Worksheet#6 AS Energetics

CHEMISTRY

AS
WORKSHEET#6

Energetics

COMPILED BY:
KAMRAN SHAHZAD
 Cell#0314 538 9234
 E-mail:shahzadkamran@hotmail.com

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 1
Worksheet#6 AS Energetics
Q1. Which quantity gives the best indication of the relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds
between the molecules in liquid hydrogen halides?

A. Bond dissociation energies

B. Enthalpy changes of formation
C. Enthalpy changes of solution
D. Enthalpy changes of vaporization
M/J-15-11

Q2. The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of glucose and ethanol are given as -2820 and

–1368 kJ mol-1 respectively.

Glucose, C6H12O6, can be converted into ethanol.

C6H12O6(s) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)

What is the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?

A. -1452 kJ mol-1
B. -84 kJmol-1
C. +84 kJmol-1
D. +1452 kJ mol-1

M/J-15-11
Q3. The diagram shows a reaction pathway for an endothermic reaction.
Which arrow represents the activation energy for the forward reaction?

M/J-15-11

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Q4. Metaldehyde, (CH3CHO)4, is used as a solid fuel for camping stoves. The equation for the
complete combustion of metaldehyde is shown.

(CH3CHO)4(s) + 10 O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 8H2O(I)

= standard enthalpy change of combustion.

Which expressions will give a correct value for the enthalpy change of formation of
metaldehyde?

M/J-15-12
Q5. Ethanol is increasingly being used as a fuel for cars.

The standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is -393 kJ mol -1

The standard enthalpy change of formation of water is -286 kJ mol-1.

The standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol is -277 kJ mol-1.

What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol?

A. -192 kJ mol-1
B. -1367 kJ mol-1
C. -956 kJ mol-1
D. -402 kJ mol-1
O/N-14-12

Q6. The Boltzmann distribution below shows the distribution of molecular energies in a sample of
a gas at a given temperature.

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Which statement correctly describes the change in such a distribution if the temperature is
increased?

A. Fewer molecules possess the most probable energy value and this value shifts to the left.
B. Fewer molecules possess the most probable energy value and this value shifts to the right.
C. More molecules possess the most probable energy value and this value shifts to the left.
D. The area under the curve of the distribution increases.
M/J-15-12
Q7. In an experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of a fuel, 1.5 g (0.0326 mol)
of the fuel was used to heat 200 g of water. The temperature of the water rose from 25 oC to
55oC. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1 K-1.

There is significant heat loss in this experiment. Therefore, the experimental value for the
enthalpy change of combustion, ∆Hc , of the fuel will be different from the theoretical value.

Using the information above, what is the experimental value for the enthalpy change
combustion, ∆Hc, ofthe fuel?

A. -1410 kJ mol-1
B. -769 kJ mol-1
C. -30.7 kJ mol-1
D. -16.7 kJ mol-1
O/N-14-12

Q8. The reaction pathway diagram below illustrates the energies of the reactants, the products
and the transition state of a reaction.

Which expression represents the activation energy of the forward reaction?

A. E1 – E2 B. E2 – E1 C. E2 – E3 D. E3 – E2
O/N-14-12

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Q9. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is released from volcanoes. It reacts with oxygen in the air to form
sulfur dioxide.

2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + 2SO2 (g)

What is the standard enthalpy change of this reaction?

A. -1208 kJ mol-1
B. -1124 kJ mol-1
C. -562 kJ mol-1
D. -541 kJ mol-1
O/N-14-13

Q10. Nitrogen monoxide is an atmospheric pollutant that is formed inside car engines by an

endothermic reaction between nitrogen and oxygen.

N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g) ∆H = +66 kJ mol-1

O/N-14-13

Q11. For which equation is the enthalpy change correctly described as an enthalpy change of
formation?

A. C (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

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1
B. C (s) + O (g) CO (g)
2 2
C. 2N (g) + 4O (g) N2O4 (g)
D. 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
O/N-14-12

Q12. When 0.47 g of a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in air, the energy released heated 200 g
of water from 23.7 oC to 41.0 oC.

What was the amount of energy absorbed by the water?

A. 0.47 x 4.18 x 17.3 J

B. 0.47 x 4.18 x (273 + 17.3) J
C. 200 x 4.18 x 17.3 J
D. 200 x 4.18 x (273 + 17.3)
O/N-14-13

Q13. The diagram shows a Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies for a gaseous mixture. The
distribution has a peak, labeled P on the diagram.

What happens when the temperature of the mixture increases?

A. The height of the peak, P, decreases and the activation energy moves to the left.
B. The height of the peak, P, decreases and the activation energy moves to the right.
C. The height of the peak, P, decreases and the activation energy does not change.
D. The height of the peak, P, increases and the activation energy moves to the left.
M/J-14-12

Q14. The enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is -394 kJ mol-1.

The enthalpy change of formation of water is -286 kJ mol-1.
The enthalpy change of formation of methane is -74 kJ mol-1.

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A. -892 kJ mol-1
B. -606 kJ mol-1
C. +606 kJ mol-1
D. +892 kJ mol-1
M/J-14-12

Q15. Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol, C 2H5OH?

1
A. 2C(g) + 3H2(g) + O (g) C2H5OH(l)
2 2
1
B. 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O (g) C2H5OH(l)
2 2
1
C. 2C(s) + 2H2(g) + O (g) C2H5OH(g)
2 2
D. 2C(g) + 6H(g) + O(g) C2H5OH(l)
M/J-14-12

Q16. The diagram shows the skeletal formula of cyclopropane.

The enthalpy change of formation of cyclopropane is +53.3 kJ mol -1 and the enthalpy change
of atomization of graphite is +717 kJ mol-1.

The bond enthalpy of H – H is 436 kJ mol-1 and of C – H is 410 kJ mol-1.

What value for the average bond enthalpy of the C-C bond in cyclopropane can be calculated
from this data?

A. 187 kJ mol-1 B. 315 kJ mol-1 C. 351 kJ mol-1 D. 946 kJ mol-1

M/J-14-12

Q17. A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the combustion of
methanol.

The following results were obtained by the student.

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Start temperature of the water 20 oC

Final temperature of the water 53 oC
Mass of alcohol burner before burning 259.65 g
Mass of alcohol burner after burning 259.15 g
Mass of glass beaker plus water 150.00 g
Mass of glass beaker 50.00 g

How much of the heat energy produced by the burning of methanol went into the water?

A. 209 J B. 13 794 J C. 20 691 J D. 22 154 J

O/N-13-12
Q18. The reaction pathway for a reversible reaction is shown below.

Which statement is correct?

A. The activation energy of the reverse reaction is +80 kJ mol-1.

B. The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is +30 kJ mol-1.
C. The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is +50 kJ mol-1.
D. The enthalpy change for the reverse reaction is +30 kJ mol-1.
M/J-13-11

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Q19. This question should be answered using bond enthalpy data. The equation for the complete
combustion of methane is given below.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

What is the enthalpy change of combustion of methane?

A. -1530 kJ mol-1
B. -1184 kJ mol-1
C. -770 kJ mol-1
D. -688 kJ mol-1
M/J-13-11
Q20. A student mixed 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution with 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol
dm-3 hydrochloric acid and noted a temperature rise of 2.5 oC.
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction per mole of NaOH?

A. -209 kJ mol-1
B. -104.5 kJ mol-1
C. -209 J mol-1
D. -522.5 J mol-1
M/J-13-12
Q21. Which energy change corresponds to the enthalpy change of atomization of hydrogen at 298
K?
A. The bond energy of a H – H bond
B. Half the bond energy of a H – H bond
C. Minus half the bond energy of a H – H bond
D. Minus the bond energy of a H – H bond
M/J-13-12
Q22. Propanone has molecular formula C3H6O.
The enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen is -286 kJ mol-1.
The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is -394 kJ mol-1.
The enthalpy change of formation of propanone is –254 kJ mol-1.
Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of combustion of propanone?

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 9
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A. -2644 kJ mol-1
B. -2294 kJ mol-1
C. -1786 kJ mol-1
D. -426 kJ mol-1
M/J-13-12

Q23. A reaction which causes the presence of oxides of nitrogen in car exhausts is the formation of
NO.

N2 + O 2 2NO ∆H = +180 kJ mol-1

What is the bond energy in kJ mol-1 of the bond between the atoms in NO?

A. 655 B. 835 C. 1310 D. 1670

O/N-12-12

Q24. In the table below,

 ‘+’ means that this type of standard enthalpy change can only have positive values,
 ‘-‘ means that this type of standard enthalpy change can only have negative values.
 ‘+/-“ means that either positive or negative values are possible.

Which row is correct?

atomization formation solution

A + + +/-
B + +/- +/-
C - +/- -
D - - +
O/N-12-12

Q25. Which process could be used to calculate the bond energy for the covalent bond X-Y by
dividing its ∆H by n?

A. XYn(g) X(g) + nY(g)

B. 2XYn(g) 2XYn-1(g) + Y2(g)
C. Y(g) + XYn-1(g) XYn(g)
n
D. nXY(g) nX(g) + Y (g)
2 2

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O/N-12-12

Q26. A student calculated the standard enthalpy change of formation of ethane, C 2H6, using a
method based on standard enthalpy changes of combustion.

He used correct values for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane (-1560 kJ
mol-1) and hydrogen (-286 kJ mol-1) but he used an incorrect value for the standard enthalpy
change of combustion of carbon. He then performed his calculation correctly. His final answer
was -158 kJ mol-1.

What did he use for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon?

A. -1432 kJ mol-1
B. -860 kJ mol-1
C. -430 kJ mol-1
D. -272 kJ mol-1
O/N-12-12

Q27. Read lead oxide, Pb3O4, is used in metal priming paints. It can be made by heating PbO in air.

6PbO(s) + O2(g) 2Pb3O4(s)

Which two values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction?

A. Enthalpy change of atomization of O2 and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4.

B. Enthalpy change of formation of O2 and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4.
C. Enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of atomization of O 2.
D. Enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb 3O4.
M/J-12-12

Q28. Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, may be made from limestone, CaCO3.

On heating in a lime kiln at 1000oC, limestone decomposes as follows.

Reaction 1 CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Water is then reacted with calcium oxide, CaO, as follows.

Reaction 2 CaO(s) + H2O(I) Ca(OH)2(s)

What are the enthalpy changes of these reactions?

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Reaction 1 Reaction 2
A Endothermic Endothermic
B Endothermic Exothermic
C Exothermic Endothermic
D Exothermic exothermic
M/J-12-12

Q29. Hess’s Law can be used to calculate the average C-H bond energy in methane.

Which data values are needed in order to perform the calculation?

O/N-11-12

Q30. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of HCl and HI are -92 kJ mol-1 and +26 kJ mol-1
respectively.

Which statement is most important in explaining this difference?

A. Chlorine is more electronegative than iodine.

B. The activation energy for the H2+ Cl2 reaction is much less than that for the H2 + I2 reaction.
C. The bond energy of HI is smaller than the bond energy of HCl.
D. The bond energy of I2 is smaller than the bond energy of Cl2.
O/N-11-12

Q31. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction.

What is the bond energy of the N - F bond?

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A. -556 kJ mol-1
B. -278 kJ mol-1
C. +278 kJ mol-1
D. +556 kJ mol-1
O/N-11-13

Q32. Which reaction is endothermic?

O/N-11-13

Q33. Titanium occurs naturally as the mineral rutile, TiO2. One possible method of extraction of
titanium is to reduce the rutile by heating with carbon.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of TiO2(s) and CO(g) are -940 kJ mol-1 and
-110 kJ mol-1 respectively.

What is the standard enthalpy change of this reaction?

A. -830 kJ mol-1
B. -720 kJ mol-1
C. +720 kJ mol-1
D. +830 kJ mol-1
M/J-11-12
Q34. Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy change of formation of
propane?

M/J-11-12

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Q35. In the conversion of compound X into compound Z, it was found that the reaction proceeded
by way of compound Y, which could be isolated. The following steps were involved.

Which reaction profile fits these data?

M/J-11-12
Q36. Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of formation.
The following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.

By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the
standard enthalpy change of formation, for this reaction?

A. -5883 kJ mol-1
B. -129 kJ mol-1
C. +129 kJ mol-1
D. +2197 kJ mol-1
O/N-10-11
Q37. In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel is burnt. 45% of the energy released is absorbed
by 200 g of water whose temperature rises from 18oC to 66oC. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.2 Jg-1 K-1.

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What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt?

A. 25 200 J B. 56 000 J C. 89 600 J D. 143 360 J

O/N-10-11

Q38. Which equation represents the change corresponding to the enthalpy change of atomisation
of iodine?

O/N-10-11

Q39. Some bond energy values are listed below.

Bond Bond energy/ kJ mol-1

C–H 410

C – Cl 340

Cl – Cl 244

Br – Br 193

These bond energy values relate to the following four reactions.

What is the order of enthalpy changes of these reactions from most negative to most
positive?

M/J-10-12

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Q40. Give the following enthalpy change,

What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iodine trichloride, ICI 3(s)

A. +176 kJ mol-1
B. -88 kJ mol-1
C. -176 kJ mol-1
D. -214 kJ mol-1
M/J-10-12

Q41. The first stage in the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia can be represented by
the following equation.

Using the following standard enthalpy change of formation data, what is the value of the
standard enthalpy change, for this reaction?

A. +905.2 kJ mol-1
B. -105.4 kJ mol-1
C. -905.2 kJ mol-1
D. -1274.0 kJ mol-1
O/N-09-12

Q42. PCl5 dissociates as follows.

The extent of dissociation is 13% at 160oC and 100% at 300oC.

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Which pair of statements about this formation of PCl3 is correct?

O/N-09-12

Q43. Four reactions of the type shown are studied at the same temperature.

Which is the correct reaction pathway diagram for the reaction that would proceed most
rapidly and with the highest yield?

O/N-09-12

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Q44. Hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes into water and oxygen. The enthalpy change of
reaction can be calculated using standard enthalpies of formation

Using a Hess cycle, what is the enthalpy change of reaction for this decomposition?

A. +98 kJ mol-1
B. -98 kJ mol-1
C. -196 kJ mol-1
D. -974.2 kJ mol-1
M/J-09-01

Q45. Which quantity would best indicate the relative strengths of the hydrogen bonds between the
molecules in liquid hydrogen halides?

A. Bond dissociation energies

B. Enthalpy changes of solution
C. Enthalpy changes of formation
D. Enthalpy changes of vaporization
O/N-08-01

Q46. The diagram represents the reaction pathway for the following reaction.

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What statement can be made about the reverse reaction?

A. It will have a larger activation energy and a positive ∆H.

B. It will have a larger activation energy and a negative ∆H.
C. It will have a smaller activation energy and a positive ∆H.
D. It will have a smaller activation energy and a negative ∆H.
O/N-08-01

Q47. Red lead oxide, Pb3O4, is used in metal priming paints. It can be made by heating PbO in air.

Which two values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction?

A. Enthalpy change of combustion of lead and enthalpy change of formation of Pb 3O4.

B. Enthalpy change of combustion of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb 3O4.
C. Enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of atomisation of O 2.
D. Enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb 3O4.
O/N-08-01

Q48. For which equation does the enthalpy change correspond to the enthalpy change of
atomization of iodine?

M/J-08-01

Q49. Titanium occurs naturally as the mineral rutile, TiO2, One possible method of extraction of
titanium is to reduce the rutile by heating with carbon.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of TiO2(s) and CO(g) are -940 kJ mol-1 and
-110 kJ mol-1 respectively.

What is standard enthalpy change of this reaction?

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A. -830 kJ mol-1 B. -720 kJ mol-1 C. +720 kJ mol-1 D. + 830 kJ mol-1

M/J-08-01
Q50. Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomization of bromine?

O/N-07-01
Q51. An exothermic chemical reaction proceeds by two stages.

The activation energy of stage 1 is 50 kJ mol-1. The overall enthalpy change of reaction is
-100 kJ mol-1.

Which diagram represents the reaction pathway for this reaction?

M/J-07-01

Q52. Skiers trapped by snowstroms use heat packs to keep warm. The heat may be generated by
the reaction below.

What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iron (III) oxides?

A. 0 kJ mol-1
B. -824 kJ mol-1
C. -1648 kJ mol-1

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D. -3296 kJ mol-1
M/J-07-01

Q53. For which equation is the enthalpy change correctly described as an enthalpy change of
formation?

O/N-06-01
Q54. Give

What is the change in enthalpy, for the following reaction?

O/N-06-01

Q55. In the conversion of compound X into compound Z, it was found that the reaction proceeded
by way of compound Y, which could be isolated. The following steps were involved.

Which reaction profile fits these data?

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M/J-06-01

Q56. The gaseous oxides of nitrogen have positive enthalpy changes of formation.
Which factor is likely to make the most significant contribution to these enthalpy change?
A. The high bond energy of the nitrogen molecule, N2
B. The high electron affinity of nitrogen atoms
C. The high electron affinity of oxygen atoms
D. The similarity of the electronegativities of oxygen and nitrogen.
M/J-06-01
Q57. Given
and

What is the enthalpy change of reaction?

O/N-05-01

Q58. The table shows the enthalpy change of neutralization per mole of water formed,, ∆H, for
various acids and bases.

What are P, Q and R?

O/N-05-01

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Q59. Iodine trichloride, ICl3, is made by reacting iodine with chlorine.

By using the data above, what is the enthalpy change of the formation for solid iodine
trichloride?

A. -60 kJ mol-1
B. -74 kJ mol-1
C. -81 kJ mol-1
D. -162 kJ mol-1
M/J-05-01
Q60. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of iron(II) oxide, FeO(s), and aluminium oxide,
Al2O3(s), are-266 kJ mol-1 and -1676 kJ mol-1 respectively.
What is the enthalpy change under standard conditions for the following reaction?

A. +878 kJ B. -878 kJ C. -1942 kJ D. -2474 kJ

M/J-04-01
Q61. The ‘flash’ produced by nineteenth century photographers to take indoor photographs was
obtained from the following reaction.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation are given below.

What is the standard enthalpy change of the ‘flash’ reaction?

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O/N-03-01
Q62. Gaseous phosphorus pentachloride can be decomposed into gaseous phosphorus trichloride
and chlorine by heating. The table below gives the bond energies.

What is the enthalpy change in the decomposition of PCl5 to PCI3 and Cl2?

A. -420 kJ mol-1 B.-90 kJ mol-1 C. +90 kJ mol-1 D. +420 kJ mol-1

M/J-03-01
Q63. The following energy cycle represents the enthalpy changes in the formation of carbon
dioxide from its constituent elements in their standard states.
What substances are present at level Y in this diagram?

A. C(g) + 2O(g)
B. C(g) + O2(g)
C. C(s) + O2(g)
D. CO2(g)
O/N-02-01
Q64. At 600 oC oxides of nitrogen react with unburnt hydrocarbons in a catalytic converter in a car
exhaust. The equation using methane as representative of a hydrocarbon molecule would be
as follows.

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Which statement is likely to be true about the energy change of this reaction?
A. It is endothermic as heat energy is converted into chemical energy.
B. It is exothermic as a high temperature is required.
C. It is exothermic as the triple bond is broken.
D. It is exothermic as the products have large negative enthalpy changes of formation.
O/N-02-01
Q65. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of HCl and HI are -92 kJ mol-1 and +26 kJ mol-1
respectively.

Which statement is most important in explaining this difference?

A. Chlorine is more electronegative than iodine.

B. The activation energy for the H2/Cl2 reaction is much less than that for the H2/I2 reaction.
C. The bond energy of HI is smaller than the bond energy of HCl.
D. The bond energy of I2 is smaller than the bond energy of Cl2.
O/N-02-01
Q66. Which statement about the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is
correct?
A. It is equal to the standard enthalpy change of combustion of carbon.
B. It is equal to twice the bond energy of the C O bond.
C. It is the energy released when one mole of carbon dioxide is formed from carbon at the
temperature of combustion of the carbon.
D. It is the same for carbon dioxide produced from graphite and from diamond.
M/J-02-01
Q67. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Hydrazine was used as a fuel for the Messerchmidt 163 rocket fighter in World War II and for
the American Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. It has the following formula.
H H
N N
H H

What is the enthalpy change of atomization of 1 mol of gaseous hydrazine?

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A. 550 kJ B. 1720 kJ C. 1970 kJ D. 2554 kJ
M/J-02-01

Q68. An important reaction in the manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia.

For every mole of O2 that reacts in this way, 181.8 kJ of energy are released.
A factory makes 2.50 x 105 mol of NO every day.
How much energy, in kJ, is released every day?
A. 3.64 x 107 B. 4.55 x 107 C. 5.68 x 107 D. 2.27 x 108
O/N-16-11
Q69. At 550oC nitrogen dioxide reacts with unburnt hydrocarbon fragments such as in the
catalytic converter of a motor vehicle.

The following table lists types of energy change for this reaction and possible reasons for
them.
Which row gives the energy change for this reaction and the reason for it?

O/N-16-11
Q70. In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel are burnt. 45.0% of the energy released is
absorbed by 200 g of water. The temperature of the water rises from 18.0 oC to 66.0oC.

What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt (to 3 significant figures)?

A. 25 100 J B. 55 700 J C. 89 200 J D. 143 000 J

O/N-16-12
Q71. Which equation shows the reaction that occurs during the standard enthalpy change of
atomization of bromine?

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M/J-16-11
Q72. Gaseous phosphorus pentachloride can be decomposed into gaseous phosphorus trichloride
and chlorine by heating. The table gives the bond energies.

What is the enthalpy change for the decomposition of PCl5 to PCl3 and Cl2?

M/J-16-11
Q73. The equation for the complete combustion of propan-1-ol is shown.

Standard enthalpy changes of formation are given.

What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol, in kJ mol -1?

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M/J-16-12
Q74. Enthalpy changes, ∆ Η , can be positive or negative.
Which row is correct?

M/J-16-13
Q75. Carbon and silicon have the same outer electronic structure.
Why is a Si – Si bond weaker than a C – C bond?
A. Silicon atoms have a larger atomic radius than carbon atoms.
B. Silicon has a greater nuclear charge than carbon.
C. Silicon has a smaller first ionization energy than carbon.
D. Silicon is more metallic than carbon.
M/J-16-13
Q76. Methanol may be prepared by the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

The relevant average bond energies are given below.

What is the enthalpy change of this reaction?

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M/J-16-13
Q77. Solid sulfur consists of molecules made up of eight atoms covalently bonded together.
The bonding in sulfur dioxide is O=S=O.
Enthalpy change of combustion of S8,
Energy required to break 1 mol S8(s) into gaseous atoms = 2232 kJ mol-1
O=O bond enthalpy = 496 kJ mol-1
Using these data, what is the value of the S=O bond enthalpy?
A. 239 kJ mol-1 B. 257 kJ mol-1 C. 319 kJ mol-1 D. 536 kJ mol-1
O/N-15-11
Q78. Use the Data Booklet is relevant for this question.
In an experiment, the burning of 1.5 g (0.025 mol) of propanone was used to heat 100 g of
water. The initial temperature of the water was 20.0 oC and the final temperature of the water
was 78.0 oC.

Which experimental value for the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone can be
calculated from these results?

O/N-15-11
Q79. Hess’ law may be used to determine enthalpy changes using average bond energies, as shown
in the diagram.

U is the sum of the average bond energies of the reactants, and V I the sum of the average
bond energies of the products.

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 29
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For the reaction shown below, which expression will give a value for W, the enthalpy change
of combustion of methane?

A. U–V B. U+V C. 2(U – V) D. V–U

O/N-15-12
Q80. The decomposition reactioncan be described by the reactionpathway diagram shown.

What are the value of and Ea for this reaction?

O/N-15-12
Q81. A student performed an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethane.

He used the following values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion of carbon and
hydrogen.

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He calculated the enthalpy change of formation of ethane to be -140 kJ mol -1.

What was his experimental value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethane?

M/J-15-13
Q82. Carbon monoxide and methanol can react together to form ethanoic acid.

Standard enthalpy changes of combustion are given in the table.

What is the value for for the reaction between carbon monoxide and methanol?

M/J-15-13

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Q83. A butane burner is used to heat water. The Mr of butane is 58.

Assume that the butane undergoes complete combustion and none of the water evaporates.
What is the minimum mass of butane that must be burnt?
A. 0.068g B. 1.85g C. 3.94g D. 4.48g
O/N-18-11
Q84. Which statement about enthalpy change is correct?
A. Enthalpy changes of atomization are always negative.
B. Enthalpy changes of combustion are always positive.
C. Enthalpy changes of formation are always positive.
D. Enthalpy changes of neutralization are always negative.
O/N-18-12
Q85. Ethanol is increasingly being used as a fuel for cars.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide is -393 kJ mol -1.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of water is -286 kJ mol-1.
The standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol is -277 kJ mol-1.
What is the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol?
A. – 1921 kJ mol-1
B. – 1367 kJ mol-1
C. – 956 kJ mol-1
D. – 402 kJ mol-1
O/N-18-12
Q86. Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of formation.
The following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.

By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the
standard enthalpy change of formation, of butane?

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A. – 5883 kJ mol-1
B. – 129 kJ mol-1
C. + 129 kJ mol-1
D. + 2197 kJ mol-1
M/J-18-11
-1.
Q87. The enthalpy change of reaction 1 is -114 kJ mol

By using this information, what is the most likely value for the enthalpy change of reaction 2?

A. - 57 kJ mol-1 B. - 76 kJ mol-1 C. - 114 kJ mol-1 D. - 228 kJ mol-1

M/J-18-12
Q88. Anhydrous copper (II) chloride, CuCl2, combines with water to form CuCl22H2O. the standard
enthalpy changes of formation for this reaction are shown in the table.

What is the standard enthalpy change of the reaction shown?

A. – 1586 kJ mol-1
B. – 316 kJ mol-1
C. – 110 kJ mol-1
D. – 30 kJ mol-1

M/J-18-13

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Q89. Sulfur can be oxidized in two ways.

Sulfur trioxide can be made from sulfur dioxide and oxygen.

What is the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?

A. – 1384.4 kJ mol-1
B. – 989.8 kJ mol-1
C. – 494.9 kJ mol-1
D. – 198.4 kJ mol-1
O/N-17-11
o
Q90. 200 g of water are at 25 C.
The water is heated to 75 oC by burning 2g of ethanol.
What is the amount of energy transferred to the water?
A. 0.418 kJ B. 10.4 kJ C. 41.8 kJ D. 62.7 kJ
O/N-17-11
Q91. In calculating the enthalpy change, ∆H, of an experiment involving solutions, the mass of the
solution, m, specific heat capacity of the solution, c, and the temperature change, ∆T, are
needed.
∆T = Tfinal – Tinitial
Which expression for ∆H is correct?

O/N-17-12
Q92. The following data are needed for this question.

What is for the reaction shown?

A. – 9844 kJ mol-1
B. – 388 kJ mol-1
C. – 97 kJ mol-1
D. + 2019 kJ mol-1

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O/N-17-12
Q93. Which expression gives the standard enthalpy change of combustion of methane?

M/J-17-11
Q94. In the high temperatures of car engines, nitrogen reacts with oxygen to give nitrogen
monoxide.

This reaction has activation energy Ea.

Which reaction pathway diagram could correctly represent this reaction?

M/J-17-12

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Q95. The following data are needed for this question.

Carbon monoxide reacts with iron (III) oxide.

What is the enthalpy change when 55.8g of iron are produced by this reaction?
A. -27.0 kJ B. -13.5 kJ C. +13.5 kJ D. +27.0 kJ
M/J-17-13

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SECTION - B
For each of the question in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may be
correct.

Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct).

The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

Q96. Which statements are correct for all exothermic reactions?

1. ∆H for the reaction is negative.

2. On a reaction pathway diagram the products are shown lower than the reactants.
3. The reaction will happen spontaneously.
M/J-15-12

Q97. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this equation.

The bond energy of the Br – O bond is 235 kJ mol-1.

Which reactions are exothermic?

O/N-14-12
Q98. Which names can be applied to the enthalpy change of the reaction shown?
1
H2 (g) + O (g) H2O (l)
2 2

1. Enthalpy change of formation

2. Enthalpy change of combustion

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3. Enthalpy change of hydration
O/N-14-13

Q99. Compared with HI molecule, the bond ……..P…….. of the HBr molecule is ………O……...
Which pairs of words correctly complete the above sentence?

P Q
1 energy greater
2 length less
3 polarity greater
O/N-14-13

Q100. The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reversible reaction.

Which statements are correct?

1. The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is +90 kJ mol-1.

2. The forward reaction is exothermic.
3. The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is -30 kJ mol-1.

M/J-13-12

Q101. Compared with the HCl molecule, the bond ………..X………. of the HBr molecule is ……….Y………..

Which pairs of words correctly complete the above sentence?

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M/J-12-12

Q102. An energy profile diagram is shown.

What do the labels on the diagram represent?

1. W = ∆H of the forward reaction, Y = Ea of the backward reaction.

2. Z = ∆H of the backward reaction, Y = Ea of the backward reaction.
3. X = ∆H of the forward reaction, W = Ea of the forward reaction.
O/N-11-12

Q103. For which reactions does the value of ∆HΘ represent both a standard enthalpy change of
combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation?

M/J-09-01

Q104. Sodium ions can be formed from sodium atoms.

Which quantities are required to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of gaseous
sodium ions?

1. Enthalpy change of atomisation of sodium

2. First ionisation energy of sodium
3. Enthalpy change of formation of sodium

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M/J-06-01

Q105. Which of the enthalpy changes of the following reactions can only be obtained by application
of Hess’ Law?

1. The hydration of anhydrous copper sulphate to form crystals of CuSO4.5H2O.

2. The formation of methane from its elements.
3. The combustion of glucose, C6H12O6.
M/J-05-01

Q106. The diagram illustrates the energy changes of a set of reactions.

Which of the following statements are correct?

O/N-04-01

Q107. The conversion of graphite into diamond is an endothermic reaction (∆H = +3 kJ mol-1)

Which statements are correct?

1. The enthalpy change of atomization of diamond is smaller than that of graphite.

2. The bond energy of the C-C bonds in graphite is greater than that in diamond.
3. The enthalpy change of combustion of diamond is greater than that of graphite.

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M/J-03-01

Q108. For which enthalpy changes is the value of ∆ Η always negative?

1. Combustion
2. Hydration
3. Solution
O/N-16-11

Q109. In which manufacture of sulfuric acid, the following exothermic reaction occurs.

Which changes will move the position of the equilibrium to the right?

1. Increasing the pressure

2. Increasing the temperature
3. Using twice as much catalyst
O/N-16-11

Q110. An ethanol bumer can be used to heat water. If appropriate measurements are taken, a value
for the enthalpy of combustionof ethanol can be calculated. The equation

Heat transferred = -mc∆ T

is used as part of the calculation.

1. ∆ T is the change in temperature of the water.

2. M is the mass of water used in the experiment.
3. C is the specific heat capacity of ethanol.
M/J-16-12

Q111. Which statements are correct for all exothermic reactions?

1. ∆H for the reaction is negative.
2. On a reaction pathway diagram the products are shown lower than the reactants.
3. The reaction will occur without heating.

O/N-18-11

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Q112. Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.

The standard enthalpy change for this reaction is – 414 kJ mol-1.

What further information is needed in order to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation of calcium hydroxide,

M/J-18-11

Q113. For which reactions does the value of represent both a standard enthalpy change of
combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation?

M/J-18-12

Q114. The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reversible reaction.

Which statements are correct?

1. The forward reaction is exothermic.

2. The enthalpy change for the forward reaction is – 30 kJ mol-1.

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3. The enthalpy change for the backward reaction is + 90 kJ mol-1.
M/J-18-13

Q115. The definitions of many chemical terms can be illustrated by chemical equations.
Which terms can be illustrated by an equation that includes the formation of a positive ion?
1. First ionization energy
2. Heterolytic fission of a covalent bond
3. Enthalpy change of atomization
O/N-17-11

Q116. A reaction between carbon and oxygen is shown.

How can the enthalpy change of this reaction be describe correctly?

How can the enthalpy change of this reaction be described correctly?
1. Enthalpy change of formation
2. Enthalpy change of combustion
3. Enthalpy change of atomisation
M/J-17-11

Q117. Which statements about endothermic reactions are correct?

1. On the reaction pathway diagram the products of the reaction are lower than the
reactants.
2. There is a net transfer of heat energy from the surroundings to the reacting system.
3. The total bond energies of the reactants > the total bond energies of the products.

M/J-17-12

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SECTION-C
Q1. For many compounds the enthalpy change of formation cannot be calculated directly. An
indirect method based on enthalpy changes of combustion can be used.

The enthalpy change of combustion can be found by a calorimetry experiment in which the
heat energy given off during combustion is used to heat a known mass of water and the
temperature change recorded.

(a). (i). Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3]
(ii). Write the equation for the complete combustion ofethanol, C2H5OH.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(b). In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol, 0.23 g
of ethanol was burned and the heat given off raised the temperature of 100 g of
waterby 16.3oC.

(i). Calculate the heat energy change, q, during the combustion of 0.23 g of
ethanol.

q = …………………………………… J
[1]
(ii). Calculate the enthalpy change on burning 1 mol of ethanol. Include a sign in
your answer.

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 44
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∆ H = ……………………………….. kJ mol-1
[1]

(iii). Suggest two reasons why the value for the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol determined by a simple laboratory calorimetry experiment is likely to
be lower than the true value.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(c). The table gives some enthalpy change of combustion values.

(i). Construct a labelled energy cycle to show how these values could be used to
calculate the enthalpy change of formation of C3H7OH(I), ∆ H f.

[3]
(ii). Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆ H f, ofC3H7OH(I).

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 45
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∆ H f =………………………………… kJ mol-1
[2]
O/N-16-21

Q2. Chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes.

(a). Explain the meaning of the term standard enthalpy change of reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(b). The enthalpy change of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, ∆ H hyd MgSO4, can
be calculated by carrying out two separate experiments.

In the first experiment 45.00 g of water was weighed into a polystyrene cup and 3.01 g
of MgSO4 was added and stirred until it was completely dissolved. The temperature of
the water rose from 23.4 oC to 34.7 oC.

(i). Calculate the amount of heat energy transferred to the water during this
dissolving process.

You can assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as
that of water, 4.18 Jg-1 K-1.

heat energy = …………………………… J

[1]
(ii). Calculate the amount, in moles, of MgSO4 dissolved.

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 46
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amount = ………………………….. mol

[1]

(iii). Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, ∆ H hyd of MgSO4(s).

You must include a sign with your answer.

∆ H hyd of MgSO4(s) = …………………………….. kJ mol-1

[1]

In the second experiment, the enthalpy changeof solution for thehydrated salt, MgSO 4.
7H2O(s), was calculated and found to be 960 kJ mol-1.

(iv). Use the equation below for the hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate to
construct a suitable, fully labelled energy cycle that will allow you to calculate
the enthalpy change for this reaction, ∆ H hyd of MgSO4.

[1]
(v). Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, ∆ H hyd of MgSO4. Include a sign
in your answer.

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 47
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∆ H hyd of MgSO4= ………………………………… kJ mol-1

[1]
O/N-15-22

Q3. Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture viscose rayon
and cellophane.

(a). The carbon atom is in the centre of the CS2 molecule.

Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the carbon disulphide molecule.

Show outer electrons only.

[2]

(b). Suggest the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.

Shape …………………………………………………………………………….

Bond angle …………………………………………………………………… [2]

(c). Explain the term standard enthalpy change of formation,

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

(d). Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CS2 from the following data.

Standard enthalpy change of formation of SO2 = -298 kJ mol-1

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Standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2 = -395 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of combustion of CS2 = -1110 kJ mol-1

[3]

O/N-05-02

Q4. The equation for the complete combustion of ethyne is given below.
Use appropriate bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change of combustion of ethyne.

[3]

(e). The value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethyne is -1300 kJ mol -1.

(i). Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). Explain why your answer to (d) does not have the same value as the standard enthalpy
change of combustion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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[3]

M/J-06-02

Q5. The unsaturated hydrocarbon Z is obtained by cracking hexane and is important in the
chemical industry.

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of Z is -2059 kJ mol-1.

(a). Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

When 0.47 g of Z were completely burnt in air, the heat produced raised the
temperature of 200 g of water by 27.5 oC.

(b). (i). Calculate the amount of heat released in this experiment.

(ii). Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the relative molecular
mass of Z.

[4]
O/N-06-02

Q6. Carbon, hydrogen and ethane each burn exothermically in an excess of air.

Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, in kJmol -1 of
ethane at 298 K.

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= ……………………………………..kJ mol-1[3]
O/N-07-02
Q7. (i). Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii). Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of ketene.

[6]
O/N-08-02
Q8. Alkanes such as methane, CH4, undergo few chemical reactions. Methane will, however, react
with chlorine but not with iodine.
Relevant standard enthalpy changes of formation for the reaction of methane with chlorine to
form chloromethane, CH3Cl, are given below.

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(a). (i). Use the data to calculate for the formation CH3Cl.

(ii). The corresponding reaction with iodine does not take place.
Use bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a ‘theoretical value’
for for the following equation.

(iii). Suggest why this reaction does not in fact occur.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5]
O/N-09-21
Q9. Hydrazine, N2H4, can be used as a rocket fuel and is stored as a liquid. It reacts exothermically
with oxygen to give only gaseous products.
The enthalpy change of a reaction such as that between hydrazine and oxygen may be
calculated by using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(a). Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, .

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
(b). Hydrazine reacts with oxygen according to the following equation.

(i). Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of this
reaction.

………………………………………….. kJ Mol-1
(ii). Although the above reaction is highly exothermic, hydrazine does not burn
spontaneously is oxygen.
Suggest a reason for this.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3]
M/J-10-23
Q10. The unsaturated hydrocarbon, E, is obtained by cracking hexane and is important in the
chemical industry.

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of E is -2059 kJ mol-1.

(a). Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

When 0.47 g of E was completely burnt in air, the heat produced raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 27.5 oC. Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.

(b). (i). Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat
released in this experiment.

(ii). Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the relative molecular
mass, Mr of E.

[4]
O/N-10-21
Q11. Halogenoalkanes have been widely used as aerosol propellants, refrigerants and solvents for
many years.

Fluoroethane, CH3CH2F, has been used as a refrigerant. It may be made by reacting ethane
with hydrogen fluoride.
You are to calculate a value for the C-F bond energy in fluoroethane.

Use relevant bond energies from the Data Booklet, and the equation below to calculate a
value for the bond energy of the C-F bond.

KAMRAN SHAHZAD 54
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C-F bond energy = ………………………………………………….kJ mol-1[4]

M/J-11-22

Q12. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of C2H2, , is -1300 kJ mol-1 at 298 K.

Values of relevant standard enthalpy changes of formation, measured at 298 K.

are given in the table.

(i) Write balanced equations, with state symbols, that represent

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of C2H2, and

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The standard enthalpy change of formation, of C2H2.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation, , of C2H2.
Show clearly whether the standard enthalpy change of formation of C2H2 has a positive
or negative value.

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[6]
M/J-11-21
Q13. For some chemical reactions, such as the thermal decomposition of potassium
hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3, the enthalpy change of reaction cannot be measured directly.

In such cases, the use of Hess ‘Law enables the enthalpy change of reaction to be calculated
from the enthalpy change of other reactions.

(a). State Hess’ Law.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

In order to determine the enthalpy, change for the thermal decomposition of potassium
hydrogencarbonate, two separate experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1
30.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (an excess) was placed in a conical flask and the
temperature recorded as 21.0oC.
When 0.0200 mol of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, was added to the acid and the mixture
stirred with a thermometer, the maximum temperature recorded was 26.2 oC.

(b). (i). Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). Calculate the quantity of heat produced in experiment 1, stating you units.
Use relevant data from the Data Booklet and assume that all solutions have the
same specific heat capacity as water.

(iii). Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of K2CO3.
Give your answer in kJ mol-1 and include a sigh in your answer.

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(iv). Explain why the hydrochloric acid must be in an excess.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

Experiment 2

The experiment was repeated with 0.200 mol of potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO 3.
All other conditions were the same.
In the second experiment, the temperature fell from 21.0 oC to 17.3 oC.

(c). (i). Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii). Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed in experiment 2.

(iii). Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of KHCO3.
Give your answer in kJ mol-1 and include a sign in your answer.

[3]
(d). When KHCO3 is heated, it decomposes into K2CO3, CO2 and H2O.

Use Hess’ Law and your answer to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy change
for this reaction.
Give your answer in kJ mol-1 and include a sign in your answer.

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[2]
O/N-11-22
Q14. With the prospect that fossil fuels will become increasingly scarce in the future, many
compounds are being considered for use in internal combustion engines. One of these is DME
or dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3. DME is a gas which can be synthesized from methanol. Methanol
can be obtained from biomass, such as plant waste from agriculture.

(a). Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard

enthalpy change of combustion, , for DME at 298 K.

Equation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3]
(b). DME may be synthesized from methanol. Relevant enthalpy changes of formation,
, for this reaction are given in the table below.

Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of DME, using the following
equation. Including a sign in your answer.

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= ………………………………… kJ mol-1
[3]
M/J-12-23
Q15. Alohols such as methanol, CH3OH, are considered to be possible replacement for fossil fuels
because they can be used in car engines.

(a). Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard

enthalpy change of combustion, , for methanol at 298 K.

Equation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3]

Methanol may be synthesized from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Relevant

values for this reaction are given in the table below.

Compound /kJ mol-1

CO(g) -283
H2(g) -286
CH3OH(g) -726

(b). Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of methanol, using the
following equation. Include a sign in your answer.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

= ………………………… kJ mol-1
[3]

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(c). The operating conditions for this reaction are as follows.
Pressure 200 atmospheres (2 x 107 Pa)
Temperature 600 K
Catalyst oxides of Cr, Cu and Zn
In the spaces below, explain how each of these conditions affects the rate of
formation of methanol.
Pressure

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Temperature

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Catalyst

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[6]
M/J-12-22
Q16. Methanol, CH3OH, is considered to be a possible alternative to fossil fuels, particularly for use
in vehicles.
Methanol can be produced from fossil fuels and from agricultural waste. It can also be
synthesized from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

(a). Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard
enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide.

Equation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3]
(b). Relevant values for the reaction what synthesizes methanol are given in the table.

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(i) Use these values to calculate for this synthesis of methanol.

Include a sign in your answer.

= ………………………………. kJ mol-1
(ii). Suggest one possible environmental advantage of this reaction. Explain your
answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[5]
(c). The synthesis of methanol is carried out at about 500 K with a pressure of between
40 and 100 atmospheres (between 4 x 106 Pa and 10 x 107 Pa) and using a catalyst.
The use of such conditions will affect both the rate of reaction and the equilibrium
yield.

In the spaces below, explain the effects of higher temperature, higher pressure, and
the use of a catalyst on the equilibrium yield of methanol.

Higher Temperature

Effect ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Explanation .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Higher Pressure

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Effect ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Explanation .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Use of Catalyst

Effect ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Explanation .………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[6]
M/J-12-21
Q17. (a). Carbon disulfide is readily combusted to give CO2 and SO2.
(i). Construct a balanced equation for the complete combustion of CS2.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii). Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion, .

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(b). Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CS2 from the following data.
Include a sign in your answer.
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of CS2 = -1110 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of CO2 = -395 kJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of So2 = -298 kJ mol-1

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[3]
(c). Carbon disulfide reacts with nitrogen monoxide, NO, in a 1 : 2 molar ratio.
A yellow solid and two colourless gases are produced.
(i). Construct a balanced equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii). What is the change in the oxidation number of sulfur in this reaction?

From …..………………………………………... to …………………………………………………………

[3]
M/J-13-23
Q18. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of NH3(g) and H2O(g) are as follows.

Use these data and the value of given below to calculate the standard enthalpy
change of formation of NO(g).

Include a sign in your answer.

[4]
M/J-13-21
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Q19. A 1.00 cm3 sample of C14H30 was completely burnt in air.
The heat produced raised the temperature of 250 g of water by 34.6 oC.
Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.
The density of C14H30 is 0.763g cm-3.
(i) Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat
released in this experiment.

(ii). Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the energy produced by
the combustion of 1 mol of C14H30.

[5]
O/N-13-23
Q20. (a). Propane and butane have different values of standard enthalpy change of combustion.

Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(b). A 125 cm3 sample of propane gas, measured at 20oC and 101 kPa, was completely
burnt in air.
The heat produced raised the temperature of 200 g of water by 13.8 oC.
Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.
(i) Use the equation pV = nRT to calculate the mass of propane used.

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(ii). Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat
released in this experiment.

(iii). Use the data above and your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the energy
produced by the burning of 1 mol of propane.

[5]
O/N-13-22
Q21. (i). An important reaction of CHCl3(g) is the manufacture of CHClF2(g), using the following
reversible reaction.

Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ∆Hr, for the formation of
CHClF2(g) as shown in the equation.

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Enthalpy change of reaction, ∆Hr = ……………………………………. kJ mol-1

[3]
(ii). The reaction in (ii) is carried out using a heterogeneous catalyst.
Explain fully the meaning of the term heterogenous and catalyst.
Heterogeneous

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Catalyst

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
O/N-18-21
Q22. Trihalomethanes are organic molecules in which three of the hydrogen atoms of methane are
replaced by halogen atoms, for example CHF3.
(a). The equation shows a reaction to produce CHF3.

Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ∆Hr, for this formation of
CHF3.

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Enthalpy change of reaction, ∆Hr = ………………………………………. kJ mol-1

[3]
O/N-18-22
Q23. Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the contract process.
One state in this process is the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the presence
of a heterogeneous catalyst of vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5.

(a). (i). State the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.

Explain how a catalyst causes this effect.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(ii). State the meaning of the term heterogenous as applied to catalysts.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(b). Some bond energies are given.

Use the data, and the enthalpy change for the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur
trioxide, to calculate a value for the S = O bond energy in SO3.

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S = O bond energy in SO3 = ………………………………….. kJ mol-1

[2]
M/J-18-21
Q24. Ammonia, NH3, is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen by the Haber Process

(a). Some bond energies are given.

(i). Explain the meaning of the term bond energy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(ii). Use the data to calculate a value for the N – H bond energy.
You must show your working.

N – H bond energy = ………………………………… kJ mol-1

[2]
O/N-17-21

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ANSWER SHEET
1. (a). (i). Enthalpy/energy/heat change when on mole of a substance [3]
Burns/combusts/reacts in excess oxygen
OR
Completely burns/combusts/reacts in oxygen
Under standard conditions
(ii). [1]

(b). (i). 6813.4/6813/6810/6800 (J) [1]

(ii). -1362.68/ - 1362.7/ -1363/-1360/-1400 (kJ) [1]
(iii). Any 2 from: [2]
Heat/energy losses (to air and/or to the container/surroundings)
Incomplete combustion
(volatile) ethanol evaporated
Ethanol is impure
Not all energy is lost as heat
(c). (i). [3]

(ii). [2]

2. (a). M1 Heat (energy) change (or Hprod – Hreact ) measured at constant pressure
OR
Enthalpy change when the amount/moles of reactants as shown in a (reaction) equation react together to give
products
M2 measured at standard conditions [2]
(b). (i). q = 2125.53 [1]
(ii). amount = 0.025(0) [1]
(iii). - 85.(0) [1]
(iv). [1]

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(v). [1]

3. (a).

sulphur atom has 6/carbon atom has 4 electrons

S=C double bonds (4 electrons) clearly shown [2]
(b). linear
180o [2]
(c). the enthalpy change when 1 mol of a compound
is formed from its elements in their standard states
under standard conditions (may be quoted) [3]
(d). [3]

4. (a). [3]

(b). (i). the enthalpy/energy change when one mole of a substance

is burned in an excess of air/oxygen
or completely combusted
under standard conditions [2]

(ii). calculation in (b) includes H2O(g) whereas ∆Hcomb involves H2O(I)

or average bond energy terms are used in the Data Booklet [1]

5. (a). enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance

Is burnt in an excess of hydrogen /air

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or undergoes complete combustion
under standard conditions [2]

(b). (i). heat released = m c δ T = 200 x 4.18 x 27.5

= 22990 J = 23.0 kJ
(if candidate uses 4.2 answer is 23.1 kJ) [2]
(ii). 23.0 kJ produced from 0.47 g
2059 kJ produced from = 42.08 g
(use of 4.2 gives 41.90 g) allow ecf from (i). [4]

6. (a). [3]

7. (a). (i). enthalpy change when

1 mol of a compound is formed
from its elements
in their standard states under standard conditions [3]
(ii).

[3]

8. (a). (i).

(ii).

(iii). [5]

9. (a). enthalpy change when 1 mol of a compound is formed

from its elements
in their standard states under standard conditions [3]
(b). (i).

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(ii). Ea is too high

(iii). products are H2O and N2 which are harmless/non toxic
Or are already present in the atmosphere [4]

10. (a). enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance

Is burnt in an excess of oxygen/air under standard conditions
Or is completely combusted under standard conditions [2]

(e). (i). heat released = m c δ T = 200 x 4.18 x 275

= 22990 J = 23.0 kJ
(ii). 230 kJ produced from 0.47 g of E

2059 produced from g of E

= 42.08 g of E
allow ecf in (i) or (ii) on candidate’s expressions [4]

11. (a).

breaking reactant bonds requires

4 x 410 + 610 + 562 = 2812 kJ mol-1
making product bonds gives

allow ecf on wrong bond energy values and/or incorrect arithmetic [4]

12. (a). (i). [2]

[1]

(ii).

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value
sign
allow ecf on wrong equation [3]

13. (a). the overall enthalpy change/energy change/∆ H for a reaction [1]
Is independent of the route taken or
Is independent of the number of steps involved [1]
Provided the initial and final conditions are the same.
(b). (i). [1]

(ii). heat produced = m x c x δ T = 30.0 x 4.18 x 5.2 [1]

= 652.08 J per 0.0200 mol of K2CO3

(iii). 0.020 mol K2CO3 ≡ 352.08 J

Enthalpy change = -32.60 kJ mol-1 [1]

(iv). to prevent the formation of KHCO3 or
to ensure complete neutralization [1]
(c). (i). [1]

(ii). heat absorbed = m x c x δ T = 30.0 x 4.18 x 3.7

= 463.98 J per 0.0200 mol of KHCO3 [1]

(iii). 0.0200 mol KHCO3 = 463.98 J

enthalpy change = +23.20 kJ mol-1 [1]

(d). [2]

14. (a). [3]

(b). [3]

15. (a). [3]

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(b). [3]

(c). pressure
increasing rate
by increasing frequency of collisions or
by increasing concentration of reactants [2]
temperature
increasing rate
because more molecules have energy > Ea [2]
catalyst
increasing rate
by providing an alternative route of lower Ea [2]

16. (a).

[3]

(b). (i).

[3]
(ii). removal of CO2 from the atmosphere
CO2 is a greenhouse gas/causes global warming [2]
(c). in this part, in each case, the ‘effect’ must be correctly stated
in order to gain the explanation mark.
higher temperature
yield is reduced/equilibrium goes to LHS
because forward reaction is exothermic/reverse reaction is endothermic [2]
higher pressure
yield is increased or equilibrium goes to RHS
fewer moles/molecules on RHS or more moles/molecules on LHS [2]
use of catalyst
yield does not change
forward and backward rates speeded up by same amount [2]

17. (a). (i).

(ii). enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance
is burnt in an excess of oxygen/air
or is completely combusted
under standard conditions [3]

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(b).

[3]

18. (a).

[4]

19. (a). working must be shown

(i).

(ii).

[5]

20. (a). enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance

is burnt in an excess of oxygen/air under standard conditions
or is completely combusted under standard conditions [2]

(b). (i).

(ii). heat released = m c δ T = 200 x 4.18 x 13.8 J

= 11536.8 J = 11.5 kJ
(iii). 0.23 g of propane produce 11.5 kJ

= 2200 kJ mol-1 [5]

21. (a).
(i). [3]

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(ii). M1 in a different phase/state from reactants [3]

M2 a substance that speeds up a (chemical) reaction
M3 catalyst is regenerated/not used up/undergoes temporary chemical change/recovered unchanged

22. (a).

23. (a). (i). (it is a substance that) speeds up a reaction [1]

(by creating an alternative pathway/mechanism with lower Ea [1]
(ii). (a heterogeneous catalyst is in a) different state/phase (to the reactants) [1]

(b). - 196 + 6S = O = (4 x 534) + 496 [1]

S=O = 2828/6 = 47(.3) [1]

24. (a). (i). energy needed/required to break a mole of (covalent) bonds [1]
(All) in the gaseous state [1]
(ii). -92 = {944 + 3(436)} – 6E(N-H) [1]
E(N – H) = (+) 390.7/391

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