22 Chapter P Prerequisites

Example 7 ! Applying the Properties of Real Numbers

In the solution of the equation 3a " 9, identify the property of real numbers that
justifies each step.
Solution
3a " 9 Original equation
Solution Step Property

%13&!3a" " %13&!9" Multiplication Property of Equality

%13 ! 3&!a" " 3 Associative Property of Multiplication

!1"!a) " 3 Multiplicative Inverse Property

a"3 Multiplicative Identity Property

Now try Exercise 73.

P.2 ! Exercises
VOCABULARY CHECK: Fill in the blanks.
1. The three components of a ________ are a set of numbers, operations with the set of numbers,
and properties of the numbers and operations.
2. The basic properties of a mathematical system are often called ________.
3. The formal argument that justifies a theorem is called a ________.

In Exercises 1–28, name the property of real 25. 3!6 $ b" " 3 !6$3!b
numbers that justifies the statement.
26. !x $ 1" % !x $ 1" " 0
1. 3 $ !%5" " %5 $ 3 2. 57 7 5 27. 3!2 $ x" " 3 ! 2 $ 3x
3. 25 % 25 " 0 4. 5 0 5 28. !6 $ x" % m " 6 $ !x % m"
%
%
!
"
!
"
5. 6!%10" " %10!6" 6. 2 6 3) = 2 63
$
In Exercises 29–38, use the property of real numbers to fill
1
�
7. 7 !1"7 1
�
8. 4 in the missing part of the statement.
�
!
!
"
4
�
29. Associative Property of Multiplication
�
9. 25 $ 35 " 35 $ 25
�
�
10. !%4 ! 10" ! 8 " %4!10 ! 8" 3!6y" " !
11. 3 $ !12 % 9" " !3 $ 12" % 9 30. Commutative Property of Addition
12. !16 $ 8" % 5 " 16 $ !8 % 5" 10 $ !%6" " !
13. !8 % 5"!10" " 8 ! 10 % 5 ! 10 31. Commutative Property of Multiplication
14. 7!9 $ 15" " 7 ! 9 $ 7 ! 15 15!%3" " !
15. !10 $ 8" $ 3 " 10 $ !8 $ 3" 32. Associative Property of Addition
16. !5 $ 10"!8" " 8!5 $ 10" 6 $ !5 % y" " !
17. 5 2a 5 2 a. 18. 10 2x 10 2x 33. Distributive Property
19. 1 ! !5t" " 5t 20. 8y ! 1 " 8y !6 $ z"5 " !
"
"
"
!
!
!
"
!
"
!
"
!
21. 3x $ 0 " 3x 22. 0 $ 8w " 8w 34. Distributive Property
1 1 %3!4 $ x" " !
23. y 1 24. 10x 1 35. Commutative Property of Addition
y 10x
25 $ !%x" " !
"
"
!
!
22 Chapter P Prerequisites

Example 7 ! Applying the Properties of Real Numbers

In the solution of the equation 3a " 9, identify the property of real numbers that
justifies each step.
Solution
3a " 9 Original equation
Solution Step Property

%13&!3a" " %13&!9" Multiplication Property of Equality

%13 ! 3&!a" " 3 Associative Property of Multiplication

!1"!a) " 3 Multiplicative Inverse Property

a"3 Multiplicative Identity Property

Now try Exercise 73.

P.2 ! Exercises
VOCABULARY CHECK: Fill in the blanks.
1. The three components of a ________ are a set of numbers, operations with the set of numbers,
and properties of the numbers and operations.
2. The basic properties of a mathematical system are often called ________.
3. The formal argument that justifies a theorem is called a ________.

In Exercises 1–28, name the property of real numbers that 25. 3!6 $ b" " 3 !6$3!b
justifies the statement. 26. !x $ 1" % !x $ 1" " 0
1. 3 $ !%5" " %5 $ 3 2. %5!7" " 7!%5" 27. 3!2 $ x" " 3 ! 2 $ 3x
3. 25 % 25 " 0 4. 5 $ 0 " 5 28. !6 $ x" % m " 6 $ !x % m"
5. 6!%10" " %10!6" 6. 2!6 ! 3" " !2 ! 6"3 In Exercises 29–38, use the property of real
1 numbers to fill in the missing part of the
7. 7 !1"7 8. 4 !4"1 statement.

9. 25 $ 35 " 35 $ 25 29. Associative Property of Multiplication

10. !%4 ! 10" ! 8 " %4!10 ! 8" 3!6y" " !
11. 3 $ !12 % 9" " !3 $ 12" % 9 30. Commutative Property of Addition
12. !16 $ 8" % 5 " 16 $ !8 % 5" 10 $ !%6" " !
13. !8 % 5"!10" " 8 ! 10 % 5 ! 10 31. Commutative Property of Multiplication
14. 7!9 $ 15" " 7 ! 9 $ 7 ! 15 15!%3" " !
15. !10 $ 8" $ 3 " 10 $ !8 $ 3" 32. Associative Property of Addition
16. !5 $ 10"!8" " 8!5 $ 10" 6 $ !5 % y" " !
17. 5!2a" " !5 33. Distributive Property
! 2"a 18. 10!2x" " !10 ! 2"x
19. 1 ! !5t" " 5t 20. 8y ! 1 " 8y !6 $ z"5 " !
21. 3x $ 0 " 3x 22. 0 $ 8w " 8w 34. Distributive Property
1 1 %3!4 $ x" " !
23. !y"1 24. 10x ! "1 35. Commutative Property of Addition
y 10x
25 $ !%x" " !
 Section P.2 Properties of Real Numbers 23

36. Additive Inverse Property In Exercises 71–74, identify the property of real numbers
13x % 13x " ! that justifies each step.
37. Multiplicative Identity Property 71. x$5"3 Original equation
!x $ 8" ! 1 " ! !x $ 5" $ !%5" " 3 $ !%5"
38. Additive Identity Property x $ #5 $ !%5"$ " %2
8x $ 0 " ! x $ 0 " %2
x " %2
In Exercises 39–46, give (a) the additive inverse
and (b) the multiplicative inverse of the quantity. 72. x % 8 " 20 Original equation
!x % 8" $ 8 " 20 $ 8
39. 10 40. 18
x $ !%8 $ 8" " 28
41. %16 42. %52
x $ 0 " 28
43. 6z, z # 0 44. 2y, y # 0
x " 28
45. x $ 1, x # %1 46. y % 4, y # 4
73. 2x % 5 " 6 Original equation

In Exercises 47–54, rewrite the expression !2x % 5" $ 5 " 6 $ 5

using the Associative Property of Addition or the 2x $ !%5 $ 5" " 11
Associative Property of Multiplication.
2x $ 0 " 11
47. !x $ 5" % 3 48. !z % 6" $ 10 2x " 11
49. 32 $ !%4 $ y" 50. 15 $ !3 $ x" 1 1
2 !2x" " 2 !11"
51. 3!4 ! 5" 52. !10 ! 8" ! 5 !12 ! 2"x " 112
53. 6!2y" 54. 8!3x" 1 ! x " 11 2
x " 112
In Exercises 55–62, rewrite the expression
using the Distributive Property. 74. 3x $ 4 " 10 Original equation
!3x $ 4" $ !%4" " 10 $ !%4"
55. 20!2 $ 5" 56. %3!4 % 8"
3x $ #4 $ !%4"$ " 6
57. 5!3x % 4" 58. 6!2x $ 5"
3x $ 0 " 6
59. !x $ 6"!%2" 60. !z % 10"!12"
3x " 6
61. %6!2y % 5" 62. %4!10 % b" 1 1
3 !3x" " 3 !6"
In Exercises 63–68, the right side of the equation is not !13 ! 3"x " 2
equal to the left side. Change the right side so that it is 1!x"2
equal to the left side.
x"2
63. 3!x $ 5" # 3x $ 5
64. 4!x $ 2" # 4x $ 2 In Exercises 75–80, use the Distributive Property to perform
the arithmetic mentally. For example, you work in an indus-
65. %2!x $ 8" # %2x $ 16
try where the wage is $14 per hour with “time and a half ”
66. %9!x $ 4" # %9x $ 36 for overtime. So, your hourly wage for overtime is
67. 3!03 " # 1
14!1.5" " 14! 1 $ 1
"
68. 6! "#0
1 2
6 " 14 $ 7
" $21.
In Exercises 69 and 70, use the properties of real
numbers to prove the statement.
75. 16!1.75" " 16!2 % 14 " 76. 15!123 " " 15!2 % 13 "
69. If ac " bc and c # 0, then a " b.
77. 7!62" " 7!60 $ 2" 78. 5!49" " 5!50 % 1"
70. !%1"!%a" " a
 Section P.2 Properties of Real Numbers 23

36. Additive Inverse Property In Exercises 71–74, identify the property of real numbers
13x % 13x " ! that justifies each step.
37. Multiplicative Identity Property 71. x$5"3 Original equation
!x $ 8" ! 1 " ! !x $ 5" $ !%5" " 3 $ !%5"
38. Additive Identity Property x $ #5 $ !%5"$ " %2
8x $ 0 " ! x $ 0 " %2
x " %2
In Exercises 39–46, give (a) the additive inverse and (b) the
multiplicative inverse of the quantity.
72. x % 8 " 20 Original equation
!x % 8" $ 8 " 20 $ 8
39. 10 40. 18
x $ !%8 $ 8" " 28
41. %16 42. %52
x $ 0 " 28
43. 6z, z # 0 44. 2y, y # 0
x " 28
45. x $ 1, x # %1 46. y % 4, y # 4
73. 2x % 5 " 6 Original equation

In Exercises 47–54, rewrite the expression using the !2x % 5" $ 5 " 6 $ 5
Associative Property of Addition or the Associative Property 2x $ !%5 $ 5" " 11
of Multiplication.
2x $ 0 " 11
47. !x $ 5" % 3 48. !z % 6" $ 10 2x " 11
49. 32 $ !%4 $ y" 50. 15 $ !3 $ x" 1 1
2 !2x" " 2 !11"
51. 3!4 ! 5" 52. !10 ! 8" ! 5 !12 ! 2"x " 112
53. 6!2y" 54. 8!3x" 1 ! x " 11 2
x " 112
In Exercises 55–62, rewrite the expression
using the Distributive Property. 74. 3x $ 4 " 10 Original equation
!3x $ 4" $ !%4" " 10 $ !%4"
55. 20!2 $ 5" 56. %3!4 % 8"
3x $ #4 $ !%4"$ " 6
57. 5!3x % 4" 58. 6!2x $ 5"
3x $ 0 " 6
59. !x $ 6"!%2" 60. !z % 10"!12"
3x " 6
61. %6!2y % 5" 62. %4!10 % b" 1 1
3 !3x" " 3 !6"
In Exercises 63–68, the right side of the !13 ! 3"x " 2
equation is not equal to the left side. Change 1!x"2
the right side so that it is equal to the left
side. x"2
63. 3!x $ 5" # 3x $ 5
64. 4!x $ 2" # 4x $ 2 In Exercises 75–80, use the Distributive Property to perform
the arithmetic mentally. For example, you work in an indus-
65. %2!x $ 8" # %2x $ 16
try where the wage is $14 per hour with “time and a half ”
66. %9!x $ 4" # %9x $ 36 for overtime. So, your hourly wage for overtime is
67. 3!03 " # 1
14!1.5" " 14! 1 $ 1
"
68. 6! "#0
1 2
6 " 14 $ 7
In Exercises 69 and 70, use the " $21.
properties of real numbers to prove the
statement. 75. 16!1.75" " 16!2 % 14 " 76. 15!123 " " 15!2 % 13 "
69. If ac " bc and c # 0, then a " b.
77. 7!62" " 7!60 $ 2" 78. 5!49" " 5!50 % 1"
70. !%1"!%a" " a
 Section P.2 Properties of Real Numbers 19

Using the Properties of

Example 3 Real Numbers
Complete each statement using the specified

!
property of real numbers. (a) Multiplicative
Identity Property
!4a"1 " !
(b) Associative Property of Addition
!a $ 9" $ 1 " !
(c) Additive Inverse Property
0 " 5c $ !
(d) Distributive Property
4 !b$4!5"!
Solution
(a) By the Multiplicative Identity Property, you
can write 4a 1 4a.

(b) By the Associative Property of Addition,

"
you can writen. a 9 1 a 9 1.
!
"
(c) By the Additive Inverse Property, you can
$
$
$
$
"
write. 0 5c 5c .
!
"
!
"
(d) By the Distributive Property, you can write
$
"
%
!
"
4 ! b $ 4 ! 5 " 4!b $ 5".
Now try Exercise 29.

Additional Properties of Real Numbers

Once you have determined the basic properties of a mathematical system (called
the axioms of the system), you can go on to develop other properties of the
system. These additional properties are often called theorems, and the formal
arguments that justify the theorems are called proofs. The list on page 20
summarizes several additional properties of real numbers.

Example 4 ! Proof of a Property of Equality

Prove that if a $ c " b $ c, then a " b. (Use the Addition Property of
Study Tip Equality.)

Notice in Example 4 Solution

how each step is justified from a$c"b$c Write original equation.
the previous step by means of a !a $ c" $ !%c" " !b $ c" $ !%c" Addition Property of Equality
property of real numbers.
a $ #c $ !%c"$ " b $ #c $ !%c"$ Associative Property of Addition
a$0"b$0 Additive Inverse Property
a"b Additive Identity Property

Now try Exercise 69.

Sv krishna 9963463533
50 (1-50) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties

1. 7 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section
write out the answers to these questions. Use 29. #4 # 11 ! 7 # 8 ! 15 # 20 #21
complete sentences. 30. #8 ! 13 # 9 # 15 ! 7 # 22 ! 5 #29
1. What is the difference between the commutative 31. #3.2 ! 2.4 # 2.8 ! 5.8 # 1.6 0.6
property of addition and the associative property of 32. 5.4 # 5.1 ! 6.6 # 2.3 ! 9.1 13.7
The commutative property says that a ! b " b ! a and
addition?
the associative property says that (a ! b) ! c " a ! 33. 3.26 # 13.41 ! 5.1 # 12.35 # 5 #22.4
(b ! c).
34. 5.89 # 6.1 ! 8.58 # 6.06 # 2.34 #0.03
2. Which property involves two different operations?
Use the distributive property to rewrite each product as a sum
The distributive property involves multiplication and
or difference and each sum or difference as a product. See
addition.
Example 5.
3. What is factoring?
35. 3(x # 5) 3x # 15 36. 4(b # 1) 4b # 4
Factoring is the process of writing an expression or number
as a product. 37. 2m ! 12 2(m ! 6) 38. 3y ! 6 3(y ! 2)
4. Which two numbers play a prominent role in 39. a(2 ! t) 2a ! at 40. b(a ! w) ab ! bw
the properties studied here? 41. #3(w # 6) #3w ! 18 42. #3(m # 5) #3m ! 15
The number 0 is the additive identity and the number 1 is 43. #4(5 # y) #20 ! 4y 44. #3(6 # p) #18 ! 3p
the multiplicative identity. 45. 4x # 4 4(x # 1) 46. 6y ! 6 6(y ! 1)
5. What is the purpose of studying the 47. #1(a # 7) #a ! 7 48. #1(c # 8) #c ! 8
properties of real numbers?
49. #1(t ! 4) #t # 4 50. #1(x ! 7) #x # 7
The properties help us to understand the operations and
51. 4y # 16 4(y # 4) 52. 5x ! 15 5(x ! 3)
how they are related to each other.
53. 4a ! 8 4(a ! 2) 54. 7a # 35 7(a # 5)
6. What is the relationship between rate and time?
If one task is completed in x hours, then the rate is 1!x tasks Find the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of each number. See
per hour. Example 6.
Use the commutative property of addition to 1 1 1
55. % 2 56. % 3 57. #5 #%%
rewrite each expression. See Example 1. 2 3 5
7. 9 ! r 8. t ! 6 9. 3(2 x) 1 1 1
58. #6 #%% 59. 7 %% 60. 8 %%
r!9 6!t 3(x 2) 6 7 8
10. P(1 ! rt) 11. 4 # 5x 12. b 2a 61. 1 1 62. #1 #1 63. #0.25 #4
!
P(rt ! 1) #5x ! 4 #2a ! b 4 2 2
!
64. 0.75 %% 65. 2.5 %% 66. 3.5 %%
#
3 5 7
Use the commutative property of multiplication to rewrite each
Name the property that justifies each equation. See Example 7.
expression. See Example 2.
67. 3 $ x " x $ 3 Commutative property of multiplication
13. x $ 6 14. y $ (#9) 15. (x # 4)(#2)
6x #9y #2(x # 4) 68. x ! 5 " 5 ! x Commutative property of addition
69. 2(x # 3) " 2x # 6 Distributive property
16. a(b ! c) 17. 4 # y $ 8 18. z $ 9 # 2
(b ! c)a 4 # 8y 9z # 2 70. a(bc) " (ab)c Associative property of multiplication
71. #3(xy) " (#3x)y Associative property of multiplication
Use the commutative and associative properties of multiplica-
tion and exponential notation to rewrite each product. See 72. 3(x ! 1) " 3x ! 3 Distributive property
Example 3. 73. 4 ! (#4) " 0 Inverse properties
19. (4w)(w) 20. (y)(2y) 21. 3a(ba) 74. 1.3 ! 9 " 9 ! 1.3 Commutative property of addition
4w 2 2y 2 3a 2b 75. x 2 $ 5 " 5x 2 Commutative property of multiplication
22. (x $ x)(7x) 23. (x)(9x)(xz) 24. y( y $ 5)(wy) 76. 0 $ ! " 0 Multiplication property of 0
7x 3 9x 3z 5y 3w 77. 1 $ 3y " 3y Identity property
Evaluate by finding first the sum of the positive numbers and 78. (0.1)(10) " 1 Inverse property
then the sum of the negative numbers. See Example 4. 79. 2a ! 5a " (2 ! 5)a Distributive property
25. 8 # 4 ! 3 # 10 #3 80. 3 ! 0 " 3 Identity property
26. #3 ! 5 # 12 ! 10 0 81. #7 ! 7 " 0 Inverse property
27. 8 # 10 ! 7 # 8 # 7 #10 82. 1 $ b " b Identity property
28. 6 # 11 ! 7 # 9 ! 13 # 2 4 83. (2346)0 " 0 Multiplication property of 0
 50 (1-50) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties

1. 7 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section write out the 29. #4 # 11 ! 7 # 8 ! 15 # 20 #21
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences. 30. #8 ! 13 # 9 # 15 ! 7 # 22 ! 5 #29
1. What is the difference between the commutative property 31. #3.2 ! 2.4 # 2.8 ! 5.8 # 1.6 0.6
of addition and the associative property of addition? 32. 5.4 # 5.1 ! 6.6 # 2.3 ! 9.1 13.7
The commutative property says that a ! b " b ! a and
the associative property says that (a ! b) ! c " a ! 33. 3.26 # 13.41 ! 5.1 # 12.35 # 5 #22.4
(b ! c).
34. 5.89 # 6.1 ! 8.58 # 6.06 # 2.34 #0.03
2. Which property involves two different operations?
Use the distributive property to rewrite each product as a sum
The distributive property involves multiplication and
or difference and each sum or difference as a product. See
addition.
Example 5.
3. What is factoring?
35. 3(x # 5) 3x # 15 36. 4(b # 1) 4b # 4
Factoring is the process of writing an expression or number
as a product. 37. 2m ! 12 2(m ! 6) 38. 3y ! 6 3(y ! 2)
4. Which two numbers play a prominent role in the properties 39. a(2 ! t) 2a ! at 40. b(a ! w) ab ! bw
studied here? 41. #3(w # 6) #3w ! 18 42. #3(m # 5) #3m ! 15
The number 0 is the additive identity and the number 1 is 43. #4(5 # y) #20 ! 4y 44. #3(6 # p) #18 ! 3p
the multiplicative identity. 45. 4x # 4 4(x # 1) 46. 6y ! 6 6(y ! 1)
5. What is the purpose of studying the properties of real 47. #1(a # 7) #a ! 7 48. #1(c # 8) #c ! 8
numbers? 49. #1(t ! 4) #t # 4 50. #1(x ! 7) #x # 7
The properties help us to understand the operations and
51. 4y # 16 4(y # 4) 52. 5x ! 15 5(x ! 3)
how they are related to each other.
53. 4a ! 8 4(a ! 2) 54. 7a # 35 7(a # 5)
6. What is the relationship between rate and time?
If one task is completed in x hours, then the rate is 1!x tasks Find the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of each number. See
per hour. Example 6.
Use the commutative property of addition to rewrite each 1 1 1
55. % 2 56. % 3 57. #5 #%%
expression. See Example 1. 2 3 5
7. 9 ! r 8. t ! 6 9. 3(2 ! x) 1 1 1
58. #6 #%% 59. 7 %% 60. 8 %%
r!9 6!t 3(x ! 2) 6 7 8
10. P(1 ! rt) 11. 4 # 5x 12. b # 2a 61. 1 1 62. #1 #1 63. #0.25 #4
P(rt ! 1) #5x ! 4 #2a ! b 4 2 2
64. 0.75 %% 65. 2.5 %% 66. 3.5 %%
3 5 7
Use the commutative property of Name the property that justifies each equation. See Example 7.
multiplication to rewrite each expression. 67. 3 $ x " x $ 3 Commutative property of multiplication
13. x 6 14. y ( 9)15) (x 4)( 2)
68. x ! 5 " 5 ! x Commutative property of addition
�
�
�
�
69. 2(x # 3) " 2x # 6 Distributive property
16. a(b ! c) 17. 4 y 8 (18). z 9 2
$
(b ! c)a 70. a(bc) " (ab)c Associative property of multiplication
�
�
�
�
71. #3(xy) " (#3x)y Associative property of multiplication
Use the commutative and associative
p ro p e r t i e s o f m u l t i p l i c a - t i o n a n d 72. 3(x ! 1) " 3x ! 3 Distributive property
exponential notation to rewrite each product. 73. 4 ! (#4) " 0 Inverse properties
19. (4w)(w) 20. (y)(2y) 74. 1.3 ! 9 " 9 ! 1.3 Commutative property of addition
21. 3a(ba)
2
4w 75. x 2 $ 5 " 5x 2 Commutative property of multiplication
22. (x x)(7x) 23. (x)(9x)(xz) 24. y(y 5)(wy) 76. 0 $ ! " 0 Multiplication property of 0
Evaluate by finding first the sum of the 77. 1 $ 3y " 3y Identity property
�
positive numbers and then the sum of the 78. (0.1)(10) " 1 Inverse property
negative numbers. 79. 2a ! 5a " (2 ! 5)a Distributive property
25. 8 # 4 ! 3 # 10 #3 80. 3 ! 0 " 3 Identity property
$
26. #3 ! 5 # 12 ! 10 0 81. #7 ! 7 " 0 Inverse property
27. 8 # 10 ! 7 # 8 # 7 #10 82. 1 $ b " b Identity property
28. 6 # 11 ! 7 # 9 ! 13 # 2 4 83. (2346)0 " 0 Multiplication property of 0
50 (1-50) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties

1. 7 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section write out the 29. #4 # 11 ! 7 # 8 ! 15 # 20 #21
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences. 30. #8 ! 13 # 9 # 15 ! 7 # 22 ! 5 #29
1. What is the difference between the commutative property 31. #3.2 ! 2.4 # 2.8 ! 5.8 # 1.6 0.6
of addition and the associative property of addition? 32. 5.4 # 5.1 ! 6.6 # 2.3 ! 9.1 13.7
The commutative property says that a ! b " b ! a and
the associative property says that (a ! b) ! c " a ! 33. 3.26 # 13.41 ! 5.1 # 12.35 # 5 #22.4
(b ! c).
34. 5.89 # 6.1 ! 8.58 # 6.06 # 2.34 #0.03
2. Which property involves two different operations?
Use the distributive property to rewrite
The distributive property involves multiplication and each product as a sum or difference and
addition. each sum or difference as a product.
3. What is factoring?
35. 3(x # 5) 3x # 15 36. 4(b # 1) 4b # 4
Factoring is the process of writing an expression or number
as a product. 37. 2m ! 12 2(m ! 6) 38. 3y ! 6 3(y ! 2)
4. Which two numbers play a prominent role in the properties 39. a(2 ! t) 2a ! at 40. b(a ! w) ab ! bw
studied here? 41. #3(w # 6) #3w ! 18 42. #3(m # 5) #3m ! 15
The number 0 is the additive identity and the number 1 is 43. #4(5 # y) #20 ! 4y 44. #3(6 # p) #18 ! 3p
the multiplicative identity. 45. 4x # 4 4(x # 1) 46. 6y ! 6 6(y ! 1)
5. What is the purpose of studying the properties of real 47. #1(a # 7) #a ! 7 48. #1(c # 8) #c ! 8
numbers? 49. #1(t ! 4) #t # 4 50. #1(x ! 7) #x # 7
The properties help us to understand the operations and
51. 4y # 16 4(y # 4) 52. 5x ! 15 5(x ! 3)
how they are related to each other.
53. 4a ! 8 4(a ! 2) 54. 7a # 35 7(a # 5)
6. What is the relationship between rate and time?
If one task is completed in x hours, then the rate is 1!x tasks Find the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of each
per hour. number. See Example 6.

Use the commutative property of addition to rewrite each 1 1 1

55. % 2 56. % 3 57. 5 #%%
expression. See Example 1. 2 3 5
1 1

#
7. 9 ! r 8. t ! 6 9. 3(2 ! x) 58. #6 #%% 59. 7 %% 60. 8
r!9 6!t 3(x ! 2) 6 7
10. P(1 ! rt) 11. 4 # 5x 12. b # 2a 61. 1 1 62. #1 #1 63. 0.25 #4
P(rt ! 1) #5x ! 4 #2a ! b 4 2 2
64. 0.75 %% 65. 2.5 %% 66. 3.5 %%
3 5 7
Use the commutative property of multiplication to rewrite each
Name the property that justifies each equation. See Example 7.
expression. See Example 2.
#
67. 3 $ x " x $ 3 Commutative property of multiplication
13. x $ 6 14. y $ (#9) 15. (x # 4)(#2)
6x #9y #2(x # 4) 68. x ! 5 " 5 ! x Commutative property of addition
69. 2(x # 3) " 2x # 6 Distributive property
16. a(b ! c) 17. 4 # y $ 8 18. z $ 9 # 2
(b ! c)a 4 # 8y 9z # 2 70. a(bc) " (ab)c Associative property of multiplication
71. #3(xy) " (#3x)y Associative property of multiplication
Use the commutative and associative properties of multiplica-
tion and exponential notation to rewrite each product. See 72. 3(x ! 1) " 3x ! 3 Distributive property
Example 3. 73. 4 ! (#4) " 0 Inverse properties
19. (4w)(w) 20. (y)(2y) 21. 3a(ba) 74. 1.3 ! 9 " 9 ! 1.3 Commutative property of addition
4w 2 2y 2 3a 2b 75. x 2 $ 5 " 5x 2 Commutative property of multiplication
22. (x $ x)(7x) 23. (x)(9x)(xz) 24. y( y $ 5)(wy) 76. 0 $ ! " 0 Multiplication property of 0
7x 3 9x 3z 5y 3w 77. 1 $ 3y " 3y Identity property
Evaluate by finding first the sum of the positive numbers and 78. (0.1)(10) " 1 Inverse property
then the sum of the negative numbers. See Example 4. 79. 2a ! 5a " (2 ! 5)a Distributive property
25. 8 # 4 ! 3 # 10 #3 80. 3 ! 0 " 3 Identity property
26. #3 ! 5 # 12 ! 10 0 81. #7 ! 7 " 0 Inverse property
27. 8 # 10 ! 7 # 8 # 7 #10 82. 1 $ b " b Identity property
28. 6 # 11 ! 7 # 9 ! 13 # 2 4 83. (2346)0 " 0 Multiplication property of 0
50 (1-50) Chapter 1 Real Numbers and Their Properties

1. 7 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section write out the 29. #4 # 11 ! 7 # 8 ! 15 # 20 #21
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences. 30. #8 ! 13 # 9 # 15 ! 7 # 22 ! 5 #29
1. What is the difference between the commutative property 31. #3.2 ! 2.4 # 2.8 ! 5.8 # 1.6 0.6
of addition and the associative property of addition? 32. 5.4 # 5.1 ! 6.6 # 2.3 ! 9.1 13.7
The commutative property says that a ! b " b ! a and
the associative property says that (a ! b) ! c " a ! 33. 3.26 # 13.41 ! 5.1 # 12.35 # 5 #22.4
(b ! c).
34. 5.89 # 6.1 ! 8.58 # 6.06 # 2.34 #0.03
2. Which property involves two different operations?
Use the distributive property to rewrite each product as a sum
The distributive property involves multiplication and
or difference and each sum or difference as a product. See
addition.
Example 5.
3. What is factoring?
35. 3(x # 5) 3x # 15 36. 4(b # 1) 4b # 4
Factoring is the process of writing an expression or number
as a product. 37. 2m ! 12 2(m ! 6) 38. 3y ! 6 3(y ! 2)
4. Which two numbers play a prominent role in the properties 39. a(2 ! t) 2a ! at 40. b(a ! w) ab ! bw
studied here? 41. #3(w # 6) #3w ! 18 42. #3(m # 5) #3m ! 15
The number 0 is the additive identity and the number 1 is 43. #4(5 # y) #20 ! 4y 44. #3(6 # p) #18 ! 3p
the multiplicative identity. 45. 4x # 4 4(x # 1) 46. 6y ! 6 6(y ! 1)
5. What is the purpose of studying the properties of real 47. #1(a # 7) #a ! 7 48. #1(c # 8) #c ! 8
numbers? 49. #1(t ! 4) #t # 4 50. #1(x ! 7) #x # 7
The properties help us to understand the operations and
51. 4y # 16 4(y # 4) 52. 5x ! 15 5(x ! 3)
how they are related to each other.
53. 4a ! 8 4(a ! 2) 54. 7a # 35 7(a # 5)
6. What is the relationship between rate and time?
If one task is completed in x hours, then the rate is 1!x tasks Find the multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of each number. See
per hour. Example 6.
Use the commutative property of addition to rewrite each 1 1 1
55. % 2 56. % 3 57. #5 #%%
expression. See Example 1. 2 3 5
7. 9 ! r 8. t ! 6 9. 3(2 ! x) 1 1 1
58. #6 #%% 59. 7 %% 60. 8 %%
r!9 6!t 3(x ! 2) 6 7 8
10. P(1 ! rt) 11. 4 # 5x 12. b # 2a 61. 1 1 62. #1 #1 63. #0.25 #4
P(rt ! 1) #5x ! 4 #2a ! b 4 2 2
64. 0.75 %% 65. 2.5 %% 66. 3.5 %%
Use the commutative property of multiplication to rewrite each N ame the property that
expression. See Example 2. justifies each equation.
67. 3 $ x " x $ 3 Commutative property of multiplication
13. x $ 6 14. y $ (#9) 15. (x # 4)(#2)
6x #9y #2(x # 4) 68. x ! 5 " 5 ! x Commutative property of addition
69. 2(x # 3) " 2x # 6 Distributive property
16. a(b ! c) 17. 4 # y $ 8 18. z $ 9 # 2
(b ! c)a 4 # 8y 9z # 2 70. a(bc) " (ab)c Associative property of multiplication
71. #3(xy) " (#3x)y Associative property of multiplication
Use the commutative and associative properties of multiplica-
tion and exponential notation to rewrite each product. See 72. 3(x ! 1) " 3x ! 3 Distributive property
Example 3. 73. 4 ! (#4) " 0 Inverse properties
19. (4w)(w) 20. (y)(2y) 21. 3a(ba) 74. 1.3 ! 9 " 9 ! 1.3 Commutative property of addition
4w 2 2y 2 3a 2b 75. x 2 $ 5 " 5x 2 Commutative property of multiplication
22. (x $ x)(7x) 23. (x)(9x)(xz) 24. y( y $ 5)(wy) 76. 0 $ ! " 0 Multiplication property of 0
7x 3 9x 3z 5y 3w 77. 1 $ 3y " 3y Identity property
Evaluate by finding first the sum of the positive numbers and 78. (0.1)(10) " 1 Inverse property
then the sum of the negative numbers. See Example 4. 79. 2a ! 5a " (2 ! 5)a Distributive property
25. 8 # 4 ! 3 # 10 #3 80. 3 ! 0 " 3 Identity property
26. #3 ! 5 # 12 ! 10 0 81. #7 ! 7 " 0 Inverse property
27. 8 # 10 ! 7 # 8 # 7 #10 82. 1 $ b " b Identity property
28. 6 # 11 ! 7 # 9 ! 13 # 2 4 83. (2346)0 " 0 Multiplication property of 0
 1.7 Properties of the Real Numbers (1-51) 51

84. 4x ! 4 " 4(x ! 1) Distributive property 103. Population explosion. In 1998, the population of the
85. ay ! y " y(a ! 1) Distributive property earth was increasing by one person every 0.3801 second
(World Population Data Sheet 1998, www.prb.org).
86. ab bc b(a c)Distri..Ty
Complete each equation, using the a) At what rate in people per second is the population of
property named. the earth increasing?
87. a ! y " ____, commutative y!a 2.63 people/second
!
!
"
88. 6x ! 6 " ____, distributive 6(x ! 1) b) At what rate in people per week is the population of
the earth increasing?
89. 5(aw) " ____, associative (5a)w 1,591,160 people/week
90. x ! 3 " ____, commutative 3!x 104. Farmland conversion. The amount of farmland in the
1 1 1 United States is decreasing by one acre every 0.00876
91. %x ! % " ____, distributive % (x
2
! 1)
2 2 hours as farmland is being converted to nonfarm use
92. 3(x 7) ____, distributive 3x ! 21 (American Farmland Trust, www.farmland.org). At what
rate in acres per day is the farmland decreasing?
93. 6x ! 15 " ____, distributive 3(2x ! 5)
#
#
"
#
2740 acres/day
94. (x 6) 1 ____, associative ! (6 ! 1)
95. 4(0.25) ____, inverse property 1
!
!
Farmland (millions of acres)
"
1000
96. 1(5 y) ____, distributive #5 ! y
"
97. 0 96(____), multiplication property of zero 0
98. 3 (____) 3, identity property 1 950
#
#
"
100
99. 0.33(____) 1, inverse property %
$
�
"
33
100. 8(1) ____, identity property #8
"
900
Solve each problem. See Example 8. 1990 2000 2010
#
"
101. Laying bricks. A bricklayer lays one brick in 0.04 hour, Year
while his apprentice lays one brick in 0.05 hour. FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 104
a) If both are working, then at what combined rate (in
bricks per hour) are they laying bricks? GET TING MORE INVOLVED
45 bricks/hour
b) Which person is working faster? 105. Writing. The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of twice
Bricklayer the length and twice the width. Write in words another
way to find the perimeter that illustrates the distributive
property.
The perimeter is twice the sum of the length and width.
200 106. Discussion. Eldrid bought a loaf of bread for $1.69 and
a gallon of milk for $2.29. Using a tax rate of 5%, he cor-
Number of bricks laid

150 Bricklayer rectly figured that the tax on the bread would be 8 cents
and the tax on the milk would be 11 cents, for a total of
100 $4.17. However, at the cash register he was correctly
Apprentice charged $4.18. How could this happen? Which property
50 of the real numbers is in question in this case?
Due to rounding off, the tax on each item seperately does
0
0 2 4 6 8 not equal the tax on the total. It looks like the distributive
Time (hours) property fails.
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 101 107. Exploration. Determine whether each of the following
pairs of tasks are “commutative.” That is, does the order in
which they are performed produce the same result?
102. Recovering golf balls. Susan and Joan are diving for golf a) Put on your coat; put on your hat.
balls in a large water trap. Susan recovers a golf ball every Commutative
0.016 hour while Joan recovers a ball every 0.025 hour. If b) Put on your shirt; put on your coat.
both are working, then at what rate (in golf balls per hour) Not commutative
are they recovering golf balls? Find another pair of “commutative” tasks and another pair
102.5 balls/hour of “noncommutative” tasks.
 Section P.2 Properties of Real Numbers 23

36. Additive Inverse Property In Exercises 71–74, identify the property

13x % 13x " ! of real numbers that justifies each step.

37. Multiplicative Identity Property 71. x$5"3

!x $ 8" ! 1 " ! !x $ 5" $ !%5" " 3 $ !%5"
38. Additive Identity Property x $ #5 $ !%5"$ " %2
8x $ 0 " ! x $ 0 " %2
x " %2
In Exercises 39–46, give (a) the additive inverse and (b) the
multiplicative inverse of the quantity.
72. x % 8 " 20
!x % 8" $ 8 " 20 $ 8
39. 10 40. 18
x $ !%8 $ 8" " 28
41. %16 42. %52
x $ 0 " 28
43. 6z, z # 0 44. 2y, y # 0
x " 28
45. x $ 1, x # %1 46. y % 4, y # 4
73. 2x % 5 " 6
In Exercises 47–54, rewrite the expression using the !2x % 5" $ 5 " 6 $ 5
Associative Property of Addition or the Associative Property 2x $ !%5 $ 5" " 11
of Multiplication.
2x $ 0 " 11
47. !x $ 5" % 3 48. !z % 6" $ 10 2x " 11
49. 32 $ !%4 $ y" 50. 15 $ !3 $ x" 1 1
2 !2x" " 2 !11"
51. 3!4 ! 5" 52. !10 ! 8" ! 5 !12 ! 2"x " 112
53. 6!2y" 54. 8!3x" 1 ! x " 11 2
x " 112
In Exercises 55–62, rewrite the expression using the
74. 3x $ 4 " 10 Original equation
Distributive Property.
!3x $ 4" $ !%4" " 10 $ !%4"
55. 20!2 $ 5" 56. %3!4 % 8"
3x $ #4 $ !%4"$ " 6
57. 5!3x % 4" 58. 6!2x $ 5"
3x $ 0 " 6
59. !x $ 6"!%2" 60. !z % 10"!12"
3x " 6
61. %6!2y % 5" 62. %4!10 % b" 1 1
3 !3x" " 3 !6"
In Exercises 63–68, the right side of the equation is not !13 ! 3"x " 2
equal to the left side. Change the right side so that it is 1!x"2
equal to the left side.
x"2
63. 3!x $ 5" # 3x $ 5
64. 4!x $ 2" # 4x $ 2 In Exercises 75–80, use the Distributive Property to perform
the arithmetic mentally. For example, you work in an indus-
65. %2!x $ 8" # %2x $ 16
try where the wage is $14 per hour with “time and a half ”
66. %9!x $ 4" # %9x $ 36 for overtime. So, your hourly wage for overtime is
67. 3!03 " # 1
14!1.5" " 14! 1 $ 1
"
68. 6! "#0
1 2
6 " 14 $ 7
" $21.
In Exercises 69 and 70, use the properties of real
numbers to prove the statement.
75. 16!1.75" " 16!2 % 14 " 76. 15!123 " " 15!2 % 13 "
69. If ac " bc and c # 0, then a " b.
77. 7!62" " 7!60 $ 2" 78. 5!49" " 5!50 % 1"
70. !%1"!%a" " a
 Section P.2 Properties of Real Numbers 23

36. Additive Inverse Property In Exercises 71–74, identify the property of real numbers
13x % 13x " ! that justifies each step.
37. Multiplicative Identity Property 71. x$5"3 Original equation
!x $ 8" ! 1 " ! !x $ 5" $ !%5" " 3 $ !%5"
38. Additive Identity Property x $ #5 $ !%5"$ " %2
8x $ 0 " ! x $ 0 " %2
x " %2
In Exercises 39–46, give (a) the additive inverse and (b) the
multiplicative inverse of the quantity.
72. x % 8 " 20 Original equation
!x % 8" $ 8 " 20 $ 8
39. 10 40. 18
x $ !%8 $ 8" " 28
41. %16 42. %52
x $ 0 " 28
43. 6z, z # 0 44. 2y, y # 0
x " 28
45. x $ 1, x # %1 46. y % 4, y # 4
73. 2x % 5 " 6 Original equation

In Exercises 47–54, rewrite the expression using the !2x % 5" $ 5 " 6 $ 5
Associative Property of Addition or the Associative Property 2x $ !%5 $ 5" " 11
of Multiplication.
2x $ 0 " 11
47. !x $ 5" % 3 48. !z % 6" $ 10 2x " 11
49. 32 $ !%4 $ y" 50. 15 $ !3 $ x" 1 1
2 !2x" " 2 !11"
51. 3!4 ! 5" 52. !10 ! 8" ! 5 !12 ! 2"x " 112
53. 6!2y" 54. 8!3x" 1 ! x " 11 2
x " 112
In Exercises 55–62, rewrite the expression using the
74. 3x $ 4 " 10
Distributive Property.
!3x $ 4" $ !%4" " 10 $ !%4"
55. 20!2 $ 5" 56. %3!4 % 8"
3x $ #4 $ !%4"$ " 6
57. 5!3x % 4" 58. 6!2x $ 5"
3x $ 0 " 6
59. !x $ 6"!%2" 60. !z % 10"!12"
3x " 6
61. %6!2y % 5" 62. %4!10 % b" 1 1
3 !3x" " 3 !6"
In Exercises 63–68, the right side of the equation is not !13 ! 3"x " 2
equal to the left side. Change the right side so that it is 1!x"2
equal to the left side.
x"2
63. 3!x $ 5" # 3x $ 5 In Exercises 75–80, use the Distributive Property
64. 4!x $ 2" # 4x $ 2 to perform the arithmetic mentally. For example,
you work in an indus- try where the wage is $14
65. %2!x $ 8" # %2x $ 16
per hour with “time and a half ” for overtime. So,
66. %9!x $ 4" # %9x $ 36 your hourly wage for overtime is
67. 3!03 " # 1
14!1.5" " 14! 1 $ 1
"
68. 6! "#0
1 2
6 " 14 $ 7
" $21.
In Exercises 69 and 70, use the properties of real
numbers to prove the statement.
75. 16!1.75" " 16!2 % 14 " 76. 15!123 " " 15!2 % 13 "
69. If ac " bc and c # 0, then a " b.
77. 7!62" " 7!60 $ 2" 78. 5!49" " 5!50 % 1"
70. !%1"!%a" " a