DOMAIN ARCHAEA

 Are prokaryotes, which consist of a single cell with a simple

internal structure.
 Microscopic single - celled organisms that thrive in diverse
environments.
 Can live within soil, in the ocean and inside the human gut

CHARACTERISTICS:
 Obligate anaerobes
 Extremophiles
 One-tenth of a micrometer to more than 15 micrometers (size) SPIRILLIA
 Cells consists of a thick cytoplasm
 Lipids in their cell membranes  Spiral-shaped bacteria of the family Spirillaceae
 Cell may contain plasmids

BACILLI
METHANOGENS  has two orders
 are anaerobic unicellular organisms, that release methane as a - Bacillales and Lactobacillales
waste product of cellular metabolism. .  Have a rod shape
 They are found mostly in anaerobic freshwater environments,
such as lake sediments and the digestive tracts of animals.

COCCI
 A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a
HALOPHILES spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. It is one of the three
 are all microorganisms. distinct bacterial shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-
 Most of them arebacteria, while some are very primitive shaped) and spiral-shaped cells.
eukaryotes.
 Eukaryotes are more complex organisms with a nucleus and HARMFUL BACTERIA:
membrane-bound organelles.
 Halophiles are found in salty places, such as the Great Salt Lake
in Utah and the Dead Sea

CAMPYLOBACTER
 can be found in the gut and faeces (poo) of animals and is
THERMOPHILE commonly found in or on raw poultry.
 is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively  You become infected with Campylobacter by taking in the
high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F). bacteria through your mouth.
 Many thermophiles are archaea.  This can be by: eating contaminated, undercooked meat,
 Thermophiliceubacteria are suggested to have been among the especially chicken. drinking contaminated water or
earliest bacteria unpasteurised milk.

PARASITE
DOMAIN BACTERIA
 A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and
gets its food from or at the expense of its host.
 There are three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in
humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

 Protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as a

plant, animal, or fungus.
 They are mostly unicellular, but some, like algae, are
multicellular. Kelp, or 'seaweed,' is a large
multicellular protist that provides food, shelter, and oxygen for
numerous underwater ecosystems.
ALLERGEN
 An allergen is a usually harmless substance capable of triggering
a response that starts in the immune system and results in an
allergic reaction.
 For instance, if you have an allergy to pollen, your immune
system identifies pollen as an invader or allergen.

USEFUL BACTERIA:

PHOTOTROPHS
 are the organisms that carry out photon capture to acquire
energy.
 They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular
metabolic processes.
 It is a common misconception that phototrophs are obligatorily
photosynthetic.
STREPTOMYCES
 is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the
family Streptomycetaceae.
 Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described.
 As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are gram-
positive, and have genomes with high GC content.

ALGAE
 are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability
to conduct photosynthesis.
RHIZOBIA  Certainalgae are familiar to most people; for instance,
 are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or
established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). the algal blooms in lakes.
 To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant
host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen.
 In general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.

GREEN ALGAE
 The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal
ESCHERICHIA COLI grouping of algae consisting of
 also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now
rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is placed in separate divisions, as well as the potentially more
commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotae
organisms. nia.

KINGDOM OF PROTISTA
 capsule dividing the cell into the inner and outer portions of
endoplasm and ectoplasm.
 The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica.

BROWN ALGAE
 The brown algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large
group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in FORAMINIFERA
colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere.  are members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists
 Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching
an important role both as food and as habitat food and other uses; and commonly an external shell of diverse
forms and materials.
 Tests of chitin are believed to be the most primitive type.

RED ALGAE
 are protists or microscopic organisms in the phylum Rhodophyta,
and range from simple one-celled organisms to complex, multi- AMOEBA
celled organisms.  often called amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism
which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending
and retracting pseudopods.
 Amoebas do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they
are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms.

GOLDEN ALGAE
 The Chrysophyceae, usually
called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown
algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in
freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
single species, Prymnesium parvum, which causes fish kills.  is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus
Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other
primates causing amoebiasis, E. histolytica is estimated to
infect about 50 million people worldwide.
 E. histolytica infection is estimated to kill more than 55,000
people each year.

DINOFLAGELLATES
 are a classification subgroup of algae.
 They are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the
phylum Dinoflagellata.
 Most are marine plankton, but they also are common in
freshwater habitats. PYRODINIUM BAHAMENSE
 Their populations are distributed depending on sea surface  considered the sister taxon to Alexandrium, is a tropical
temperature, salinity, or depth. euryhaline species of dinoflagellates found mainly in the
Atlantic ocean.
 It is found in marine waters that have more than 20 psu of
salinity and are warmer than 20 °C.
 The optimal salinity is considered to be around 35 psu.

RADIOLARIA
 also called Radiozoa, are protozoa of diameter 0.1–0.2 mm that
produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central
  Also known as The Apicomplexa are a large phylum of
parasitic alveolates. Most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast,
and an apical complex structure.
 The organelle is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in
penetration of a host cell.

EUGLENIDS
 are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are
excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell
structure is typical of that group.
 They are commonly found in freshwater, especially when it is
rich in organic materials, with a few marine and endosymbiotic
members.
PLASMODIUM
 is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites
of vertebrates and insects.
 The life cycles of Plasmodium species involve development in
a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a
vertebrate host during a blood meal.

EUGLENA
 Is a genus of single cell flagellate eukaryotics.
 It is the best known and most widely studied member of the class
Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at
least 800 species.
 Species of Euglena are found in freshwater and salt water.

KINGDOM FUNGI
 includes a vast variety of organisms such as mushrooms, yeast,
and mold, made up of feathery filaments called hyphae
(collectively called mycelium).
 Fungi are multicellular and eukaryotic.
 They are also heterotrophs, and gain nutrition through
absorption.

HETEROTROPH
 is an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead
on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon,
mainly plant or animal matter.
 In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and
tertiary consumers, but not producers.

FUNGI
 is the plural word for "fungus".
 A fungus is a eukaryotic organism.
 Yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are examples of fungi.
 The study of fungi is called mycology.
 Like animals, humans and most bacteria, all fungi are
heterotrophs.
PARAMECIUM
 is a genus of unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a
representative of the ciliate group.
 Paramecia are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine
environments and are often very abundant in stagnant basins and
ponds.

SAPROPHYTE
 or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy from dead
and decaying organic matter.
 This may be decaying pieces of plants or animals.
 This means that saprophytes are heterotrophs.
 They are consumers in the food chain.
SPOROZOA  This is the typical life-style of fungi.
 pulmonarius, a commonly cultivated species of Oyster
Mushroom.

HYPHAE TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM

 is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete,  is a fungus that is also used as a fungicide.
or actinobacterium.  It is used for foliar application, seed treatment and soil
 In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, treatment for suppression of various disease causing fungal
and are collectively called a mycelium. pathogens.

ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE
RHIZOIDS  known in English as koji, is a filamentous fungus (a mold)
 are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of used in Chinese and other East Asian cuisines
bryophytes and algae. to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and fermented bean
 They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of paste (including miso), and also to saccharify rice,
vascular land plants. other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic
 Similar structures are formed by some fungi. beverages such as huangjiu, sake, makgeolli, and shōchū.
 Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular.
HARMFUL FUNGI
USEFUL FUNGI

VOLVARIELLA ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS

 is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore  is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan
prints. distribution.
 It is best known for its colonization of cereal grains, legumes,
and tree nuts.
 Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage,
and/or transit.

ZYGOSACCHAROMYCES ROUXII
 is an interesting species of yeast that is infamous within the food
industry.
 Its capacity to thrive in both highly saline and sugar-dense AFLATOXINS
environments is what makes Z. rouxii a predominant food  are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found
spoiling agent on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts,
cottonseed, and tree nuts.
 The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus
and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and
humid regions of the world.

PLEUROTUS SAJOR-CAJU OR LENTINUS SAJOR-CAJU

 is a species of saprophytic mushroom.
 Cultivator-mycologists often incorrectly use the name Pleurotus
sajor-caju for some warm weather varieties of Pleurotus
TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES
 is isolated most frequently.
 mentagrophytes is typically found in moist, carbon-rich
environments.
 It is characterized by flat suede-like colonies with a white to
cream color and distinctive odor.
 The color on the underside of the colonies is usually a yellow to
reddish brown color.

LIVERWORTS
 The Marchantiophyta are a division of non-vascular land
plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts.
 Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-
dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a
single set of genetic information.

PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM OR P. NOTATUM

 is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
 It is common in temperate and subtropical regions and can be
found on salted food products, but it is mostly found in indoor
environments, especially in damp or water-damaged buildings.

MOSSES
 are a phylum of non-vascular plants.
 They produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds and
don't grow flowers, wood or true roots.
 Instead of roots, all species of moss have rhizoids.
 The mossessit within a division of plants called the Bryophyta
under the sub-division Musci.
TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
 is a dermatophytic fungus in the phylum Ascomycota, class
Euascomycetes.
 It is an exclusively clonal, anthropophilic saprotroph that
colonizes the upper layers of dead skin, and is the most common
cause of athlete's foot, fungal infection of nail, jock itch, and
ringworm worldwide.

HORNWORTS
 are a group of non-vascular plants constituting the division
Anthocerotophyta.
 The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure,
which is the sporophyte.
 As in mosses and liverworts, the flattened, green plant body of
a hornwort is the gametophyte plant.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
VASCULAR PLANTS:
 Plants are eukaryotes and belong to the kingdom Plantae.
 Unlike animal cells, plant cells have cell walls composed of a
polysaccharide known as cellulose, the most common organic
molecule on the planet.
 Plants use photosynthetic processes to create food energy, and
are autotrophs. Most plants appear green due to the chlorophyll
pigment found in chloroplasts.

TRACHEOPHYTE
 meaning “tracheid plant,” refers to the water-conducting cells
(called tracheids, or tracheary elements) that show spiral bands
like those in the walls of the tracheae, or air tubes, of insects.
SPORE-PRODUCING PLANTS:

NON VASCULAR PLANTS:

BRYOPHYTES
 are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and
hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems
because they provide an important buffer system for other plants,
which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients
that bryophytes collect.
FERN
 is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via
spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
 They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having
specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, in having
branched stems and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte
is the dominant phase

CYCADS
 are seed plants with a long fossil history that were formerly
more abundant and more diverse than they are today. They
typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown
of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They usually have
CLUB MOSSES pinnate leaves.
 Lycopodiopsida is a class of herbaceous vascular plants known
as the clubmosses and firmosses. FLOWERING PLANTS:
 They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves
without ligules and reproduce by means of spores borne in
sporangia at the bases of the leaves.

ANGIOSPERMS
 are vascular plants.
 They have stems, roots, and leaves.
HORSETAILS  Unlike gymnosperms such as conifers and
 are a class in the Pteridophyta (ferns). deltaco ere one of the most cycads, angiosperm's seeds are found in a
important plant groups in the Palaeozoic era. They are seen in the flower.Angiosperm eggs are fertilized and develop into a seed
coal measures of the Carboniferous period, and some were trees in an ovary that is usually in a flower.
reaching up 30 metres.
INVERTEBRATES
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS:

 are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral

GYMNOSPERMS column, derived from the notochord.
 are seed-bearing vascular plants, such as cycads, ginkgo, yews  This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata.
and conifers, in which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an  Familiar examples of invertebrates include arthropods,
ovary. mollusks, annelids, and cnidarians.
 The word "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek word
gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds". DO NOT HAVE BACKBONE:

CONIFERS PROTOZOA
 are Gymnosperms.  (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for
 They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue. single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which
 All living conifersare woody plants, and most are trees. feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or
 Livingconifers are all in the order Pinales. organic tissues and debris.
 Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris,
larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.
FLATWORMS
 are a phylum of relatively simple soft-bodied invertebrate
animals.
 With about 25,000 known species they are the largest phylum of
acoelomates.
 Flatworms are found in marine, freshwater, and even damp
terrestrial environments.
 Most are free-living forms, but many are parasitic on other
animals.
ARACHNIDS
 are spiders , harvestmen , mites and ticks , and their relatives
like scorpions that don't live in Michigan. Allarachnids have
eight legs, and unlike insects, they don't have antennae.
 The bodies of arachnids are divided into two sections, the
cephalothorax in front and the abdomen behind.

ANNELIDS
 also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large
phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms,
earthworms, and leeches.

CRUSTACEANS
 form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such
familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill,
woodlice, and barnacles.


ECHINODERMS
 are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial
(land-based) representatives.
 Aside from the hard-to-classify Arkarua (a Precambrian animal
with echinoderm-like pentamerous radial symmetry), the first
definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the
Cambrian. INSECTS
 or Insect are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group
within the arthropod phylum.
 Definitions and circumscriptions vary; usually, insects
comprise a class within the Arthropoda.
 As used here, the term Insecta is synonymous with Ectognatha.

COELENTERATA
 is an obsolete term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria and
Ctenophora.
 The name comes from the Greek "koilos" and "enteron",
referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla.
 They have very simple tissue organization, with only two layers
of cells, and radial symmetry. MYRIAPODA
 is a subphylum of arthropods containing millipedes,
centipedes, and others.
 The group contains over 16,000 species, most of which are
terrestrial.
 Although their name suggests they have myriad legs,
myriapods range from having up to 750 legs to having fewer
than ten legs.

MOLLUSCA
 is the second largest phylum of invertebrate animals.
 The members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
 Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized.
 The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and
100,000 additional species.

ARTHROPODS:
VERTEBRATES
 are animals that have a backbone or spinal column, also called
vertebrae.
 These animals include fish, birds, mammals, amphibians, and
reptiles.
 HAVE A BACKBONE: females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex, fur
or hair, and three middle ear bones

REPTILES KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

 are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's  Archaebacteria are the oldest organism living on Earth.
turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and  They are unicellular prokaryotes - microbes without
their extinct relatives. cell nucleus and any other membrane-bound organelles in their
 The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically cells - and belong to the kingdom, Archaea.
combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.  They were first discovered in 1977 by Carl Woose and George
E. Fox and classified as bacteria

KINGDOM OF EUBACTERIA

FISH
 are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with
digits.
 They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the  Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled.
olfactores.  Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom.
 Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and  They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people
cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related are most familiar with.
groups.  Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdombecause their
chemical makeup is different.

AMPHIBIANS
 are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
 Modern amphibians are all Lissamphibia.
 They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living
within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web
ecosystems. starting from producer organisms and ending at an apex
predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species. A
food chain also shows how organisms are related to each
other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain
represents a different trophic level.

BIRDS
 also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates,
characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of
hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart,
and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

Food web is an important ecological concept.

Basically, food web represents feeding relationships
within a community (Smith and Smith 2009).A food web is
the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical
representation of what-eats-what in an ecological
MAMMALS community
 are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia, and
characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in