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ANITS

List of Exercises
1. Georeferencing and Projection of a Toposheet. (CO1)
2. Digitization of Features in a Toposheet (CO1)
3. Topology of digitized of features. (CO2)
4. Study of features estimation. (CO2)
5. Creation of Thematic maps (CO3)
6. Layout Preparation. (CO3)
7. Digital Elevation model (CO4)
8. Calculation of volumes for Hills and Tanks (CO4)
9. Road Network application in GIS (CO5)
10. Simple applications of GIS in water Resources Engineering (CO5)
 Department of Civil
Engineering
INDEX

S.No. Date Name of Experiment Page Marks Remarks

No
01 Georeferencing and
Projection of a Toposheet
02 Digitization of Features in a
Toposheet
03 Topology of digitized of
features
04 Study of features estimation
05 Creation of Thematic maps
06 Layout Preparation
07 Digital Elevation model
08 Calculation of v o l u m e s for
Hills and Tanks
09 Road Network application in
GIS
10 Simple applications of GIS in
water Resources Engineering
 INTRODUCTION TO LAB AND

ArcGIS OVERVIEW

The geographic information system software package ArcGIS was developed by the
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). ArcGIS is designed to create,
develop, and interact with new and existing geographic data. It’s designed to be a
complete and integrated system for geographic data processing.

The desktop form of ArcGIS is available with three levels of functionality. The most
basic level is called ArcView, which allows for many map making, visualization
and map analysis capabilities. For creating and editing spatial data that go into
these analyses, ArcEditor adds capabilities on top of ArcView. Finally, more advanced
visualization and analysis tools are available at the ArcInfo level. At all levels, users
interact with Desktop ArcGIS through three interface components: ArcMap, ArcCatalog,
and ArcToolbox.

ArcMap is used to perform map and data-based tasks. These include geographic and
attribute data creation, editing, data viewing and querying, and map production.

ArcCatalog is designed to browse, organize, and document geographic data in a

Windows Explorer-like fashion. Operations such as previewing, copying, moving,
renaming, or deleting can be performed within this module.

Arc Toolbox is the data management and geo-processing module embedded within
ArcMap and ArcCatalog. Task wizards have been created for the most commonly
performed geo-processing operations. Some of the functionality includes: importing and
exporting, overlays, buffering, and statistical calculations.

Although ArcGIS is the dominant software in the GIS industry, other GIS software
packages are available:

1. Common commercial
software:
a. Idrisi (http://www.clarklabs.org/)
b. Mapinfo (http://www.pbinsight.com/welcome/mapinfo/)
c. ERDAS Imagine (http://www.erdas.com/)
2. Common freeware/ open source
software:
a. Google Earth (primarily for visualization purposes)
(http://www.google.com/earth/index.html#utm_campaign=en&utm_medium=h
a&u tm_source=en-ha-na-us-bk-eargen&utm_term=google%20earth)
b. QGIS (http://www.qgis.org/)
c. R (http://www.r-project.org/) d. GRASS (http://grass.fbk.eu/)
 e.ILWIS(http://www.itc.nl/Pub/Home/Research/Research_output/ILWIS_Rem
ote_ Se nsing_and_GIS_software.html)f. SAGA (http://www.saga-
gis.org/en/index.html)

g. QUANTUM (http://www.qgis.org/)
h. SPRING (http://www.dpi.inpe.br/spring/english/index.html)
In this exercise you will investigate some of the general capabilities of Desktop ArcGIS,
its built-in help system, and the lab structure and setup. Specifically, you will learn
some of the more basic capabilities of the software, which include downloading and
reading in data and defining symbols to use for data display. To place these capabilities
in the context of how they might be used in a GIS project, you will also use the web to
find and download two existing GIS data sets for importing into ArcGIS.

Learning
Objectives:
• To practice accessing your working directory and CTools to setup the lab data
• To gain a basic understanding of the ArcGIS modules
• To learn to navigate and utilize the ArcGIS help system
• To begin exploring the functionality of various toolbars in ArcGIS

Procedure:
1. Locating your network space and creating your working
directory
These labs assume you either have access to a network drive space that is directly
accessible by Windows or a flash drive or external hard drive. It will typically be
referred to as D:\ space or D:\Student\GIS_Lab\Student Roll Number (or similar)
while working with the labs.

2. Access of
ArcGIS
Go to START/PROGRAMS/ARCGIS. When we click on ArcGIS sub tabs are
appeared. Here we can observe three interface components of ArcGIS which are already
stated above.
 EXERCISE - 1
GEOREFERENCING AND PROJECTION OF A
TOPOSHEET

Objective: To geo-reference a toposheet by using graticule ticks/intersections

in a known coordinate system and datum by using ArcGIS
Input Data: Survey of India Toposheet No. 65
N/11
Projection & Datum used: Geographical Coordinate Systems & Everest - India and
Nep
al
INTRODUCTIO
N:
Georeferencing is a process of establishing a mathematical relationship between the
image coordinate system to the real-world spatial coordinate system. Georeferencing
may involve shifting, rotating, scaling, skewing, and in some cases warping, rubber
sheeting, or orthorectifying the data.

PROCEDUR
E
Starts with blank ArcMap
Window
Choose a New map from tree and select Blank map, then click on OK

Go to table of Contents
 Right click on layers and choose properties

Click and change the parameters in the Data Frame Properties dialogue box
from General and Coordinate System tabs (As shown in below figures 1.1
to
1.4). Finally click on Apply and OK.

Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.3
 Fig. 1.4

Go to ArcMap window and add the Input data by using the Add Data icon
(As shown in below figures 1.5 to 1.7)

Fig. 1.5
 Fig. 1.6

Fig. 1.7

Go to Georeferencing tool and Click on Add Control Points Icon

Insert the control points at four intersections of the graticules by using left click and enter
the Coordinate information for each and every graticule intersection (Insert should be
starts with left bottom corner of the graticule intersection, at a clock wise
direction. Because, it’s an origin of the input data (As shown in the below figure).
 When finish inserting the control points of all four corners. Then go to
Georeferencing tool and pull down the arrow. Choose rectify option (As shown in
below figure.

Fig. 1.8

Go to Save as dialogue box and observe the output location for confirmation
and click on Save tab key (As shown in below figures 1.8 and 1.9).
 Fig. 1.9

Open New ArcMap Window for checking the output file, whether it is
properly processed or not. Add the Output file in to the window (As shown
in below figure).
 Result: The output file is successfully rectified with Geographical Coordinate System
(GCS) Projection and Everest – India and Nepal Datum.
PROJECTION/PROJECT RASTER
Objective: To transforms the raster dataset from one projection to another.
Input Data: RectfiedGCS65 N/11 toposheet
Projection and Datum used: Polyconic and Everest – India and Nepal
PROCEDURE

ARcTool Box from the Standard tool bar. From that ArcTool Tree Select and
Click on Data Management Tools projections and Transformations Raster
Project Raster
Go to Project Raster wizard Browse input raster and output raster data
location
Choose output Coordinate system by using Icon
Click and choose the Projected Coordinate system World Polyconic
(Note: Double Click on Polyconic text for changing the parameters of projection
i.e., Central Meridian and Latitude of Origin and then Apply-Ok) from Select
tab in the Spatial Reference Properties dialogue Box and then OK&OK
(Figures 1.10 to
Apply, 1.14).
Fig.1.10

Fig.1.11

Fig.1.12
 Fig.1.13

Fig. 1.14

Result: The output file is successfully projected with Polyconic projection (Figure
1.14).
*******
 EXERCISE - 2
DIGITIZATION OF FEATURES IN A TOPOSHEET

Objective: This task/exercise will teach the functionality of digitizing in order to

capture the data.
Input Data: Reprojected poly65N11 toposheet
Projection & Datum: Polyconic and Everest – India and Nepal

INTRODUCTION
Digitizing is the process of converting geographic features on a paper map into digital
format. In GIS context digitization refers to creating vector datasets viz., point, line or
polygon from raster datasets. It is a way of tracing/recording geographic features in
vector format from Georeferenced images or maps. With the help of digitization we
can create different set of layers Viz. Rivers, roads, schools, ward boundaries and
building blocks from a single map; this process is known as Vectorization.

Vector data is easy to edit, update and is more accurate as compared to raster data.
Vector data is more efficient for GIS analysis. Due to these reasons Vectorization is
the first step in many GIS projects. However it is a time consuming process and needs
a lot of attention to prevent introduction of errors in the datasets. Vector data is mainly
of three types

Point: It consists of single points having (X, Y) coordinates, for example lamp posts,
bus stops and postbox positions etc.
Line: It consists a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence (from start node to end node
with a number of vertices joining these two nodes). For example roads, power lines, ward
boundaries and contours etc.
Polygon: It is a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence closing a figure where first
and last points are the same. For example lakes, building blocks, village blocks, ward
areas and forests etc.
PROCEDURE
Starts with ArcCatalog
Open ArcCatalog and browse destination folder (Eg.
E:\GIS_Lab\Roll
Number) from ArcMap window standard toolbar (Figure 2.1
to 2.7). Right Click in destination folder then go to New
Shapefile
Go to Create New Shapefile dialogue box and enter the name of the shape
file (Eg. LU_LC), Feature type (e.g. Polyline) and Edit the spatial
reference system by click the Edit tab.
Import the spatial reference system for the new shape file by browsing
and adding the Input rectified toposheet Apply and OK (Twice).

Fig. 2.1

Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.3

Fig. 2.4

Fig. 2.5
 Go to ArcMap and add the both input raster data and new shape file to extract/
digitize the features.
• Go to Editor Tool bar select Start Editing as shown in below figure

Fig. 2.6
Before starts editing need to take some precautions which includes Shape file
properties (i.e., Line colour, Width, Type etc., for visible purpose) and Snap
settings for minimizing the editing errors.
Go to Table of Contents and Right click on shape file symbol to change the
properties and then click OK as shown in below figure.

Fig. 2.7

select and enable the all Snapping options to trace the features (Figure 2.8).
 Fig. 2.8
Digitization of the features by using the editing window from the Editor
Toolbar and choose create new features as shown in figures 2.8 and 2.9

Fig. 2.9
 Fig. 2.9

Fig. 2.10

Result: The output digitized LULC features (Figure 2.10).

*******
 EXERCISE - 3
TOPOLOGY OF DIGITIZED FEATURES
Definition of Topology:
Topology is the science and mathematics of relationships used to validate the
geometry of vector entities, and for operations such as network tracing and tests of
polygon adjacency.

Objective:

Step 1: Process using ArcCatalog Component

• Open the Arc Catalogue Go to Destination folder (Eg.
E:\GIS_LAB\Roll Number) Use R. Click of mouse Go to New select
and create Personal Geodatabase folder Go to new by selecting
the Personal Geodatabase and create the feature dataset.
• In feature dataset dialogue box give the name Eg.LU/LC and click the next tab key
Go to import tab key for browsing and assigning the Spatial reference system to the
new feature dataset (Use existing reference system i.e., Rectified toposheet /
shape file) Click Next Next and Finish tab keys

• After creation of feature dataset then select and R.Click on that go to Import
and select the Feature Class Single option

• In the Feature Class to Feature Class dialogue box need to browse the input shape
file. Output location will comes automatically. Here in this also need to give the name
of output feature class and Click OK

• When the file execution is successful. Then once again select the feature
dataset and then choose New option. In that select the Topology option. Whenever
click on this, New Topology box will be appears. Here Click Next
key (Twice) and use Select all option.

Click twice Next tab key and then Add Rules one by one by clicking the Add

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 Rules option. The rules which are include
▪ Must Not Overlap
▪ Must Not Intersect
▪ Must Not Have Dangles
▪ Must Not Have Pseudos
▪ Must Not Self Overlap
▪ Must Not Self Intersect
▪ Must Be Single Part &
▪ Must Not Intersect or Touch Interior
• Thereafter click Next and Finish tab keys.
• After creation of new topology. The System will ask a question i.e., Would you
like to validate it now there simply we click on NO
Step 2: Process using ArcMap Component

Add Data Icon

• Add the feature daset file into the ArcMap window by using Add data Icon
• Go to Editor tool Start Editing.
• Before editing the Topology file we need to take some of the precautions
regarding Snapping options and select all snapping types such as Vertex, End and
Edge.
• Now the file is ready to rectify the errors. If the errors are not visible on the screen
once we need to click on Validate Topology in Current Extent tool. It is
shown in below figures.
Validate Entire Topology

Validate Topology in Current Extent tool

Validation of Topology for digitized Features (Figure 3.1 and 3.4).

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 Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.2

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 Fig. 3.3

Fig. 3.4

• After finishing the removing of all topological errors then once click on
Validate
• Entire Topology using icon. The Icon is shown in the above figure.
• Result: Topologically validated LULC features.
*******

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 EXERCISE – 3

ESTIMATION OF FEATURES & INTERPRETATION

Objective: To obtain areas,perimeter and centroids of the digitized features

Input Data: Topologically validated shape file

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Process using ArcCatalog Component
• R Click on the feature dataset file then go to Export option and select the To
Coverage option for exporting the validated topology shape file in to coverage
file (It is need to Clean and Build the features for the conversion of polylines to
polygongs).
• When select and click the To Coverage option, Feature Class to Coverage
dialog box will appears. There that will takes the input file by defaultly. But
once we need to check where our’s output file is saved. The output file is

appears like this

• After the successful execution of file then go to file location and select with
R Click on the coverage file Go to Properties once click on clean
option (Coverage properties Dialogue Box) and OK. Once again go to
Coverage properties Dialogue Box then click on Build option and Click on OK
(twice) option (This process will be help full to convert the poly line
features to polygons).

Step 2: Process using ArcMap Component`

• Go to ArcMap window and Add the processed Coverage file
• Go to table of contents then select and R.Click on the coverage file Go
to Data option then choose and click on Export Data option (This will be
useful to assigning the Non spatial/attribute information to the spatial data).
• In Export Dialogue Box define our destination folder for saving the final output
shape file then click OK
• When the execution of file exporting is successful the system (ArcMap) will
ask Do you want to add the exported data to the map as a layer .Click Yes
• When it is adds in to the table of contents then remove the Coverage file from

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 there.

Estimation of Areas for Tanks/Water bodies

• Go to Editor, select Start Editing.
• Go to table of contents Select & R.Click on Shape file
• Go to Open Attribute Table option and click on that.
• In the Attribute Table need to add the new fields for assigning the
Label/Numerical information to the spatial data. For that
• Go to Table Options (It is available at Top Left corner of the Table.
• Pulldown the arrow go to Add Field option (Editor must be stop in editing
mode. Otherwise it’s appears in Disable mode).
• When click on Add Field option Add Field Dialogue Box will appears. Here in that
in the Name column type the name of the Field (Eg. LU_LC) In Type column
select the Text option. In the field properties length is our choice. Click OK. As
shown in the below figure.
• When click OK option a new field will be added to the attribute table. As shown
in the below figure.

• Go to Editor select Start Editing

•

Select row by row in the attribute table and type the feature name in the field (Eg.
Tank/Built-up/Wasteland etc.,) as shown in the below figure. Whenever selecting
the row the concern polygon will be highlighted.

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 • Once finish entering the non-spatial information / attributing data in the table.
• Go to Editor once click on Save Edits and Stop Editing
Procedure for estimating the areas of tanks in the study area by using query:
• Click on tab key of Selection from ArcMap window, then choose Select by
Attributes
• From the Select by Attributes pallet choose LU_LC and give the Query
i.e., “LU_LC”= ‘WB(Tank)’, then Click Apply and OK.
• Go to Attribute Table R.Click on the Area field and choose the Calculate
Geometry

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 • From the Calculate Geometry dialogue box select the units as Square
Kilometers/Acres and then click OK
• Once again R.Click on the Area field and choose the Statistics
• The procedure has shown in the below figures.

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Result: The WB (Tanks) are occupied an area about: 1.564967 km2, in the total of
81.350901 km2 area of the study.

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 EXERCISE - 6
LAYOUT PREPARATION

Introduction:
This draws the map as it is placed on paper for printing. It does include the additional non-
feature map elements such as north arrows, legends, scale bars, etc. that would appear on a
printed version of a map. The layout view is pretty much a “what you see is what you get”
presentation of the printed map. It shows the edges of the page and where on the page the
elements of the printed map will appear.
Objective:
To assemble the spatial components and elements in the map for print on a paper
Input Data: Thematic map (Eg.LU_LC or Utility
PROCEDURE
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Open a document and check the datasets you want to present in a map.
• Set the view window to layout view.
• You will find all necessary buttons to add map elements to your map in the Insert
pull down menu in the menu bar (figure 5.1). Note that these buttons are only active
when working in layout view.
When the layout view is activated, it is possible to change its settings. It is possible to change
the size and location of the visualized datasets. By right clicking on the layout view, it is also
possible to alter the type of layout and the page settings

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Adding a data frame to a layout
The central element of the layout is the data frame. This is a frame that presents your datasets.
You can have more than one data frame in your layout. Simple maps usually have only a
single data frame.
• To alter the properties of the frames in layout view: right-click the frame and select
properties. You can for example change the border of the frame, set a scale or add a
reference grid to your map.
Adding a legend to a layout
A legend tells a map user what the symbols on the map, used to represent features, mean. A
legend in a layout is associated with the legend already used in the table of contents. When
you change the symbology of a dataset (its appearance) it automatically changes
the legend in the layout.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In the menu bar select: Insert → Legend (this is only possible when you are in layout
view).
2. It the appearing window, select the dataset(s) you want to add to the legend. You can
also change the order of the datasets in the legend (think about hierarchy!!) with the up and
down arrows. Click next.
3. In the following windows some options appear to customize your legend. For now, just
click next and finish. Of course, you are free to play around with the options if you wish!
4. The legend is placed in the layout, where it is possible to move it around and change its
size.
5. If you are not satisfied with the result you can always modify your legend. Right- click the
legend in the layout and select Properties from the menu that appears. The Legend Properties
window opens in which you can adjust some legend settings.
It is always possible to change the name of one of the layers by clicking on it in the table of
contents.

Adding a Title to a layout

A title gives the user of the map guidance in the use and content of a map.

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INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In the menu bar select: Insert → Legend (this is only possible when you are in
layout view).
2. In the Textbox you can define your title
3. Click OK and move the title to an appropriate place within the layout.
Adding a north arrow to a layout
North arrows indicate the orientation of the map.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In the menu bar select: Insert → North Arrow (this is only possible when you are in
layout
view).
2. In the North Arrow Selector menu you can choose the north arrow style.
3. Click the Properties button and select the North Arrow tab to set the calibration
angle. You can also change the size, style and font of the arrow.
4. Click OK and move the north arrow to an appropriate place within the layout.

Adding a scale bar to a layout

A scale bar provides a visual indication of the size of features and distance between features
on the map. A scale bar is a line or bar divided into parts and labeled with its ground length,
usually in multiples of map units such as tens of kilometers or hundreds of miles. If the map
is enlarged or reduced, the scale bar remains correct.

Add a scale bar after the datasets and a legend are added to the layout.

Note: Before you add the scale bar to your layout, you have to check if your data frame
has a coordinate system (see Module 3) and if the map units of the data frame are set to
meters!!! To check this, go to the menu bar and select: View → Data Frame Properties →
General.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In the menu bar select: Insert → Scale Bar (this is only possible when you are in
layout view).
2. Choose the scale bar you want to insert and click OK.

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3. The Scale bar is added to the layout where you can
change its size and move it is not too small!
4. Double click on the scale bar, to open the Properties window.
5. In this window the Scale and Units and the Numbers and Marks tabs are important.
6. In the Scale and Units tab it is possible to set the Division value (not to small!), number
of divisions, number of subdivisions and what the scale bar should do when it is being
resized (don’t use the ‘adjust division value’, because the division value should be a
‘round number’, like 1km, 500 m etc.).
7. Choose the scale bar units.
8. In the Number and Marks tab it is possible to define how often a numerical value appears
on the scale bar, and where this is placed in relation to the scale bar.
9. Click apply and OK.
Adding text and other graphics to a layout
INSTRUCTIONS:

1. You can use the Text tool to add text for titles and other descriptive text (e.g.
the source) and you can use the drawing tools to add graphics such as boxes, circles and
arrows anywhere on your layout.
2. The drawing tools are in a dropdown list in the Draw tool bar
3. You always can change the properties of a frame: right-click the frame in the layout and
select properties. You can’t change the font size directly. If you wan’t to change it you should
enlarge the text box.
Exporting and printing a map
If you want to use your map in a report you want to keep the quality of the map and not
use a screen dump of your map.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. In the menu bar select: export map
2. In the following dialog box you can specify the file type (e.g. .bmp, .jpg, .png), dpi and
the output location and name of your map.
3. Click Ok

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 Result: Layout LU_LC map

******
*

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 EXERCISE - 7
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL

INTRODUCTION

The representation of continuous elevation values over a topographic surface by a regular

array of z-values, referenced to a common datum. DEMs are typically used to represent
terrain relief.
Digital Elevation Models have many uses. Among the most important are the
following:
1. For hydrological analysis.
2. Three-dimensional display of landforms for landscape design and planning.
3. For planning routes of roads, location of dams, etc.
4. For statistical analysis and comparison of different kinds of terrain.
5. For computing slope maps, aspect maps, and slope profiles that can be used to prepare
shaded relief maps, assist geomorphological studies, or estimate erosion and run-off.
6. Provide data for image simulation models of landscapes and landscape processes.
Objective:
To display the topography from 2-Dimesion to 3-Dimesion
Input Data: Contours with Elevation values.
PROCEDURE
• Go to 3D Analyst tool → Create/Modify TIN → Create TIN from features
• Browse contour shape file → Choose output location → OK
• Open ArcScene window → Add TIN file
Result: Digital Elevation Model as shown in below figure.

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 EXERCISE – 8
CALCULATION OF VOLUMES FOR HILLS AND
TANKS

INTRODUCTION
The Surface Volume tool is used to calculate volume of a surface above or below a
horizontal plane at a specific elevation. You might use this tool to calculate the volume
of water in a section of river channel at a particular flood stage. This tool can be used
on raster or TIN surfaces. The output of the tool is a text file reporting the parameters
used and the resulting surface area and volumes.

The Cut/Fill tool is used to calculate the amount of difference in each cell for a before
and after raster of the same area. This tool could be used to calculate the volume of
earth that must be brought to or removed from a construction site to reshape a surface.
This tool works on two rasters and the results are presented as a raster of the
difference between the two layers.

Objectiv
e:
To calculates the area and volume of a raster or TIN surfac e above or below a given
reference plane.
Input Data:TNN
PROCEDURE
• Go to ArcTool box → 3D Analyst tools → Functional Surface → Surface
Volume
• Browse Input surface i.e., TIN → Choose output text file location → Choose
Reference Plane (Above\Below) → Plane height →OK

Result: Volume of hill as shown in the above figure.

*******

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 EXERCISE – 9
ROAD NETWORK APPLICATION IN GIS
INTRODUCTION
Network Analyst is a GIS extension that allows you to analytically interface networks
(systems of lines and points. The tool’s features can help design efficient routes, determine
service areas around a specific site (in terms of time and distance), and calculate the nearest
facilities or vehicles.
Objective: To create a network database.
Input file: Road shape file
Procedure using ArcCatalog Module:
Step 1 – Navigate and R-Click on the Road shape file
Step 2 – Choose New Network Dataset
Step 3 – In the New Network Dataset dialog box keep the name of network dataset is default
and click on Next tab.
Step 4 - Accept the default connectivity; therefore, click Next to continue.
Step 5 - The next dialog box will ask whether you want to specify elevation fields to establish
connectivity. This information is used to determine whether the endpoint of line features
have the same Z-elevation value. If the values are different, then the two endpoints do
not connect, e.g. in the case of bridges or tunnels.
ArcGIS Network Analyst automatically searches for the relevant fields. As our dataset does
not contain elevation fields, the Network Analyst automatically chooses the None radio
button and assigns no fields. Click Next.
The next dialog box will ask you to specify the attributes in the network dataset.
Network attributes are properties of the network that are used to control navigation, i.e. costs
that function as impedances over the entire network.
Step 6 - In order to add another impedance, click on “Add”.
• In the “Name” field, type “Length”
• The “Usage Type” field enters “Cost”.
• For “Units”, select “Feet” (as this is the unit of measure associated with our
shapefile)
• For “Data Type” select “Double”.
• Click OK

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Step 7 - Let’s also add “Speed” as a descriptor.
• Click “Add” again.
• In the “Name” field, type “Speed”
• The “Usage Type” field enter “Descriptor”.(There are no units associated with
this attribute)
• For “Data Type”, select “Integer”.
• Click OK
When finished, you should have two attributes listed. Click Next to continue.

Step 8 - The next dialog box asks whether you want to establish driving directions.
Select Yes. Then click on the “Directions” button.
Step 9 - Under the “General” tab, click on name (see red circle—it may have a name
there by default, you should also widen the field to see the full name)
Step 10 - Change “Name”, to “Trans”
Step 11 - When finished, click OK and then click Next to continue.

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Step 12 - A summary of all the setting that have been chosen are displayed in the
dialog box. Click Apply & OK to create the new shapefile network dataset.
Step 13 - Once created, the system prompts for the network to be built. Click Yes.

Step 14 - Close Arc Catalog or minimize. `

Result: Network database created road shape file

*******

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 EXERCISE -10
SIMPLE APPLICATIONS OF GIS IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

There are many areas in Water Resources Engineering where GIS may be successfully
applied.
Project planning for a storage structure
In this example, a dam is proposed to be constructed across a river, for which the following
information may be desired:
• Watershed area contributing to the project site
• Reservoir surface area and volume, given the height of the dam
• Villages that may be inundated under reservoir
For the above, the following themes may be stored in a GIS:
• Elevation contours of the watershed area, including the project site
• Satellite image derived land-use map of the watershed
• Village boundary map, showing location of habitation clusters
Using the above data, one may obtain desired in information as follows:
• Watershed area may be found by using the elevation contour data, and using suitable GIS
software that has a tool to delineate the watershed boundary. Once the boundary is identified,
the area calculation tool may be used in the GIS software to calculate the watershed area.

• Reservoir surface area can similarly found using the area calculation tool. Volume
calculation tool of the GIS software may be used to find out the storage volume, which is the
space between a plane at the reservoir surface and the reservoir bottom.

• By overlying the reservoir extent over the village boundary map and the locations of
habitation clusters one may identify the villages that are likely to be inundated once the
reservoir comes up. The area of the cultivable village farms that would be submerged may
also be similarly identified, as it would be required to pay compensation for the loss to the
villagers.

• The amount of forest land that is going to be submerged may be identified by

overlaying the reservoir area map over the land use map, for which compensatory
afforestation has to be adopted.

Department of Civil Engineering ANITS

Project planning for a diversion structure
Here, a barrage is proposed across a river to divert some of its water through a canal, for
which the following information may be desired:
• Location site of the barrage
• Location and alignment of the off taking canal
• Command area that may be irrigated by the canal

WATERSHED
INTRODUCTION

Watershed is (hydrology) the topographical boundary dividing two adjacent

catchment basins, such as a ridge or a crest/ any area of land where waterfalls, flows and
drains into a common lower outlet such as a river or lake. It can be as small as a puddle or
as large as an area where all the water from the land goes to the same point. An
idealized boundary and parts of the water shed are shown in below figures.

Significance: Watershed is a significant structure, because they help replenish the

supply of fresh water available for drinking/irrigated water

Objective: To identify and demarcate the watershed boundary from the toposheet
Input: Rectified toposheet (No.65 N/11)

PROCEDURE
Process using ArcMap window:
• Add the rectified toposheet in to the ArcMap window
• Identify and select the Watershed area for boundary delineation

Department of Civil Engineering ANITS

 Create one new shape file for delineation of Watershed
• Here, delineation of watershed is based on the Drainage flow & Elevation of the
contours.

Result: Watershed boundary with drainage as shown in above figure

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Department of Civil Engineering ANITS