COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Seminar Project on DC MACHINE

Prepared by

Students name list

NAME ID

1. ABRAHAM ABATE......................RU/0094
2. ABEBE ALEMU...................... RU/0049
3. MURAD IBRAHIM...................... RU/1289

instructor: Mr. Simegn Bekele

submission date:21/03/2016

BONGA, ETHIOPIA

TOGETHER WE CAN!
 Acknowledgement

 Thanks to our teacher who gave us this opportunity to see for ourselves and to everyone
who gave us ideas for this seminar project.
 ABSTRACT

This seminar project presents a comprehensive study on direct current (DC) machines,
focusing on their characteristics, operation principles, and applications. DC machines play a
crucial role in various industries, including electric vehicles, industrial machinery, generators,
and motors.

The study begins by providing an overview of the components of a DC machine, namely the
stator (field) and the rotor (armature). The stator houses the field winding, which generates a
magnetic field when a direct current passes through it. On the other hand, the rotor carries the
armature winding, which interacts with the magnetic field to produce mechanical motion or
electrical energy.

The operation of a DC machine is explained in detail, encompassing the steps of excitation,

armature current, and the subsequent interaction between the stator and rotor magnetic fields.
This interaction results in the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy in DC
motors, or vice versa in DC generators.
Table of Contents

1. Introduction to DC Machines
1.1. Overview of DC Machines

2. Types and Configurations of DC Machines

2.1. DC Motors
2.2 DC Generators

2.3. operating system of a DC Machine

3.construction of a DC machine

4. Application of DC Machine

5. Iterature Review

6. Conclusion

7. References

1
 Objectives of DC Machine

A DC machine, also known as a direct current machine, is an electrical device that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. It operates based on the principles of
electromagnetic induction and the interaction between a magnetic field and an armature
winding. DC machines are widely used in various applications such as electric vehicles,
industrial machinery, generators, and motors.

General Objective
The general objective of a DC machine is to efficiently convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy or vice versa. It aims to provide power control, ensure reliability, and
offer versatility for different applications. By achieving these objectives, DC machines play a
crucial role in powering a wide range of devices and systems.

Specific Objectives
Conversion of Electrical Energy: The specific objective of a DC machine is to convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy when operating as a motor. This involves applying a
direct current to the machine's windings, creating a magnetic field that interacts with the
armature winding, resulting in the generation of mechanical torque.

Generation of Electrical Energy: When operating as a generator, the specific objective of a

DC machine is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This is particularly useful
in applications where renewable energy sources or other mechanical power sources are
available.

Speed and Torque Control: DC machines offer the advantage of easy speed and torque
control. The specific objective here is to vary the field current or armature voltage to adjust
the speed and torque characteristics of the machine. This makes DC machines suitable for
applications that require precise control over power output.

Efficiency and Reliability: The specific objective is to design and construct DC machines
with high efficiency and reliability. This involves optimizing the machine's design, selecting
appropriate materials, and minimizing mechanical failures. A well-designed and reliable DC
machine ensures efficient energy conversion and long-term operation.

Regenerative Braking: Another specific objective of a DC machine is to provide regenerative

braking capability. During braking, the machine acts as a generator, converting the
mechanical energy of deceleration into electrical energy that can be fed back into the power
supply system. This specific objective helps conserve energy and reduces wear on
mechanical braking systems.

1.3 Scope
The scope of DC machines is vast and encompasses various industries and applications. They
are used in electric vehicles to provide propulsion, in industrial machinery for precise control
of speed and torque, in generators for power generation, and in motors for various mechanical
systems. DC machines find applications in renewable energy systems, robotics, elevators, and
many other fields where efficient energy conversion and control are required.
 1. Introduction to DC Machines

A DC machine, or direct current machine, is an electro-mechanical device that converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy (as a motor) or vice versa (as a generator) through
the interaction of electric currents and magnetic fields. Key components of a DC machine
include a stator (field winding), a rotor (armature winding), and a commutator.

In a DC motor, electrical current flows through the armature winding, creating a magnetic
field. The interaction between this magnetic field and the magnetic field produced by the
stator causes the rotor to rotate, generating mechanical motion. In a DC generator,
mechanical energy applied to the rotor induces a current in the armature winding, producing
electrical power.

The unique feature of DC machines is the commutator, a rotary switch that reverses the
direction of current in the armature winding, ensuring a continuous and unidirectional torque
in the motor or a stable output voltage in the generator. DC machines have been widely used
in various applications, although they are now less common compared to alternating current
(AC) machines due to the advantages of AC power distribution.
 1.1. Overview of DC Machines
DC machines, encompassing DC motors and generators, represent pivotal components in electrical
engineering. They facilitate the conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work (motors) or vice
versa (generators). Understanding the underlying principles and operational characteristics of DC
machines is essential for engineers and enthusiasts alike.
2. Types and Configurations of DC Machines

2.1.DC Motors
DC motors are electrical machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
through the interaction of magnetic fields. They operate on the principle of electromagnetic
induction and are widely used in various applications due to their simplicity, reliability, and
controllability.

Types of DC Motors: There are several types of DC motors, including:

a. Series-Wound DC Motor: In this type, the field winding is connected in series with the
armature winding. Series-wound motors provide high starting torque but have poor speed
regulation.

b. Shunt-Wound DC Motor: Here, the field winding is connected in parallel (shunt) with
the armature winding. Shunt-wound motors offer good speed regulation but have lower
starting torque compared to series-wound motors.

c. Compound-Wound DC Motor: Compound-wound motors combine both series and

shunt windings, providing a balance between starting torque and speed regulation.

d. Permanent Magnet DC Motor: These motors have permanent magnets on the stator,
eliminating the need for field windings. They are compact, efficient, and commonly used in
small applications.

2.2. DC Generators
DC generators, also known as dynamos or DC dynamos, are electrical machines that convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of direct current (DC). They are used to
generate a steady and controllable source of DC power. DC generators operate based on the
principle of electromagnetic induction.

The basic construction of a DC generator consists of two main components: the stator and the
rotor.

1. Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the generator and contains the field windings.
The field windings are typically made of copper wire wound around an iron core. When a
direct current is passed through the field windings, it creates a magnetic field.

2. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the generator and consists of the armature windings.
The armature windings are also made of copper wire and are connected to a commutator. The
commutator is a cylindrical structure with multiple segments that are insulated from each
other. As the rotor spins, the commutator ensures that the output current is in the form of DC
by reversing the direction of the current in the armature windings at the appropriate times.
When the rotor of a DC generator is mechanically rotated, the magnetic field produced by the
field windings induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the armature windings. This EMF
causes a current to flow through the external circuit connected to the generator, resulting in
the generation of electrical power.

DC generators can be classified into different types based on the method used to excite the
field windings:

1. Separately Excited DC Generator: In this type, the field windings are supplied with a
separate DC power source, independent of the output terminals. The field current is
controlled by an external power supply, allowing for precise control of the generated voltage.

2. Self-Excited DC Generator: In this type, the field windings are connected to the output
terminals of the generator.

3. operating system of a DC Machine

The operating system of a DC (Direct Current) machine refers to the method by which the
machine is controlled and regulated. There are two main types of operating systems for DC
machines: the self-excited system and the separately excited system.

1. Self-Excited System: In this operating system, the field winding of the DC machine is
connected in series with the armature winding. The field winding is energized by the current
flowing through the armature winding. The self-excited system can be further classified into
three types:

a. Series-Wound DC Machine: In this configuration, the field winding is connected in

series with the armature winding. The current flowing through both windings is the same.
Series-wound DC machines are primarily used in applications requiring high starting torque,
such as electric traction systems.

b. Shunt-Wound DC Machine: In this configuration, the field winding is connected in

parallel (shunt) with the armature winding. The field winding is supplied with a separate
constant voltage source. Shunt-wound DC machines are commonly used in applications
requiring constant speed, such as industrial drives.

c. Compound-Wound DC Machine: This configuration combines both series and shunt

windings. The field winding consists of both a series and a shunt winding. Compound-wound
DC machines offer a combination of high starting torque and good speed regulation.

2. Separately Excited System: In this operating system, the field winding of the DC machine
is supplied with a separate voltage source, independent of the armature winding. The field
current is controlled by an external power supply. Separately excited DC machines provide
precise control over the field current, making them suitable for applications requiring
accurate speed control, such as in industrial automation.
4. construction of a DC machine
The construction of a DC machine, or a direct current machine, involves assembling various
components to create a device capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy
(as a motor) or vice versa (as a generator). Here are the key components and their roles in the
construction of a DC machine:

1. Yoke:
- The outer frame or casing of the machine.
- Provides mechanical support and protects the internal components.
- Usually made of cast iron or steel.

2. Pole Cores and Pole Shoes:

- Mounted on the yoke, these form the magnetic poles of the machine.
- Pole cores are extensions of the yoke, and pole shoes are attached to them.
- They help create a magnetic field when an electrical current flows through the field
windings.

3. Field Windings:
- Coils of wire wound on the pole cores.
- Carries the field current, creating an electromagnetic field when energized.
- The field windings can be connected in series or parallel, depending on the machine's
design.

4. Armature:
- The rotating part of the machine.
- Consists of a core made of laminated iron sheets and conductive windings.
- The armature winding is connected to the commutator.

5. Commutator:
- A rotary switch that reverses the current direction in the armature windings.
- Consists of segments insulated from each other, with brushes in contact with the
segments.
- Essential for maintaining the direction of the magnetic field in the armature, ensuring
continuous rotation.

6. Brushes:
- Conductive materials (often carbon blocks) in contact with the commutator.
- Supply current to the rotating armature.
- Brushes are usually mounted on a structure called the brush holder.

7. Shaft:
- Supports and connects the armature, allowing it to rotate.
- Usually made of steel and supported by bearings.

8. Bearings:
- Support the shaft and reduce friction.
- Typically ball or roller bearings.

9. Housing or Frame:
- Encloses and protects the internal components.
 - Provides a structure for mounting other components.

10. End Covers:

- Enclose the machine at both ends, protecting the internal components.
- May contain access panels for maintenance.
Fig.5

5. Construction of a DC machine

The construction of a DC machine, or a direct current machine, involves assembling various

components to create a device capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy
(as a motor) or vice versa (as a generator). Here are the key components and their roles in the
construction of a DC machine:

1. Yoke:

- The outer frame or casing of the machine.

- Provides mechanical support and protects the internal components.

- Usually made of cast iron or steel.

2. Pole Cores and Pole Shoes:

- Mounted on the yoke, these form the magnetic poles of the machine.

- Pole cores are extensions of the yoke, and pole shoes are attached to them.
 - They help create a magnetic field when an electrical current flows through the field
windings.

3. Field Windings:

- Coils of wire wound on the pole cores.

- Carries the field current, creating an electromagnetic field when energized.

- The field windings can be connected in series or parallel, depending on the machine's
design.

4. Armature:

- The rotating part of the machine.

- Consists of a core made of laminated iron sheets and conductive windings.

- The armature winding is connected to the commutator.

5. Commutator:

- A rotary switch that reverses the current direction in the armature windings.

- Consists of segments insulated from each other, with brushes in contact with the
segments.

- Essential for maintaining the direction of the magnetic field in the armature, ensuring
continuous rotation.

6. Brushes:

- Conductive materials (often carbon blocks) in contact with the commutator.

- Supply current to the rotating armature.

- Brushes are usually mounted on a structure called the brush holder.

7. Shaft:

- Supports and connects the armature, allowing it to rotate.

- Usually made of steel and supported by bearings.

8. Bearings:

- Support the shaft and reduce friction.

- Typically ball or roller bearings.

9. Housing or Frame:
 - Encloses and protects the internal components.

- Provides a structure for mounting other components.

10. End Covers:

- Enclose the machine at both ends, protecting the internal components.

- May contain access panels for maintenance.

6. Application of DC Machine
Direct Current (DC) machines have various applications across different industries due to
their characteristics and performance. Here are some common applications of DC machines:

1. Electric Traction:

- DC machines are widely used in electric traction systems, such as electric trains and
trams. They provide efficient and controllable power for varying speeds and loads.

2. Industrial Applications:- DC motors are employed in various industrial applications,

including conveyor systems, steel mills, paper mills, and machine tools. They offer precise
speed control and high torque at low speeds.

3. Automotive Starters: - DC motors are used in automotive applications, particularly in

starter motors for internal combustion engines. They provide the necessary torque to start the
engine.

4. Battery Charging Systems:DC generators are used in battery charging systems. They
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy to charge batteries in applications like
automobiles and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems.

5. Crane and Hoist Systems:DC motors are commonly employed in crane and hoist systems
due to their ability to provide high torque at low speeds, essential for lifting heavy loads.

6. Pumps and Fans:DC motors are used in pumping systems and fans where variable speed
control is required. They are suitable for applications with varying load conditions.

7. Medical Equipment:DC motors find applications in medical devices, such as electric

wheelchairs, due to their controllability and reliability.

8. Home Appliances:Some household appliances, like vacuum cleaners and food processors,
use DC motors for their ability to provide consistent and controllable power.

11. Research and Education: - DC machines are commonly used in educational institutions
for laboratory experiments and research in electrical engineering.

12. Telecommunication Systems:

 - DC generators can be employed in backup power systems for telecommunication towers,
ensuring continuous operation during power outages.
 8 literature review
A literature review of DC machines involves examining the existing body of knowledge,
research, and scholarly articles related to the topic. Here is a brief overview of the key aspects
covered in a literature review of DC machines:

1. Historical Development: The literature review may begin by exploring the historical
development of DC machines, tracing their origins, and significant milestones in their design
and application. This section may include references to early inventors, such as Michael
Faraday and Thomas Edison, who played crucial roles in the development of DC machines.

2. Operating Principles: The review would delve into the fundamental operating principles of
DC machines, including the concepts of electromagnetic induction, commutation, armature
reaction, and field excitation. It would explore the mathematical models and equations used
to describe the behavior and performance of DC machines.

3. Design and Construction: This section would focus on the design and construction aspects
of DC machines, including the various components such as the armature, field winding,
commutator, brushes, and cooling systems. It would discuss different types of DC machines,
such as separately excited, shunt, series, and compound-wound machines, highlighting their
characteristics and application.
 9 Conclusion
DC machines play a vital role in various industries, including electric vehicles, industrial
machinery, generators, and motors. They are known for their high starting torque, good speed
control, and reliability. However, they also have limitations such as the need for regular
maintenance and commutation issues.

A comprehensive understanding of the components, operation principles, and applications of

DC machines is essential for researchers, engineers, and practitioners in the field of electrical
engineering. The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge base of DC machines and
serve as a valuable resource for those interested in this area.
 9 Reference
 Smith, J. (2021). Introduction to DC Machines. Journal of Electrical
Engineering, 25(2), 45-60.
 Bose, B. K. (2002)
 .Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives. Prentice Halls
 Google(Electrical Technology and Tutorials