(18th century), the invention of electricity and the advent of applied science (19th
century), and the current age of automation and information technology (20th and 21st
centuries).
B. Engineering Definitions and General Evolution Of Civil Engineering cont.
Civil engineering is best defined in the context of engineering systems in general.
Engineering is the application of science, mathematics, business, and other fields to
harness efficiently the resources of nature to develop structures and facilities that
benefit the entire society at the current time and in the future.
Other definitions provided by White (2008) and Moncur (2012) include:
Theartofdirectingthegreatsourcesofpowerinnaturefortheuseandconvenienceofh
umans (Thomas Tredgold, 1828).
A triad of trilogies (first trilogy—pure science, applied science, and engineering;
second trilogy—economic theory, finance, and engineering; third trilogy— social
relations, industrial relations, and engineering) (Hardy Cross, 1952).
The art of the organized forcing of technological change engineers operate at the
interface between science and society (Dean Gordon Brown, year unknown).
Theinnovativeandmethodicalapplicationofscientificknowledgeandtechnologyto
produce a device, system, or process that is intended to satisfy human need(s)
(Gerard Voland, 1999).
The art of organizing and directing men and controlling the forces and materials of
nature for the benefit of the human race (Henry Stott, 1907).
The practice of safe and economic application of scientific laws governing the forces
and materials of nature by organizing, designing, and constructing for the general
benefit of humankind (S. Lindsay, 1920).
The art or science of making practical (Samuel Florman, year unknown).
Visualization of the needs of society and translating scientific knowledge in to tools,
resources, energy, and labor to bring them into the service of humans (Sir Eric Ashby,
year unknown).
The professional and systematic application of science to the efficient utilization of
natural resources to produce wealth (Theodore Hoover and John Fish, 1941).
The science of economy, of conserving the energy, kinetic and potential, provided and
stored up by nature for the use of humans [utilizing] this energy to the best advantage,
so that there may be the least possible waste (William Smith, 1908).
Application, with judgment, of the knowledge of the mathematical and natural
sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, to develop ways to utilize,
economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of humankind (The
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., 1993).
Civil Engineering Discipline — The art of directing the great sources of power in
nature for the use and convenience of man, as "the means of production and of traffic
in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads,
bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation, and docks for internal intercourse and
exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbors, moles, breakwaters, and light-
houses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce,
and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and
towns" (ICE, 2007). Formal definitions date back to 1828.
Civil Engineering — "The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and
physical sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment
to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the
progressive well-being of humanity in creating, improving, and protecting the
environment, in providing facilities for community living, industry and transportation,
and in providing structures for the use of humanity" (ASCE, 1961).
Civil engineering is considered a science because its practice is consistent with the
key characteristics of the classical scientific method—hypothesis setting and testing,
replicability, refutability, and reductionism (Khisty and Mohammadi, 2001).
Historians believe that the discipline took root between 4000 and 2000 BC when
humans in ancient civilizations began to abandon their nomadic lifestyles in favor of
more permanent shelter, thus generating the need for fixed facilities and structures.
The reshaping of caves to protect humans from harsh weather and the use of tree
trunks to cross water bodies were early practices related to civil engineering (Straub,
1964).
Consequently, a need arose to transport large amounts of goods to and from human
settlements for purposes of consumption, trade, and warfare. This also led to the need
for roads and water-bearing and water-transporting structures such as aqueducts and
canals.
The first people to develop engineering systems were the Sumerians (located in
present- day Iraq, 4500 — 1700 BC approximately) who constructed an intricate
hydraulic system that helped transform their arid comprised of canals, dams,
reservoirs, and landscape into a systematic and lush city with beautiful gardens and
fertile lands (Kramer, 1963).
Other notable large engineering structures that date back several thousand years
include the pyramids of Egypt constructed during 2800 — BC 2009) • and the Great
Wall of China (circa 200BC).
The BC—AD transition millennium (500 BC to AD 500) was marked by significant
advancements worldwide, including ancient civilizations in Persia, Greece, South
America, South Asia, China, and Africa. In 3 BC, in what was probably the first
scientific approach to the physical sciences applied to civil engineering, Archimedes
established the laws of buoyancy and constructed a large screw that raised water from
lower levels.
Also in this era, impressive civil structures were constructed by A. ancient civilizations
worldwide including qanats (irrigation structures) in present-day Iran, the Stupa
monasteries in present-day Sri Lanka, and ancient structures in Great Zimbabwe.
During the time Of the Roman Empire (circa 27 BC to AD 500), extensive civil
structures were constructed that included and dams. Other civilizations that were
marked by remarkable achievements in civil engineering included those of Greece,
Harrapan (in present-day India and Pakistan), and Maya (in present-day Mexico).
In all these and other civilizations that spanned the course of history, civil engineering
systems have been developed in a bid to enhance the quality of life of people.
• To provide water for irrigation and for drinking
• Dispose of liquid waste
• To transport goods, message-bearing emissaries, and equipment and soldiers for
defense purposes.
Also, the deve10EHnent Of civil engineering Systems has proceeded in parallel with
the advancements in other devices associated with the use of these system. For
example, the development of greater impetus for improvements in road pavement
construction.
The development of civil engineering as a profession has been evolutionary and
incremental.
• The etymological root of the word "engineer" is the Latin word "ineenium", which
means talent or mental power 2000).
• Also was the name given to an ingenious device used by the Roman army to attack
fortifications (Dandy et al., 2008).
The field of civil engineering is considered the oldest nonmilitary engineering discipline
and one of the oldest among all professions worldwide.
The earliest engineers that carried out civil works military engineers who possessed
expertise in infrastructure of military and civil purpose. In times of war, these engineers
used their expertise to help facilitate conquests or defense by building catapults,
observation towers, bridges across rivers, and other military facilities. In times of
peace, however, their expertise was used for civilian purposes for the benefit of the
populace. At some point in history, a dichotomy was established between military and
nonmilitary engineers [Encyclopedia Britannica (EB), 2011]: The term civil engineer
was used to describe any Who did not practice military engineering.
The Renaissance in Europe (1500—1800) was characterized by prosperous fueled
the saw a rapid pace in the development of civil engineering as a profession in Prance
as evidenced by the establishment of state-planned infrastructure by ministers in the
Bourbons era (Chrimes and 2001); the first engineering school in modern times, the
National School of Bridges and Highways was opened by Perronet in France in 1747;
in Paris in 1794 and in Berlin in 1799, the Ecole Polytechnique and Bauakademie, and
the respectively, were founded.
• John Smeaton of England was the first person to himself a "civil engineer."
• In 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the world's first engineering society, was
founded in London.
• In 1828, it was awarded a royal charter that formally recognized civil engineering
as a profession.
In the United States, Benjamin Wright, considered the father of American civil
engineering, helped design and construct the Erie Canal and several railroads in the
19th century (VitzSimons 1996).
In the 19th and 20th centuries, persons calling themselves civil engineers in the United
States and Europe designed and built all types of structures, water supply and sewer
• systems, railroads, and highways and planned cities.
Notable engineers in that era included Eiffel, John Fowler, John Jervis, Robert Maillar,
John Roebling and Thomas Telford.
The American Society Of Civil Engineers (ASCE) WAS founded by 12 in a at the
Croton Aqueduct administration offices in New City on November
In the 20th century, designations including societies, institutes, and orders were
formed in countries world-wide to advance the profession, protect the interests of
members, and foster positive interactions with the general public.
Over the last two centuries, the role of civil engineers has been rather explicit and
distinguish- able from that of other related professions as they have applied their
knowledge to plan, design, build, maintain, or/and operate complex civil infrastructure
systems that have served humankind in a variety of ways. These systems include
buildings for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes; facilities for transporting
passengers and freight; and networks for transporting water, storm water, or
wastewater.
Specifically, civil engineers have responsibilities for constructing and/or managing a
wide array of system types, including water and wastewater treatment plants, storm
water and wastewater drainage, dams and levees, power plants, highway pavements
and bridges, - railroads, pedestrian and cyclist facilities, irrigation and shipping canals,
river navigation, traffic infrastructure, public transit guideways and terminals, airport
runways and terminals, transmission towers and lines, tunnels and industrial plant
structures.
Depending on the type of system or structure in question, the practice of civil
engineering often involves some knowledge of other fields, such as physics,
mathematics, geography, geology, soil science, hydrology, and mechanics.
Consequently, the development Of civil engineering has Other fields; and in recent
decades, the advancement of civil engineering systems management has followed the
trends in economics, finance, statistics, and operations research.
The development of civil engineering systems has been a catalyst in the
socioeconomic transformations we are experiencing today.
Civil Engineering Society and Other Professions
How does Civil Engineering contribute to the society?
• Civil engineering is moving somewhat away from the gold- standard of "design for
function “ and expanding to embrace "design to cost and environmental
compatibility".
• It is important to recognize the revolution that has occurred in engineering since
the 1960s.
• A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering
• the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating
infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health
• improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected
• Computers and the web have changed many aspects of the job.
• Specifically, computers have replaced many things that engineers used to do.
• No longer are high-level skills with a slide rule and detailed manual computations
needed, because computers have assumed much of this burden.
• This has resulted in significant time savings, freeing engineers to focus on broader
integration issues of importance.
Civil engineering affects many of our daily activities: the buildings we live in and work
in, the transportation facilities we use, the water we drink, and the drainage and
sewage systems that are necessary to our health and well-being.
Civil engineers:
• Measure and map the earth's surface.
• Design and supervise the construction of bridges, tunnels, large buildings, dams, and
coastal structures.
• Plan, layout, construct, and maintain railroads, highways, and airports.
• Devise systems for the control and efficient flow of traffic.
• Plan and build river navigation and flood control projects.
• Provide plants and systems for water supply and sewage and refuse disposal.
Our constructions, while they may be simply for shelter or transportation, often include
aesthetic touches that are there to make us feel good about what we have built.
Thus, bridges have geometrical designs intended to support weight, but they also have
an artistic detailing and a "look" that defines the era in which they were built.
In constructing buildings, highways, and bridges, civil engineers work with architects
to develop the appearance of the structure.
Ugly buildings represent a failed communication between the two professionals
A building that falls down, or cannot be maintained, also represents a failure, but one
that the civil engineer could possibly have prevented
Civil engineering is much more than erecting skyscrapers or bridges.
Civil engineers are trained in the interactions among structures, the earth, and water,
with applications ranging from highways to dams and water reservoirs.
Deeply involved with specifying appropriate construction materials, many civil
engineers and others are also employed by the manufacturers of those materials.
Since constructing a large building or public-works project can involve elaborate
planning, civil engineers can be outstanding project managers.
They sometimes oversee thousands of workers and develop advanced
computerization and planning policies.
Most significantly, many civil engineers are involved with preserving, protecting, or
restoring the environment.
Most water treatment and water purification projects are designed and constructed by
civil engineers (in these two areas, many of them are known as environmental
engineers).
A growing number of civil engineers are involved in billion-dollar projects to clean up
toxic industrial or municipal wastes at abandoned dump sites.
Civil engineers engage in such diverse projects as preserving wetlands or beaches,
maintaining national forest parks, and restoring the land around mines, oil wells, or
factories.
What is an engineer?
Engineers are problem solvers!
• "Engineering is concerned with the implementation of a solution to a practical
problem.
• A scientist may ask "why?" and proceed to research the answer to the question.
• By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem and how to implement
that solution.

• In other words, scientists investigate phenomena

• whereas engineers create solutions to problems or improve upon existing
solutions.
• A scientist builds in order to learn.
• An engineer learns in order to build."
• In fact, the words engine and engineer developed in parallel from the Latin root
ingeniosus, meaning "skilled".
• An engineer is thus a clever, practical, problem solver."
First Civil Engineering Organization in the Philippines
In the late 1920s, group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the
Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) PSCE which was the first civil
engineering organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcial Kasilag as its first
president.
How long does it take to become a Civil Engineer in the Philippines?
Prospective civil engineers must complete a bachelor's degree, which usually takes
about four years.
If you choose to earn a master's in civil engineering as well, you can add a couple of
years to that.
The academic program must be approved by ABET, an accreditation board.
How do Civil Engineers make in the Philippines?
In the Philippines, the salary for inexperienced Civil Engineers is between P 15,000 —
P20,000 per month
while experienced engineers can earn P30,000 per month.
In most industrialized countries, pay and benefits are much higher than local rates.
What is Civil Engineering Law in the Philippines?
• The Civil Engineering Law, Republic Act No. 544
• governs the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines
• last amended 54 years ago..
What is Republic Act 544?
Republic Act No. 544 (as amended by R.A. 1582) is an an act to regulate the practice
of Civil Engineering in the Philippines.
The Act has been re-introduced by Senator Panfilo M. Lacson as Senate Bill no. 2770.
The Senator brought to life the Act as he explained that civil engineers are currently
confronted with broader issues and they have to integrate the socio-economic and
environmental issues with the technical aspects of the construction projects.
"The Civil Engineer is constantly challenged to design and build developments in a
manner that is environmentally sound, socially acceptable, and globally competitive. "
The Bill sought to achieve the following:
1. To align the law with the requirements for national development;
2. To strengthen the profession in facing the formidable challenges resulting from
globalization and cross-border practice;
3. To continuously develop the level of competence of the civil engineers through:
• Peer recognition of specialization in civil engineering
• Continuing professional development
• Strengthening the accredited professional organization of civil engineers
4. To clearly define the foreign nationalities practice of civil engineering in the country
5. To promote the growth of the consulting sector by recognizing international
philosophy of multi-disciplinary services
What is a profession?
A profession is defined by:
1. Knowledge = requires formal education, judgment and discretion that are not
routine and cannot be mechanized; continuing education required
2. Organization = sets standards for admission to profession, enforces standards of
conduct, establishes codes of ethics
3. Public Good = purpose of service and preservation of public welfare
What is expected from professional engineers?
According to T.D. Oates, 1993
Professional engineers should work for the welfare of the public.
They are responsible for observing societal needs, and often have the position and
resources to improve society.
As professionals, engineers are expected to set examples in the work field and to
establish themselves as assets to society.
Midterms
Structural Engineering
• a specialty within the field of civil engineering
• the branch of civil engineering that deals with large modern buildings and similar
structures
• focuses on the framework of structures, and on designing those structures to
withstand the stresses and pressures of their environment and remain safe, stable and
secure throughout their use
• Structural engineering is among the oldest types of engineering, dating back to the
first instance of tree branches being lashed together with vines to make a shelter.
• Structures must be able to deal with the conditions in which they are built.
• A house in Canada must have a roof that can bear the weight of heavy snow and a
stadium in California must be able to withstand earthquakes, for example.
• When building bridges, designers must take into account the conditions of terrain,
wind, water and traffic volume.
• Structural engineers consider all of these factors and provide technical advice about
the project.
• "Structural engineers battle gravity, wind, snow and rain every day to provide the
world with outstanding structures," Kate Leighton, a structural engineer, said in
"Careers in Structural Engineering, a publication of the Institution of Structural
Engineers. "They are experts at solving problems, meeting challenges and providing
creative solutions. "
• Structural engineers "design roof framing (beams, rafters, joists, trusses), floor
framing (floor decks, joists, beams, trusses, girders), arches, columns, braces, frames,
foundations and w IIS," according to the Nation National Council of Structural
Engineers Association.
• "In bridges, they design the deck — or riding surface, girders or stringers, and piers.
The materials they use include steel, concrete, wood, masonry, and aluminum.
Engineers design the structure to resist forces from gravity, earthquakes, high winds,
water, soil, collisions and blast explosions. "
• Throughout recorded history, people have been designing and building increasingly
larger and more sophisticated structures, from primitive huts to the International Space
Station.
• The names of the earliest practitioners of structural engineering are lost to antiquity.
• We will never know who designed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Parthenon
or the aqueducts of the Roman Empire.
• Some of the latter-day practitioners in this field are known, although often not as well
as the structures they designed.
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon, ancient gardens considered one of the Seven
Wonders of the World and thought to have been located near the royal palace in
Babylon.
• By the beginning of the 21st century, the site of the Hanging Gardens had not yet
been conclusively established.
• Many theories persisted regarding the structure and location of the gardens.
• Some researchers proposed that these were rooftop gardens.
• Another theory, popularized by the writings of British archaeologist Sir Leonard
Woolley, suggested that the gardens were built within the walls of the royal palace at
Babylon, the capital of Babylonia (now in southern Iraq), and did not actually "hang"
but were instead "up in the air";
• That is, they were roof gardens laid out on a series of ziqqurat terraces that were
irrigated by pumps from the Euphrates River.
• Traditionally, they were thought to be the work either of the semilegendary queen
Sammu-ramat (Greek Semiramis, mother of the Assyrian king Adad-nirari Ill, who
reigned from 810 to 783 BCE) or of King Nebuchadrezzar Il (reigned c. 605—c. 561
BCE), who built them to console his Median wife, Amytis, because she missed the
mountains and greenery of her homeland.
• Parthenon, temple that dominates the hill of the Acropolis at Athens.

• It was built in the mid-5th century BCE and dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena
Parthenos ("Athena the Virgin").
• The temple is generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the
Doric order, the simplest of the three Classical Greek architectural orders.
• Prominent structural engineers include Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel Tower, Statue of Liberty)
and Eero Saarinen (Gateway Arch).
• However, most designs for famous modern structures such as the Large Hadron
Collider and the James Webb Space Telescope are attributed to companies and
government organizations.
• Eiffel Tower, French Tour Eiffel, Parisian landmark that is also a technological

masterpiece in building-construction history.

• When the French government was organizing the International Exposition of 1889 to
celebrate the centenary of the French Revolution, a competition was held for designs
for a suitable monument.
• More than 400 plans were submitted, and the Centennial Committee accepted that
of the noted bridge engineer Gustave Eiffel.
• Eiffel's concept of a 300-metre (984-foot) tower built almost entirely of open-lattice
wrought iron aroused amazement, skepticism, and no little opposition on aesthetic
grounds.
• When completed, the tower served as the entrance gateway to the exposition.
• Gateway Arch, monument in St. Louis, Missouri, that sits along the west bank of the
Mississippi River.

• The Gateway Arch, one of the most iconic monuments in the U.S., takes its name
from the city's role as the "Gateway to the West" during the westward expansion of
the United States in the 19th century.
• Large Hadron Collider (LHC), world's most powerful particle accelerator . The LHC
was constructed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in the
same 27-km (17- mile) tunnel that housed its Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP).

• The tunnel is circular and is located 50—175 meters (165—575 feet) below ground,
on the border between France and Switzerland.
• The LHC ran its first test operation on September 10, 2008. An electrical problem in
a cooling system on September 18 resulted in a temperature increase of about 100 oc
(180 OF) in the magnets, which are meant to operate at temperatures near absolute
zero (—273.15 oc, or -459.67 OF).
• Early estimates that the LHC would be quickly fixed soon tumed out to be overly
optimistic. It restarted on November 20, 2009.
• Shortly thereafter, on November 30, it supplanted the Fermi National National
Accelerator Laboratory's Tevatron as the most powerful particle accelerator when it
boosted protons to energies of I .18 teraelectron volts (TeV; 1 x 10^12 electron volts).
• In March 2010 scientists at CERN announced that a problem with the
design of superconducting wire in the LHC required that the collider run only at half-
energy (7 TeV).
• The LHC was shut down in February 2013 to fix the problem and was restarted in
April 2015 to run at its full energy of 13 TeV. A second long shutdown, during which
the LHC's equipment would be upgraded, began in December 2018 and is scheduled
to end in late 2021 or early 2022.
Structural Engineer's Job:
• Analyzing blueprints, maps, reports, and topographical and geological data;
• Estimating the cost and quantities of materials, equipment and labor;
• Computing load and grade requirements, water flow rates and material stress factors
to determine design specifications;
• Inspecting project sites to monitor progress and ensure the project is being
constructed according to design specifications;
• Conducting studies of traffic patterns or environmental conditions to identify potential
problems and assess how they will affect the project.
• Critical skills that a person needs in structural engineering include an in- depth
understanding of physics and mathematics.
• A structural engineer must also know the properties of various materials, such as
their density, hardness, tensile strength, bulk modulus and bending strength.
• They need to be able to calculate how different materials will perform under stresses
such as compression, tension, bending and twisting, as well as under various
environmental conditions of temperature, pressure, corrosive gases and liquids, and
even radiation.
• They also need to be able to predict how these materials will perform over an
extended period of time.
• Structural engineers rely increasingly on computer-aided design (CAD) systems, so
proficiency with computers is essential. In addition to speeding up the drafting process,
CAD systems allow for quick and easy modifications of designs and three-dimensional
(3D) visualization of finished parts and assemblies.
• Most structural-engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in engineering.
Many employers, particularly those that offer engineering consulting services, also
require certification as a professional engineer.
• A master's degree is often required for promotion to management, and ongoing
education and training are needed to keep up with advances in technology, materials,
computer hardware and software and government regulations.
• Many structural engineers belong to the Structural Engineering Institute of the
American Society of Civil Engineers.
• Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)
• Structural engineers often work alongside civil engineers and architects as part of a
construction team.
• "In a nutshell," according to the Institution of Structural Engineers, "if a structure was
a human body, then the architect would be concerned with the body shape and
appearance, and the structural engineer would be concerned with the skeleton and
sinews."
• In other words, structural engineers make sure that buildings don't fall down and
bridges don't collapse.
Structural Engineer's Salary:
• According to salary.com, as of July 2014, the salary range for a newly graduated
structural engineer with a bachelor's degree is $41 ,045 to $62,883.
• The range for a midlevel engineer with a master's degree and five to 10 years of
experience is $74,600 to $102,063;
• and the range for an engineer with a master's degree and more than 10 years of
experience is $87,562 to $113, 770.
• Many experienced engineers with advanced degrees are promoted to management
positions or start their own businesses where they can earn even more.
Construction Project Management
Construction Industry
Vertical
• Residential Buildings
• Commercial Buildings
Horizontal
• Highways
• Utility work
Industrial
• Refineries
• Power Plants
Owner
• Public Owner
• Private Owner
Architect/Engineer
Prime Contractor (General Contractor)
Sub Contractor (Specialty Contractor)
Vendors — Materials & Equipment
Regulators (Banks, Insurance, Inspectors, etc.)
Project Engineer
• Bid solicitation
• Document control
• Site layout
• Quality control
• Estimating
• Scheduling
• Safety inspections
• Pre-construction services
Residential
• Condominiums, town houses, apartments, single family homes
• Owners may be development companies or individual owners
• Fairly low tech
Building
• Office buildings, large apartment buildings, shopping malls, theaters
• Dependent on economy
• Designed by architects with engineering support
Heavy Construction
• Roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, water and waste water systems
• Designed by engineers
• Usually public projects
Industrial Projects
• Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical processing plants, auto production
facilities
• Specialized design and construction
• Limited companies do this work
Construction Engineering Career Paths - Industry
0-5 years
• Project Engineer
• Safety Engineer
• Estimator
5-20 years
• Project Manager
• Associate Safety Engineer
• Lead Estimator
20+ years
• Vice President
• Senior Project Executive
• Senior Safety Director
• Senior Estimator
Project Engineer's Job Description
Preparing, scheduling, coordinating and monitoring the assigned engineering projects
Monitoring compliance to applicable codes, practices, QA/QC policies, performance
standards and specifications.
Interacting daily with the clients to interpret their needs and requirements and
representing them in the field.
Safety Engineer's Job Description
Make sure workplaces are safe
Monitors the general work environment
Inspect buildings and machines for hazards and safety violations
Recommend safety features in new processes and products
Evaluate plans for new equipment to assure that it is safe to operate
Investigate accidents
Determine the cause and how to prevent them from happening again
Design special safety clothing and safety devices to protect workers from injury when
operating machines
Educate workers through safety campaigns or classes
Specialize in fire prevention
Analyze the design of buildings and the items in them to determent the best place to
put fire extinguishers, sprinklers and emergency exits
Specialize in product safety
Conduct research to make sure products are safe and recommend how a company
can change its product design to make it safe
Estimator or Quantity Surveyor
Quantity surveyors manage the costs on a construction project.
They help to ensure that the construction project is completed within its projected
budget.
Alternative job titles for a quantity surveyor include 'cost consultant', 'commercial
manager', 'cost manager' and 'cost engineer'.
Job Description of Estimator or Quantity Surveyor
• Price/forecast the cost of the different materials needed for the project
• Prepare tender documents, contracts, budgets, bills of quantities and other
documentation
• Track changes to the design and/or construction work and adjusting budget
projections accordingly
• Procure or agree the services of contractors and/or subcontractors who work on the
construction of the project
• Measure and value the work done on site
• Pay subcontractors
• Liaise with the client and other construction professionals, such as site managers,
project managers and site engineers
• Select and/or source construction materials
• Write reports
Project Manager
• A project manager is a person who has the overall responsibility for the successful
initiation, planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure of a project.
• Construction, petrochemical, architecture, information technology and many different
industries that produce products and services use this job title.
Roles and Responsibilities of a Project Manager
The role of the project manager encompasses many activities including:
• Planning and Defining Scope - Activity Planning and Sequencing
• Resource Planning
• Developing Schedules
• Time Estimating
• Cost Estimating
 • Developing a Budget
• Documentation
• Creating Charts and Schedules
• Risk Analysis
• Managing Risks and Issues
• Monitoring and Reporting Progress
• Team Leadership
• Strategic Influencing
• Business Partnering
• Working with Vendors
• Scalability, Interoperability and Portability Analysis
• Controlling Quality
• Benefits Realization
Associate Safety Engineer
• conducts safety surveys;
• investigates occupational safety and health complaints associated with construction
and other occupational safety and health-related disciplines;
• investigates accidents, determines the cause and the means of preventing their
recurrences;
• reports on seriousness of violations and makes recommendations where possible
prosecution is indicated to the Division's Bureau of Investigation;
• interprets safety orders and consults with employee organizations, employers and
the public in the development of revisions to, or additions of safety orders.
Geotechnical Engineering
All Civil Engineering Works begins with Geotechnical Engineering
Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of engineering mechanics to
soils to predict the mechanical behavior of soil.
Geotechnical Engineering is the branch of civil engineering that deals with soil, rock,
and underground water, and their relation to the design construction and operation of
engineering projects (Coduto 1998)
Typical Geotechnical Project

Geotechnical Applications
Shallow Foundations
• for transferring building loads to underlying ground
• mostly for firm soils or light loads

Shallow Foundations
Foundation Systems
Designing of Shallow Foundation Systems
• Bearing Capacity Failure
Transcona Grain Elevator (from Budhu 2000)

• Differential Settlement
Leaning Tower of Pisa

Deep Foundations
• For transferring building loads to underlying ground
• Mostly for weak soils or heavy loads
• For super structures

Deep Foundation Systems:

• Driven Piles
• Drilled Shafts

Retaining Walls
• Prevent soils from spreading laterally wall
Retaining Structure Systems
• Gavions
• Tie-backs (soil nailing or rock anchoring)

• Soil Nailing — steel rods placed into holes drilled into the walls and grouted.
• Excavation Support Systems

Sheet Piles
• Resist lateral earth pressures
• Used in temporary works
• Used in excavations & water front structures

Sheet Pile Walls

Earth Dams
• For impounding water

Landslide

Earthworks
• Preparing the ground prior to construction
Geofabrics
• Used for reinforcement, separation, filtration and drainage in roads, retaining walls,
embankments etc.

Geosynthetics
• Geosynthetic stabilized wall
 (Environmental Science & Engineering 2007)
Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls
• Using geofabrics to strengthen the soil

Geo-environmental Engineering
• Characterization and remediation of Geo-environment
(from Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 2001)
Geo-environmental Engineering
• Waste disposal in landfills

Soil Testing
Triaxial Test on Soil Sample in Laboratory

Geotechnical Engineering Problems

• How will the groundwater conditions impact the engineering project?
• What will be the impact of excavations, grading or filling?
Collapse of Nicoll Highway, Singapore, 2004

• Effects of earthquakes

Soil Improvement
• Jet Grouting
• Stone Columns

• Compaction Grouting

Ground Improvement

Impact Roller to Compact the Ground

Sheepsfoot Roller to Compact Clay Soils
Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering

• All Civil Engineering

Works begins with
Geotechnical Engineering
Definitions:

Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies the principles of

engineering mechanics to soils to predict the mechanical
behavior of soil.

Geotechnical Engineering is the branch of civil

engineering that deals with soil, rock, and underground
water, and their relation to the design construction and
operation of engineering projects (Coduto 1998)
Typical Geotechnical Project
GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
Shallow Foundations

§ for transferring
building loads to
underlying
ground
§ mostly for firm
soils or light
loads
Shallow Foundations
Foundation Systems
Designing of Shallow Foundation Systems
§ Bearing Capacity Failure

Transcona Grain Elevator

(from Budhu 2000)
Foundation Systems
Designing of Shallow Foundation Systems
§ Differential Settlement

Leaning Tower of Pisa

Deep Foundations

§ For transferring
building loads to
underlying ground
§ Mostly for weak soils or
heavy loads
§ For super structures
Deep Foundation Systems:
§ Driven Piles
Deep Foundation Systems:
§ Drilled Shafts
Retaining Walls
§ Prevent soils from spreading laterally
Retaining Structure Systems
§ Gavions
Retaining Structure Systems
§ Tie-backs (soil nailing or
rock anchoring)

(Boulanger and Duncan 2003)

Retaining Structure Systems
§ Soil Nailing – steel rods
placed into holes drilled
into the walls and grouted.
Retaining Structure Systems
§ Excavation Support
Systems
Retaining Structure Systems
Sheet Piles
• Resist lateral earth
pressures
• Used in temporary
works
• Used in excavations &
water front structures
Sheet Pile Walls

(Boulanger and Duncan 2003)

 Sheet Pile Walls
(Enclosing an area to prevent water from seeping in)
Tunneling
Earth Dams
§ For impounding water
Landslides
Earthworks
§ Preparing the ground prior to
construction
Geofabrics
§ Used for reinforcement,
separation, filtration and
drainage in roads, retaining
walls, embankments etc.

Geofabrics used on Pacific Highway

Geosynthetics
§ Geosynthetic stabilized wall

(kshitija.wordpress.com 2007) (Environmental Science & Engineering 2007)

Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls
§ Using geofabrics to strengthen the soil
Geo-environmental Engineering
§ Characterization and remediation of
Geo-environment

(from Norwegian Geotechnical Institute 2001)

Geo-environmental Engineering
§ Waste disposal in landfills
Soil Testing

Vane Shear Test Standard Penetration Test

Soil Testing

Triaxial Test on Soil Sample in Laboratory

GEOHAZARDS
 How will the groundwater
conditions impact the
Geotechnical Engineering Problems
§ engineering project?
Engineering
How will the groundwater conditions
impact the engineering project?
Teton Dam Failure (1975)

water
he
?
Geotechnical Engineering Problems
§ What will be the impact of excavations,
grading or filling?

Collapse of Nicoll Highway,

Singapore, 2004
(from Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 2001)
Geotechnical Engineering Problems
§ Effects of earthquakes

1964 Niigata Earthquake 1967 Caracas Earthquake

Ground Improvement

Impact Roller to Compact the Ground

Ground Improvement

Sheepsfoot Roller to Compact Clay Soils

Ground Improvement

Big weights dropped

Craters formed in compaction from 25 m, compacting
the ground.
Soil Improvement
§ Stone Columns
Soil Improvement
§ Jet Grouting
Soil Improvement
§ Compaction Grouting
What is Water Resources Engineering /Management?
Hydrology

• Hydrology is the study of the movement,

distribution, and quality of water throughout the
Earth, including the hydrologic cycle, water
resources and environmental watershed
sustainability.
• A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working
within the fields of either earth or environmental
science, physical geography, geology or civil and
environmental engineering.
Hydrologist

• The hydrologist studies the fundamental transport processes to be able to

describe the quantity and quality of water as it moves through the cycle
(evaporation, precipitation, streamflow, infiltration, ground water flow, and
other components).
• The engineering hydrologist, or water resources engineer, is involved in the
planning, analysis, design, construction and operation of projects for the
control, utilization, and management of water resources.
• Water resources problems are also the concern of meteorologists,
oceanographers, geologists, chemists, physicists, biologists, economists,
political scientists, specialists in applied mathematics and computer science,
and engineers in several fields.
Water Resources

• Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially

useful to humans.

• It is important because it is needed for life to exist.

• Many uses of water include

a. Agricultural
b. Industrial
c. Household
d. Recreational
e. environmental activities.
Water is used for the following:

Domestic Purposes.
§ Cooking, drinking, bathing, washing
Agricultural Purposes.
§ farming gardening fisheries.
Industrial Purposes.
§ manufacturing.
Recreation.
§ swimming. rafting. boating.
Hydropower generation.
What are water resources on earth?

§ Water is on and in the Earth.

§ The vast majority of water on the Earth's surface, over 96
percent, is saline water in the oceans.
§ The freshwater resources, such as water falling from the skies
and moving into streams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater,
provide people with the water they need every day to live.
What are some examples of water resources?

Water resources are sources of usually fresh water that are useful,
or potentially useful, to society; for instance for agricultural, industrial or
recreational use.

Examples include groundwater, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

What the 3 types of water source?

Three main sources of water:

1. ground water
2. surface water
3. rainwater

In arid regions where seawater is accessible (such as in the

Middle East), desalination (the removal of salts from water) is
used to generate drinking water.
Sources of drinkable water:

1. Natural springs. In the olden days, one could just drink

from a spring.
2. Lakes and rivers. These days, these are quite polluted.
3. The ocean. Salt water can be made drinkable through
desalinization.
4. Streams, filtered or chemically decontaminated. ...
5. Wells
6. Rainwater
Sources of water Pollution

Six Main Sources of Water Pollution.

(i) Domestic effluents and sewage
(ii) Industrial effluents
(iii) Agricultural effluents
(iv) Radioactive wastes
(v) Thermal pollution
(vi) Oil pollution.
Water Distribution system

In general, water distribution systems will use three types of

pipe for water distribution and transmission for sizes in the range
of 4” to 12” diameter:
a. cast grey iron
b. cast ductile iron
c. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe.
Water Stress
§ Based on human consumption and linked to population
growth
§ Domestic requirement:
100L/person/day = 40m3/person/year
600L/person/day = 240m3/person/year
§ Associated agricultural, industrial & energy need:
20 x 40m3/person/year = 800m3/person/year
§ Total need:
840m3/person/year
1040m3/person/year
Water scarcity: <1000 m3 /person/year
– chronic and widespread freshwater problems
• Water stress: <1700 m3 /person/year
– intermittent, localised shortages of freshwater
• Relative sufficiency: >1700 m3 /person/year
What is the role of hydrology for water resources
management?

§ Estimation of water resources availability

§ Estimation and reduction of hydrological risks
§ Development of hydrological scenarios
§ Ensure proper information to decision makers
You might be interested in Water Resources
Engineering if:

§ You like working with models

§ You like mathematics
You like the outdoors
§ You’d like to harness the POWER of water
Transportation
§ The movement of people and goods from one location to
another.
§ Primary need for transportation is economic:
a. Personal travel in search for food or work,
b. Travel for trade or commerce,
c. Travel for exploration, conquest, or personal
fulfillment.
d. Travel for improvement of one’s status in life.
§ Since the existence of human race, transportation has
consumed a considerable portion of its time and
resources.
Transportation Engineering
§ The application of scientific principles to the planning,
design, operation, and management of transportation
systems
§ Refers to subspecialty of civil engineering.
§ It involves synthesis of several different intellectual
perspectives and scientific knowledge bases (Economics,
psychology, geography, city planning, public
administration, political science, industrial & electrical
engineering) to solve perceived technical, economical,
social, and environmental problems.
Role of Transportation
• Transport and economic growth
• Place utility of goods
• Time utility of goods
• Producer and consumer
• Preservation of quality of goods
• Mass production
• Exploitation of natural resources
• Transport and urbanization
• Transport and industrial development
Role of Transportation
§ Transport and agricultural development
§ Costs of goods
§ Administration
§ Defense and strategic needs
§ Tourism
§ Transport facilities and social activities
Mode of Transportation
§ Railways
a. Surface
b. Underground
c. Elevated
d. Light rail transit (LRT)
§ Road Transport
§ Air Transport
§ Water Transport
§ Pipelines
Railways in the Philippines
§ PNR
Railways in the Philippines
§ LRT Line 1
Railways in the Philippines
§ LRT Line 2
Railways in the Philippines
§ MRT Line 3
Land Transport

Tricycle

Jeepney
Land Transport

Motorcycle

Bus
Land Transport
• Others
Air Transport
Air Transport
Water Transport
Water Transport
Water Transport
Water Transport
Pipelines Transport

Petron Bataan Refinery

Del Monte Waste to Energy Plant
Transport Modes Characteristics

• Speed
• Safety
• Adequacy
• Frequency
• Regularity
• Integration
• Responsibilities
• Cost
• Fuel efficiency
Advantages of Road Transport

§ Wide geographical coverage provided by roads

§ Low capital investments
§ Quick and assured deliveries
§ Flexibility
§ Door-to-door service
§ Simpler packaging
§ Personalized service
§ Personalized travel
Disadvantages of Road Transport

§ Short hauls
§ Safety
§ Environmental pollution
§ Parking problem
§ Long-hauls
§ Energy
Research Areas in Transportation Engineering

§ Traffic engineering and management

§ Transportation planning and management
§ Road safety
§ Transportation economics
§ Urban mass transit planning, management and
operation
§ Pavement materials characterization
§ Pavement management systems
§ Pavement design and analysis
Traffic Studies

§ Traffic volume in vehicles per day, annual average daily

traffic, peak and design hourly traffic volume
§ Origin and destination studies
§ Traffic flow patterns
§ Mass transportation facilities
§ Accidents, cost analysis and causes
§ Future trend and growth in traffic volume and goods traffic,
trend in traffic pattern
§ Growth of passenger trips and the trends in the choice of
modes
Engineering Studies

§ Topographic surveys
§ Soil surveys
§ Location and classification of existing roads
§ Estimation of possible developments in all aspects due to
proposed highway development
§ Road life studies
§ Special problems in drainage, construction and
maintenance of roads
Preparation of Plans

§ General Area Plan

§ Distribution of Population
§ Locations of places with their respective productivity and
quantity
§ Existing road network with traffic flows and desired lines