AF1600d User Guide 0519 (NACA 0012)

AF1600d
150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils
User Guide
© TecQuipment Ltd 2019
Do not reproduce or transmit this document in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system without the
express permission of TecQuipment Limited.
TecQuipment has taken care to make the contents of this

manual accurate and up to date. However, if any errors are
found, please let us know so we can rectify the problem.
TecQuipment supplies a Packing Contents List (PCL) with the

equipment. Carefully check the contents of the package(s)
against the list. If any items are missing or damaged, contact
TecQuipment or the local agent.
BW/0519
Symbols Used in this Manual
AF1600d 150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils
Contents
Introduction and Description ............................................. 1
Technical Details ............................................................ 3
Assembly and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Air Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Two Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Wing Area S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Coefficient of Lift CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Coefficient of Pressure Cp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lift/Drag Ratio and Incidence Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Pitching Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lift and Incidence Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Wake Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
To Fit the Aerofoils to the Three Component Balance (AF1600t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Results Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Wake Traverse Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Results Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Sample Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
............................................................................ 23
Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Wake Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TecQuipment Ltd User Guide

Useful Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
AF1600d
150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils
User Guide
Introduction and Description
Figure 1 The AF1600d NACA 0012 Aerofoils
The AF1600d Aerofoils are for use with the TecQuipment Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF1600). Both
aerofoils have a NACA0012 (symmetrical) profile and 150mm chord. One aerofoil has a span of 595 mm,
so that it fits the full width of the Wind Tunnel Working Section for two-dimensional airflow studies. The
other aerofoil has a span of 300mm and only extends half the width of the Wind Tunnel Working Section
for three-dimensional airflow studies.
Students use the Pitot tubes of the Wind Tunnel Working Section to measure the pressure distribution
downstream of each aerofoil. This can be used to calculate profile drag.
For extra experiments, both aerofoils can be used with the Three Component Balance (AF1600t)
(supplied) for direct measurement of drag, lift and pitching moment.
For experiment comparisons, the Tapped Aerofoil (AFb) (available separately) has the same NACA
profile, chord and span (150 and 595 mm) and as the longest AF1600d Aerofoil.
To enhance the experiments, the Smoke Generator (AFA10) (available separately) can be used to show
the airflow around the models.
TecQuipment Ltd 1 User Guide

595 mm span 150 mm chord NACA

0012 (Symmetrical) Aerofoil
300 mm span 150 mm

Model Support chord NACA 0012
Shaft (Symmetrical) Aerofoil
Figure 2 The Main Parts of the Aerofoil Models
User Guide 2 TecQuipment Ltd

Technical Details
Item Details
Dimensions 1 aerofoil 595 mm span and

150 mm chord
1 aerofoil 300 mm span and
150 mm chord
Profile NACA 0012
Nominal 3.4 kg
Weight 695
Span
Nominal 1.8 kg
Weight
300 Span


Assembly and Installation

The terms left, right, front and rear of the apparatus refer to the operators’ position, facing the unit.
NOTE Follow any regulations that affect the installation, operation and maintenance
of this apparatus in the country where it is to be used.
Refer to the test procedures for full details of installation.


Theory
Notation
Symbol Description Units
b Wing Span m
c Aerofoil Chord m
CD Coefficient of Drag -
CL Coefficient of Lift -
CM Pitching Moment -
Coefficient
Cp Coefficient of pressure -
D Drag Newton (N)
L Lift Newton (N)
M Pitching Moment Newton Metre (Nm)
p Pressure Pascal (Pa)
pw Static wall tapping Pa

pressure
Pa Ambient pressure Pa
R Gas constant 287 J kg-1K-1 for dry air
S Area of aerofoil m2
Ta Ambient temperature K
V Air Velocity m.s-1
x A horizontal position m (or mm where shown)
y A vertical position m (or mm where shown)
r Air Density kg.m-3
Table 1 Notation
Conversions
1 mm H2O at 20°C = 9.806 Pa (roughly 10 Pa)
0°C = 273 K
Air Density
The density of the air in the wind tunnel can be found from a ratio of the ambient pressure, the gas
constant and the ambient temperature:

Pa
 = --------- (1)
RT a
Two Dimensions
As the aerofoil fully spans the working section of the wind tunnel, the air cannot flow around the wing
edges or ‘wing tips’, as in a real aerofoil. The air flow is only over the upper and lower surface of the wing.
This is two dimensional airflow. Flow around wing tips adds the third dimension, but creates additional
drag and other complications, shown by using the shorter span but otherwise identical aerofoil in the
AF1600d model set.
Wing Area S
This is simply the plan view of the aerofoil, which is the product of the chord and the span.
Coefficient of Lift CL
It is obvious that a larger wing may give more actual or basic lift than a smaller wing of the same design,
so to compare wings of different size, the different scales must be allowed for. Engineers do this by using
a non-dimensional value termed the lift coefficient CL
L
C L = ----------------------
1
 --- V 2 S
2 
The equation shows that the coefficient of lift can be used with the air and aerofoil properties to calculate
basic lift.
1 2
L = C L  --- V S
2 
Coefficient of Pressure Cp
Aerofoil lift relies on relative differences in pressure between the atmospheric value around the aircraft
and the more local pressures around the aerofoil created as the aerofoil passes through the air (or as
the air passes around the aerofoil). As atmospheric pressure changes with weather conditions and
aircraft altitude, it is better to allow for these absolute values of pressure when comparing aerofoils. As
with the coefficient of lift, engineers have created a non-dimensional form of pressure termed the
pressure coefficient Cp. It is the ratio of the relative pressure difference over a function of the air
properties.
p – p
C p = ------------------
1 2
---   V 
2
The symbol  means the free stream pressure, density and velocity.
Lift/Drag Ratio and Incidence Angle

The lift/drag ratio is calculated from:
Lift/Drag Ratio = CL/CD

The most efficient incidence angle for an aerofoil is where the lift/drag ratio (CL/CD) is highest. This is
the point at which aircraft designers choose to use an aerofoil.
Pitching Moment
As the incidence angle of an aerofoil changes (see Figure 3), it changes the pressure distribution around
the aerofoil, giving a change in pitching moment.
Figure 3 Pressure Distribution Characteristics of an Aerofoil
Immediately before the stall, the pressure distribution around an aerofoil is low pressure over the upper
surface and higher pressure under the lower surface. When an aerofoil begins to stall, flow separation
over the upper surface reduces the suction peak near the front. This causes the aerodynamic centre to
move rearwards, characterised by a nose down pitching moment. The measured pitching moment is
approximately zero for low angles of attack because the aerofoil is mounted at the quarter cord position
which is the nominal aerodynamic centre.

Figure 4 Change in the Aerodynamic Centre

M
Coefficient of Pitching Moment: C m = --------------------------
2
1  2 V Sc
Lift and Incidence Angle
Figure 5 Lift Coefficient Against Incidence Angle for Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Aerofoils
Symmetrical aerofoils produce a lift curve that starts at zero incidence angle (zero incidence gives zero
lift). Unsymmetrical aerofoils produce a curve that will not pass through the origin (see Figure 5).
Unsymmetrical aerofoils produce a positive (or negative) lift force even at zero incidence angle. It can
be confirmed from the experiment results that the lift force is the same (but opposite polarity) for equal
positive and negative incident angles (for example +5° and -5°).

Wake Traverse
Figure 6 The Wake Traverse Experiment
The profile drag of the aerofoil is equal to the loss of momentum of the air due to the aerofoil.
Generally,
mꞏ  V  – V  = Drag
Where mꞏ = Mass Flow
So, by integrating across the wake:
w
Drag =
 0
V  V  – V y
It is convenient to express drag as the non-dimensional coefficient:
Drag
C D = --------------------
1 2
--- V  cb
2
So
wc
V V y
CD = 2
 0
-------  1 – -------   --
V  V   c
Where
V pT – p
------- = ---------------------
-
V p T – p 

pT – p V V V V
- and -------  1 – ------- from the results and plot a graph of -------  1 – ------- against y/c. 
Calculate ---------------------
p – p V 
 V 
 V 
 V 

 T 
The area under the graph is equal to 1/2 CD.
Figure 7 Ideal Graph of Calculated Drag
Using the Three Component Balance (AF1600t), the calculated drag can be compared to the direct
measurement.
NOTE The drag must be compared for the same air speed and incidence angle

Test Procedures
Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test

Aim
To determine the lift, drag and pitching moment on the two different length aerofoils.
NOTE The AF1600t Three Component Balance (Supplied) may be used with these
aerofoils.
To Fit the Aerofoils to the Three Component Balance (AF1600t)
Each time the NACA 0012 aerofoils are used, they must be set initially for a perfect horizontal position
(zero incidence angle) for calibration.
These instructions assume that the Three Component Balance is fitted to the working section and is set
up correctly. Refer to the Three Component Balance User Guide.
1. Switch off the electrical supply to the Wind Tunnel.
2. Remove the side window opposite the Three Component Balance.
3. Tighten the Centering Clamps of the Three Component Balance. From outside the Wind Tunnel,
insert one of the aerofoils into the collet of the Three Component Balance, so that its support shaft
passes into the Wind Tunnel Working Section (see Figure 8).
Figure 8 Insert the Model from Outside the Working Section
4. Inside the working section, measure the distance from the centre of the aerofoil shaft to the bottom
surface of the working section (see Figure 9). This is nominally 300 mm. Remove the aerofoil.

Figure 9 Measure from the Centre of the Shaft to the Base of the Working Section (AF1300 Shown)
5. From inside the Working Section, insert the aerofoil into the model clamp of the balance, so that its
leading edge faces into the airflow. Set the angle of the Three Component Balance scale to zero
degrees. Do not tighten the model clamp yet.
6. Adjust the trailing edge of the aerofoil to the same height as that measured in step 4 and tighten the
model clamp of the balance. The aerofoil is now perfectly straight (zero incidence angle) and at right
angles to the airflow.
Use the angle adjustment of the balance to rotate the aerofoil and check that
it rotates freely in the Working Section, without rubbing the sides of the
NOTE Working Section.
The results will be wrong if the edges (wing-tips) of the aerofoil touch the
sides of the working section during experiments.
7. Recheck the adjustments and release the centering clamps of the Three Component Balance.
8. Refit the side window of the Working Section.
Procedure
1. Create a blank table of results similar to Table 2. Record the ambient temperature and pressure.
2. Start the Wind Tunnel, set the RPD to give a velocity V of about 33 m.s-1.
3. Record the Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment readings from the Three Component Balance display
unit.
4. Adjust the aerofoil angle of incidence in steps of 1° from - 5° upwards until the lift begins to reduce
because of the stall (12-20° depending on the aspect ratio). At each angle of incidence, readjust the
Wind Tunnel fan speed to maintain the original RPD and record all readings.

NOTE The aerofoils are flown 'upside down' in the three component balance. This is
normal and allows a more accurate balance design.
5. Repeat the procedure with the other NACA 0012 aerofoil.
Results Analysis
Calculate the coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment on each of the results tables. Also calculate
the lift to drag ratio. Plot the results as graphs of coefficients of lift, drag, pitching moment and lift/drag
ratio against incidence angle.
Questions
• Comment on how the forces and coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment vary with
incidence angle.
• What is the relationship between stall, lift and drag?
• If choosing this aerofoil for use on an aircraft, what incidence angle would give the best
performance and why?
• Why does the pitching moment change with angle of incidence?
• From the results, how is it possible to tell that the aerofoils have a symmetrical section?

P______ mmH2O or Air density ______

Pa kg.m-3
T Tunnel - ______°C S = ______ m2 V (uncal) ______ m.s-1
Pa = ______ mbar c = ______m 1/2V2S ______ N
Pitching
Angle Lift Drag
Moment CL CD CM CL/CD
(°) (N) (N)
(Nm)
______ mm NACA0012 Aerofoil
Table 2 Blank Table For Aerofoil Results
Wake Traverse Test

Aim
To determine the pressure distribution downstream of the 300 mm aerofoil (in its wake) and use the
results to calculate profile drag.
This test can only be done correctly on the 300 mm aerofoil. The 150 mm
NOTE aerofoil will give wing tip vortices in the same area as the Pitot probe and the
pressure measurement will be meaningless.

Procedure
1. Create a blank table of results similar to Table 3.
2. Fit the Pitot-static tube to the upstream position. Fit the Pitot-static X/Y Traverse to the
downstream position on the working section (see fig). Connect the Pitot-static tubes to the
manometers as shown in (fig).
To DP6
Channel P1
To DP6
Pitot-static Tube
Channel P2
Pitot-Static X/Y
Traverse
(Measures
Downstream
Pressure in the
Wake)
Figure 10 Wake Traverse Experiment Set Up
3. From outside the Working Section, push the aerofoil support shaft into the model clamp (so that the
model is held outside the Working Section.
Figure 11 Fit the Aerofoil from Outside the Working Section

4. Inside the working section, measure the distance from the centre of the aerofoil shaft to the bottom
surface of the working section (see Figure 9). This is nominally 300 mm. Remove the aerofoil.
Figure 12 Measure the Distance from the Centre of the Support Shaft to the bottom of the Working
Section
5. From inside the Working Section, insert the aerofoil support shaft into the model clamp, so that its
leading edge faces into the airflow. Do not tighten the model clamp yet.
6. Adjust the trailing edge of the aerofoil to the same height as that measured in step 4 and tighten the
model clamp. The aerofoil is now perfectly straight (no incidence angle) and at right angles to the
airflow.
7. Fit the protractor (supplied with the Wind Tunnel) to the model support shaft and set it to zero
degrees.
8. Now adjust the angle of the aerofoil to 5 degrees and tighten the model holder.
9. Make a note of the ambient conditions and set the tunnel air speed to 25 m.s-1.
10. Position the basic Pitot tube (upstream) in the free stream approximately 30 mm down from the top
of the Working Section. Use its connection with that of the wall static tapping, connected to a
manometer to measure and record the difference between upstream static and total pressure, and
to give wind tunnel velocity.
11. Connect both tappings of the Pitot-static tube (downstream) to a second manometer. This
manometer will measure the difference between downstream total and static pressure in the wake.
12. Make a note of the width of the wake. To do this:
• Move the Pitot tube slowly downwards until the manometer reading just begins to change,
this is one edge of the wake. Make a note of this position from the scale of the Pitot tube.

• Move the Pitot tube further down until its manometer readings return to their original ‘out of
the wake’ value. Make a note of this position from the scale of the basic Pitot tube.
• Use the measurement to determine the width (height) of the wake
13. Now use the Pitot tube to measure the pressures in the wake at suitable distance increments,
between 2 mm and 10 mm (depending on the width of the wake). Record results in the Results
Table.
14. Refer to the Results Analysis to calculate the last two columns of the table.

Aerofoil Incidence Angle = ____ Degrees
Free Stream Total - Static Pressure pT-p:_____Pa
Ambient Pressure: ___ Ambient Temperature:___°C
Air Velocity: ____ m.s-1
Pitot IN/OUT Downstream

Scale Reading of Wake Total - Static pT – p V-  V
(mm) Pressure ---------------------
- ------ 1 – -------
pT - p p T – p  V  V 
(Pa)
Table 3 Blank Results Table for Wake Traverse Experiment

Results Analysis
If using manometers, convert the water heights into pressure (Pascals).

V V y
Create a chart of -------  1 – ------- against -- as shown in the theory section.
V  V  c
Find the area under the chart and multiply by two to give the coefficient of drag for the aerofoil.


Sample Results and Conclusions
NOTE Any results are for guidance only, actual results may differ slightly.
Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test
Graph 1 Results for NACA 0012 600mm Span Aerofoil

Graph 2 Results for NACA 0012 300mm Span Aerofoil
Graph 3 Comparison Chart of CL and CD for 300 and 600 mm Aerofoils

Discussion
The above charts show results as expected. The 600 mm span aerofoil gives a clear stall at 11° in which
the lift dips and the drag rises significantly. This is because the flow separates from the aerofoil surface,
disrupting the pressure profile and drastically increasing the turbulence level.
The 300 mm aerofoil does get to 14° before stall occurs but the CLis much lower this time. It can also be
seen that the 300 mm aerofoil has a higher CD for all angles but the rise is lower at stall.
Since the shorter aerofoil has one end exposed, the high pressure is free to expand into the low pressure
region, this creates vortices from the wing tip. The pressure profile is affected at the tip so the wing is
less efficient overall, hence a lower CL and higher CD.
For both aerofoils, the pitching moment is very small until they reach stall. When the aerofoils begin to
stall, they develop a ‘nose down’ pitching moment.
Wake Traverse
Graph 4 Traverse Results of Wake from Aerofoil Set at 5°

Graph 5 Full Traverse Results Comparing 5, 10 and 15° Aerofoil Settings
(Comparison Chart of CD taken from direct measurement and wake traverse)
The wake traverse comparison shows a clear view of a stalled aerofoil in comparison to a non-stalled
one. The area is drastically changed. It can also be seen that as the aerofoil angle is changed from 5°
to 10° the wake shifts as the aerofoil directs it further from the tunnel centreline.
The boundary layer of the tunnel walls can also be seen. How the tunnel itself may affect results is
something to bear in mind in wind tunnel testing. In these results a clear, steady free stream flow either
side of the wake can be seen. This helps to achieve good results when compared to the direct
measurement values, these are summarised below.
Angle
(°) CD From Wake CD from Balance
5 0.011 0.008
10 0.023 0.0188
15 0.209 0.225
Table 4 Direct Measurement Values

Graph 6 Chart Showing Direct and Measured Results


Useful Books
Aerodynamics
by LJ Clancy
Published in 1991 by Longman Scientific &Technical
ISBN 0582 988802


Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care

To clean the models, wipe clean with a damp cloth - do not use abrasive cleaners.
Store the models in a dry and dust free area, suitably covered.
Spare Parts
Refer to the Packing Contents List for any spare parts supplied with the apparatus.
If technical assistance or spares are requird, please contact the local TecQuipment agent, or contact
TecQuipment direct.
To assist us in processing the request quickly and efficiently, when requesting spares please include the
following:
• Contact name
• The full name and address of the college, company or institution
• Contact email address
• The TecQuipment product name and product reference
• The TecQuipment part number (if known)
• The serial number
• The year of purchase (if known)
Please provide us with as much detail as possible about the parts required and check the details carefully
before contacting us.
If the product is no longer under warranty, TecQuipment will advise a price quotation for confirmation.
Customer Care
We hope our products and manuals are liked. If there are any questions, do not hesitate to contact our
Customer Care department immediately:
Tel: +44 115 954 0155
Fax: +44 115 973 1520
Email: customercare@tecquipment.com
For information about all TecQuipment products visit:
www.tecquipment.com

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AF1600d

150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils

© TecQuipment Ltd 2019

Do not reproduce or transmit this document in any form or by any

TecQuipment has taken care to make the contents of this

TecQuipment supplies a Packing Contents List (PCL) with the

Technical Details ............................................................ 3

Assembly and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Sample Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

TecQuipment Ltd User Guide

Maintenance, Spare Parts and Customer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Introduction and Description

Figure 1 The AF1600d NACA 0012 Aerofoils

TecQuipment Ltd 1 User Guide

595 mm span 150 mm chord NACA

300 mm span 150 mm

Figure 2 The Main Parts of the Aerofoil Models

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Dimensions 1 aerofoil 595 mm span and

Profile NACA 0012

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Assembly and Installation

Refer to the test procedures for full details of installation.

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Symbol Description Units

D Drag Newton (N)

L Lift Newton (N)

M Pitching Moment Newton Metre (Nm)

p Pressure Pascal (Pa)

pw Static wall tapping Pa

R Gas constant 287 J kg-1K-1 for dry air

V Air Velocity m.s-1

x A horizontal position m (or mm where shown)

y A vertical position m (or mm where shown)

r Air Density kg.m-3

1 mm H2O at 20°C = 9.806 Pa (roughly 10 Pa)

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Lift/Drag Ratio and Incidence Angle

Lift/Drag Ratio = CL/CD

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Figure 3 Pressure Distribution Characteristics of an Aerofoil

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Figure 4 Change in the Aerodynamic Centre

Lift and Incidence Angle

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Figure 6 The Wake Traverse Experiment

Where mꞏ = Mass Flow

So, by integrating across the wake:

It is convenient to express drag as the non-dimensional coefficient:

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Figure 7 Ideal Graph of Calculated Drag

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Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment Test

To Fit the Aerofoils to the Three Component Balance (AF1600t)

1. Switch off the electrical supply to the Wind Tunnel.

2. Remove the side window opposite the Three Component Balance.

Figure 8 Insert the Model from Outside the Working Section

P mmH2O or Air density

T Tunnel - °C S = m2 V (uncal) __ m.s-1

Pa = mbar c = m 1/2V2S __ N

Ambient Pressure: _ Ambient Temperature:_°C