NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TRUJILLO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
EAP CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDY OF THE WATER/CEMENT CORRELATION AND ITS MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES
Course :
cement technology

Teacher:
Iván Eugenio Vásquez Alfaro

Members:
 Ventura Sánchez Brenly
 Villegas Ruiz Tachini
 Villena Chávez Gerardo
 Ynga Escobedo Sleiter

TRUJILLO-PERU

2018

STUDY OF THE WATER/CEMENT CORRELATION AND ITS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 Faculty of Engineering
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TRUJILLO School of Civil Engineering

I. Summary

Concrete is the main material used in the construction industry. It is

characterized by being heterogeneous and porous, therefore, prone to the entry
of aggressive agents that cause its physical and chemical deterioration, affecting
its durability. The property of concrete that facilitates its entry is permeability.
According to Mehta, permeability is the property of concrete that measures the
flow rate of a fluid when it passes through the concrete; it depends on its
water/cement ratio, the maximum size of the aggregate, the curing time and the
type of cement. This property of concrete has been widely investigated in such a
way that international entities have established standardized tests that determine
the procedure to follow for its measurement through two mechanisms: capillarity
and permeability.

In addition, 10 concrete specimens were prepared as follows: 8 specimens for

each water/cement ratio mixture (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0) and 2
specimens with additive (0.5 % and 1.0%).

The water/cement ratio constitutes an important parameter of concrete

composition. It has influence on the strength, durability and shrinkage of
concrete.

The water/cement ratio (w/c) is the most important characteristic value of

concrete technology. Strength and durability, as well as shrinkage and creep
coefficients, depend on it. It also determines the internal structure of the
hardened cement paste.

The water-cement ratio is the ratio between the amounts of water and cement
existing in fresh concrete. In other words, it is calculated by dividing the mass of
water by the mass of cement contained in a given volume of concrete.

The water/cement ratio increases when the amount of water increases and
decreases when the cement content increases. In all cases, the lower the
water/cement ratio, the more favorable the properties of the hardened cement
paste.

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The importance of the water/cement ratio was discovered 60 years ago by Duff
A. Abrams US specialist USA After having studied a large number of concretes of
different compositions, I announce the law that, with a given aggregate, the
strength depends only on the water/cement ratio of the fresh concrete. This
discovery has led to important developments since other highly valuable
properties of concrete also depend on the water/cement ratio.

II. Goals

- Study the correlation between the water/cement ratio. Mixtures will be designed
for cements of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 and two with the presence of
additive (carboxylate) until having a mixture consistency similar to the ratio 0.3

- Measure the properties of each cement mixture and compare them with the
technical sheet of Pacasmayo type I cements. These measured properties are
setting time, compression resistance, measurement of its dimensions and
volumetric contraction.

III. Theoretical foundation

3.1. The cement
Cement can be defined as a fine binder powder with agglomerating or binding
properties that hardens under the action of water. With the addition of water, it
becomes a homogeneous paste capable of hardening and retaining its structure,
even in contact with water again.
This material, little by little, captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with
which the calcium hydroxide is converted back into the hard calcium carbonate
from which it was manufactured:
Ca (OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (g)
The chemical industry of cement production is one of the largest today. World
production is around 700 million tons. The manufacture of cement is carried out
by simultaneously grinding limestone and slate (mixtures of different
aluminosilicates), heating the ground mixture to a temperature of about 1500ºC.

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The chemical reaction that occurs releases carbon dioxide, partially melting
these components forming solid lumps known as clinker or also cement slag. The
resulting material is ground to a powder and mixed with a very small amount of
the calcium sulfate compound. This mixture is the famous Portland cement.
Chemically speaking, its main components are dicalcium silicates (Ca2SiO4, in
an amount of 26%, 51% of the material being tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5), and
finally, 11% is tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6). When water is added to the
mixture, a series of complex hydration-type reactions are carried out. One of the
most representative reactions is:

2 Ca2SiO4 (s) + 4 H2O (l) → Ca3Si2O7. 3 H2O (s) + Ca (OH)2 (s)

When the silicate is already hydrated, it is called tobermorite gel, which forms
quite resistant crystals that adhere through very strong silicon-oxygen bonds to
the sand, and also to the conglomerate, that is, to the small rocks that They are
usually mixed with cement. As the other product of the reaction is calcium
hydroxide, the mixture in question must be treated as if it were a corrosive
material for as long as the mixture hardening process lasts.

3.2. Types of cement

Type I: Portland cement type I is the normal cement, used in the construction of
concrete works in general, homes, buildings, structures, etc., it is used when the
construction specifications do not indicate the use of another type of cement.

Type II: Type II Portland cement has a medium resistance to sulfate attacks, with
or without moderate heat of hydration, it is used in construction works in general
and in constructions exposed to the moderate action of sulfates, or that require a
moderate heat of hydration, when stated in the construction specifications, is
generally the cement used in the construction of concrete pipes and bridges. Its
price is very similar to type I Portland cement.

Type III: Portland Cement type III, achieves a high initial resistance.
Its compressive strength after 3 days is equal to the compressive strength in
seven days of type I and II cements.

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It is used when concrete is needed that must be removed within 28 days and will
receive loads very soon, as in the case of prefabricated elements or emergency
constructions.

Type IV: Type IV Portland Cement is used when a low heat of hydration is
needed without causing expansion during the setting stage. The heat released
during hydration is produced more slowly. It is used in very large concrete
structures, such as dams.

Type V: Type V Portland Cement is used in the construction of elements and

works that require high resistance to concentrated attack by sulfates and alkalis,
such as sewers, driving channels and port infrastructures.

Portland cements Types Ia, IIa and IIIa have the same composition as normal
types I, II and III. The only difference is that in types Ia, IIa, IIIa, they have an air-
entraining agent that is ground into the mixture. Air entrainment must meet the
optional minimum and maximum specification found in the ASTM manual. These
types are only available in the eastern United States and Canada. The
incorporation of air into this type of cement improves resistance to freezing when
there are low temperatures.

3.3. The water and cement relationship

The water-cement ratio can be defined as the ratio between the effective water
content and the cementitious content in the concrete mass. The cementitious
content may be composed of cement plus additions with cementitious properties.
The concept of the water-cement relationship itself was developed by the North
American researcher Duff A. Abrams in 1918, establishing the relationship
between the water-cement factor and the simple compressive strength of
hardened concrete.
The addition of water to concrete negatively influences the properties of the
concrete and this action can have two serious repercussions, mainly:

Loss of resistance

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There is a close relationship between the water/cement ratio and the strength of
concrete. The lower the water/cement ratio, the greater the resistance to be
obtained. On the contrary, the higher the water/cement ratio, the lower the
resistance. The addition of water increases this ratio, which directly affects the
strength of the concrete. As an example, Figure 01 shows that for an increase in
water/cement from 0.45 to 0.52, the resistance decreases from 300 kg/cm2 to
250 kg/cm2.

Figure 01: compressive strength of concrete based on the water-cement

ratio

Loss of durability
Like strength, durability is also affected when the water-cement ratio is altered.
For example, when the latter is high, the cement particles are widely spaced.
This means that when setting occurs, the hydration products of the cement do
not cover all of this space and small pores remain.

Therefore, the higher the water-cement ratio, the greater the porosity of the
concrete and, therefore, the lower its durability. On the contrary, with a low water-
cement ratio, the porosity is lower and the durability is greater.

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Figure 02: representation of cement particles in relation to the

amount of water present

3.4. Compression resistance

The compressive strength of concrete mixtures can be designed such that they
have a wide variety of mechanical and durability properties that meet the design
requirements of the structure. The compressive strength of the Crete is the most
common performance measure used by engineers to design buildings and other
structures, while compressive strength is calculated from the ultimate load
divided by the area of the section that resists the load and is reported in
megapascals (MPa) in SI units. Requirements for compressive strength can vary
from 17 MPa to 28 MPa and more for commercial structures. For certain
applications, higher resistances of up to 170 Mpa and more are specified.

Compression test
This test method covers the making of 50 mm cubic specimens of hydraulic
cement.
Cubic molds are constructed of a hard metal or wood which does not get stuck
by the mixture, with dimensions of 50 mm, which have three or more
compartments that are separated into two parts Importance and application of
the method This test method provides a means of determining the compressive
strength of hydraulic cement by making and testing cubic specimens of hydraulic
cement. The results can be used to determine compliance with specifications.

For this, the universal machine is used. In this the pressure is achieved by
means of plates or jaws activated by screws or a hydraulic system.

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This machine provides us with the value of the force applied to the cube until it
breaks. To calculate the compressive strength (P), the following formula is taken
into account.
P=F / A … (equation 01)
Where:
 F: Applied force
 A: cross section area

Figure 03: universal machine used to perform the compression

test

3.5. Volumetric contraction of the water-cement mixture

Volumetric shrinkage is known as a result of moisture loss. It has also been
shown that it will expand if, after being dried or partially dried, it is subjected to
humidity or if it is immersed in water. It is known that contraction is affected by
the following variables:
Water-cement ratio . The higher the water-cement ratio, the greater the effects
of shrinkage.
Element size: Both the value and magnitude of shrinkage decrease with an
increase in the volume of the element. However, the duration of shrinkage is
greater for larger items because it takes longer to dry up the inner regions.

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Environmental conditions. The relative humidity of the medium notably affects

the magnitude of the contraction; The shrinkage value is lower where the relative
humidity is high.
Additives. This effect varies depending on the type of additive. An accelerator
such as calcium chloride, used to accelerate hardening, increases shrinkage.
There are also additives that prevent shrinkage.
Type of cement. Type III quick-strength Portland cement typically shrinks 10%
more than normal Portland cement (type I) or modified Portland cement (type II).
In the test to determine volumetric contraction, the following formula is taken into
account.
( VF−V 0 )∗100
CV (%)= … (Equation 02)
V0
Where:
 CV: Volumetric contraction
 VF: Final volume
 V0: Initial volume

3.6. Concrete Additives

They are materials different from water, aggregates and cement, they are added
in small quantities to the mixture immediately before or during mixing, interacting
with the hydrating - cementing system.
These modify one or more of the properties of fresh concrete or mortar, setting,
hardening and hardening.
Concrete must be workable, finishable, resistant, durable, waterproof, etc. These
qualities can often be achieved in a simple and economical way by selecting the
appropriate materials or changing the proportions of the mixture without having to
resort to the use of additives.
The latest developments that have occurred in concrete additives based on vinyl-
type polymers and, later, carboxylate-type polymers have allowed the production
of high-performance concrete, including self-compacting concrete, since its
superior performance compared to more additives has been confirmed.
traditionally used.

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Polycarboxylates belong to the latest generation of superplasticizers.

Chemically they are based on copolymers of acrylic acid and ether groups of
acrylic acid and have side chains unlike traditional plasticizers (comb-type
macromolecule). A water reduction of up to 40% is achieved combined with
controlled workability and development of early mechanical resistance. These
features offer new applications.

Types of additives
 Type A water reducer
It works due to the dispersion of cement particles, resulting in greater resistance
with the same amount of cement or significant savings in cement for the same
resistance.
In the plastic state, it reduces the water content of the mixture by at least 5% and
the tendency to segregation and bleeding, improving workability and cohesion. In
the hardened state: Increases the resistance to axial compression and bending,
improves adhesion to the reinforcing steel and reduces the tendency to cracking.

 Type B retardant
It acts on concrete as an extended setting agent in a controlled manner. It is
dosed to achieve an extended setting, up to 30 hours.
 Type C initial setting accelerator
The additive acts through a chemical reaction with the cement, accelerating the
setting time and the resistance to axial compression at an early age. These
additives are compatible with air-entraining agents, certain superplasticizing
additives, and certain conventional water-reducing additives.
 Type D water reducer and retarder
Physical - chemical action with cement, favoring the hydration of its particles,
reducing the water in the mixture and plasticizing the concrete mass. The use of
the water-reducing and retarding additive provides the concrete with adequate
plasticity and fluidity, improving the characteristics of the concrete in both the
plastic and hardened states.
 Type E water reducer and accelerator

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It results from the combination of accelerating and water-reducing compounds.

Improves the plastic and hardening properties of concrete such as workability,
compressive and flexural resistance.
 Type F high range water reducer
It is recommended for prestressed or post-tensioned concrete. It is also very
compatible with air-entraining agents, integral waterproofing agents and many
other additives. However, each material must be added to the concrete
separately.
 Type G high range water reducer and retardant
For highly workable concrete (pumping, narrow structures or very dense
reinforcement). Specifically formulated to extend the workability time of fluid
concrete at temperatures up to 54º C.
 Type AA air entrainment
This system of air spaces protects concrete from damage caused by freeze-thaw
cycles. Concrete becomes more resistant to deicing salts, sulfate attack and
corrosive water. Reduces segregation and shrinkage of concrete.

III. Methodology
III.1 Materials and Instruments
 Materials:
 Type I Portland Cement Bag
 Plastic bags
 5x5x5 cm Gabera
 Additive
 sandpaper
 Instruments:
 Digital Vernier(0.01mm)
 Compression Machine
 Electronic Scale (0.01 g)
 Analytical balance

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III.2 Experimental Procedure

 Preparation of cement specimens
 We measure the amount of cement and water to be used using the analytical
balance
 Mix cement and water in a container, using the following water/cement ratios:
 Once the mixture is made, each of these is poured into 5x5x5 cm tanks.

Relación
Cantidad de Cantidad de
agua
agua (gr) cemento(gr)
cemento
0.3 150 500
0.4 200 500
0.5 250 500
0.6 300 500
0.7 350 500
0.8 400 500
0.9 450 500
1 500 500
Table n°1: Amount of cement and water used

 Preparation of test tubes with use of additive

 Using the 0.5 ratio in Table 1, we prepare a mixture by adding a certain amount
of additive, which varies from 0.5 to 2.5% of the cement used, until obtaining a
mixture of fluid consistency.
 The mixtures obtained are poured into the gabera to form blocks of these.

Fig.1: Cement blocks obtained

 Setting time evaluation

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 With the mixtures obtained using relationship table 1. The mixture is placed in
different plastic bags that will be marked according to the mixing ratio they have.
 The time is taken from their preparation until the mixture hardens in said bags.
 Water variation in additive use
 We use an additive with an amount of 2.5% of the cement to be used in this
case, 500 grams.
 Several samples will be made, but the difference in each of them will be the
amount of water to use, starting from 250 grams, gradually decreasing until
obtaining a mixture similar to that of the 0.3 water-cement ratio.
 Once the desired mixture is obtained, its setting time is evaluated.
 Compression Test
 The blocks obtained from the gaberas (both water-cement and water, cement
and additive) are removed.

 We take their respective measurements of length, width and height.

Fig2. Measurement of dimensions of each cube

made

 The surfaces are matched with sandpaper for subsequent testing in the
compression machine.
 The force data to which each cube is subjected is taken for subsequent analysis.

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Fig.3: Compression test of cement specimens
 Faculty of Engineering
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TRUJILLO School of Civil Engineering

IV. Practice Analysis

leyenda
Li: 50mm li: largo inicial
Ai:50mm Ai: ancho inicial
Hi:50mm Hi: altura inicial
Vi: 125 cm3

Table N°02 initial data

Relacion agua longitud L1 longitud L2 Ancho A1 Ancho A2 Altura H1 Altura H2 fuerza de
masa (g)
cemento (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) comprecion
0.3 278.62 51.09 50.92 54.14 53.96 51.07 50.13 54.10
0.4 256.78 52.01 51.86 53.11 52.81 48.30 49.01 67.70
0.5 226.09 52.01 51.29 51.74 50.99 48.95 48.05 39.40
0.6 219.55 48.70 47.92 49.67 49.75 51.26 52.01 36.00
0.7 191.76 51.32 51.18 52.42 52.86 40.75 40.30 32.70
0.8 189.54 51.75 51.76 52.24 52.12 40.91 40.77 39.30
0.9 176.43 51.30 51.80 52.47 52.91 37.77 38.01 27.30
1.0 141.93 50.63 50.76 50.58 51.14 31.94 31.60 13.20
adi. (0.5%) 0.5 192.29 51.03 51.80 52.16 51.90 36.72 38.11 70.00
adi. (1%) 0.5 214.93 52.92 53.00 52.22 52.04 42.39 41.62 44.80

Table N°03 processing of field data through the use of formulas

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longitud Ancho Altura volumen contracción resistencia

Relacion agua promedio promedio promedio volumetrica densidad Area (mm2) a la
(cm3 )
cemento (Lp) mm (Ap) mm (Hp) mm (%) comprecion
0.3 51.01 54.05 50.60 139.4951 11.60 1.997 2756.8203 19.62406
0.4 51.94 52.96 48.66 133.8245 7.06 1.919 2750.4776 24.61391
0.5 51.65 51.37 48.50 128.6706 2.94 1.757 2653.0023 14.85110
0.6 48.31 49.71 51.64 124.0009 -0.80 1.771 2401.4901 14.99069
0.7 51.25 52.64 40.53 109.3283 -12.54 1.754 2697.8000 12.12099
0.8 51.76 52.18 40.84 110.2915 -11.77 1.719 2700.5759 14.55245
0.9 51.55 52.69 37.89 102.9157 -17.67 1.714 2716.1695 10.05092
1.0 50.70 50.86 31.77 81.9141 -34.47 1.733 2578.3477 5.11956
adi. (0.5%) 0.5 51.42 52.03 37.42 100.0897 -19.93 1.921 2675.1225 26.16703
adi. (1%) 0.5 52.96 52.13 42.01 115.9676 -7.23 1.853 2760.8048 16.22715

Graph N°01

fu er za d e c o mp r esio n v s r ela c io n a g u a
cemento
30.00000 26.16703
24.61391
25.00000
19.62406
20.00000 16.22715
14.8511014.99069 14.55245
15.00000 12.12099
10.05092
10.00000
5.11956
5.00000
0.00000
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 adi. adi.
(0.5%) (1%) 0.5
0.5

Graph No. 02 volumetric contraction vs. water-cement ratio

c v V S r e l ac i o n ag u a c e me n t o
20.00
11.60
10.00 7.06
2.94
0.00
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-0.80 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 adi. adi.
(0.5%) (1%)
-10.00 0.5 0.5
-7.23
-12.54 -11.77
-20.00 -17.67
-19.93

-30.00

-34.47
-40.00

Graph N°03 Density vs water cement ratio.

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d en sid ad v s r elac io n ag u a c emen t o

2.050 1.997
2.000
1.950 1.919 1.921
1.900 1.853
1.850
1.800 1.757 1.771 1.754
1.750 1.719 1.714 1.733
1.700
1.650
1.600
1.550
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 adi. adi.
(0.5%) (1%)
0.5 0.5

Example No. 01. (water cement ratio 0.3)

To find the average length (Lp) mm, the following formula was used:
L 1+ L2
Lp=
2
51.09 mm+50.92 mm
Lp= =51.01 mm
2

To find the average width (Ap) mm, the following formula was used:
A 1+ A 2
Ap=
2
54.14 mm+53.93 mm
Ap= =54.05 mm
2

To find the average height (Hp) mm, the following formula was used:
H 1+ H 2
H p=
2
51.07+50.13
Hp= =50.60 mm
2

To find the volume (cm ³ ) the following formula was used:

V =Lp∗Hp∗Ap
V =51.01 mm∗54.05 mm∗50.60 mm=139.4951 cm 3

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Volumetric contraction (%)

vp−vi
cv %=
vi

139.4951 mm3−125 mm 3
cv %= =11.60
125 mm 3
Density
masa
p=
vp
278.62 g
p= =1.997 g /cm3
139.4951 cm3

Cross-sectional area
A=Lp∗AP
A=51.01mm∗54.0 mm 4=2756.8203 mm 2
Compression resistance
Fc
Rc=
A
54.10 kN
Rc= =19.6240 Mp
2756.8203 mm 2

tiempo de tiempo
fraguado (min)
0.3 265
0.4 295
0.5 310
0.6 335
0.7 370
0.8 430
0.9 475
1.0 550

V. Conclusions:
 During the tests carried out, it is concluded that the ideal water-cement ratio is
0.4, resulting in a resistance of 24.61Mpa.

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 The minimum resistance achieved in the compression test was 5.11Mpa with a
water-cement ratio of 1.
 It can be concluded that the greater the amount of water, the greater the setting
time and volumetric contraction, with the results being 265min as a min and 550
as a maximum in setting time and -34.47 as the percentage of volume variation.
 The higher the water-cement ratio, the density progressively decreases.

VI. Recommendations.
 Try to fill the tanks to their maximum capacity to obtain good results in volumetric
contraction.
 Regarding the buckets, they must be made of wood or metal, avoiding the use of
melanins which can swell due to contact with water, causing the buckets to
deform and ruining the test carried out. Therefore, it is preferable to make
varnished and well compacted wooden trenches to avoid any internal leaks.

VII. Bibliographic references

 Portland cement and other binders. F. ERASER.

 Construction materials. LYALL ADDLESON
 http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/sistema-espanol-de-
inventario-sei-/040614-descarbonatac-fabric-cal_tcm30-429852.pdf
 http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1251/125121298012.pdf
 Technological update. Concrete slump test. Retrieved on April 6, 2011 from http://www. basf-
cc.com.mx/SiteCollectionDocuments/Boletines/ ActualTec-PruebadeRevenimientoConcreto.pdf
 Concrete in practice: what, why and how? Cip-35: Concrete compressive strength test. Retrieved
on April 6, 2011 from the NRMCA website: http://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/CIP35es.
pdf
 Testing systems. Extracted on April 6, 2011 from http://www.sistemasdeensayo.com/productos.

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asp?IdFam=2&IdSubFam=22
 F. Smith, W. (1998). Concrete. In W. F.Smith, & C. F. Madriz (Ed.), Fundamentals of Materials
Science and Engineering (Third edition ed., p. 340). Madrid: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
 Orozco, J. EITHER. (2004). Concrete porosity. Guatemala. 3- García, J. (2004). Concrete Design

VIII. Annexes and Appendices:

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