Physio Assignment

PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
NAME:DIVESH JAIPAL
ROLL NO:128
ASSIGNMENT:PHYSIOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO :SIR ALAM
1)FUNCTIONS OF THE GIT ENZYMES:

i)PEPSIN: An enzyme made in stomach which is secreted by
the gastric mucosa that breaks down proteins in food during
digestion. Stomach acid changes a protein called pepsinogen
into pepsin. Pepsin digests proteins into smaller protein
fragments called peptides. The acid in the stomach causes food
proteins to unfold in a process called denaturation.
Denaturation exposes the protein's molecular bonds so that
pepsin can access them and break the proteins into smaller
fragments, called peptides or polypeptides.
ii)RENNIN: Rennin, also called chymosin, protein-digesting

enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into
insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-
chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in
which milk is retained in the stomach of the young animal.
Rennin is helpful in the milk coagulation
III)GASTRIC LIPASE: Human gastric lipase (HGL) is a
lipolytic enzyme that is secreted by the chief cells located in the
fundic part of the stomach. HGL plays an important role in lipid
digestion, since it promotes the subsequent hydrolytic action of
pancreatic lipase in duodenal lumen. Gastric lipases
are responsible for the digestion of exogenous lipid.
Triglycerides are digested to diglycerides then followed by fatty
acids. The duodenum secretes bile salts (BS),
phosphatidylcholine (PL), and cholesterol (Ch) from the gall
bladder and pancreatic lipases from pancreas.
IV)Gelatinase: Gelatinase allows the organisms that

produce it to break down gelatin into smaller polypeptides,
peptides, and amino acids that can cross the cell membrane
and be utilized by the organism. When gelatin is broken down,
it can no longer solidify. Gelatinase breaks down this
connective tissue, allowing your body to absorb the nutrients
that it contains.
V)UREASE: Urease, an enzyme that catalyzes the

hydrolysis of urea, forming ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Found in large quantities in jack beans, soybeans, and other
plant seeds, it also occurs in some animal tissues and intestinal
microorganisms. Gastric urease allows the organism to
colonize the acidic stomach and serves as a biomarker for the
presence of H. pylori. Important clinical tests for H. pylori, the
rapid urease test and urea breath test, are based on gastric
urease.
ENZYME ACTIVATOR SUBSTRATE END
PRODUCTS
PEPSIN(g 150-160 HCL Proteins, Proteoses,
peptones,
mmols/l)
polypeptides
GASTRIC LIPASE ACID MEDIUM TRIGLICERYIDES OF FATTY ACIDS

BUTTER AND STARCH AND GLYCEROL
GASTRIC ACID MEDIUM STARCH DEXTRIN AND
MALTOSE
AMYLASE (NEGLIGIBLE
ACTION)
GELATINASE ACID MEDIUM GELATIN AND PEPTIDES
COLLAGEN OF MEAT
URASE ACID MEDIUM UREA AMMONIA
FUNCTIONS OF OTHER ORANIC SOLOUTES

OF GIT
1)MUCUS: Gastric mucus is a Mucoprotein that serves two

purposes: the lubrication of food masses in order to facilitate
movement within the stomach and the formation of a protective
layer over the lining epithelium of the stomach cavity.IT also
protects the gastric mucosa from hcl and pepsin
2)INTRINSIC FACTOR: Intrinsic factor of castle, secreted

by parietal cells of gastric glands plays a important role in
erythropoiesis. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin
B12(which is called extrinsic factor) from git into the blood.
Vitamin B12 is an important maturation factor during
erythropoiesis. Absence of intrinsic factor will cause pernicious
anaemia
Functions of Inorganic Substances of Git
i)HCL: Hydrochloric acid is present in the gastric juice. It activates

pepsinogen into pepsin. Kills some of the bacteria entering the
stomach along with food substances. This action is called
bacteriolytic action. Provides acid medium, which is necessary for the
action of hormones. NORMAL VALUE=20 to 100 mL
II)SODIUM: It flavors food and is used as a binder and

stabilizer. It is also a food preservative, as bacteria can't thrive
in the presence of a high amount of salt. The human body
requires a small amount of sodium to conduct nerve impulses,
contract and relax muscles, and maintain the proper balance of
water and minerals. Bloating when your stomach feels swollen
or tight is one of the most common short-term effects of having
too much salt. It helps your body retain water, so extra fluid
builds up.
III)CALCIUM: Calcium dissolves in the stomach and is
absorbed through the lining of the small intestine into the
bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, calcium builds bone,
regulates the expansion and contraction of the blood vessels,
and performs other important functions. Does calcium affect
stomach acid. Calcium is alkaline and neutralizes existing acid in
the stomach, relieving heartburn. This effect may subside over
time as the calcium is digested and stomach acid resumes, but
as long as calcium is present in the stomach your heartburn
should be reduced.
IV)POTASSIUM: Potassium (K+) ions are critical for the

activation and catalytic cycle of the gastric H+,K+-
ATPase,resulting in the secretion of hydrochloric acid into the
parietal cell canaliculus.
V)BICARBONATE: The primary function of the mucosal

bicarbonate secretion is to neutralize acid diffusing into the
mucus gel layer and to be quantitatively sufficient to maintain a
near-neutral pH at the mucus-mucosal surface interface. When
the acidic chyme enters the small intestine from stomach,
stomach secretes bicarbonate ions in a large amount in the
intestine. It acts as a buffer to break down and dilute the acidic
content and increases the pH of the chyme. So, that pancreatic
digestive enzyme becomes active for further digestion.
vi)CHLORIDE: Chloride is needed to keep the proper

balance of body fluids. It is an essential part of digestive
(stomach) juices.
vii)Phosphate: Phosphate is necessary for the formation of
bone and teeth. Phosphate is also used as a building block for
several important substances, including those used by the cell
for energy, cell membranes, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
The body obtains phosphate from foods and excretes it in urine
and sometimes stool.
VIII)SULFATE: The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a
metabolically significant site of sulfur amino acid (SAA)
metabolism in the body and metabolises about 20 % of the
dietary methionine intake which is mainly transmethylated to
homocysteine and trans-sulfurated to cysteine.
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF SUCCUS ENTRICUS

ENZYME SUBSTRATE END PRODUCT
PEPTIDASES Peptides Amino acids
Sucrase Sucrose Fructose and
Glucose
Maltase Maltose and maltotriose Glucose
Lactase Lactose Galactose and
glucose
Dextrinase Dextrin,maltose,maltotriose Glucose
Trehalase Trehalose Glucose
Intestinal Lipase Triglycerides Fatty acids
Q) Is H2O a waste product?

ANS): Yes… along with carbon dioxide. The cell burns
glucose in oxygen to release energy and casts off water and
carbon dioxide:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —→ 6CO2 + 6H2O
or:
Glucose + Oxygen —-energy release—→ Carbon Dioxide +

Water. Although some people say H20 is not a waste product it
is a by product which is excreted when it is in excess
THE END

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PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

1)FUNCTIONS OF THE GIT ENZYMES:

ii)RENNIN: Rennin, also called chymosin, protein-digesting

IV)Gelatinase: Gelatinase allows the organisms that

V)UREASE: Urease, an enzyme that catalyzes the

GASTRIC LIPASE ACID MEDIUM TRIGLICERYIDES OF FATTY ACIDS

FUNCTIONS OF OTHER ORANIC SOLOUTES

1)MUCUS: Gastric mucus is a Mucoprotein that serves two

2)INTRINSIC FACTOR: Intrinsic factor of castle, secreted

i)HCL: Hydrochloric acid is present in the gastric juice. It activates

II)SODIUM: It flavors food and is used as a binder and

IV)POTASSIUM: Potassium (K+) ions are critical for the

V)BICARBONATE: The primary function of the mucosal

vi)CHLORIDE: Chloride is needed to keep the proper

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES OF SUCCUS ENTRICUS

Q) Is H2O a waste product?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —→ 6CO2 + 6H2O

Glucose + Oxygen —-energy release—→ Carbon Dioxide +

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