Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Reading

Practice Test 3
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Another man might have thrown up his 1

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hands—but not Nawabdin. His twelve Which choice completes the text with the
daughters acted as a spur to his genius, and he most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line looked with satisfaction in the mirror each
5 morning at the face of a warrior going out to A) thrills
do battle. Nawab of course knew that he must B) complaints
proliferate his sources of revenue—the salary
C) jolts
he received from K. K. Harouni for tending
the tube wells would not even begin to suffice. D) interests
10 He set up a little one-room flour mill, run off a
condemned electric motor—condemned by
him. He tried his hand at fish-farming in a
little pond at the edge of his masters fields. He
bought broken radios, fixed them, and resold
15 them. He did not demur even when asked to
fix watches, though that enterprise did
spectacularly badly, and in fact earned him
more ______ than kudos, for no watch he
took apart ever kept time again.

Solar panel installations continue to grow 2

quickly, but the solar panel manufacturing Which choice completes the text with the
industry is in the doldrums because supply far most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line exceeds demand. The ______ market may be
5 slowing innovation, but advances continue; A) weak
judging by the mood this week at the IEEE B) humble
Photovoltaics Specialists Conference in
C) pitiable
Tampa, Florida, people in the industry remain
optimistic about its long-term prospects. The D) obsolete
10 technology that’s surprised almost everyone is
conventional crystalline silicon. A few years
ago, silicon solar panels cost $4 per watt, and
Martin Green, professor at the University of
New South Wales and one of the leading
15 silicon solar panel researchers, declared that
they’d never go below $1 a watt. “Now it’s
down to something like 50 cents a watt, and
there’s talk of hitting 36 cents per watt,” he
says.

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Scientists gave mice a drug normally used to 3

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suppress the immune system —and found that Which choice completes the text with the
it bolstered the powers of an influenza vaccine. most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line Led by immunologist Maureen McGargill of
5 St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in A) struggles
Memphis, Tennessee, the team gave B) varieties
rapamycin, which helps prevent immunologic
C) tunes
rejection in kidney transplant patients, to mice
before immunizing them. The result: The mice D) injuries
10 produced a broader array of antibodies,
defeating ______ of the influenza virus that
differed dramatically from the one used in the
vaccine. The finding suggests a novel path to a
longsought “universal” flu immunization that
15 can protect against many variants. It may also
offer a way to elicit more effective antibody
responses against myriad other diseases.

For most of history, people have worked 4

with relatively small amounts of data because Which choice completes the text with the
the tools for collection, organizing, storing, most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line and analyzing information were poor. People
5 ______ the information they relied on to the A) pared
barest minimum so that they could examine it B) extracted
more easily. This was the genius of modern-
C) designated
day statistics, which first came to the fore in
the late nineteenth century and enabled society D) appraised
10 to understand complex realities even when
little data existed. Today, the technical
environment has shifted 179 degrees. There
still is, and always will be, a constraint on how
much data we can manage, but it is far less
15 limiting than it used to be and will become
even less so as time goes on.

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In recent years, scientists have discovered 5

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that chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are Which choice completes the text with the
capable of all sorts of human-like behaviors most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line that go far beyond tool use. Now, new
5 research indicates that chimps’ vocalized A) type
communications are a bit closer in ______ to B) behavior
our own spoken languages as well. A new
C) wilderness
study published in PLOS ONE shows that,
when chimps warn each other about D) environment
10 impending danger, the noises they make are
much more than the instinctive expression of
fear—they’re intentionally produced,
exclusively in the presence of other chimps,
and cease when these other chimps are safe
15 from danger.

I have shown how democracy destroys or 6

modifies the different inequalities which
Which choice completes the text with the
originate in society; but is this all? or does it
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line not ultimately affect that great inequality of
5 man and woman which has seemed, up to the A) increase
present day, to be eternally based in human
B) cultivate
nature? I believe that the social changes which
bring nearer to the same level the father and C) nurture
son, the master and servant, and superiors and D) elevate
10 inferiors generally speaking, will ______
woman and make her more and more the
equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel
the necessity of making myself clearly
understood; for there is no subject on which
15 the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have
taken a freer range.

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As society was constituted until the last few 7

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generations, inequality was its very basis; Which choice completes the text with the
association grounded on equal rights scarcely most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line existed; to be equals was to be enemies; two
5 persons could hardly cooperate in anything, or A) omnipotence
meet in any amicable relation, without the B) supremacy
law’s appointing that one of them should be
C) ownership
the superior of the other. Mankind have
outgrown this state, and all things now tend to D) territory
10 substitute, as the general principle of human
relations, a just equality, instead of the ______
of the strongest. But of all relations, that
between men and women, being the nearest
and most intimate, and connected with the
15 greatest number of strong emotions, was sure
to be the last to throw off the old rule, and
receive the new; for, in proportion to the
strength of a feeling is the tenacity with which
it clings to the forms and circumstances with
20 which it has even accidentally become
associated....

Every year, billions of tons of rock and soil 8

vanish from Earth’s surface, scoured from Which choice completes the text with the
mountains and plains and swept away by wind, most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line rain, and other elements. The chief ______ this
5 dramatic resurfacing is climate, according to a A) leader of
new study. And when the global temperature B) operator of
falls, erosion kicks into overdrive. Scientists
C) factor in
have long debated what drives most of the
world’s erosion: Is it predominantly triggered D) transmitter in
10 by climate, or is it the result of mountain-
building, tectonic activity? Most previous
studies of erosion have relied on measuring the
amounts of sediment that accumulate
somewhere after being carried away from their
15 sources and deposited elsewhere.

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I have heard it asserted by some, that as 9

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America has flourished under her former Which choice completes the text with the
connection with Great Britain, the same most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line ______ is necessary toward her future
5 happiness and will always have the same effect. A) physical link
Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind B) means of communication
of argument. We may as well assert that,
C) recognized relationship
because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is
never to have meat, or that the first twenty D) influential person
10 years of our lives is to become a precedent for
the next twenty. But even this is admitting
more than is true; for I answer roundly that
America would have flourished as much, and
probably much more, had no European power
15 taken any notice of her.

We all know that cities are great engines of 10

innovation. One reason that’s the case is that
Which choice completes the text with the
cities grow “superlinearly”: interpersonal
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line connections grow at a greater rate than ______
5 population, and with that super proximity A) pure
comes a super exchange of ideas. The secrets of
B) overt
industry, as economist Alfred Marshall once
wrote, are truly “in the air.” But innovation is a C) steep
blanket term that can encompass very different D) transparent
10 things. Scholars who study the subject typically
limit it to the urban proliferation of patents.
For sure, the creation of original concepts and
products is a sign of innovation. At the same
time, it could also reflect a new way of doing
15 business— applied from some other sector,
perhaps, or even adapted from a competitor
for some other purpose.

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Will mankind never learn that policy is not 11

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morality—that it never ______ any moral Which choice completes the text with the
right, but considers merely what is expedient? most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line chooses the available candidate—who is
5 invariably the Devil— and what right have his A) confines
constituents to be surprised, because the Devil B) guarantees
does not behave like an angel of light? What is
C) adjusts
wanted is men, not of policy, but of probity—
ho recognize a higher law than the D) fastens
10 Constitution, or the decision of the majority.
The fate of the country does not depend on
how you vote at the polls—the worst man is as
strong as the best at that game; it does not
depend on what kind of paper you drop into
15 the ballot-box once a year, but on what kind of
man you drop from your chamber into the
street every morning.

Scientists have long known that a part of the 12

brain called the hippocampus is critically
Which choice completes the text with the
important for remembering past experiences.
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line They now believe that it might also play a role
5 in remembering the passage of time. Studies A) restricted
recording electrical brain activity in animals B) incompatible
have shown that neurons in the hippocampus
signal particular moments in time. But the C) private
hippocampus isn’t always necessary for D) absolute
10 tracking time. Remarkably, people with
damage to their hippocampus can accurately
remember the passage of short time periods,
but are impaired at remembering long time
intervals. These findings hint that the
15 hippocampus is important for signaling some
but not all—temporal information. If this is is
the case, what exactly is this time code used for,
and why is it so ______?

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Friction is a ubiquitous feature of everyday 13

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life. Without it, we couldn’t walk, tires Which choice completes the text with the
wouldn’t roll, and ballpoint pens would fail to most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line write. But what is friction, and how does it act?
5 The basic properties are simple to grasp. To A) affiliated with
move a solid object from rest on top of a solid B) proportional to
surface, a minimum force has to be applied to
C) caused by
overcome the force of friction. This force is
proportional to the compressive force pushing D) unrelated to
10 the two surfaces together, in this case the
weight of the object. Intriguingly, this
minimum force is ______ the area of contact
between the body and the surface. So the
friction force on a rectangular solid resting on
15 a table is the same whichever face is in contact
with the surface.

Revolutions are sudden to the unthinking 14

only. Strange rumblings and confused noises
Which choice completes the text with the
still precede these earthquakes and hurricanes
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line of the moral world. The process of revolution
5 in France has been dreadful, and should incite A) behaviors
us to examine with an anxious eye the motives
B) proprieties
and ______ of those, whose conduct and
opinions seem calculated to forward a similar C) traditions
event in England, our own country. The D) quirks
10 oppositionists to “things as they are,” are
divided into many and different classes. To
delineate them with an unflattering accuracy
may be a delicate, but it is a necessary, task, in
order that we may enlighten, or at least be
15 aware of, the misguided men who have enlisted
under the banners of liberty, from no
principles or with bad ones.

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As an example of natural selection acting on 15

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animal behavior, let’s examine how individuals Which choice completes the text with the
in social groups respond to strangers. For most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line animals that live in stable groups, strangers—
5 known individuals from outside one’s group A) identify
______ a significant danger. Such individuals B) portray
may compete for scarce resources, disrupt
C) personify
group dynamics that have long been in place,
and so on. As such, ethologists are interested in D) constitute
10 whether animals from group-living species
display a fear of strangers, a phenomenon
technically known as xenophobia. In particular,
ethologists hypothesize that xenophobia may
be especially strong when resources are scarce,
15 since competition for such resources will be
intense under such a scenario, and keeping
strangers away may have a strong impact on
the lifetime reproductive success of group
members.

Historical linguists are enthusiastic about a 16

language-dating technique called linguistic Which choice completes the text with the
paleontology. The ______ is to reconstruct most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line words for objects of material culture in a
5 language family and date the language by A) belief
noting the times at which such objects first B) approach
appear in the archaeological record.
C) image
D) option

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Five-and-twenty years ago, there dwelt, in 17

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one of the middle states, a man whom we shall Which choice completes the text with the
call Fauntleroy; a man of wealth, and most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line magnificent tastes, and prodigal expenditure.
5 His home might almost be ______ a palace; his A) designed
habits, in the ordinary sense, princely. His B) called
whole being seemed to have crystallized itself
C) fashioned
into an external splendor, wherewith he
glittered in the eyes of the world, and had no D) resembled
10 other life than upon this gaudy surface. He had
married a lovely woman, whose nature was
deeper than his own. But his affection for her,
though it showed largely, was superficial, like
all his other manifestations and developments;
15 he did not so truly keep this noble creature in
his heart, as wear her beauty for the most
brilliant ornament of his outward state.

Humans made an unwitting but fateful 18

choice 10,000 years ago as we started Which choice completes the text with the
cultivating wild plants: We chose annuals. All most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line the grains that feed billions of people today—
5 heat, rice, corn, and so on—come from annual A) assistance
plants, which sprout from seeds, produce new B) authority
seeds, and die every year. “The whole world is
C) favorable trait
mostly perennials,” says USDA geneticist
Edward Buckler, who studies corn at Cornell D) noticeable gain
10 University. “So why did we domesticate
annuals?” Not because annuals were better, he
says, but because Neolithic farmers rapidly
made them better — enlarging their seeds, for
instance, by replanting the ones from thriving
15 plants, year after year. Perennials didn’t benefit
from that kind of selective breeding, because
they don’t need to be replanted. Their natural
______ became a handicap. They became the
road not taken.

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Whether in person or on screen, one of the 19

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strongest influences on our thinking is woven Which choice completes the text with the
into the verbiage all of us use in discussions most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line big and small: metaphors. Let’s say that we are
5 comparing cities we have visited or would like A) charges
to visit, and I mention one that I have not yet B) summons
been to but you have. You say, “It’s a massive,
C) enchants
stinking cesspool filled with garbage and
crawling with every form of filth imaginable.” D) practices
10 Immediately my mind ______ an image of a
filthy retention pond covered with scum,
loaded with trash, and lousy with rats and
roaches. How close the metaphor you have
chosen is to actually describing the city is
15 debatable, but in the few minutes we are
speaking, this doesn’t really matter. What
matters is that you have provided the
metaphorical rudiments for me to construct an
image that is now schematically associated
20 with the city in my mind.

Every man’s nature is a sufficient 20

advertisement to him of the character of his
Which choice completes the text with the
fellows. My right and my wrong, is their right
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line and their wrong. Whilst I do what is ______
5 for me, and abstain from what is unfit, my A) familiar
neighbor and I shall often agree in our means,
B) suitable
and work together for a time to one end. But
whenever I find my dominion over myself not C) healthy
sufficient for me, and undertake the direction D) adapted
10 of him also, I overstep the truth, and come into
false relations to him.

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Anyone watching the autumn sky knows that 21

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migrating birds fly in a V formation. There are Which choice best describes the function of
two reasons: It may make flight easier, or the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line they’re simply following the leader. Squadrons
5 of planes can save fuel by flying in a V A) It explains that the current created by a
formation, and many scientists suspect that bird differs from that of an airplane.
migrating birds do the same. Models that B) It stresses the amount of control exerted
treated flapping birds like fixed-wing airplanes by birds flying in a V formation.
estimate that they save energy by drafting off C) It indicates that wind movement is
10 each other, but currents created by airplanes are continuously changing.
far more stable than the oscillating eddies
D) It emphasizes that the flapping of a bird’s
coming off of a bird. “Air gets pretty
wings is powerful.
unpredictable behind a flapping wing,” says
James Usherwood, a locomotor biomechanist at
15 the Royal Veterinary College at the University
of London in Hatfield, where the research took
place.

To more directly estimate rates of erosion, 22

researchers use techniques generally known as Which choice best describes the function of
thermochronometry, or the measure of how a the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line rock’s temperature has changed through time.
5 Many such techniques rely on assessing how A) It suggests that there are similarities
the decay of radioactive elements within a rock between rocks and living organisms.
has affected its minerals. For their new study, B) It creates a sense of empathy with the
Herman and his colleagues used four such geophysicists and the work they do.
techniques. In two of them, the researchers
C) It explains why some rocks show more
measured how much decayproduced helium
evidence of radioactive decay than do
10
had built up in a rock’s minerals. (Once the
others.
rock falls below a certain temperature, the
helium stops diffusing out of the minerals D) It injects a lighthearted tone into a
efficiently.) In the other two, the team tallied complicated subject.
15 the amount of microscopic damage produced
by radioactive decay. (Once the rock falls below
a certain temperature, the atoms in a crystal
aren’t able to shift and heal the damage.) Using
these approaches, the researchers could
20 estimate the dates at which the rocks cooled to
temperatures between 250°C and 70°C.

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Revolutions are sudden to the unthinking only. 23

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Strange rumblings and confused noises still Which choice best describes the function of
precede these earthquakes and hurricanes of the the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line moral world. The process of revolution in France
5 has been dreadful, and should incite us to A) It suggests that there are always signs that a
examine with an anxious eye the motives and revolution will occur.
manners of those, whose conduct and opinions B) It emphasizes the chaos that typically
seem calculated to forward a similar event in accompanies revolution.
England, our own country. The oppositionists to C) It explains the unusual features of the
10 “things as they are,” are divided into many and French Revolution.
different classes. To delineate them with an
unflattering accuracy may be a delicate, but it is a D) It underscores the fear of many people
necessary, task, in order that we may enlighten, or about the possibility of revolution.
at least be aware of, the misguided men who have
15 enlisted under the banners of liberty, from no
principles or with bad ones.

Mr. Lincoln likens that bond of the Federal 24

Constitution, joining Free and Slave States
together, to a house divided against itself, and Which choice best describes the function of
says that it is contrary to the law of God, and the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line
5 cannot stand. When did he learn, and by what A) To provide context for the author’s
authority does he proclaim, that this Government defense of continued expansion.
is contrary to the law of God and cannot stand? It
has stood thus divided into Free and Slave States B) To suggest that the division into free and
from its organization up to this day. During that slave states does not endanger the
period we have increased from four millions to Union.
10
thirty millions of people; we have extended our C) To imply that Lincoln is unaware of
territory from the Mississippi to the Pacific basic facts concerning the country.
Ocean; we have acquired the Floridas and Texas, D) To account for the image of the United
and other territory sufficient to double our States as powerful and admirable.
15 geographical extent; we have increased in
population, in wealth, and in power beyond any
example on earth; we have risen from a weak and
feeble power to become the terror and admiration
of the civilized world; and all this has been done
20 under a Constitution which Mr. Lincoln, in
substance, says is in violation of the law of God;
and under a Union divided into Free and Slave
States, which Mr. Lincoln thinks, because of such
division, cannot stand. Surely, Mr. Lincoln is a
25 wiser man than those who framed the
Government....
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It was in the “office” still that Isabel was sitting 25

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on that melancholy afternoon of early spring Which choice best describes the function of
which I have just mentioned. At this time she the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line might have had the whole house to choose from,
5 and the room she had selected was the most A) They reinforce a bleak tone that contrasts
joyless chamber it contained. She had never with conventional expectations regarding
opened the bolted door nor removed the green spring.
paper (renewed by other hands) from its side- B) They create an ominous tone that
lights; she had never assured herself that the emphasizes a pervasive sense of danger.
10 vulgar street lay beyond it. A crude, cold rain was C) They establish a somber tone that
falling heavily; the springtime presented itself as a contrasts with Isabel’s high spirits.
questionable improvement. Isabel, however, gave
as little attention as possible to the incongruities D) They suggest a gloomy tone that
of the season; she kept her eyes on her book and foreshadows Isabel’s eventual misfortune.
15 tried to fix `her mind. Suddenly she became
aware of a step very different from her own
intellectual pace; she listened a little, and
perceived that some one was walking about the
library, which communicated with the office. It
20 struck her first as the step of a person from whom
she had reason to expect a visit; then almost
immediately announced itself as the tread of a
woman and a stranger—her possible visitor being
neither.

Approximately 17,000 years ago, a volume of 26

rock equal to a cube about a half-mile on a side
Which choice best describes the function of
roared out of a steep canyon in the San
the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line Bernardino Mountains in southern California. It
5 originated 1,500 feet above the canyon bottom. A) To imply that long runouts occur with
Rocks in the slide, already fractured at the start of surprising frequency.
the event, shattered on impact with the canyon
bottom, forming intricate three- imensional B) To convey astonishment at the results of
certain long runouts.
jigsaw puzzles. When this event, known as the
10 Blackhawk slide, exited from the canyon, it ran C) To stress that long runouts are less
out across a nearly flat valley floor for five miles. destructive than they are assumed to be.
Amazingly, the pieces of the jigsaw puzzles stayed D) To emphasize the beauty of landscapes
together as the slide zoomed along at nearly 75 shaped by long runouts.
miles an hour. A similar landslide triggered by the
15 1964 Alaska earthquake traveled three miles
across the nearly level Sherman Glacier before
coming to rest.

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Harvard professor of psychology Daniel 27

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Wegner’s recent research proves that websites Which choice best describes the function of
and the Internet are changing the way our the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line memories function. Wegner’s latest study,
5 “Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive A) To show that people who are closely
Consequences of Having Information at Our related tend to have shared memories.
Fingertips,” shows that when people have B) To demonstrate how people initially
access to search engines, they remember fewer developed external sources of memory.
facts and less information because they know C) To emphasize the effectiveness and
10 they can rely on “search” as a readily available accuracy of transactive memory sources
shortcut. Wegner believes the new findings D) To illustrate the concept of a transactive
show that the Internet has become part of a memory source using a familiar situation.
transactive memory source, a method by which
our brains compartmentalize information. First
15 hypothesized by Wegner in 1985, transactive
memory exists in many forms, as when a
husband relies on his wife to remember a
relative’s birthday. “[It is] this whole network of
memory where you don’t have to remember
20 everything in the world yourself,” he says. “You
just have to remember who knows it.”

More than half of the population of the 28

United States is female. But women occupy Which choice best describes the function of
only 2 percent of the managerial positions. the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line They have not even reached the level of
5 tokenism yet. No women sit on the AFL-CIO A) To give one example of a profession with
council or Supreme Court. There have been very few women in it.
only two women who have held Cabinet rank, B) To point out how hard it is for women to
and at present there are none. Only two women get legislation passed.
now hold ambassadorial rank in the diplomatic
C) To suggest how hard she has worked to
10 corps. In Congress, we are down to one Senator
become a member of Congress.
and 10 Representatives. Considering that there
are about 3 1/2 million more women in the D) To imply that if there were more women
United States than men, this situation is in Congress, the Equal Rights
outrageous.... Amendment would have passed already.

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The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many 29

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years in the minds of American women. It was Which choice best describes the function of
a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line yearning that women suffered in the middle of
5 the twentieth century in the United States. Each A) It draws attention to a subtle historical
suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she change.
made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched B) It acknowledges a feeling of repressed
slipcover material, ate peanut butter discontent.
sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub C) It reveals a dilemma’s underlying cause.
10 Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at D) It expresses contempt for a series of
night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the activities.
silent question—“Is this all?” For over fifteen
years there was no word of this yearning in the
millions of words written about women, for
15 women, in all the columns, books and articles
by experts telling women their role was to seek
fulfillment as wives and mothers. Over and over
women heard in voices of tradition and of
Freudian sophistication that they could desire
20 no greater destiny than to glory in their own
femininity.

The problem lay buried, unspoken, for many 30

years in the minds of American women. It was
Which choice best describes the function of
a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a
the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line yearning that women suffered in the middle of
5 the twentieth century in the United States. Each A) It alludes to literary works frequently
suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she read by women.
made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched
B) It shows that scientific findings about
slipcover material, ate peanut butter
women’s needs often differed from
sandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub
received wisdom.
10 Scouts and Brownies, lay beside her husband at
night—she was afraid to ask even of herself the C) It suggests that women received the same
silent question—“Is this all?” For over fifteen advice from a range of sources.
years there was no word of this yearning in the D) It characterizes the tone of most writing
millions of words written about women, for addressed to women.
15 women, in all the columns, books and articles
by experts telling women their role was to seek
fulfillment as wives and mothers. Over and over
women heard in voices of tradition and of
Freudian sophistication that they could desire
20 no greater destiny than to glory in their own
femininity.
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At a preconcert interview in 2000 for the 31

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performance of one of her works in London, Which choice best states the main purpose of
Rhian Samuel was asked about her well-known the text?
Line reluctance to be considered a Welsh composer.
5 Her reply —“I’m not so happy to be called only A) To discuss a composer's musical training.
a Welsh composer because I haven't lived in B) To clarify a musician’s self-perception.
Wales all my life and have other influences as
C) To reveal the preferences of a particular
well. On the other hand, I have been a woman
audience.
all my life!”—brought both laughter and
10 applause from the expectant crowd of concert D) To reconcile two antithetical views of a
goers. In short, Samuel is proud to be performance.
considered first a woman composer, one whose
connection to the Welsh language and people
resurfaces at interludes throughout her musical
15 life.

In another example of how the return of a 32

top predator can have far-reaching ecological Which choice best states the main purpose of
effects, researchers have found that the the text?
Line reintroduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone
5 National Park has boosted an important food A) To advise the reader of some potential
source for the threatened grizzly bear. “The limitations of Ripple’s conclusions about
grizzly bear uses some of the same plants that the nutritional needs of the grizzly bear.
the prey of the wolf uses,” said William Ripple,
B) To extend the implications of the
an Oregon State University professor of forest
relationship between wolves and grizzlies
10 ecosystems and lead author of the study. The
in a particular environment to other
wolf-bear connection in Yellowstone offers a animals and contexts.
broader lesson, Ripple said. “We should be
looking much farther and much more C) To describe a certain experiment that
holistically at large mammal or predator Ripple will be undertaking in the future to
15 management,” he suggested. “There could be corroborate his findings.
far reaching effects that we have not considered D) To suggest the potential ramifications of
in the past. And they can be very important.” reintroducing another species into an
already fragile ecosystem.

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The formerly supercharged Houston space 33

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complex aged through the 1980s, developing Which choice best states the main purpose of
the outward ambience of a quiet, rural college the text?
Line campus, where the outrageous swamp climate
5 and the surreal routines of human space flight A) To downplay the risks involved in
were gentled with a landscaping of duck ponds modern space travel.
and shade trees. Out along the approach road B) To point out the unexpected beauty of the
reclined the symbol of NASA’s faded glory: a Houston space complex.
giant Saturn moon rocket dismantled into
C) To reflect on the ingenuity of a former
10 pieces for tourists to inspect, like lengths of
generation of space scientists at the
fossilized bone from a mythic biotech dragon.
Houston space complex.
Rimming the campus were strip malls and tidy
residential neighborhoods. A nearby D) To show how the space program’s decline
hamburger stand sported a supersized, is reflected in the setting of the Houston
15 fiberglass astronaut thirteen feet tall, whose space complex.
outstretched left arm beckoned with an order
of fries.

In 1900, United States society was warming 34

into an environment favorable to women’s
Which choice best states the main purpose of
suffrage. Governments at all levels were
the text?
Line concerning themselves with social welfare.
5 Women considered themselves qualified for A) To highlight ways of promoting
these new undertakings. “The instant the State educational reform in the United States.
took upon itself educative, charitable, or
B) To explain the influence that women’s
personally helpful work,” claimed one
suffrage had on elected officials in the
suffragist, “it became in need of the service of
United States.
10 women.” And women became convinced that,
to accomplish social improvements, they C) To advocate for increased government
needed political power, embodied in the vote. funding for social welfare programs in the
Suffragists modified their emphasis on the right United States.
to vote, asserting that women had an actual D) To show how a focus on social welfare
15 duty to vote. How else could they regulate or issues promoted women’s suffrage in the
abolish child labor? How else could they United States.
improve neighborhood health?

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People can be cynical to a fault. An 35

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increasing body of evidence suggests that when Which choice best states the main purpose of
people are contemplating whether they should the text?
Line rely on the kindness of strangers, they suspect
5 those strangers will prove more selfish than A) To describe a method the authors used to
actually is the case. We have previously shown assess people’s cynicism in experimental
this cynicism most clearly in experiments contexts.
using the economic paradigm known as the B) To draw a distinction between cynicism
“trust” or “investment” game. In the game, the displayed in experimental settings and
10 truster is given money that can be kept or cynicism displayed in everyday life.
handed to a completely random and
C) To suggest that the cynicism that subjects
anonymous stranger, the trustee. If the truster
show in trust games varies with the
hands his or her money over, the amount of
amount of money at stake.
money is quadrupled (e.g., $5 becomes $20),
15 and trustees have two options: They can either D) To present data showing that people
split the money evenly between themselves and typically behave cynically in trust games.
the truster (e.g., give $10 back and keep $10 for
themselves), or they can keep all the money for
themselves.

From the earliest times, the complications 36

inherent in deciphering the movements of
Which choice best states the main purpose of
planets in the night sky must have seemed a
the text?
Line curse to baffled astronomers. In the long run,
5 though, they proved a blessing to the A) To explain how an astronomical problem
development of cosmology, the study of the affected the development of a physical
physical universe. Had the celestial motions science.
been simple, it might have been possible to B) To predict the motions of planets outside
explain them solely in terms of the simple, of our solar system.
10 poetic tales that had characterized the early
cosmologies. Instead, these motions proved to C) To challenge the major achievements of
be so intricate and subtle that astronomers some ancient astronomers.
could not predict them accurately without D) To compare celestial movements in
eventually coming to terms with the physical different time periods an action.
15 reality of how and where the Sun, Moon, and
planets actually move in real, three-
dimensional space.

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 1 1
Most people—even economists—behave like 37

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a herd; we fear losses more than we hope for What is the main idea of the text?
gains; rarely can our brains process all the
Line relevant facts. These human quirks mean we A) Human quirks make it difficult to predict
5 can never make purely “rational” decisions. A people’s ethical decisions accurately.
new wave of behavioral economists, aided by B) People universally react with disgust
neuroscientists, is trying to understand our when faced with economic injustice.
psychology, both alone and in groups, so they
C) Understanding human psychology may
can anticipate our decisions in the marketplace
help to define ethics in economics.
10 more accurately. But psychology can also help
us understand why we react in disgust at D) Economists themselves will be
economic injustice, or accept a moral law as responsible for reforming the free market.
universal. Which means that the relatively new
science of human behavior might also define
15 ethics for us. Ethical economics would then
emerge from one of the least likely places:
economists themselves.

Some of the largest ocean waves in the world 38

are nearly impossible to see. Unlike other large Which choice best states the main purpose of
waves, these rollers, called internal waves, do the text?
Line not ride the ocean surface. Instead, they move
5 underwater, undetectable without the use of A) To explain how a scientific device is used.
satellite imagery or sophisticated monitoring B) To note a common misconception about
equipment. Despite their hidden nature, an event.
internal waves are fundamental parts of ocean
water dynamics, transferring heat to the ocean C) To describe a natural phenomenon and
10 depths and bringing up cold water from below. address its importance.
And they can reach staggering heights—some D) To present a recent study and summarize
as tall as skyscrapers. its findings.

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Another man might have thrown up his 39

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hands—but not Nawabdin. His twelve Which choice best states the main purpose of
daughters acted as a spur to his genius, and he the text?
Line looked with satisfaction in the mirror each
5 morning at the face of a warrior going out to A) To characterize Nawab as a loving father.
do battle. Nawab of course knew that he must B) To outline the schedule of a typical day in
proliferate his sources of revenue—the salary Nawab’s life.
he received from K. K. Harouni for tending
C) To describe Nawab’s various
the tube wells would not even begin to suffice.
moneymaking ventures.
10 He set up a little one-room flour mill, run off a
condemned electric motor—condemned by D) To contrast Nawab’s and Harouni’s
him. He tried his hand at fish-farming in a lifestyles.
little pond at the edge of his masters fields. He
bought broken radios, fixed them, and resold
15 them. He did not demur even when asked to
fix watches, though that enterprise did
spectacularly badly, and in fact earned him
more kicks than kudos, for no watch he took
apart ever kept time again.

Revolutions are sudden to the unthinking 40

only. Strange rumblings and confused noises
What is the main idea of the text?
still precede these earthquakes and hurricanes
Line of the moral world. The process of revolution A) Revolutionaries are too fanatical to be
5 in France has been dreadful, and should incite persuaded by intellectual arguments.
us to examine with an anxious eye the motives
B) The political problems leading to the
and manners of those, whose conduct and
revolution in France developed gradually
opinions seem calculated to forward a similar
over the course of many years.
event in England, our own country. The
10 oppositionists to “things as they are,” are C) The reasons people oppose the current
divided into many and different classes. To system must be understood if revolution
delineate them with an unflattering accuracy in England is to be prevented.
may be a delicate, but it is a necessary, task, in D) Understanding the true motivations of
order that we may enlighten, or at least be revolutionaries is a nearly impossible task.
15 aware of, the misguided men who have
enlisted under the banners of liberty, from no
principles or with bad ones.

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Astronomer: Most stars are born in groups 41

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of thousands, each star in a group forming Which of the following, if true, would most
from the same parent cloud of gas. Each cloud support the astronomer's argument?
Line has a unique homogeneous chemical
5 composition. Therefore whenever two stars A) In some groups of stars, not every star
have the same chemical composition as each originated from the same parent cloud of
other, they must have originated from the gas.
same cloud of gas.
B) Clouds of gas of similar or identical
chemical composition may be remote
from each other.
C) Whenever a star forms, it inherits the
chemical composition of its parent cloud
of gas.
D) Many stars in vastly different parts of the
universe are quite similar in their
chemical compositions.

Researchers asked volunteers to imagine 42

they were running a five-kilometer race against Which of the following would, if known to be
50 people and then against 500 people, races in true, most help support the explanation in the
Line each of which the top 10 percent would receive passage?
5 a $1,000 prize. Asked about the effort they
would apply in the respective cases, the A) The volunteers who were most
volunteers indicated, on average, that they comparatively inclined were also those
would run slower in the race against the greater that had the greatest desire to win a $1,000
number of people. A likely explanation of this prize.
10 result is that those of the volunteers who were
B) The volunteers who were the least
most comparatively inclined—those who most
comparatively inclined had no greater
tended to compare themselves with others in
desire to win the $1,000 than those who
the social environment—determined
(perhaps unconsciously) that extreme effort were the most comparatively inclined.
15 would not be worthwhile in the 500- C) The volunteers who were most
competitor race. comparatively inclined were likely to
indicate that they would run the two races
at the same speed.
D) The most comparatively inclined
volunteers believed that they were
significantly less likely to finish in the top
10 percent in the race against 500 than in
the race against 50.

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One summer, floods covered low-lying 43

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garlic fields situated in a region with a large Which of the following, if true, most supports
mosquito population. Since mosquitoes lay the argument?
Line their eggs in standing water, flooded fields
5 would normally attract mosquitoes, yet no A) Diallyl sulfide is also found in onions but
mosquitoes were found in the fields. Diallyl at concentrations lower than in garlic.
sulfide, a major component of garlic, is known
B) The mosquito population of the region as
to repel several species of insects, including
a whole was significantly smaller during
mosquitoes, so it is likely that diallyl sulfide
10 from the garlic repelled the mosquitoes. the year in which the flooding took place
than it had been in previous years.
C) By the end of the summer, most of the
garlic plants in the flooded fields had been
killed by waterborne fungi.
D) Many insect species not repelled by diallyl
sulfide were found in the flooded garlic
fields throughout the summer.

The local board of education found that, 44

because the current physics curriculum has Which of the following, if true, provides the
little direct relevance to today’s world, physics support that the proposed curriculum will be
Line classes attracted few high school students. So to successful in attracting students?
5 attract students to physics classes, the board
proposed a curriculum that emphasizes A) Knowledge of physics is becoming
principles of physics involved in producing and increasingly important in understanding
analyzing visual images. the technology used in today’s world.
B) Equipment that a large producer of
photographic equipment has donated to
the high school could be used in the
proposed curriculum.
C) The number of students interested in
physics today is much lower than the
number of students interested in physics
50 years ago.
D) In today’s world the production and
analysis of visual images is of major
importance in communications, business,
and recreation.

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One might expect that within a particular 45

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species, any individuals that managed to slow Which of the following, if true, most supports
down the aging process would leave more
the researchers' reaction?
Line offspring. Natural selection should therefore
5 favor extreme longevity— but this does not A) Some organisms are capable of living
seem to be the case. A possible explanation is much longer than other organisms.
that aging is a product of the inevitable wear
B) Some organisms reproduce very quickly
and tear of living, similar to how household
despite having short lifespans.
appliances generally accumulate faults that
10 lead to their eventual demise. However, most C) There are several ways of defining
researchers do not find this analogy “extreme longevity,” and according to
satisfactory as an explanation. some definitions it occurs frequently.
D) Organisms are capable of maintenance
and selfrepair and can remedy much of
the damage that they accumulate.

The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species 46

inadvertently introduced into North America’s Which of the following, if true, would provide
Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs most support for the prediction that the
Line of lake whitefish, a native species, thus agencies’ action will have its intended effect?
5 threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To
help track the ruffe’s spread, government A) The ruffe has spiny fins that make it
agencies have produced wallet-sized cards unattractive as prey.
about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of
B) Ruffe generally feed at night, but most
the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the
recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is
10 cards also request anglers to report any ruffe
they catch. done during daytime hours.
C) Most people who fish recreationally on
the Great Lakes are interested in the
preservation of the lake whitefish because
it is a highly prized game fish.
D) The ruffe is one of several nonnative
species in the Great Lakes whose existence
threatens the survival of lake whitefish
populations there.

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For the average person who needs a 47

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transfusion, blood from a relative is more likely Which one of the following, if true, most
to be infected with hepatitis than is blood from seriously weakens the argument?
Line a blood bank. Therefore, the risk of contracting
5 hepatitis from a transfusion is higher for people A) Blood transfusions only rarely result in the
receiving blood from relatives than for people recipient being infected with hepatitis.
receiving blood from blood banks.
B) Blood taken from a relative is highly likely
to match a transfusion recipient’s blood
type.
C) Donors to blood banks are always asked
whether they have ever been infected with
hepatitis.
D) Blood that is to be used in a transfusion is
always screened for hepatitis.

In the past, teachers, bank tellers, and 48

secretaries were predominantly men; these Which of the following, if true, would most
occupations slipped in pay and status when likely weaken the conclusion of the passage?
Line they became largely occupied by women.
5 Therefore, if women become the majority in A) Accountants, lawyers, and physicians
currently male-dominated professions like attained their current relatively high levels
accounting, law, and medicine, the income and of income and prestige at about the same
prestige of these professions will also drop. time that the pay and status of teachers,
bank tellers, and secretaries slipped.
B) When large numbers of men join a
female-dominated occupation, such as
airline flight attendant, the status and pay
of the occupation tend to increase.
C) The demand for teachers and secretaries
has increased significantly in recent years,
while the demand for bank tellers has
remained relatively stable.
D) The pay and status of female accountants,
lawyers, and physicians today are
governed by significantly different
economic and sociological forces than
were the pay and status of female teachers,
bank tellers, and secretaries in the past.

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Most archaeologists have held that people 49

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first reached the Americas less than 20,000 Which of the following, if it were discovered,
years ago by crossing a land bridge into North would weaken the speculation above?
Line America. But recent discoveries of human
5 shelters in South America dating from 32,000 A) A rock shelter near Pittsburgh,
years ago have led researchers to speculate that Pennsylvania, contains evidence of use by
people arrived in South America first, after human beings 19,000 years ago.
voyaging across the Pacific, and then spread B) Some North American sites of human
northward. habitation predate any sites found in
South America.
C) The climate is warmer at the 32,000-year-
old South American site than at the oldest
known North American site.
D) The site in South America that was
occupied 32,000 years ago was
continuously occupied until 6,000 years
ago.

A researcher discovered that people who 50

have low levels of immune-system activity tend The researcher's conclusion would be most
to score much lower on tests of mental health seriously weakened if it were true that
Line than do people with normal or high immune-
5 system activity. The researcher concluded from A) there was a one-year delay between the
this experiment that the immune system completion of a pilot study for the
protects against mental illness as well as against experiment and the initiation of the
physical disease. experiment itself.
B) a few people with high immune-system
activity had scores on the test of mental
health that were similar to the scores of
people who had normal immune system
activity.
C) people who have low immune-system
activity tend to contract more viral
infections than do people with normal or
high immune-system activity.
D) high levels of stress first cause mental
illness and then cause decreased immune-
system activity in normal individuals.

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Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that 51

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protects them from infection by routinely killing
Which of the following, if it were obtained as an
harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with
experimental result, would most decisively
Line cystic fibroses, however, are unable to fight off such
weaken the scientists’ hypothesis?
5 bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal
amounts of the antibiotic. Since the fluid on airway A) Healthy lungs in which the salt concentration
surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis of the airway-surface fluid has been
bas an abnormally high salt concentration, substantially increased are able to reestablish
scientists hypothesize that in high salt their normal salt concentration within a
10 environments the antibiotic becomes ineffective at relatively short period of time.
killing harmful bacteria. B) The antibiotic produced by the lungs is
effective at killing harmful bacteria even when
salt concentrations are below levels typical of
healthy lungs.
C) The salt concentration of the airway-surface
fluid in the lungs of people who suffer from
cystic fibrosis tends to return to its former
high levels after having been reduced to levels
typical of healthy lungs.
D) The lungs of people who suffer from cystic
fibrosis are unable to fight off harmful
bacteria even when the salt concentration is
reduced to levels typical of healthy lungs.

Nutritionists are advising people to eat more 52

fish, since the omega-3 fatty acids in fish help
Which of the following, if true, weakens the
combat many diseases. If everyone took this advice,
prospects for success of the solution proposed
Line however, there would not be enough fish in oceans,
above?
5 rivers, and lakes to supply the demand; the oceans
are already being overfished. The obvious method A) Aquaculture, or fish farming, raises more fish
to ease the pressure on wild fish populations is for in a given volume of water than are generally
people to increase their consumption of farmed present in the wild.
fish.
B) Some fish farming, particularly of shrimp and
other shellfish, takes places in enclosures in
the ocean.
C) There are large expanses of ocean waters that
do not contain enough nutrients to support
substantial fish populations.
D) The feed for farmed ocean fish is largely made
from small wild-caught fish, including the
young of many popular food species.

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More women than men suffer from 53

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Alzheimer’s disease—a disease that is most Which choice most logically completes the text?
commonly contracted by elderly persons. This
Line discrepancy has often been attributed to A) a decrease in estrogen, rather than longer
5 women’s longer life span, but this theory may life span, may explain the higher
be wrong. A recent study has shown that occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease in
prescribing estrogen to women after women relative to men.
menopause, when estrogen production in the
B) as one gets older, one’s chances of
body decreases, may prevent them from
10 developing the disease. Men’s supply of developing Alzhimer’s disease increase.
testosterone may help safeguard them against C) women who go through menopause
Alzheimer’s disease because much of it is earlier in life than do most other women
converted by the body to estrogen, and have an increased risk of contracting
testosterone levels stay relatively stable into old Alzheimer’s disease.
15 age. The main conclusion of the argument is D) the conversion of testosterone into
that ______ estrogen may help safeguard men from
Alzheimer’s disease.

Research shows that exercise has a beneficial 54

effect on health. After much testing with many Which choice most logically completes the
different types of persons, it has been shown
text?
Line that, in most cases, exercise definitely helps to
5 prevent illnesses caused by viruses. The A) exercise is no more effective than
common cold is caused by a virus. Therefore, antibiotics in preventing the common
______
cold.
B) exercise is probably not effective in
preventing colds caused by bacteria.
C) exercise helps the body to destroy invading
viruses.
D) exercise may help to prevent the common
cold.

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In speech, when words or sentences are 55

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ambiguous, gesture and tone of voice are used Which choice most logically completes the text?
to indicate the intended meaning. Writers, of
Line course, cannot use gesture or tone of voice and A) the primary function of style in writing is
5 must rely instead on style; the reader detects to augment the literal meanings of the
the writer’s intention from the arrangement of words and sentences used.
words and sentences. Therefore, ______ B) the intended meaning of a piece of
writing is indicated in part by the writer’s
arrangement of words and sentences.
C) it is easier for a listener to detect the tone
of a speaker than for a reader to detect the
style of the writer.
D) a writer’s intention will always be
interpreted differently by different
readers.

Journalist: Until recently, doctors enjoyed 56

high status in Canada. Although once admired
Which choice most logically completes the
as altruistic, in the last few decades doctors
text?
Line have fallen in public esteem. While it is
5 acknowledged that doctors are indispensable, A) doctors in Canada are perceived by critics
they are seen by critics as always wanting as being less competent than they used to
higher fees from the provincial governments, be.
and even shielding incompetence in some
cases, thereby being more dedicated to self- B) without the public esteem doctors
10 interest than the public interest. The previously enjoyed, fewer Canadians will
conclusion of the journalist’s statements is that become doctors.
______ C) doctors in Canada are perceived by critics
as not being sufficiently devoted to the
interest of others.
D) nonmedical professionals in Canada are
perceived as being altruistic and
competent.

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Astronomers have long thought that the 57

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irregularity in the orbit of the planet Neptune Which choice most logically completes the text?
was adequately explained by the gravitational
Line pull exerted on Neptune by the planet Pluto. A) Neptune is somewhat larger than
5 The most recent observations of Pluto, scientists once believed it to be.
however, indicate that this planet is much too B) the orbit on Neptune is considerably more
small to exert the amount of gravitational pull irregular than scientists once thought it
on Neptune that astronomers once thought it
was.
did. If these statements are true, it can be
10 concluded that ______ C) there exists another, as yet undiscovered
planet with an orbit beyond that of Pluto.
D) the gravitational pull of Pluto is not the
sole cause of Neptune’s irregular orbit.

Patient: Doctor, I read an article that 58

claimed that the first few hours after birth are Which choice most logically completes the
very important to establishing a mother-infant text?
Line bond, which is the first step in building a
5 healthy relationship. Can you assure me that A) the best relationships between mothers
my relationship with my baby has not been and their children are caused by
permanently harmed by our separation for immediate mother-infant bonding.
several days after his birth?
B) there is a high degree of correlation
between the best relationships between
Physician: Your relationship with your
10 child has not been harmed by the separation. mothers and their children and those that
Mother-infant bonding is not like an “instant began with immediate mother-infant
glue” that cements your relationship forever. bonding.
Having your infant with you during the period C) where immediate mother-infant bonding
immediately after birth does give your takes place, a strong and lasting
15 relationship a head start, but many factors are relationship between a mother and her
involved in building a strong and lasting child will be assured.
relationship between a mother and her child. D) immediate mother-infant bonding is not
necessary for a strong and lasting
If everything the doctor says is correct, it relationship between a mother and her
follows that ______
child.

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In the recent election, a country’s voters 59

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overwhelmingly chose Adler over Which choice most logically completes the text?
Burke.Voters knew that Burke offered more
Line effective strategies for dealing with most of the A) throughout their respective political
5 country’s problems. Moreover, Burke has a careers, Adler has been more committed
long public record of successful government to taking measures to protect the country’s
service that testifies to competence and environment than Burke has been.
commitment. It was well known, however, that B) voters realized that their country’s natural
Burke’s environmental policy coincided with resources are rapidly being depleted.
10 the interests of the country’s most dangerous
C) the concern of the country’s voters for the
polluter, whereas Adler proposed a policy of
environment played an important role in
strict environmental regulation. Therefore,
Adler’s election.
______
D) offering effective strategies for dealing
with a country’s problems is more
important in winning an election than
having a long record of successful
government service.

Backyard gardeners who want to increase 60

the yields of their potato plants should try Which choice most logically completes the text?
growing stinging nettles alongside the plants,
Line since stinging nettles attract insects that kill a A) stinging nettles require little care and thus
5 wide array of insect pests that damage potato are easy to cultivate.
plants. It is true that stinging nettles also B) some types of aphids are attracted to
attract aphids, and that many species of aphids stinging nettle plants but do not damage
are harmful to potato plants, but that fact in no them.
way contradicts this recommendation, because C) the types of aphids that stinging nettles
_______. attract do not damage potato plants.
D) insect pests typically cause less damage to
potato plants than other harmful
organisms do.

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