CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter will contain or provide general understanding about the literature reviews of
University Course Time-slot Generator system (UCTSG) as a case study also this system will
discuss the conceptual and theoretical development University Course Time-slot Generator
system which means the previous works and comparing between the existing systems. In the
long run, this chapter will conclude with summarizing the chapter with few lines.
2.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Development

2.0 Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Case study of the research

2.1 THEROTICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

2.3 Compare Between exiting

system
2.1.1 Generic Algorithm

2.2.1 VISION
2.3.1 Automated time table generator 2.1.1 automated time table
STATEMENT
generator

2.2.2 MISSION
2.3.2 Automated collage time table Types of ISP
STATEMENT
generator
DSL
2.3.3 Online automated faculty time table
general application Fiber

Wireless

2.4 SUMMARY

Figure 2.1.have above seeing figure show that Literature review

Even though most UNIVERSITY administration work has been computerized, timetable
scheduling is still done manually due to the difficulties involved. The manual timetable
scheduling requires considerable time and effort. Timetabling is the allocation, of given
resources to objects that are placed in space time, in such a way that they satisfy a desirable
set of objectives. The UNIVERSITY lecture-timetabling problem asks us to find some slots
and classrooms which satisfy the constraints imposed on offered courses, lecturers,
classrooms and so on. The problem is a combinatorial optimization problem belonging to NP-
hard class where the computational time grows exponentially as the number of variables
increases. Various approaches have been made in the past decade to solve the problem of
constructing timetables for schools and Universities. In our paper this problem is formulated
as a constraint satisfaction problem and we discuss the various approaches that are capable of
handling both hard and soft constraints. Hard constraints cannot be violated under any
circumstances. For example, two classes cannot be allocated to a single teacher at the same
time period, two classes cannot be attended by a student at the same time, more than one
class cannot be held at a room at the same time et cetera. Soft constraints are necessary but
not absolutely critical. For example, a timetable must be made in such a way that a group of
students don’t have to come to UNIVERSITY to attend only one class.

According to Kong, S. C. & Kwok, L. F. (1999), timetabling system involves a heuristic

function to increase the scheduling performance, as well as producing a best outcome.
Currently, the well-known solutions for the timetabling system are Genetic Algorithms and
Memetic Algorithms (Mohd. Dain, A. A., Shaari, N. S. Gom, Y. S. & Bacheck, Z. A., 2001).
However, Causmaecker, P. D. and his friends introduced the Semantic Web as a solution in
the domain of timetabling. Berger, J. & Barkaouia, M. (2002) also introduced a Parallel
Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the vehicle routing problem, which they argues to be faster,
more cost-effective and highly competitive than the best-known heuristic routing procedures
and solutions. Obviously, researchers are still looking forward to heuristics that are suitable
for their particular problems (Causmaecker, P. D., Demeester, P. & Vanden B. G., 2002). On
the other hand, there are many solutions for the timetabling system, while each of them has
their strengths and weaknesses.

2.1.1 Generic Algorithm

Generic Algorithm (GA) was introduced by John Holland (Aziz M. A., 2002). It utilizes
several iterations to choose the best solution from a set of solutions for a problem (Yingsong,
Z. & Kiyooka, S., 1999). Tzafestas, S. G. (1999) listed four fundamental different ways of
GA compared to normal optimization and search procedures, thus:

a) GAs work with a coding of parameter set; not the parameters themselves,

b) GAs search from a population of points; not a single point,

c) GAs use a payoff (objective function) information; not derivatives or other auxiliary
knowledge, and

d) GAs use probabilistic transition rules.

Referring to Lin, L. & Jiang, Y. (n.d.), GA follows six processes:

a) Initialize population

b) Testing if one of the stopping criteria (time, fitness, etc)

c) Selecting best-fitted chromosome

d) Applying the genetic operator (likes crossover, mutation, inversion, and obtain)

e) Recombining the offspring and current population to form a new generation

f) Repeating steps (b) to (e).

2.1.1 Automated time table generator

Time table scheduling has been in human requirements since all thought of managing time
effectively. It is widely used in schools, and other fields of teaching and working like crash
courses, coaching centre, training programs etc. In early days, time table scheduling was done
manually with one single person or some group involved in task of scheduling it with their
hands, which takes a lot of effort and time. While scheduling even the smallest constraints
can take a lot of time and the cases are even more worse when the number of constraints or
the amount of data to deal with increases. In such cases perfectly designed time table is
reused for the whole generation without any changes, proving to be dull in such situations.
Other cases that cause problem is when the number of employers/workers are weak, resulting
in the rescheduling of time table or they need to fill on empty seats urgently. They need to
schedule their course to meet the need of current duration and facilities that are available to
them. However, their schedule should meet the requirements of the new course additions and
newly enrolled students to fresh batches. This may result in rescheduling the entire time table
once again for its entire batches and to be scheduled in shortest possible time before the batch
courses start. Another problem that occur when scheduling time table for exams. When
multiple batches have their exam on same day, they need to be schedules effectively taking
into account all problems related to the facilities that are available to conduct these exams
simultaneously. (Lahoti1)

2.1.2 Benefit of Automated time table generator

Most Universities have a number of different courses and each course has a number of
subjects. Now there are limited faculties, each faculty teaching more than one subjects. So
now the time table needed to schedule the faculty at provided time slots in such a way that
their timings do not overlap and the time table schedule makes best use of all faculty subject
demands. We use a customized algorithm for this purpose. In our Timetable Generation
algorithm, we propose to utilize a timetable object. This object comprises of Classroom
objects and the timetable for every them likewise a fitness score for the timetable. Fitness
score relates to the quantity of crashes the timetable has regarding alternate calendars for
different classes. Classroom object comprises of week objects. Week objects comprise of
Days, Days comprises of Timeslots. Timeslot has an address in which a subject, student
gathering going to the address and educator showing the subject is related. Also further on
discussing the imperatives, we have utilized composite configuration design, which make it
well extendable to include or uproot as numerous obligations. In every obligation class the
condition as determined in our inquiry is now checked between two timetable objects. On the
off chance that condition is fulfilled i.e. there is a crash is available then the score is
augmented by one

Advantages

 Faculty did not need to worry for time clashes.

 Authority now does not need to perform permutation and combination.

  Authority can concentrate on other things rather than wasting their time on preparing
Time-Table.

 Gives accurate information.

 Simplifies the manual work.

 It minimizes the documentation related work.

 Provides up to date information.

 Friendly Environment by providing warning messages.

2.1.2.1 Definition

Good management is difficult to define for practical, theoretical and abstract reasons. It may
also mean different things at the individual, group, organizational and common levels of
observation. Most managers have little difficulty in defining good management at the
individual workers level. Whether they are in the private or public sectors, their eyes are
fixed firmly on productivity. (Yacob, 2012)

2.1.3 Good Automated faculty time table general

If you are an educator, you can understand how manual preparation of timetables for each
class and adjust them according to teacher availability is tedious and frustrating. Timetable
Management system help students to register for courses and see how course-section fits into
the timetable schedule. Timetable software provides effortless scheduling of timetable apart
from an array of benefits to schools, Universities or any other institution. They include:

1. Eliminate Paper-based Processes

Manual timetable system involves arduous paperwork and manual data entry that results in
scheduling errors. You don’t get the information you need at the right time. This affects the
productivity of the education institution and precious resources and time are wasted.

2. Intuitive & User-friendly

Timetable Management Software is simple and easy to use. No technical knowledge is
required to operate it. Very easy to implement in institutions of any type or size.

3. Automatic Timetable Scheduling

Automatically create and maintain academic schedules of students within minutes.

Automated Timetable Management System allows you to easily create a unique timetable for
each class and subject. Generate reports for different periods and automatically calculate
absences.

4. Generate Multiple Timetables

Create multiple timetables at a time and manage different timetable databases for multiple
departments with customizable notifications and alerts.

5. Customization & Flexibility

Timetable software can be fully customized to meet the unique class scheduling needs and
suggestions of the institution. Seamlessly integrate timetable to reduce course conflicts of
students and allotment of classes according to convenient timings.

6. Optimal Resource Allocation

Assign teachers and classrooms for periods and optimize allocation of resources in the best
manner possible.

7. Highly Secure

This software is highly secure with role-based permissions and privileges to provide
restricted access to users and ensure transparency. Strict privacy and confidentiality of
information is protected.

8. Substitution Management

Avoid the headache of creating the timetable from scratch whey teachers are not available or
absent. Easily manage substitution timetables with automatically assign

9. Easy Integration
Seamlessly integrate timetable with any calendar application. Automatically send email
notifications, reminders and SMS alerts when you create or modify timetables.

10. Localization Support

Timetable Management software offers multilingual support to ensure fast and smooth
timetable creation related to the geographical region and facilitate collaboration

2.2 Case study of the research

This system will also help in faculty time table general application.
The purpose of developing online automated faculty time table in general application is to
computerize traditional way of working Time table.

The scope of the project is the system on which the software is installed, i.e. the project is
developed as web application, and will work for a particular operation, but later on the
project can be modified to operate it website. It is used JSP & MySql for designing &
Implementing the Proposed System.
2.3 Compare Between existing system

There were a lot of University Course Time-slot Generator system and they had some
differences between the characteristics of their works so here we compare some of them with
our system.

2.3.1 Automated time table generator

Automated time table generator operated system of time table preparation in Universities is
very monotonous and time-consuming which results in either the same teachers ending up
with more than one class at a time or a number of classes conflicting at the same classroom.
Due to a non-automatic perspective, absolute utilization of resources has proven ineffective.
In order to deal with such problems, a mechanized system can be designed with a computer
aided timetable generator. The system will take different inputs like number of subjects,
teachers, maximum lectures a teacher can conduct, priority of subject and topics to be
covered in a week or a lecture, considering which, it will create feasible time tables for
working days of the week, making excellent application of all resources in a way which will
be best suited for the constraints. A suitable timetable is then chosen from the optimal
solutions generated.

2.3.2 Automated collage time table generator

Most of the time table softwares use complex design to generate time table but as a result
often lose simplicity. This software works on the most basic and simple design which can
save hundreds of hours of teachers of small school/UNIVERSITY or education institute. This
software uses Spreadsheet design which is easy to understand for novice computer user.

Special thing about this utility is that it does not ask to fill up information required but on the
contrary it collects the information on the fly as you type. Start building time table instantly
without entering any details such as number of teachers, their names, subjects etc.

2.3.3 Online automated faculty time table general application

University Course Time-slot Generator system is developed for employee to provide

complete solutions. It will be enable employee to get information correctly. It is used JSP &
MYSQL for designing & implementing the Proposed System for Online automated faculty
time table general application

The features which are available in this new system are:

• Time saving

• Very secure

• Easy to use

• Reliable and accurate and more efficiency

• Power full
2.4 Chapter Summary

In this chapter I discussed literature review Introduction; theoretical and conceptual

development. Inter organization case study, compare between existing systems, the old
system and the current proposed system chapter summary.