Practical Workbook

Third Year Civil Engineering

Geo informatics Lab CE-3107-L
BE-CE-6A

Name

Roll Number

Batch

Department

Course Instructor: Engr. Dhanik Vikrant

DHA Suffa University
Karachi, Pakistan
Civil Engineering Department Geoinformatics Lab CE-3107-L

Table of Contents
S.
Topic Objective Page # Remarks
No.

1. To familiarize with ArcGIS and Data Input

To assign spatial reference or georeference and

2.
projection to a given Topo Sheet or Map

To digitize (Vectorization) a Map or Topo Sheet

3.
using ArcGIS

To create Thematic Maps of a given Topo Sheet

4.
using ArcGIS

To create Base maps of a given Topo Sheet using

5.
ArcGIS
ArcGIS

To convert Raster Map to Vector layer and Vector

6.
layer to Raster Map using ArcGIS

To add Attribute Data to the shapefile or layer and

7.
query on attribute data

To perform Vector Analysis using Geoprocessing

8.
Tools using ArcGIS

9. To perform Raster Analysis using ArcGIS

To Compose a Map by adding map components,

10.
layout, and Exporting Map

11. To get familiarize with ENVI and its data input

ENVI

To determine the Normalize Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalize
12.
Difference Water Index (NDWI) from Landsat
images using ENVI

13. Open Ended Lab

Civil Engineering Department Geoinformatics CE-3107-L

Lab Session 1
Objective
To familiarize with ArcGIS and Data Input.

Apparatus
Computer with ArcGIS installed.

Theoretical Background
The geographic information system software package ArcGIS was developed by the Environmental
Systems Research Institute (ESRI). ArcGIS is designed to create, develop, and interact with new and
existing geographic data. It’s designed to be a complete and integrated system for geographic data
processing.

The desktop form of ArcGIS is available with three levels of functionality. The most basic level is called
ArcView, which allows for many map making, visualization and map analysis capabilities. For creating
and editing spatial data that go into these analyses, ArcEditor adds capabilities on top of ArcView.
Finally, more advanced visualization and analysis tools are available at the ArcInfo level. At all levels,
users interact with Desktop ArcGIS through three interface components: ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and
ArcToolbox.

ArcMap is used to perform map and data-based tasks. These include geographic and attribute data
creation, editing, data viewing and querying, and map production.

ArcCatalog is designed to browse, organize, and document geographic data in a Windows Explorer-
like fashion. Operations such as previewing, copying, moving, renaming, or deleting can be performed
within this module.

ArcToolbox is the data management and geo-processing module embedded within ArcMap and
ArcCatalog. Task wizards have been created for the most commonly performed geo-processing
operations. Some of the functionality includes: importing and exporting, overlays, buffering, and
statistical calculations.

Data Input Techniques:

The choice of data input method is governed largely by the application, the available budget, and the
type ane complexity of data being input. There are at least four basic procedures for inputting spatial
data into a GIS. These are:

1. Manual digitizing.
2. Automatic scanning.
3. Entry of coordinates using coordinate geometry; and the
4. Conversion of existing digital data.

Procedure
1. Exploring the ArcGIS Help System
2. Exploring ArcMap tools
3. Starting with ArcCatalog or ArcMap and connecting to data inputs
4. Finding GIS data on the Internet
5. Downloading data from the web
6. Displaying data in ArcMap

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Lab Session 2
Objective
To assign spatial reference or georeference and projection to a given topo sheet or map.

Apparatus
A computer installed with ArcGIS and a topo sheet or map.

Theoretical Background
Raster data is commonly obtained by scanning maps or collecting aerial photographs and satellite
images. Scanned map datasets don't normally contain spatial reference information. With aerial
photography and satellite imagery, sometimes the location information delivered with them is
inadequate, and the data does not align properly with other data you have. Thus, to use some raster
datasets in conjunction with other spatial data, need to align or georeference those to a map coordinate
system. A map’s coordinate system is defined using a map projection (a method by which the curved
surface of the earth is portrayed on a flat surface).

Georeferencing
It is a process of locating an entity in real world coordinates. It aligns geographic data to a known
coordinate system representing earth defined through projection systems so it can be viewed, queried,
and analyzed with other geographic data. To georeference a geographic data, the positions of known
points, called control points, are determined. The Ground Control Points (GCPs) are defined as the
points with known geographical location, whose positions on map correspond to their positions on earth.
GCPs are collected from fixed objects and are marked on the data to be georeferenced that define where
the data is on earth. The whole data adjusts itself according to these GCPs. At least three control points
are required for georeferencing a data. Additional control points help increasing the accuracy. Once the
data is georeferenced, each point has a coordinate associated to it which means the location of any
object in the data (map) can now be determined.

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Map Projection
Map projection is a mathematical expression using which the three-dimensional surface of earth is
represented in a two dimensional plane.

Commonly used projection systems:

Developable
Property Aspect Projections Extent of Use
Surface
Equatorial regions
Normal Mercator
(East-West extent)
Whole world except
Traverse UTM
Cylinder polar areas
Rosenmund Small regions,
Oblique Oblique oblique & (East –
Mercator West extent)
Conformal Small regions,
Lambert
(True Shape) oblique & (East -
Cone Normal Conformal
West extent) (1 or 2
Conic
standard parallels
Small regions up to
Any Stereographic
the hemisphere
Plane Universal
Polar Polar Polar regions
Stereographic
Lambert Equatorial regions
Cylinder Normal
Equal Area (East-West extent)
Smaller regions &
Alberts Equal
Cone Normal continents with
Area
(East-West extent)
Homolographic
Smaller regions
(Equal Area) Lambert
about same North-
Any Azimuthal
South, east-west
Plane Equal Area
extent
Hammer-
Equatorial World
Aitoff
Cylinder Normal Plate Caree World
Cassini Locally used for
Traverse
Soldner large scale mapping
Smaller regions &
Equidistant continents with (1 or
Cone Normal
Equidistant Conic 2 standard parallels)
(East-West extent)
Smaller regions
Azimuthal about same
Plane Any
Equidistant North-South,
(East-West extent)

A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to define locations
on the earth. A GCS is often incorrectly called a datum, but a datum is only one part of a GCS. A GCS
includes an angular unit of measure, a prime meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid). A point is
referenced by its longitude and latitude values. Longitude and latitude are angles measured from the
earth's center to a point on the earth's surface. The angles often are measured in degrees (or in grads).

A projected coordinate system is defined on a flat, two-dimensional surface. Unlike a geographic

coordinate system, a projected coordinate system has constant lengths, angles, and areas across the two
dimensions. A projected coordinate system is always based on a geographic coordinate system that is
based on a sphere or spheroid. In a projected coordinate system, locations are identified by x,y
coordinates on a grid, with the origin at the center of the grid. Each position has two values that reference
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it to that central location. One specifies its horizontal position and the other its vertical position. The
two values are called the x-coordinate and y-coordinate.
Procedure
Georeferencing a Topo sheet/Map

1. Open ArcMap with a new, empty map, and add the raster data to be georeferenced to the ArcMap
session.
2. Open View > Data Frame Properties > Coordinate System tab > Predefined, and browse to the
geographic Coordinate System\WORLD\WGS 1984 of the output coordinates you will use in this
process.
3. Add the Georeferencing toolbar to ArcMap.
4. Zoom in to the first point on the raster image that will be used as a control point, then click the Add
Control Points tool.
5. Place the cursor over the first control point in the raster and right-click.
6. Select Input X and Y.
7. Enter the known output coordinates for this control point and click OK.
8. Repeat the same procedure to enter all four points of the map for the desired transformation order.
9. Click the View Link Table to evaluate the transformation and save GCPs.
10. Click the Georeferencing menu and select the rectify option to save the transformation information
with the raster in ‘IMAGINE image’ format.

Re-projecting maps

1. ArcToolbox → Data Management → Projections and Transformations → Raster → Project Raster

2. Data Frame Properties → Coordinate System → projected coordinate system and browse to UTM\
WGS 1984\ Northern Hemisphere\WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
3. Click Apply and ok to save the Re-Projection

Results
Attach the geo-referenced and reprojected map.

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Lab Session 3
Objective
To digitize (Vectorization) a Map or Topo Sheet using ArcGIS

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS and Georeferenced Map.

Theoretical Background
Digitization is the process of converting analog data into digital data sets. In GIS context digitization
refers to creating vector datasets viz., point, line, or polygon from raster datasets. It is a way of
tracing/recording geographic features in vector format from georeferenced images or maps. With the
help of digitization, we can create different set of layers Viz. Rivers, roads, schools, ward boundaries
and building blocks from a single map; this process is known as Vectorization. Vector data is easy to
edit, update and is more accurate as compared to raster data. Vector data is more efficient for GIS
analysis. Due to these reasons Vectorization is the first step in many GIS projects.

Vector data is mainly of three types:

1. Point: It consists of single points having (X, Y) coordinates, for example lamp posts, bus stops and
postbox positions etc.

2. Line: It consists a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence (from start node to end node with a
number of vertices joining these two nodes). For example roads, power lines, ward boundaries and
contours etc.

3. Polygon: It is a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence closing a figure where first and last points
are the same. For example lakes, building blocks, village blocks, ward areas and forests etc.

Shapefile
A shapefile is an Esri vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and attributes of
geographic features. It is stored as a set of related files and contains one feature class. Shapefiles often
contain large features with a lot of associated data and historically have been used in GIS desktop
applications such as ArcMap.

Point Line Polygon

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Procedure
Creating a new shapefile

1. Open ArcCatalog
2. Navigate to project folder.
3. From the menu, click File>New>Shapefile.
4. Give shapefile a name and select geometry (point, line or polygon), based on what type of
features are trying to draw.
5. Use the Edit button to select the projected coordinate system WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
6. Click on ok to create shapefile.
7. Use the same projection for all map layers in a project to preserve accuracy.

Editing Shapefile

1. Add shapefile to ArcMap project.

2. Open the Attribute Table of shapefile.
3. Using the Attribute Table Options button, use the Add Field button to add fields you want to keep
track of.
4. Optional: Set the symbology of your fields now. This will save time later when creating features.

Digitization

1. Open the snapping toolbar Via Customize Toolbars>snapping.

2. Make sure snapping is turned on and that all types are active.
3. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line, or polygon).
Select the task to perform (Create New Feature).
4. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize or vectorize. You can zoom and pan to make this easier.
5. When finished drawing, right click, and select Finish Sketch.
6. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
7. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
8. When you’re done creating features click on the Editor button on the Editor toolbar and select
Save Edits, and then Stop Editing.

Note:

1. The symbology of the shapefile you just created can be manipulated.

2. Modifications to an existing layer can be made using the Modify Feature task, rather than Create
New Feature. Using the Edit Tool individual vertices can be moved, added or deleted. Right-click
the vertices with the edit tool to see all options available.
3. You can only edit the values in the Attribute Table of your shapefile while in Editing is turned on
4. However, you cannot create new fields in the Attribute Table while Editing is turned on. Create
fields before starting an editing session.

Results
Attach sheet showing all layers of Point, Line and Polygon.

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Lab Session 4
Objective
To create Thematic Maps of a given Topo Sheet using ArcGIS

Apparatus
Compute with ArcGIS installed and a Georeferenced sheet.

Theoretical Background
Thematic Map

A "thematic map" is a type of map especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a
specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic,
sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent".
Thematic maps are further divided into two types:

a. Choropleth map A map which uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of
symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a particular quantity in those
areas.
b. Isopleths map An isopleth map generalizes and simplifies data with a continuous distribution.
It shows the data as a third dimension on a map; thus isopleth maps are more common for
mapping surface elevations, amounts of precipitation, atmospheric pressure, and numerous
other measurements that can be viewed statistically as a third dimension.

Types of Data
To create a thematic map using ArcMap you will need two kinds of data:

1. Spatial data: Displaying boundaries, roads, or some other geographic feature(s). Spatial data is
georeferenced in a real-world coordinate system and may contain limited attribute information
associated with its features. Discrete geographic objects (as opposed to continuously varying
variables, like elevation) are generally represented by one or more of three geometrical forms in a
GIS:
• Points are used for showing occurrence or relative locations (rather than size or dimension),
of features such as trees and fire hydrants, or (from a large scale perspective) buildings or
cities.
• Lines, composed of connected points or nodes, can represent routes, pathways or boundaries,
or for uses not requiring detailed polygons, such as rivers or roads.
• Polygons consist of a series of nodes and lines enclosing an area, representing things such as
state boundaries, lakes, and tracts of land.

2. Attribute data:
Descriptive information about a set of features and the information needed to create the “theme”
in a thematic map. It can be a statistical data set collected through surveys, Census data, or any
other information that describes the features represented in your spatial data set.

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Procedure
1. Open new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N.
2. Add the Georeferenced and projected Toposheet which we must digitize for thematic maps creation
using Add icon.
3. Create point, line and polygon shape files using arc catalog.
4. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line, or polygon). Select
the task to perform (Create New Feature).
5. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize and create point, line, and polygon themes.
6. When finished drawing, right click, and select Finish Sketch,
7. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
8. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
9. Use the 'symbology' tab of the layer properties to modify the characteristics of the theme.
10. When you’re done creating features click on the Editor button on the Editor toolbar and select Save
Edits, and then Stop Editing.

Note:

Application of symbology to thematic map:

Layer properties-> symbology
E.g.

1. Choropleth thematic map: Village theme, waterbodies theme, settlements theme etc.
• Legend Type: Graduated Color
• Classification Field: Population/village name
• Normalize by: <None>
• Color Ramps: multicolor

2. Isopleths map: Contour, Drainage themes etc

• Categories: Unique Value
• Values Field: drainage/contour ID
• Color Schemes: (don't change)
• Then click Add All Values

Calculations
Attach sheet showing both types of thematic maps.

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Lab Session 5
Objective
To create Base maps of a given Topo Sheet using ArcGIS

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS and a Georeferenced map.

Theoretical Background
A basemap is used for locational reference and provides a framework on which users overlay
operational or thematic layers, perform tasks, and visualize geographic information. The basemap
serves as a foundation for all subsequent operations and mapping. Basemaps provide the context and a
framework for working with information geographically. Basemaps tend to be relatively static and, in
a typical setting, are updated on an infrequent basis. In addition, basemaps are often designed to be
used at multiple map scales. The basemap portrays appropriate content at each range of map scales.

Characteristics of GIS basemaps

In many ArcMap applications, users have basemaps onto which operational information, observations, and
derived information from analytic models are displayed and used. For example:

• Orthoimagery is often used as a general base onto which operational information is overlaid.
• In utilities applications, a land base of parcel boundaries, buildings, and other built features are often
used as a basemap.
• Many city maps use the street network as a basemap on top of which layers such as incidents and
events are displayed.

Procedure
1. Open new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
2. Add the Georeferenced and projected Toposheet which we must digitize for thematic layers creation
using Add icon.
3. Create point, line and polygon shape files using arc catalog.
4. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line, or polygon). Select
the task to perform (Create New Feature).
5. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize and create point, line, and polygon layers.
6. When finished drawing, right click, and select Finish Sketch.
7. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
8. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
9. Use the 'symbology' tab of the layer properties to modify the characteristics of the thematic layers.
10. Add a new basemap layer to your map. Right-click the data frame name in the table of contents and
click New Basemap Layer.
11. This adds a new basemap layer in your table of contents. The basemap layer behaves much like a
group layer in that you can drag content into it.
12. Select the layers that will comprise your basemap and drag them into the basemap layer.
13. Click Save as new layer to save the new basemap to the map.

Results
Attach basemap here.

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Lab Session 6
Objective
To convert the Raster map to Vector layer and Vector layer to Raster by using Arc GIS

Software.

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS, vector layers or shape files, raster layers or georeferenced and
projected map.

Theoretical Background
Raster to Vector Conversion or Vectorization

In GIS digitization refers to creating vector datasets viz., point, line or polygon from raster datasets. It
is a way of tracing/recording geographic features in vector format from georeferenced images or maps.
With the help of digitization, we can create different set of layers Viz. Rivers, roads, schools, ward
boundaries and building blocks from a single map; this process is known as Vectorization. Vector data
is easy to edit, update and is more accurate as compared to raster data. Vector data is more efficient for
GIS analysis. Due to these reasons Vectorization is the first step in many GIS projects.

Vector data is mainly of three types:

• Point: It consists of single points having (X, Y) coordinates, for example lamp posts, bus stops
and postbox positions etc.
• Line: It consists a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence (from start node to end node with
a number of vertices joining these two nodes). For example, roads, power lines, ward
boundaries and contours etc.
• Polygon: It is a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence closing a figure where first and last
points are the same. For example, lakes, building blocks, village blocks, ward areas and forests
etc.

Vector to Raster Conversion or Rasterization

Rasterization (or rasterization) is the task of taking an image described in a vector graphics format
(shapes) and converting it into a raster image (pixels or dots). The rasterised image may then be
displayed on a video display or printer or stored in a bitmap file format. Rasterisation may refer to either
the conversion of models into raster files, or the conversion of 2D rendering primitives such as polygons
or line segments into a rasterized format

• Polygon features to raster data: When you convert polygons, cells are usually given the value
of the polygon found at the center of each cell.

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• Polyline feature to raster data: When you convert polylines, cells are usually given the value
of the line that intersects each cell. Cells that are not intersected by a line are given the value of
No Data. If more than one line is found in a cell, the cell is given the value of the first line it
encounters when processing. Using a smaller cell size during conversion can alleviate this.

• Point feature to raster data: When you convert points, cells are usually given the value of the
points found within each cell. Cells that do not contain a point are given the value of No Data.
If more than one point is found in a cell, the cell is given the value of the first point it encounters
when processing. Using a smaller cell size during conversion may alleviate this.

Procedure
1. Open new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
2. Open the snapping toolbar Via Customize Toolbars>snapping.
3. Make sure snapping is turned on and that all types are active.
4. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line or polygon). Select
the task to perform (Create New Feature).
5. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize or vectorize. You can zoom and pan to make this easier.
6. When finished drawing, right click and select Finish Sketch.
7. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
8. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
9. When you’re done creating features click on the Editor button on the Editor toolbar and select Save
Edits, and then Stop Editing.

Vector to Raster Conversion

1. Open new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
2. Open vector layers or shape files point, line, and polygon
3. Arc toolbox->conversion tools->To Raster->click Feature to Raster.
4. Give Input feature point/ line/ polygon.
5. Select the field ID.
6. Give output raster location to store.
7. Select output cell size (optional).
8. Click on ok to finish.

Results
Attach the screenshots.

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Lab Session 7
Objective
To add attribute data to the shapefile or layer and querying on attribute data.

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS, vector layers or shape files, raster layers or georeferenced and
projected map.

Theoretical Background
Attribute data
Descriptive information about a set of features and the information needed to create the “theme” in a
thematic map. It can be a statistical data set collected through surveys, Census data, or any other
information that describes the features represented in your spatial data set.

Adding attribute data

You can add fields to your table using Arc Catalog or ArcMap. In Arc Catalog, you need to open the
layer or table's Properties dialog box and add the field to the list on the Fields tab. In ArcMap, you can
add a field through the attribute table of a layer or through the Catalog window by accessing the same
Properties dialog box and Fields tab. Inside either application you can also use the Add Field
geoprocessing tool.

Calculating area, length, and other geometric properties

To calculate the area or surface, perimeter or length of an entity is required to know the geometry of
each layer. It is also recommended that each layer has an assigned coordinate system. In the following
process you can apply to calculate the area and perimeter in a layer of polygons. For polyline layers
only the length can be calculated, and for XY coordinates (for projected coordinates select Double, and
for geographic coordinates select Text). For example, to calculate the area and perimeter of a polygon,
right click on the layer select Open Attribute Table. In the attribute table in Table Options select Add
Field. Assign a name (Area, Perimeter), and in Type select Double and accept the changes. It is
important to remember that if changes in geometry are caused, the area, perimeter, or length fields are
not updated automatically. Therefore, the fields must be recalculated after having made some geometric
change in an entity.

Querying on Attribute data

Selecting records in a table by attributes
There are various ways to select features in ArcMap. One way is to select features through an attribute
table. From a table, you can interactively select records by pointing at them, or you can select those
records that meet some criteria; for example, find all cities with a population greater than one million.

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Procedure
Adding Attribute Data

Adding Fields
1. Right-click the table or layer in the table of contents and choose Open Attribute Table.
2. Click the Table Options button in the table window. You can make calculations without being in
an editing session; however, in that case, there is no way to undo the results.
3. Click Add Field.
4. Type the name of the field.
5. Click the Type arrow and click the field type.
6. Set any other field properties as necessary.
7. Click OK

Calculating Area, Length, and other Geometric Properties

1. Start an edit session. You can make calculations without being in an editing session; however, in
that case, there is no way to undo the results.
2. Right-click the layer and click Open Attribute Table. You can only perform geometric calculations
on attribute tables.
3. Right-click the field heading for which you want to make a calculation and click Calculate
Geometry. Optionally, you can press CTRL+SHIFT+G to open the Calculate Geometry dialog box.
4. Click the geometric property (area, perimeter, length etc.) you want to calculate. Different properties
are available depending on the type of layer you're using.
5. Click to use either the coordinate system of the data source or the coordinate system of the data
frame.
6. Click the units of the output calculations.
7. Optionally, if you have selected records in the table, choose whether to apply the calculations to all
records or just the selected ones.
8. Click OK

Querying on Attribute Data

Selecting records in a table by attributes

1. Click to open layer attribute data, click on Table Options in the table you want to query and
click Select by Attributes.
2. Click the Method arrow and click the selection procedure you want to use.
3. Double-click the field from which you want to select.
4. Click the logical operator you want to use.
5. Click the Get Unique Values button, then scroll to and double-click the value you want from
the Unique Values list. Optionally, you can type a value directly into the text box.
6. Click Verify to verify your selection.
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7. Click Apply to update the selection.

8. Click Close.

Note:

Write a query in the query builder

1. “population” >= 5000000

2. “area” <= 145

Results
Attach significant screenshots showing your task execution.

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Lab Session 8
Objective
To perform Vector Analysis using Geoprocessing Tools using ArcGIS.

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS, vector layers or shape files, raster layers or georeferenced and
projected map.

Theoretical Background
Vector Analysis
Vector analysis includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological,
geometric, or geographic properties. Spatial analysis has a set of tools used for analyzing spatial data.
The results of spatial analysis are depended on the location of the objects being analyzed.

Geoprocessing Tools
Geoprocessing is a framework and set of tools for processing geographic and related data. The large
suite of geoprocessing tools can be used to perform spatial analysis or manage GIS data in an automated
way. Geoprocessing tools allow you to create, conduct surface analysis on, modify, and convert terrain
datasets.

• Buffer: The Buffer tool creates a new coverage of buffer polygons around specified input
coverage features. Features can be polygons, lines, points, or nodes. You can use the Buffer
tool to identify or define an area within a specified distance around a feature. For example, you
may create a buffer to define an area around a river to identify land that can't be developed, or
you may want to create a buffer to select features within a specified distance of a feature.

• Clip: Extracts input features that overlay the clip features. Use this tool to cut out a piece of
one feature class using one or more of the features in another feature class as a cookie cutter.
This is particularly useful for creating a new feature class—also referred to as study area or
area of interest (AOI)—that contains a geographic subset of the features in another, larger
feature class.

The Clip Features can be points, lines, and polygons, depending on the Input Features type.

• When the Input Features are polygons, the Clip Features must also be polygons.
• When the Input Features are lines, the Clip Features can be lines or polygons. When
clipping line features with line features, only the coincident lines or line segments are
written to the output, as shown in the graphic below.
• When the Input Features are points, the Clip Features can be points, lines, or polygons.
When clipping point features with point features, only the coincident points are written to

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the output, as shown in the graphic below. When clipping point features with line features,
only the points that are coincident with the line features are written to the output.

The output Feature Class will contain all the attributes of the Input Features.

• Intersect: Intersect creates a new feature from the common areas or edges of any two
selected features of the same geometry type. The new intersected feature is created using
the settings specified in the chosen feature template. You can create a new feature from the
intersection of features of different layers, but the layers must be of the same geometry type
(either line or polygon). The original features are maintained, and the new feature is created
without attribute values in the current layer. You must manually enter attribute values for
the new feature.

• Union: Union combines selected features into one new feature. Although the features may
be from different layers, the layers must be of the same geometry type—either line or
polygon. Union calculates the geometric union of any number of feature classes and feature
layers. All input feature classes or feature layers must be polygons. The output feature class
will contain polygons representing the geometric union of all the inputs as well as all the
fields from all the input feature classes. See below for examples of how attribute values are
assigned to the output features.

Union does the following:

• Determines the spatial reference for processing. This will also be the output spatial
reference. For details on how this is done, see Spatial Reference. All the input feature
classes are projected (on the fly) into this spatial reference.
• Cracks and clusters the features. Cracking inserts vertices at the intersection of feature
edges; clustering snaps together vertices that are within the x,y tolerance.
• Discovers geometric relationships (overlap) between features from all feature classes.
• Writes the new features to the output.

• Merge: Combines multiple input datasets of the same data type into a single, new output
dataset. This tool can combine point, line, or polygon feature classes or tables.

Merge does the following:

• All fields in the output dataset and the contents of those fields can be controlled using
the Field Map controls.
• If feature classes are being merged, the output dataset will be in the coordinate system
of the first feature class in the Input Datasets list, unless the Output Coordinate System
geoprocessing environment is set.

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• This tool does not support annotation feature classes. Use the
Append_Annotation_Feature_Classes tool to combine annotation feature classes.
• This tool does not support raster datasets. Use the Mosaic to New Raster tool to merge
multiple rasters into a new output raster.

• Dissolve: Creates a new coverage by merging adjacent polygons, lines, or regions that have
the same value for a specified item.

Dissolve tool does the following:

• This tool is used to create a simplified coverage from one that is more complex.
Although the input coverage may contain information concerning many feature
attributes, the output coverage contains information only about the dissolve item.
• The merging of polygons with this tool is the counterpart of intersecting polygons in
overlays. Dissolve will remove the boundaries.
• Dissolve eliminates nodes or arcs between adjacent lines or polygons containing equal
values for the dissolve item.

Procedure
Buffer

1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Buffer.

2. Input the feature around which you want to create a buffer.
3. Type the distance in map units for the buffer area around the feature.
4. Choose the target in which the new feature will be created.
• If you have feature templates for the layers in your map, click the Template
button and click the template to use to create the new feature. You can also
double-click the preview of the template to choose a different template.
• If you do not have feature templates, click the layer in which to create the feature.
5. Click OK.

Clip
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Clip.
2. Select or input the features you want to use to clip.
3. Type a buffer value. You can leave the value as 0 if you are clipping with a polygon feature.
4. Click the type of clip operation: whether to discard or maintain the area that intersections.
5. Click OK to clip the feature.

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Union
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Union.
2. Select or input the features you want to combine into one.
3. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
4. If you have feature templates for the layers in your map, click the Template button and click the
template to use to create the new feature. You can also double-click the preview of the template to
choose a different template.
5. If you do not have feature templates, click the layer in which to create the feature.
6. Click OK.

Merge

1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Merge.

2. Select or input the features you want to merge. The features must be from the same layer.
3. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
4. Click the feature that the features will be merged into and will supply the attributes for the merged
feature.
5. Click OK.

Dissolve

1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Dissolve.

2. Select or input the features you want to Dissolve.
3. Select the output feature class.
4. Select the dissolve field (optional)
5. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
6. Click OK.

Results
Attach screenshots of significant execution steps and the final output.

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Lab Session 9
Objective
To perform Raster Analysis using ArcGIS

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS, vector layers or shape files, raster layers or georeferenced and
projected map.

Theoretical Background
Raster analysis
Raster analysis is similar in many ways to vector analysis. Raster analysis, on the other hand, enforces
its spatial relationships solely on the location of the cell. Raster operations performed on multiple input
raster datasets generally output cell values that are the result of computations on a cell-by-cell basis.
The value of the output for one cell is usually independent of the value or location of other input or
output cells. In some cases, output cell values are influenced by neighboring cells or groups of cells,
such as in focal functions. Types of Raster Analysis:
• Math
• Distance
• Surface analysis
• Extraction or clip
• Change cell values
• Statistical Analysis
• Conditional
• Weighted overlay
• Vector to Raster Transformations

Procedure
Raster Clip

1. Arc Toolbox > Data Management > Raster > Raster Processing > Clip
2. Double-Click The Clip Tool to Open
3. Input Raster
4. Give the Output Extent (Optional)
5. Use Input Feature for Clipping Geometry
6. Output Raster Dataset: This Is The Name Of The Output (Clipped Raster). Add an Extension for
the Output Such as; .Tif, .Img, or .Jpg.

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Mosaic Raster
1. Arc Toolbox > Data Management > Raster > Raster Dataset
2. Click the Mosaic to New Raster Tool to open.
3. Input raster datasets to mosaic
4. Give the output location to store.
5. Raster Dataset Name with Extension Such as; .Tiff, .Img, or .Jpg.
6. Select spatial reference for the raster (optional)
7. Select pixel type.
8. Select cell size (optional)
9. Give the number of bands that the output raster will have.
10. Click OK.

Vector to Raster Conversion

1. Open new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_42N.
2. Open vector layers or shape files point, line, and polygon
3. Arc toolbox->conversion tools->To Raster->click Feature to Raster.
4. Give Input feature point/ line/ polygon.
5. Select the field ID.
6. Give output raster location to store.
7. Select output cell size (optional).
8. Click on ok to finish.

Results
Attach screenshots of significant execution steps and the final output.

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Lab Session 10
Objective
To compose the map by adding map components, layout, and Exporting Map

Apparatus
Computer with installed ArcGIS, vector layers or shape files, raster layers or georeferenced and
projected map.

Theoretical Background
Map Composition
Map Composition is the process of bringing together the various symbols on a map so that they work
together to form a desired Gestalt, or whole effect. The term is generally applied to the combination of
layers of geographic symbols in the map image itself; the inclusion of additional elements such as titles,
legends, and scale bars are referred to as Map layout. Quality composition is crucial to creating a map
that is both functionally effective and aesthetically pleasing. Most of the principles and techniques of
composition are based on the concept of Gestalt, in which that all the elements of an artistic work (for
example, a map) are perceived by viewers, so that viewers will develop a general judgment of the map,
whether positive or negative.

Map Layout
Map Layouts in ArcGIS allow users to quickly create maps of spatial data, and to include charts, tables,
north arrows, scale bars, text and graphical primitives, and graphics files.

Map Layout Elements

• Data Frame
A data frame's name property is always the same as what's shown in the table of contents.
Therefore, updating the name inside the Data Frame Properties dialog box will also update its
name in the table of contents.
• North Arrow
North arrows indicate the orientation of the map. A north arrow element maintains a connection
to a data frame. When that data frame is rotated, the north arrow element will rotate with it.
North arrow properties include its style, size, color, and angle.
• Legend
A legend tells a map reader the meaning of the symbols used to represent features on the map.
Legends consist of examples of the symbols on the map with labels containing explanatory text.
When you use a single symbol for the features in a layer, the layer is labeled with the layer's
name in the legend. When you use multiple symbols to represent features in a single layer, the
field you use to classify the features becomes a heading in the legend, and each category is
labeled with its value.

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• Scale Bar
Scale bars provide a visual indication of the size of features and distance between features on
the map. A scale bar is a line or bar divided into parts and labeled with its ground length, usually
in multiples of map units such as tens of kilometers or hundreds of miles. If the map is enlarged
or reduced, the scale bar remains correct.
• Scale Text
You can also represent the scale of your map with scale text. Scale text indicates the scale of
the map and features on the map. Scale text tells a map reader how many ground units are
represented by a map unit—for example, 1 centimeter equals 100,000 meters.

Export a Map or Layout

After you've created a map or layout, you may want to share it as a file. You can export to several
industry-standard file formats.
• EMF, EPS, PDF, SVG, and SVGZ formats are referred to as vector export formats, because
they support a mixture of vector and raster data.
• BMP, JPG, PNG, TIFF, TGA, and GIF are referred to as image export formats, because they
are purely raster export formats.

Procedure
Map Composition Steps

1. Starting ArcGIS
2. Getting Data into GIS
3. Preparing the Data
4. Adding Data to ArcMap
5. Organizing Layers
6. Editing the Airport Layer
7. Switching to Layout View
8. Adding and Editing Map Information
9. Finalizing the Map
10. Saving the Map as an Image

Creation of Map Layout

1. Click on layout view and creating a new page layout

2. Add data frame to the page layout.
3. Add map elements to the page layout.
4. Working with map elements.
5. Working with a page layout.
6. Data driven pages.
7. Grids and Graticules

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8. Printing and exporting your layout.

9. Creating a map layout.

Exporting Map

1. Open Arc Map click on file,

2. Click on export map command to export map layout

3. Select EMF, EPS, PDF, SVG, and SVGZ for vector data export

4. Select BMP, JPG, PNG, TIFF, TGA, and GIF for raster data export

5. Click ok to Export and Save the Map

Results
Attach the map created using above procedure.

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Lab Session 11
Objective
To get familiarize with ENVI environment and its data input.

Apparatus
Computer installed ENVI software and a good internet connection.

Theoretical Background
ENVI (the Environment for Visualizing Images) is a state-of-the-art image processing system designed
to provide comprehensive analysis of satellite and aircraft remote sensing data. It provides a powerful,
innovative, and user-friendly environment to display and analyze images of any size and data type on a
wide range of computing platforms.

Procedure
1. Start ENVI by clicking on the icon on desktop.
2. To load data, click the Open File icon. An explorer window will open. Navigate to the disk location
of the file you wish to open.
3. Select the file and click Open. ENVI’s native file format is .dat, but ENVI recognizes and reads
most common formats such as: .img, .ntf, rpf, .tiff, .las, .dt, dppdb, .sid, .shp, .evf, .jp2, and many
more.
4. Load additional layers by clicking in the Data Manager. Explore different band combinations within
the current view or a new view by clicking Load Data.
5. If wavelength information is available for the bands of an image, right-click on an image layer in
the Layer Manager to load true-color or color-infrared (CIR) band combinations.

Results
Attach the screenshot of the output image shown in true colors.

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Lab Session 12
Objective
To determine Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalize Difference Water Index
and Water Ratio Index (WRI) on Landsat images using ENVI.

Apparatus
Computer installed ENVI software and a good internet connection.

Theoretical Background
The world around us is changing constantly. Technologies develop, progress takes its place. However,
one thing stays permanent: humans still depend on environment. And partially well-being of people is
related to plants. Plants allow people to breathe, plants give us food, shelter, medicaments, and many
other crucial things. Yet, uncontrolled agriculture, transition to monoculture farming within entire
countries, climate change — all these factors have negative effect on vegetation layer. Moreover, human
population grows exponentially, and the issue of food supply arises more sharply.
Nowadays there is a steady tendency to preserve what we possess now. And here satellite monitoring
over vegetation condition comes to help. Also satellite monitoring facilitates work of farmers and let
decrease costs and losses in case of negative weather phenomena such as floods and drought. Whenever
it is an emergency situation or farming planning there is a great helping tool that is satellite imagery
which provides a vegetation index (NDVI) and a water index (NDWI).
• Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
It is the most common index of density of vegetation layer. Low values of NDVI (0.1 and less)
correspond to vegetation free regions and to stone, sand, and snow areas. Moderate index values
(0.2–0.3) show presence of bush and meadow vegetation, while high index values (0.6–0.8)
denote forests of temperate climate and tropical rainforests.
NDVI is calculated from comparison of visible and near-infrared light reflected from
vegetation. A green pigment in leaves that is chlorophyll greatly absorbs visible light (from 0.4
to 0.7 microns) for photosynthesis process. At the same time, structure of cells of leaves greatly
reflects near-infrared light (from 0.7 to 1.1 microns). Healthy vegetation absorbs a major part
of visible light while it also reflects a larger part of near-infrared light. Unhealthy or scarce
vegetation reflects visible light mostly and a lesser part of near-infrared light.
𝑁𝐼𝑅𝑡 − 𝑅𝐸𝐷𝑡
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
𝑁𝐼𝑅𝑡 + 𝑅𝐸𝐷𝑡

• Normalize Difference Water Index (NDVI)

Plant humidity is an important indicator for wildfires monitoring and for defining of possibly
dangerous regions. Low humidity contributes to environment susceptible to wildfires,
especially it happens in ecosystems where live and dry vegetation coexist.
NDWI in comparison with NDVI is more accurate indicator of plant humidity. NDWI is
calculated with the help of water absorption band which is more closely connected with

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moisture than chlorophyll whose light-absorbing properties are used in calculation of NDVI.
During droughts vegetation condition greatly depends on water stress and in this case
Normalized Difference Water Index is more useful than chlorophyll-based Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index.

𝐺𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑡 − 𝑁𝐼𝑅𝑡
𝑁𝐷𝑊𝐼 =
𝐺𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑡 + 𝑁𝐼𝑅𝑡

Procedure
1. Open ENVI software by clicking its icon on desktop.
2. Click Data Manager icon and browse your working Landsat image file.
3. Load MTL file from downloaded files.
4. Zoom into the area of interest (AOI) then search in toolbox > Radiometric Correction > Radiometric
Calibration.
5. Specify the same AOI in the popup of Radiometric Calibration as zoomed earlier on main screen.
6. Save the output file in your desired folder.
7. Then proceed to Atmospheric Correction by searching in toolbox > Quick Atmospheric Correction.
Remember to select Radiometric Corrected file as input for this step.
8. Apply Band Math searching Band Math in toolbox to improve Surface Reflectance using equation.
9. To determine NDVI again open Band Math and input suitable expression for respective bands (b4 &
b5 in Landsat image OLI).
10. To determine NDWI again open Band Math and input suitable expression for respective bands (b3 &
b5 in Landsat image OLI).
11. WRI can be determined by setting suitable equation in Band Math for respective bands (b3, b4, b5 &
b6 in Landsat image OLI).

Results
Attach screenshots of the output separately showing NDVI, NDWI and WRI for the given satellite
image.

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