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Class 12 Maths ch-6 Notes

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Class 12 Maths ch-6 Notes

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linguini209
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These notes are provided from studifysuccess

Class-12th
Ch-6 APPLICATION OF
DERIVATIVES

• we have learnt how to find derivative of composite functions, inverse


trigonometric functions, implicit functions, exponential functions and
logarithmic functions.
• In this chapter, we will study applications of the derivative in various
disciplines

the rate of change of y with respect to x can be calculated using the rate of change
of y and that of x both with respect to t.
Example– Find the rate of change of the area of a circle per second with respect
to its radius r when r = 5 cm.
Solution
The area A of a circle with radius r is given by A = π𝑟𝑟2. Therefore, the rate of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑( 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2)
change of the area A with respect to its radius r is given by 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
When r = 5 cm, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 10𝜋𝜋

Thus, the area of the circle is changing at the rate of 10π cm2 /s.

Example- A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a
speed of 4cm per second. At the instant, when the radius of the circular wave is 10
cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?

Made by Khushi Ujjwal www.studifysuccess.com


These notes are provided from studifysuccess

Solution
The area A of a circle with radius r is given by A = πr 2 . Therefore, the rate of
change of area A with respect to time t is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑( 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2) 𝑑𝑑( 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= = . = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
It is given that
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑠𝑠
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Therefore, when r = 10 cm,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2𝜋𝜋(10)(4) = 80𝜋𝜋
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Thus, the enclosed area is increasing at the rate of 80π cm2 /s, when r = 10 cm.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Note- 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is positive if y increases as x increases and is negative if y decreases as x
increases.

 Increasing and Decreasing Functions


Use differentiation to find out whether a function is increasing or decreasing or
none.
Definition 1-
Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then f is
said to be
(i) increasing on 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑥𝑥2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1) < 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥𝑥1, 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼.
(ii) decreasing on 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖1, 𝑥𝑥2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1) < 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥𝑥1, 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼.
(iii) constant on 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝐼, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
(iv) decreasing on 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑥𝑥2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1) ≥ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) for all 𝑥𝑥1, 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼.
(v) strictly decreasing on 𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥1 < 𝑥𝑥2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼 ⇒ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1) > 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) for all
𝑥𝑥1, 𝑥𝑥2 ∈ 𝐼𝐼.

Made by Khushi Ujjwal www.studifysuccess.com


These notes are provided from studifysuccess

Definition 2 Let 𝑥𝑥0 be a point in the domain of definition of a real valued function
f. Then f is said to be increasing, decreasing at 𝑥𝑥0 if there exists an open interval, I
containing 𝑥𝑥0 such that f is increasing, decreasing, respectively, in I.

Theorem 1
Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b). Then
(a) f is increasing in [a,b] if 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) > 0 for each 𝑥𝑥 ∈ (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
(b) f is decreasing in [a,b] if 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) < 0 for each 𝑥𝑥 ∈ (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
(c) f is a constant function In [a,b] if 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 0 for each 𝑥𝑥 ∈ (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)

Example- Show that the function f given by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥3 − 3𝑥𝑥2 + 4𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥∈ R is
increasing on R.
Solution
Note that 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 4
= 3(𝑥𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 1
= 3((𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 1) > 0, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅
Therefore, the function f is increasing on R.

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These notes are provided from studifysuccess

 Maxima and Minima

• concept of derivatives to calculate the maximum or minimum values of


various functions

• A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f ′(c) = 0 or f is not


differentiable is called a critical point of f.

• First Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let f


be continuous at a critical point c in I. Then
o If f ′(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through
c, i.e., if f ′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of
c, and f ′(x) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c,
then c is a point of local maxima.
o If f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through
c, i.e., if f ′(x) < 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the left of
c, and f ′(x) > 0 at every point sufficiently close to and to the right of c,
then c is a point of local minima.
o If f ′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither
a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima. In fact, such a
point is called point of inflexion.

• Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I.


Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
o x = c is a point of local maxima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) < 0 The values f (c)
is local maximum value of f .
o x = c is a point of local minima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) > 0 In this case, f
(c) is local minimum value of f .
o The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) = 0.
(In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is
a point of maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.)

Made by Khushi Ujjwal www.studifysuccess.com


These notes are provided from studifysuccess

Example- Find local minimum value of the function f given by f (x) = 3 + |x |, x ∈ R.


Solution
Note that the given function is not differentiable at x = 0. So, second derivative
test fails. Let us try first derivative test. Note that 0 is a critical point of f . Now to
the left of 0, f(x) = 3 – x and so f ′(x) = – 1 < 0.
Also to the right of 0, f(x) = 3 + x and so f ′(x) = 1 > 0.
Therefore, by first derivative test, x = 0 is a point of local minima of f and local
minimum value of f is f (0) = 3.

 Working rule for finding absolute maxima and/or absolute


minima
Step 1: Find all critical points of f in the interval, i.e., find points
x where either f ′(x) = 0 or f is not differentiable.
Step 2: Take the end points of the interval.
Step 3: At all these points (listed in Step 1 and 2), calculate the
values of f.
Step 4: Identify the maximum and minimum values of f out of
the values calculated in Step 3. This maximum value will be the
absolute maximum value of f and the minimum value will be
the absolute minimum value of f.

Made by Khushi Ujjwal www.studifysuccess.com

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