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Scheme of Valuation/Answer Key
(Scheme of evaluation (marks in brackets) and answers of problems/key)
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, JUNE 2023
Course Code: EET418
Course Name: ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Max. Marks: 100 Duration:
3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 For vehicular applications, the ideal performance characteristic of a power plant (3)
is constant power output over the full speed range. Consequently, the torque
varies hyperbolically with respect to speed as shown in Figure . This ideal
performance characteristic of the power plant will ensure that the maximum
power is available at any vehicle speed, thus resulting in optimal vehicle
performance. In practice however, the torque is constrained to be constant a low
speed. This is done so as not to be over the maxima limited by the adhesion
between the tyre-ground contact areas. The internal combustion (IC) engines are
the most commonly used power plants for the land vehicles. In hybrid and electric
vehicle technology, the electric motor is used.

2 Each level carries 0.5 Marks (0.5*6= 3 Marks) (3)

Level 0 (No Driving Automation)

Level 1 (Driver Assistance)
Level 2 (Partial Driving Automation)
Level 3 (Conditional Driving Automation)
Level 4 (High Driving Automation)
Level 5 (Full Driving Automation

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3 (3)

4 (3)

5 (3)

6 The independence of armature voltage and field provides more flexible control of the speed (3)
and torque than other types of DC motors. In EV and HEV applications, the most desirable
speed–torque characteristic is to have a constant torque below a certain speed (base speed),

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with the torque dropping parabolically with the increase of speed (constant power) in the range
above the base speed, as shown in Figure In the range of lower than base speed, the armature
current and field are set at their rated values, producing the rated torque. From equations
it is clear that the armature voltage must be increased proportionally with the increase of the
speed. At the base speed, the armature voltage reaches its rated value (equal to the source
voltage) and cannot be increased further. In order to further increase the speed, the field must
be weakened with the increase of the speed, and then the back EMF E and armature current
must be maintained constant. The torque produced drops parabolically with the increase in the
speed and the output power remains constant, as shown in Figure

7 A C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum (3)
capacity. A 1C rate means that the discharge current will discharge the entire battery in 1 hour.
For a battery with a capacity of 100 Amp-hrs, this equates to a discharge current of 100 Amps.
(150/10)*0.75
8 (3)

9 (3)
Explanation – 2 Marks Limitations – 1Mark
The FlexRay protocol is a unique time-triggered protocol that provides options for
deterministic data that arrives in a predictable time frame. FlexRay is a serial

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communication technology that is used in particular for data communication in

very safety-critical use areas in the automobile.

Differential signaling on each pair of wires reduces the effects of external

noise on the network without expensive shielding. FlexRay nodes typically
also have power and ground wires available to power transceivers and
microprocessors. FlexRay manages multiple nodes with a Time Division
Multiple Access scheme. Every FlexRay node is synchronized to the same
clock, and each nodes waits for its turn to write on the bus. Because the
timing is consistent in a TDMA scheme, FlexRay is able to
guarantee determinism or the consistency of data deliver to nodes on the
network. This provides many advantages for systems that depend on up-
to-date data between nodes.

1. Static Segment
Reserved slots for deterministic data that arrives at a fixed period.

2. Dynamic Segment
The dynamic segment behaves in a fashion similar to CAN and is used for a
wider variety of event-based data that does not require determinism
Disadvantages of Flexray:
The bus has certain disadvantages like lower operating voltage levels and
asymmetry of the edges, which leads to problems in extending the network length.

Ethernet may replace FlexRay for bandwidth intensive, non-safety critical

applications.

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10 The Proximity Pilot (PP) checks if the vehicle connector is connected properly to the vehicle (3)
inlet. If the connection is not properly established, the Proximity Pilot will detect it, and the
entire process will be disabled for safety. (1.5 Marks)

The second special pin is the control pilot (CP), and it is used for controlling the charging
current. The control pilot continuously sends a pulse width modulated or PWM signal to the
car. In this way, it tells the car the maximum current that can be drawn from the charging
station, I max. The car then can draw the desired current I ac, as long as this value is smaller
than the maximum current I max.
(1.5 Marks)
PART B
Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) Diagram + explanation + equation = 3+3+4 = 10 Marks (10)

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b) A vehicle traveling at a particular speed in air encounters a force resisting its motion. This (4)
force is known as aerodynamic drag. (2 MARKS)
The main causes of aerodynamic drag are:
o shape drag (1 MARK)
o skin effect(1 MARK)

OR

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12 a) Explanation 2 marks +Curves carries 2 marks each (6)

Gear box has the function of a torque-rpm converter
It is mainly used for speed variance

b) Explanation – 7 Marks (8)

1. As modern culture and technology continue to develop, the growing presence of global
warming and irreversible climate change draws increasing amounts of concern from
the world's population.
2. Countries around the world are working to drastically reduce CO2 emissions as well as
other harmful environmental pollutants.
3. According to various reports, cars and trucks are responsible for almost 25% of CO2
emission and other major transportation methods account for another 12%.
4. One potential alternative to the world's dependence on standard combustion engine
vehicles are hybrid cars.
5. Cost-effectiveness is also an important factor contributing to the development of an
environment friendly transportation sector.

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Two environmental impact elements were accounted for in the:

a. Air pollution (AP) and
b. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Module II
13 a) (6)

Explanation – 2 marks block diagram – 4 marks

b) (8)

Explanation – 2 marks block diagram – 6 marks

OR
14 a) Explanation – 6 Marks( Any 6 parts) (6)

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• The various components of this system include overhead contact wire, circuit breakers,
pantograph, transformer, three phase traction motor, rectifier, inverter, smoothing
reactor, etc.
1. Pantograph
• The main function of pantograph is to maintain link between overhead conductor and
power circuit of locomotive at different speeds of the vehicle under all wind conditions.
It collects the current from overhead conductor and supplies to rest circuit.
2. Circuit Breaker
• It protects the power circuit in the event of any fault by isolating it from the supply. It
also isolates the circuit during maintenance.
3. Transformer
It receives the high voltage from overhead conductor via pantograph and circuit breaker and
then step-down the voltage to desired level required by the rest circuit.
4. Rectifier
It converts a low voltage AC supply from the secondary of transformer to a DC supply.
5. DC Link
It connects the rectifier and inverter circuits. It consists of filter arrangement (capacitor and
inductor arrangement) that filters the output from rectifier (by removing the harmonics form
it) and then supplies it to the inverter.
6. Main Inverter
It converts the DC power to three phase AC power in order to drive three phase AC motors.
7. Axle Brush
It acts as a return path for the supply. Once the power is drawn to the locomotive from overhead
system, the current complete its path through axle brush and one of running tacks.

8. Auxiliary Inverter
• This inverter supplies the power to other parts in the locomotive unit including fans,
motor blowers, compressors, etc.
9. Battery
• It supplies the necessary starting current and also power up the essential circuits such
as emergency lighting.

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10. Compressor
• It maintains the cooling/heating requirement in the locomotive unit.
11. Cooling Fans
• These fans maintain the necessary cooling for the power circuits. Modern locomotive
systems use electronically controlled air management systems to keep the desired
temperature.

b) (8)

Explanation – 2 marks block diagram – 4 marks

Module III

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15 a) Explanation – 3 marks block diagram – 5 marks (8)

b) Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)(6 Marks) (6)

It is very similar in construction to the BLDCs. But the major difference is in the
backemf. PMSM has a sinusoidal back emf whereas BLDC has trapezoidal one.
They have a high power rating and can be used in high-performance applications
such as sports
cars, buses etc.
OR
16 a) FOC is the first technology to control the “real” motor control variables of torque and flux. (6)
With decoupling between the stator current components (magnetizing flux and torque),
the torque producing component of the stator flux can be controlled independently.
Decoupled control, at low speeds, the magnetization state of motor can be maintained at the
appropriate level, and the torque can be controlled to regulate the speed.(3 Marks)
Advantages of Field Oriented Control (Any 3 advantages- 3 Marks)
Improved torque response.
Torque control at low frequencies and low speed.
Dynamic speed accuracy.
Reduction in size of motor, cost and power consumption.
Four quadrant operation.
Short-term overload capability.

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b) (8)

Explanation – 3 marks Block diagram – 5 marks

Id ref = zero
Also no encoder used
Module IV
17 a) Any 8 points (1*8= 8 marks) (8)
Coulometric/charge capacity (amp-hours >> Ah) is defined
as the number of amp hours gained when discharging the battery from
a fully charged state until the terminal voltage drops to its cut-off
voltage
State-of-charge (SOC) -Another important parameter of a
battery SOC is defined as the ratio of the remaining capacity to the
fully charged capacity. With this definition, a fully charged battery
has an SOC of 100% and a fully discharged battery has an SOC of
0%.
Energy capacity - EVs and HEVs, the energy capacity is
considered to be more important than the coulometric/charge
capacity (Ahs), because it is directly associated with the vehicle
operation/range.
Cell and battery voltages - All electric cells have nominal
voltages which gives the approximate voltage when the cell is
delivering electrical power.
Thermodynamic Voltage - The thermodynamic voltage of a
battery cell is closely associated with the energy released and the
number of electrons transferred in the reaction.
Charge (Amp-hour/Ah) Capacity- The electric charge that a

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battery can supply is clearly a most crucial parameter. The SI unit for
this is the Coulomb, the charge when one Amp flows for one second.
Energy stored - The purpose of the battery is to store energy.
The energy stored in a battery depends on its voltage, and the charge
stored. . This is the energy equivalent of working at a power of 1
Watt for 1 hour--The Whr is equivalent to 3600 Joules.
Specific energy (Wh/kg) - Specific energy is the amount of
electrical energy stored for every kilogram of battery massThe
theoretical specific energy is the maximum energy that can be
generated per unit total mass of the cell reactant.
Energy density (unit Wh/m3) is the amount of electrical
energy stored per cubic metre of battery volume. It is also an
important parameter as the energy capacity of the battery (Wh) can be
divided by the battery’s energy density (Wh/m3) to show the volume
of battery required
Specific power (W/kg) is the amount of power obtained per
kilogram of battery Or is defined as the maximum power of per unit
battery weight that the battery can produce in a short period.
Energy efficiency is another very important parameter and it is
defined as the ratio of electrical energy supplied by a battery to the
amount of electrical energy required to return it to the state before
discharge.

b) (6)

Explanation – 2 marks block diagram – 4 marks

OR

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18 a) advantages – 3 marks dis advantages – 3 marks (6)

b) (8)

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2+2+4 MARKS = CCS1+CCS2+CHAdeMo CONNECTORS

Module V
19 a) (i). Battery energy = 100Ah* 100V = 10000Wh. (2 marks) (8)
(ii). Power that can be supported without de-rating: 10000Wh/10h = 1000W
(2 marks)
(iii). Electrical motor power output = 1000 *0.90 W (2 marks)
(iv). Total power supplied by transmission= (1800*0.9+70kW)*0.95 (2 mark).

b) (6)
CAN- 3 Marks

LIN-3 Marks

CAN vs. LIN interface

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CAN interface is a complex interface allowing to have multiple masters, what makes it robust
and versatile. But due to the increasing cost of the number of electronics used in cars,
manufacturers started looking for cheaper solutions that would complement the CAN bus and
be more affordable. They came up with LIN (Local Interconnect Network) bus.

LIN bus interface is a more specific standard compared to CAN. LIN can have up to 16 slave
nodes controlled by one master. It is slower and cheaper as nodes are clocked by the master
(no crystals for each slave node). LIN can be implemented merely as a sub-function in the
CAN-LIN interface using USART in the RISC microcontroller. CAN transceiver is a
sophisticated device, so it usually comes as a separate peripheral or as a separate chip. LIN
uses a single wire for communications with about a 40V signal voltage level. It can reach up
to 19.2kbps communication speed with a maximum 40m length of the line.

Here are some advantages of LIN over CAN

1. Cost-effective: LIN is a simpler and less expensive protocol than CAN,
making it a more cost-effective solution for lower bandwidth applications that don’t
require the advanced functionality provided by CAN.
2. Lower power consumption: LIN is designed for use in low-power
environments and therefore has lower power consumption than CAN, which makes it a
good choice for applications where power efficiency is a concern.
3. Simplified implementation: LIN has a more straightforward protocol stack
than CAN, making it easier to implement and requiring less processing power. This
can be particularly useful in applications with limited processing resources.
4. Shorter bus length: LIN has a shorter maximum bus length than CAN, which
makes it more suitable for applications where the devices are located close to each
other, such as indoor modules, seat controllers, and dashboard instruments.
5. More deterministic: LIN has a fixed cycle time and is more deterministic
than CAN, which makes it a good choice for applications that require a predictable and
repeatable communication cycle, such as automotive lighting and wiper systems.

A few disadvantages of LIN protocol

1. Lower bandwidth: LIN has a lower data transfer rate than CAN, which
makes it less suitable for applications that require high-speed communication.
2. Limited network size: LIN is designed for use in small networks with a
limited number of nodes, typically up to 16 devices. This makes it less suitable for
larger networks or more complex systems.
3. Limited error detection and correction: LIN has limited error detection and
correction capabilities compared to CAN, which makes it more vulnerable to errors
and data corruption.
4. Limited message prioritization: LIN has a fixed message prioritization
scheme, which means that it may not be able to support more complex message
scheduling requirements.
5. Limited flexibility: The simplicity of the LIN protocol also means that it has
limited flexibility and may not be suitable for more complex applications that require
advanced functionality or customization.

Main disadvantages of the CAN protocol

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1. Complexity: CAN is a more complex protocol compared to LIN, which

makes it more difficult to implement and requires more processing power. This can be
a disadvantage for applications with limited resources.
2. Higher cost: CAN is a more expensive protocol than LIN, primarily due to its
more advanced features and higher bandwidth capabilities.
3. Limited determinism: CAN is less deterministic than LIN, which means that
the timing of message delivery is not as predictable or repeatable. This can
disadvantage applications that require precise timing or coordination between devices

OR
20 a) Here are several factors that determine the size of an electric motor, including: (8)
Any 4 factors: (2Mark*4=8Marks)

Duty- continuous, intermittent, peak

The power rating: The power rating of an electric motor determines how much power it can
deliver. This is usually measured in horsepower or watts. The higher the power rating, the
larger the motor will be.

The voltage rating: The voltage rating of an electric motor determines the voltage that it is
designed to operate at. The higher the voltage rating, the larger the motor will be.

The frequency rating: The frequency rating of an electric motor determines the frequency that
it is designed to operate at. The higher the frequency rating, the larger the motor will be.

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The cooling method: The cooling method used by an electric motor will also affect its size.
For example, air-cooled motors are typically smaller than water-cooled motors.

The specific application: The specific application for which the electric motor will be used
will also play a role in determining its size. For example, a motor used in a small portable
device will be smaller than a motor used in a large industrial machine.
b) Explanation – 6 Marks (6)
Power-Line Communication (PLC) is used during charging of electric vehicles around the
world and is a must-have in today’s electric vehicle (EV) market. PLC allows the charging
station (aka electric vehicle supply equipment or EVSE) and the EV to negotiate charging
sessions, allowing various charging profiles and potentially to negotiate payment. The method
of transferring power and data for communication through the same existing network of
wires from one end to the other end is said as Power Line Communication. It provides
broadband data communications on conductors which are already in use for the
transmission of electric power using a modular signal.
****

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