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 Cohesion and Organization

These questions require you to put

1. a sentence in the correct place in a paragraph
2. or to put a paragraph in the correct place in the passage as a

a
m
whole.

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(a sentence's "proper spot" within a paragraph has to be

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dictated by some kind of concrete evidence)
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The Evidence : "hook in"
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 Cohesion and Organization

Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3

DeCampli's lyrics are A technically skilled It is this unusual blend of
instrumentalist as well, he heartfelt poetry and

a
filled with insight,
laces his songs with sophisticated arrangement that

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poignancy, and humor.
challenging and unusual makes his music seem likely to

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scales and chord stand the test of time.
progressions.

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 Cohesion and Organization

1) Pronouns
if the sentence in question

• demonstrative adjectives ( this, that, these, those)

SEARCH TO WHICH THE PRONOUN REFERS
Example:
[1]The impact of Star Wars on the landscape of the
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1

a
motion picture industry goes far beyond the financial To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 4 should be placed

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success or critical reception of any one of the films. [2]
A) where it is now.
Before the first Star Wars in 1977, the studio system was B) before sentence 1.
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one in which executives worked primarily with specific C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 5.
directors who had a vision for making a particular kind of
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film or telling a particular kind of story. [3] Since Star
Wars, movies have become an increasingly producer-
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centered medium, with franchise properties featuring

reusable actors and replaceable directors making the most
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money and receiving the most attention from studios. [ 4]

Ironically, the original Star Wars film was a typical
representative of this system: it was a long shot for 20th
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Century Fox, the studio that produced it, because it was a

film with no big-name stars in an unpopular genre by an
unproven director, but Fox's president Alan Ladd was
willing to bet on George Lucas' idiosyncratic vision. [5] In
the last decades, studios have depended more and more on
"tent-pole" movies, so called because they "hold up" the
other films financed by the studio; in fact, in 2014, seven of
the top ten movies in box office receipts were sequels,
prequels, or spin-offs from existing franchises, and two of
those "original" film series currently have sequels in
production.

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 Cohesion and Organization

• has a pronoun (he, she, you, It, they, them.... ... )

= the sentence must be placed in the correct place.

SEARCH TO WHICH THE PRONOUN REFERS

................................................................................................................................................
[1] The Large Hardon Collider, the most powerful
Where is the most logical place in this paragraph
particle collider in the world, was built to test theories of to add the following sentence?
particle physics. [2] In particle, it was used to prove the
Two of them, the ATLAS and CMS

a
existence of the Higgs Boson, a new type of particle that detectors , are very similar and can run the
same class of experiments.

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helps explain why things have mass. [3] The collider is

based at the CERN Laboratory and contains four types of A) After sentence 1
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B) After sentence 2.
detectors. [4] having more than one detector carry out the C) After sentence 3
same tests gives scientists the ability to cross check results D) After sentence 4
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and identify any anomalies in the data they generate.

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 Cohesion and Organization

[l] It is perhaps on account of these mythical 3

...........................................................................................................................................................................
hogans that no attempt is now made to decorate the To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 1 should be placed
everyday dwelling; it would be taboo (or sacrilegious).
A) where it is now.
[2] There are many legends and traditions of wonderful B) after sentence 3.
houses made by the gods and by the mythic progenitors C) after sentence 4.
D) after sentence 6.
of the tribe. [3] In the building of these houses,
turquoise and pearly shells were freely used, as were
also the transparent mists of dawn and the gorgeous
colors of sunset. [4] They were covered by sunbeams
and the rays of the rainbow, with everything beautiful

a
or richly colored on the earth and in the sky. (5] The

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traditions preserve methods of house building that were
imparted to mortals by the gods themselves. [6] These
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methods are the simplest and most primitive, but they
are still scrupulously followed.
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 Cohesion and Organization
Paragraph 4

.................................................................................................................................................................
[l] Although they have grown significantly in 4

recent years, many cities in Latin America and Asia The writer wishes to add the following sentence to
this paragraph:
such as Sao Paulo, Singapore, Bombay, Manila and
These cities have evolved from colonial
Jakarta have historical roots. [2] The growth of outposts that served as way stations for
exporting commodities to imperial
such centers was not a natural development nations such as Portugal and England.
reflecting modernization in the countty but was This sentence should be placed
A) after sentence 1.
rather a forced development intended to maximize
B) after sentence 2.
the profits of imperialist concerns. [3] The colonial C) after sentence 3.
city was a hub to which resources from the rest of D) after sentence 4.

a
the countty were channeled and in which the

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colonial administtation was concenttated. [4] The
consequence of this pattern was extremely uneven
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growth within the colony as resources and
infrastructure were directed to one center,
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neglecting a large part of the countty. D

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 Cohesion and Organization

[ 1] Throughout this crucial stage the 5

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
salesman must maintain an attitude of forceful To make this paragraph most logical, sentence
confidence. [2] Many will conduct a sale to this 4 should be placed

point in a masterful manner and then fall for A) where it is now.

lack of force or by reason of over-an iety. [3] B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 1.
The gathered influence which the salesman has D) after sentence 2.
acquired over his prospect in the preceding
stages must be maintained in this and
enhanced. [4] The closing stage calls for alert

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brain work, tact and finesse on the part of the

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salesman. sa
[1] Money thus saved and lent is capital. 6

[2] This price is called the rate of interest, or To make this paragraph most logical,
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sentence 2 should be placed

profit. [3] So finance is the machinery that
A) where it is now.
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handles capital, collects it from those who save B) before sentence 1.

C) after sentence 3.
it, and lending it to those who want to use it
D) after sentence 5.
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and will pay a price for the loan. [4] The

borrower offers this price because he hopes to
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be able, after paying it, to benefit hi mself. [5]

Sometimes borrowers want money because
they have been spending more than they have
been getting, and they try to tide over a
difficulty by paying one set of creditors with
the help of another. [6] This path, if followed
far enough, leads to bankruptcy for the
borrower and loss to the lender.

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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] This panel proves that the hunting dogs of 7

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
twenty-five centuries ago were much the same as To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 1 should be placed
those of today. [2] Among the ruins of the Assyrian A) where it is now.
city ofNineveh has been found marble slabs upon B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
which are carved a number of scenes of dogs in D) after sentence 4.
action. (3] While many of these scenes are
interesting, there is a particular one that seems
relevant here. [4] One notable panel shows
attendants with nets holding the leashes of the

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hunting dogs of Assurbanipal, the grand monarch of

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Assyria. [5] Although extremely cruel to his enemies
in war, Assurbanipal was a magnificent patron of art
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and literature and creator of the great library of
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Nineveh.
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[l] A proper "Panto" is a thoroughly rehearsed

8
�: "something for everyone" necessitates the The writer plans to add the following sentence to this
an

paragraph.
iriclusion of acrobatics, dancing, music, and, above all, glamor
The Hero is the Pantomime character who imparts
and comedy. [2] In other words, these two last elements are
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glamor to the whole show.

created through role reversal and cross dressing-techniques
To make this paragraph most logical, the sentence should be
that may strike audiences beyond Britain as strange, but that are placed
A) after sentence 1.
pantomime essentials. [3] "He" is always played by a woman,
B) after sentence 2.
who strides across the stage dressed as a man. [4] The comedy C) after sentence 3.
D) after sentence 4.
is provided by the character of the Dame, always played by a

deep-voiced man in a big wig, billowy costume, and exaggerated

makeup. [5] This role reversal is one of the ways in which the

Pantomime takes on the surrealism of a dream and motivates the

audience to suspend the logic of everyday life.

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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] The black raspberry, common in the 9

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
same areas as the red raspberry has very long, To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 6 should be placed
smooth, cane-like stems. [2] These are only A) where it is now.
sparingly armed with small, hooked prickles. B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 1.
[3]The flowers, which are similar to the D) after sentence 4.
preceding but clustered more compactly, are
sparingly visited by insects. [4] Nevertheless,

when self-fertilized, abundant purplish-black

a
berries ripen in July. [5]These berries are

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hollow like a thimble where they drop from the
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spongy receptacle. [6] These stems often bend

low until they root again at the tips.

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(l] Van Buren, on the whole, was not an 10

unsuccessful President. (2] He had many
To make this paragraph most logical,
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difficulties to contend with. (3] Some consider sentence 6 should be placed

this disaster the result of Jackson's action in A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
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regard to the Bank, some consider it the result

C) after sentence 2.
of the work of the Bank itself. [4] He D) after sentence 3.
surmounted it successfully but not without a
certain loss of popularity. [ 5] H e resisted the
temptation for embroiling his country with
England when a rebellion in Canada offered an
opportunity for war. [6] For example, he had to
face a serious financial panic. [7] For the rest,
he carried on the government of the country on
Jacksonian lines with sufficient faithful
fidelity.

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 Cohesion and Organization

[1]This city was the capital of the Aztecs, a 11

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
remarkable people, notable for their ancient
To make this paragraph most logical,
civilization and their wealth. [2] When sentence 1 should be placed
A) where it is now.
Columbus discovered the New World, he B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
brought back with him to Europe many new
D) after sentence 4.
and curious things, one of which was cacao. [3]
Some years later, in 1519, the Spanish
conquistador Cortes landed in Mexico,

a
marched into the interior and was surprised to

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discover a beautiful city with palaces and
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museums. [ 4] Their national drink was
chocolate, and Montezuma, their Emperor, took
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no beverage then other the chocolatl. [5] This

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drink of chocolate was flavored with vanilla

and other spices, was prepared as to
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have the consistency of honey, which gradually

dissolved in the mouth and was taken cold. [6]
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The Emperor was exceedingly fond for it, to

judge from the quantity -no less than fifty jars
or pitchers were prepared for his own daily
consumption. [7] It is curious that Montezuma
drank nothing but chocolate, especially if it is
true that the Aztecs also invented that
fascinating drink, the cocktail (xoc-tl).

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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] Individuals who work as mystery shoppers function a 12

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
bit like undercover detectives: by posing as people who buy a To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should be
placed
product or using a service for personal purposes, these stealthy A) where it is now.
B) after sentence 1.
consumers are able to simulate a typical customer service C) after sentence 4.
D) after sentence 6.
interaction. [2] Mystery shoppers can be hired providing

assessments of customer service, vendor expertise, or product

placement and display. [3] After this interaction, they will then

provide a report either to the specific business or to a third-party

customer assessment firm. [4] Depending on what aspect is

a
under assessment, a mystery shopper may be given a specific

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task. [5] For example, someone hired to assess staff knowledge
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about a digital camera brand may be given a series of questions

to ask and then be required to score how effectively the staff

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answered each inquiry. [6] Mystery shoppers need to be keenly

observant, as small details are often crucial, a shopper for

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instance, may be required to note an employee's manner of

greeting customers or the position of an employee's name badge.

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 Cohesion and Organization

2) Repeated Words
Example:
[1] The violet wood-sorrel produces two sorts of 13

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perfect flowers reciprocally adapted to each other. To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 2 should be placed
These reciprocally adapted perfect flowers are
A) where it is now.
found, however, on different plants in the same B) before sentence 1.
C) after sentence 3.
neighborhood. [2] As the high stigmas are fertile
D) after sentence 4.
only when pollinized with grains from a flower

a
having high anthers, its evident that insect aid to
transfer pollen is indispensable here. [3] The two
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are essentially alike, except in arrangement of
stamens and pistil: one flower having high
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anthers and low stigmas, the other having lower

anthers and higher stigmas. [4] Small bees of the
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honey variety, which visit these blossoms

abundantly in the spring, is their benefactors;
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however, there is nothing to prevent pollen from

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falling on the stigmas of the short-styled form. [5]

Hildebrand proved that productiveness is greatest,
or exists only, after legitimate fertilization. [6] To
accomplish cross-pollination, many plants bear
flowers of opposite sexes on different individuals;
however, the violet wood-sorrel's plan has the
advantage in that both kinds of its flowers are
fruitfu1.

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2
 Cohesion and Organization

[1] Aaron Burr had been elected Vice­President 14

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
coincidently with Jefferson's election as To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 2 should be
President, however, his ambition was far from
A) placed before sentence 1.
satisfied. [2] It was as favorable ground as he B) placed after sentence 3.
C) placed after sentence 4.
could find to try the issue between himself and
D) placed after sentence 5.
the President, for New York had been the center
of his activities while he was still an official
Democrat. [3] He was determined to make
another bid for the higher place, and as a

a
preliminary he put himself forward as candidate
for the Governorship of New York State. [4]
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sa
However, he could not hope to succeed without
the backing of those Federalist malcontents who
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had nearly made him President in 1800. [5]

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To conciliate them he focused all his energies.

6] He was again on the point of success when
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Hamilton, who also belonged to New York

State, crossed his path.
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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] South Carolina had been talking freely 15

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of secession for thirty years. [2] The election of To make this paragraph most logical,
Lincoln provided just such an opportunity, and sentence 2 should be placed
no time was lost in discussion, for the State was A) where it is now.
B) before sentence 1.
unanimous. [3] The fiscal question,
40 that had C) after sentence 4.
been the cause of the Nullification movement in D) after sentence 5.
the thirties was still considered a matter of
grievance. [4]As an independent nation, South
Carolina would be free to meet England on the
basis of reciprocal Free Trade, to market her

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cotton in Lancashire, and to receive a cheap and

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plentiful supply of British products. [5]At any
moment since 1832 a good opportunity might
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have led her to attempt to break away. [6]When
the results of the voting in Pennsylvania and
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Indiana made it probable that the Republicans

would have a majority, the Governor declared
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that it should continue to sit in order to consider

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the necessity of taking action to save the State.42

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CO NTI N U E
 Cohesion and Organization

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16

Where is the most logical place in this paragraph to add the

following sentence?

Due to the scale of the projection, the viewer was

surrounded by floor-to-ceiling images on all sides.

A) After sentence 1
B) After sentence 2
C) After sentence 3
D) After sentence 4

a
[l] These factors make certain planets appear better

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17
candidates for modification than others. [2] Data from
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be
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robot­operated spacecraft have allowed scientists to determine placed
A) where it is now.
that Mars was previously much more temperate and moist than
B) after sentences l.
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its existing cold, dry climate would suggest. [3] By introducing C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 3.
certain greenhouse gases with low freezing points, planetary
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engineers would endeavor to thicken the existing atmosphere

ofMars. [4] As a result, the surface might become sufficiently

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Wann to once again generate liquid water and, eventually,

to sustain biological ecosystems. [5] At one point, liquid Water

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flowed across the surface of the planet, forming the great

canyons and mountains observable today.

(1) Another trend is creativity. (2)

Technology has unleashed the creativity of
everyday people. (3) Popularity of user 18. Where in this paragraph should the underlined
generated and peer-delivered content is rising. sentence be placed?
New ad revenue-sharing models have allowed A. Where it is now
amateurs and semi-professionals to create B. After sentence 1
low-cost advertising content. People aren’t C. After sentence 2
happy just consuming media; they want to D. After sentence 3
participate in its creation. IBM’s study
indicates the trend will continue.

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 Cohesion and Organization

Yet it is a wonderful profession. I say

this with due regard for all other
professions. [1] For one cannot but ponder
the fact that, if engineers started the
greatest war the world has ever known—
and engineers as a body freely admit that if
they did not start it they at least made it
possible—they also stopped them, thereby
proving themselves possessed of a power To make the last two paragraphs logical,
19.
greater than that of any other class of sentence [4] should be placed
professional men—diplomats and lawyers
A. where it is now.
and divinities not excepted.
B. before sentence 1.
[2] hat it is a force generally exercised for C. before sentence 2.
good—despite the World War—I myself, D. after sentence 2.
as an engineer, can truly testify. [3] With

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some fifteen years spent on the creative end
of the work—the drafting and designing

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end—I have yet to see, with but two or
three rare exceptions, the genius of
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engineers turned into any but noble
channels. [4] That engineering is a
force fraught with stupendous
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possibilities, therefore, nobody can very
well deny.
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 Cohesion and Organization

3) Chronological Order / Sequence

Example:
[I] Determining timelines for certain 20

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
events proves difficult. [2] The picture of" St. To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 5 should be placed
Paul in Prison" would seem to have been
A) where it is now.
produced about 1627, 9but Rembrandt's first B) after sentence 2.
C) after sentence 3.
public appearance is said to have dated from the
D) after sentence 7.

a
completion ofthe famous "Anatomy Lesson,"

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in 1631 or 1632. [3] At this time he was living
on the Bloemgracht. [4] Rembrandt had painted
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many portraits when the picture of the medical
men and the cadaver created a great sensation.
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[5] Even in the days when the painter's

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popularity with the general public of Holland

had waned, there were always enthusiastic
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students clamoring for admission to the studio.

[6] Given Rembrandt's age, it is not difficult to
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understand why Amsterdam was stirred from

their usual reserve and greeted the rising star
with enthusiasm. [7] In a few weeks the
entrance to the painter's studio was besieged
by people wishing to sit for their portraits.

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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] Jackson was a frontiersman and a 21

...............................................................................................................................................................................................
soldier, at once democratic in temper and To make this paragraph most logical,
sentence 3 should be placed
despotic in action. [2] In the rough and tumble
A) where it is now.
of life in the frontier, a man must often act B) after sentence 1.
quickly, but he must always treat men as C) after sentence 5.
D) after sentence 7.
equals. [3] In the South, it was made up of the
plantation-owning squires. [4] Men left to
themselves always tend to be roughly
democratic, and even before the Revolution the

a
English colonies had much of the substance of

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democracy. [5] Naturally, they had more of it
after the Revolution. [6] But even after the
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Revolution something like an aristocracy was to
be noted in the older States, North and
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South. [7] In the North, this aristocracy

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consisted of the old New England families with

their mercantile wealth and their Puritan
traditions.
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 Cohesion and Organization

agricultural countries of Europe during the Jong 22

...................................................................................................................................................................................
18th century (1670-1820). [2] In Sweden, for To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2
example, the death rate doubled from the should be placed
A) where it is now.
epidemics and famine following the harvest
B) after sentence 3.
failures of 1771 and 1772. [3] Poor harvests usually C) after sentence 4.
D) after sentence 5.
resulted from bad weather-too much rain or a
very cold spring-which afflicted all regions at
some time. [4] However, the consequences of a bad

harvest and whether a poor harvest led to famine

varied greatly across the continent. [SJ Similarly,

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Finland lost one third of its population as a result

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of the famine in 1696-7. [ 6] In England, by
contrast, although agricultural output fell behind
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population growth for most of the period between
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1755-1820, no serious mortality crises occurred

after 1729.
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 Cohesion and Organization

[1] The Mongols tried to conquer Vietnam at 23

........................................................................................................................................
various points in the second millennium. [2] The
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence
first time, they were repelled by the unknown 6 should be placed
A) where it is now.
landscape and intemperate climate. [3] When they
B) after sentence 1.
came back better prepared, the Vietnamese scared C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 3.
them off by setting fires to their encampments.

[4]The Mongols finally succeeded twice in the late

13th century, but mysteriously left each time. [5] It

wasn't until the 19th century that the Vietnamese

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were fully conquered - by the French. [6] On their

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third return, they were routed by the genius of the
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Vietnamese generals at the battle of Bach Dang.
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 Cohesion and Organization

When the difference in

temperature between day and night is
24. Where in this passage should the
considerable, the repeated strains of sudden
underlined sentence be placed?
expansion and contraction at last become
greater than the rocks can bear, and they A. NO CHANGE
break, for the same reason that a glass B. after sentence 2
cracks when plunged into boiling water. C. after sentence 3
D. after sentence 4
[1] In cooling in the evening the surface
shell suddenly contracts on the unyielding
interior and in time is forced off in scales.
[2] Rocks are poor conductors of heat, and
hence their surfaces may become painfully

a
hot under the full blaze of the sun, while
the interior remains comparatively cool.

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[3] By day the outer layer expands
and tends to break loose from the mass of
the stone.
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[4] Many rocks, such as granite, are
made in grains of various minerals which
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differ in color and in their capacity to
absorb heat, and which therefore contract
and expand in different ratios.
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 Cohesion and Organization

4) DELETE
• Delete : irrelevant sentence OR contradicting to the writer's point

[l] President Washington decided on the choice of

...............................................................................................................................
25

Hamilton as the first Secretary of the Treasury. [2] Which sentence should be removed in order to
improve the focus of this paragraph?
Washington and his cabinet had no example to
A) Sentence 1
follow: they set the preceding for how the executive
B) Sentence 2

a
branch of the government would operate. [3] Thus,
C) Sentence 3

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Hamilton was largely responsible for establishing the D) Sentence 4
United States' early economic policies. [4] Thomas
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Jefferson was influential as Secretary of State as well.

[5] Without sound economic policies, the country

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might not have survived.

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4) Lead Topic Sentence

1. More General

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2. then More Specific
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[41] [1] In fact, all this is a far cry from the
The main idea of this paragraph is stated in
..............................................................................................................

26.
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world of real-life detectives. [2] Modern private two sentences. Which are they?
investigators sometimes do monitor potential A. Sentence 2 and 4
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shoplifters, but more often are involved in B. Sentence 1 and 3

actual investigations. [3] Typical assignments C. Sentence 1 and 4
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might include [42] to do background checks on D. Sentence 4 and 5

people or tracking down missing persons.
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[4]
4] work of real-life detectives differs from
the way their work is portrayed in books and
movies. [5] The modern-day private
investigator, however, spends less time on his or
her feet and considerably more time on the
computer.

CO NTI N U E
 Writing and Language Test
3 5 M I NUT E S , 4 4 Q UE S T IO N S

Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you will
consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For other
questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in sentence
structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by one or
more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you
make revising and editing decisions.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.

1. A. NO CHANGE
For the Love of Coffee B. they introduced coffee

a
Ever since 1 introducing coffee to Italy several C. their introduction of coffee

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D. coffee was introduced
centuries ago, it has been a ubiquitous part of Italian
culture. 2 However, coffee is so central to Italian
culture that one cannot visit any city or town in Italy
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B. In fact,
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without seeing several coffeehouses (called caffetterie
C. Even so,
in Italian). Such coffeehouses have existed since 1640,
D. Despite this history,
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when the first was established in Venice, and 3 it has

since become a part of Italy’s national identity. It is not
uncommon in Italy for people to make two to three trips
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3. A. NO CHANGE
a day to their favorite caffetteria, and often people are B. it will
so selective about their coffee that they will frequent C. they have
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only one establishment. But it is not simply the coffee D. they had

that creates such enthusiasm for coffeehouses among

those 4 which love them; the social aspect of the
4. A. NO CHANGE
caffetteria may play nearly as great a role as the coffee B. who loves
itself. C. who love
D. whom love
 Each caffetteria functions as a social hub in its 5. A. NO CHANGE
neighborhood, and the way in which most patrons B. contributes

consume their coffee 5 contribute to this fact. Few C. contributing

D. which contributes
caffetteria patrons sit at tables, since most coffeehouses
in Italy charge a premium for table service, 6 although
sometimes it’s worth the cost to be able to sit and rest. 6.
Nor can patrons take their drinks elsewhere: to-go cups
are not available at typical coffeehouses. 7 Instead,
most regular patrons of a caffetteria drink their coffee
standing. They do this, often shoulder-to-shoulder, at a
counter or bar. Normally, those drinking their coffee at a

a
bar will also chat with each other and the person making

m
coffee behind the bar. This practice, which combines
social interaction with coffee drinking, is the most sa
popular way to enjoy a cup of coffee in Italy. 7. Which choice most effectively combines
the underlined sentences?
U
A. Instead, most regular patrons of a caffetteria
drink their coffee standing, often
shoulder-to-shoulder, at a counter or bar.
da

B. Instead, most regular patrons of a

caffetteria drink their coffee, often standing
shoulder-to-shoulder, which they do at a
counter or bar.
an

C. Instead, most regular patrons of a caffetteria

drink their coffee; they do it often standing
shoulder-to-shoulder at a counter or bar.
R

D. Most regular patrons of a caffetteria drink

their coffee shoulder-to-shoulder at a counter
or bar, standing there instead.
 8 Indeed, many Italian coffee enthusiasts agree 8.
that there is only one 9 correct way to make coffee:
this involves filtering water through freshly ground
coffee beans at specific temperatures and pressures,
which produces the concentrated form of coffee known
as espresso. This type of coffee is drunk in Italy in several

forms, either unadulterated or with varying amounts of

milk, and each form has a different name. An espresso

a
mixed with frothed and steamed milk 10 is a

m
cappuccino: for example, while an espresso with just a
dollop of steamed milk on top is a caffè macchiato.
9. A. NO CHANGE
There are also respected traditions about when these
different coffee drinks should be consumed: while
sa B. correct and proper
C. properly correct
U
D. appropriate and correct
cappuccino is a popular morning drink, espresso, either
plain or diluted with water, is usually the drink of choice
da

for coffee drinkers in Italy in the afternoon and evening.

10. A. NO CHANGE
11 B. is a cappuccino, for example:
an

C. is, a cappuccino for example—

D. is a cappuccino, for example,
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11.
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
12. A. NO CHANGE
B. Arctic, a
A Study in Arctic Migration C. Arctic; a
Each year, many species of shorebirds migrate from D. Arctic; which is a
locations in the Southern Hemisphere to their breeding
grounds in the 12 Arctic. A journey of thousands of
13. A. NO CHANGE
kilometers that requires frequent stops to fuel up. The
B. year, the shorebirds never fail
risk of death is significant, and the Arctic is an C. year, yet the shorebirds never fail
inhospitable region for most of the 13 year, yet the D. year; yet the shorebirds never failing
shorebirds never failing to make their annual
pilgrimage.
14. A. NO CHANGE

a
Come spring, the Arctic becomes a suitable habitat,
B. Arctic, regardless of latitude

m
providing many benefits: an abundant supply of food, C. Arctic, regardless of latitude,
permanent daylight, ample nesting space, fewer D. Arctic: regardless of latitude,
pathogens, and fewer predators to invade the nests of
sa
these ground-dwelling birds. These benefits are found
U
15. A. NO CHANGE
in all regions of the 14 Arctic regardless of latitude yet
B. mortality if they keep going.
some shorebirds continue on to the high Arctic. If these C. mortality and death.
da

birds are simply looking for open space and enough D. mortality.
food to eat, then why not end their long journey in the
an

low Arctic? Continuing on to the north requires more

fuel and carries an even greater risk of 15 mortality if
R

the birds continue on. The most likely reason certain

shorebirds head to the high Arctic is to escape their
predators.
 [1] A four-year study by a team of Canadian
scientists, headed by student Laura McKinnon of the 16. A. NO CHANGE

Université du Québec, 16 provide evidence in support of B. provides

C. are providing
this hypothesis. [2] The scientists created artificial nests
D. have provided
that resembled a typical shorebird’s nest. [3] Then each
year, during the shorebirds’ breeding season, forty of the
nests were placed in each of seven locations that ranged 17. A. NO CHANGE

in latitude from the low Arctic to the high Arctic. B. quail eggs,
C. quail eggs’,
[4] Each nest had been baited with four 17 quail egg’s,
D. quails eggs,

a
which are similar in size and shape to a shorebird’s eggs.

m
[5] The scientists returned to the nests many times over
nine days to check how many eggs remained in the nests. 18. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence
sa 5 should be placed
[6] A nest was said to have survived if, at the end of the
A. where it is now.
nine days, it contained at least one undisturbed quail
U
B. after sentence 1.
egg. 18 C. after sentence 2.
D. after sentence 6.
da
an
R
 Nest Survival by Site
100 19. A. NO CHANGE
80 B. sites
(percent of initial)
Surviving nests

C. sites, however,
60
D. sites, in addition,
40

20
20. Which choice makes the writer’s description of
0 data represented in the figure most accurate?
0 2 4 6 8 10
Day A) NO CHANGE
B) numbers of predators invading the nests
82°N 73°N
decreased
63°N 53°N
C) percent of surviving nests decreased
Adapted from L. McKinnon et al., “Lower Predation Risk for Migratory D) percent of surviving nests increased

a
Birds at High Latitudes.” ©2010 by American Association for the
Advancement of Science.

m
The figure shows the results for the nesting 19
21. Which choice makes the writer’s description of
sa
sites, furthermore, at four of the seven locations, data represented in the figure most accurate?
averaged over the four years of the study. The 20 A. NO CHANGE
U
B. surviving nests was smaller
number of predators invading the nests increased over
C. surviving nests remained the same
time at each location. This result confirmed that D. eggs was much lower
da

predators were present at the researchers’ chosen

locations. The researchers found that the percent of 21
22. Which choice most effectively combines
an

surviving nests was greater at locations having higher the underlined sentences?
latitudes. For example, on day 9, approximately 55 A. Although the shorebirds risk their own survival
by flying farther, their offspring have a better
R

percent of nests were found to have survived at the 82°N chance of survival because fewer predators
location compared to approximately 10 percent of nest invade the nests.
B. The shorebirds risk their own survival because
survival at the 63°N location. This study provides the first they fly farther; in addition, their offspring have
a better chance of survival because fewer
known quantifiable evidence for the previously
predators invade the nests.
unanswered question of why shorebirds continue on to C. Flying farther and risking their own survival is
what the shorebirds do, and this gives their
the high Arctic. 22 The shorebirds risk their own survival
offspring a better chance of survival because
by flying farther. Their offspring have a better chance of fewer predators invade the nests.
D. The shorebirds’ offspring have a better chance
survival because fewer predators invade the nests.
of survival, fewer predators invade their nests,
and they risk their own survival by flying farther.