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    03 Circuit Elements

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    pratikmalviya2974

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    03 Circuit Elements

    Uploaded by

    pratikmalviya2974
    6 views57 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views57 pages

    03 Circuit Elements

    Uploaded by

    pratikmalviya2974

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 57

    CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

    Basic electric circuits

    Transducers
     Transducer is a device that converts physical
    quantities into electrical quantities or convert
    electrical quantities into non electrical quantities
     Useful in real life systems (Ovens, AC etc)

     Potentiometer

    Converts position to resistance


     Temperature sensors
    Convert temperature to current
    Position transducer
    R2Vo+
    -

    V
    VR V VR 
     R V2 2 0
    Vk
    0
    R R 12 
    0 R
    Measurement of angle vs voltage

    Clas
    s assignment : Set up the circuit in Tinkercad
    Measure angle
    vs output voltage Record in Excel and plot a graph.
    Angle Output
    00
    45 1.44
    90 2.88
    135 4.5
    Results
    180 6.12
    225 7.56
    270 90123456789
    10
    0 50 100 150 200 250 300 OutputOutput

    A trimming potentiometer
    Less than 50 μA quiescent current

    Temperature sensor TMP 36


    Shutdown current 0.5 μA max
    Low voltage operation (2.7 V to 5.5 V)
    Calibrated directly in °C
    10 mV/°C scale factor (20 mV/°C on TMP37)
    ±2°C accuracy over temperature (typ)
    ±0.5°C linearity (typ)
    Stable with large capacitive loads
    Specified −40°C to +125°C, operation to +150°C

    Low self-heating
    Qualified for automotive applications

    
    When Temp = -400C Vo = 100 mV
     When Temp = 1250C Vo = 1750 mV
    0
    Temp V0
     500 10
    Temp in C V in millivolts
    0
    :

    Activity
    Set up

    the circuit in Tinkercad. The slider shows a control to change the


    temperature. In actual application this temperature will be
    decided by
    the surroundings. Verify that this slider shows a range of -
    400Cto 120 0C
    Switches
    Single pole single throw
    switches (SPST)
    Everyday switches
    AC
    Computer
    Mains Light TV Single pole
    single throw
    Switch
    SPST
    Single pole double throw switches
    Design the staircase circuit

    V= 5 volts 100 ohms


    LED

    Model of staircase
    lighting

    V= 5 volts 100 ohms


    LED

    Actual experiment
    for staircase lighting model
    Two pole two way

    Reversing direction of rotation


    A circuit with several switches
    (a)Circuit
    with switches (b) Equivalent circuit for t < 0(c)
    Equivalent circuit 0 < t < 2 seconds (d) The
    equivalent circuit for t > 2 seconds
    Dependent sources
     Voltage or current of one circuit element is
    proportional to the voltage or current of the second
    circuit element
    Transistor model
    Example 2.7-1
     Determine
    the power
    absorbed
    by the vcvs

    p= idvd =
    (1.5)(4) = 6
    watts
    Exercise 2.7-1
     Find the power absorbed by the CCCS

    Id = 4ic = 4(-1.2) = - 4.8 P = -4.8(24) = -115.2


    watts
    P2.4-7
    Solution to P2.4-7
    P2.5-1
    P2.5-1
    Solution to 2.5-1
    Solution to 2.5-2
    2.5-6
    P2.5-6
    P2.6-3
    P2.6-3 continued
    Solution 2.6-3
    P2.6-4
    Solution to problem 2.6-4
    P2.7-1
    r= 2
    ohms

    P2.7-6
    .
    .

    Solution
    to P2.7-6

    P2.8-1
    mA

    Solution
    0a1
    v IaR
    mp

    IR 
    m
    v p 360

    P2.8-2
    Solution to 2.8-2
    v can be

    between 4 to 30 volts
    P2.9-1
    Solution to 2.9-1
    P2.10-1
    Solution to P 2.10-1
    P 2.10-2
    Solution 2.10-2
    DP 2-1
    DP2-1
    DP2-2
    DP2-3
    DP2-3
    Solution to DP-3
    Digital to analog converter
    Background :
    Digital Signal
    Processing

    Analog to
    ProcessorDigital to
    Transducer Digital Analog
    Filter
    converter Converter

    In all of above waveforms Time on X axis


    and Voltage on Y axis
    Digital to Analog converter

    Digital Input D to A converter Analog Output


    Analog output is proportional to decimal
    representation of the binary word

    The actual output will depend on the


    voltage levels for 0 and 1
    Three Bit NumberDigital Analog000 000V V/80V0 2V/80VV 3V/8
    VV 3V/4 V00 4V/8
    V VTwo bits
    Digital Analog
    00 0
    Digital Analog
    0V V/4
    00
    V0 2V/4

    Input-Output Relationship V0V 5V/8


    VV0 6V/8
    Single bit (Electrical Representation) V
    VVV 7V/8
    Step size N
     2
    N Number of bits
    :

    Two bit converter circuit V1 V2 Vo


    000
    0 V V/4
    V 0 V/2
    With V2 = 0 : Vo1=
    V1/2 With V1 = 0 : Vo2
    = V2/4 Vo = V1/2 +
    V2/4
    V V 3V/4

    3- Bit
    converter
    circuit V1 V2
    V3 Vo
    0000
    0 0 V V/8
    0 V 0 V/4
    0 V V 3V/8
    V 0 0 V/2
    V 0 V 5V/8
    V V 0 6V/8
    V V V 7V/8

    Test in Tinkercad
    V
    Chose V = 8 volts

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